synergies between nuclear & renewable energy technologies

Synergies between Nuclear & Renewable Energy Technologies

Frank Carré

[email protected]

CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, France

Synergies between Nuclear & Renewables

1 – Transition towards a low carbon energy future

2 – Low carbon electricity for clean solar photovoltaics

3 – Re-using waste-heat streams for district heating,

desalination and industrial processes

4 – Integrating intermittent power supply with baseload

power generation: the issue of backup power supply

5 – Interruptible and/or dedicated cogeneration of storable &

multipurpose energy products (heat, H2, synthetic HC fuels…)

6 – High temperature heat applications

7 – Future prospects

Outline

| PAGE 2 NEA / IAEA Workshop on Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Energy - Paris, 4-5 of April 2013

primary energy production 2008 : 273,6Tep source MEDDEM

coal oil

electricity renewable

TWh

-

100

200

300

400

500

600

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

549 TWh

Hydro & renewable 14%

Nuclear 78%

Fossil 8%

Power Generation in France since 1950

Source: IEA

Key Figures 2008 France’s primary energy consumption in 2008 : 273,6 toe (Source MEDDEM)

Oil

shock


Towards a Low Carbon Energy System

41 % of primary energy needs

(75 % of electricity generation)

Nuclear power


(15 % of electricity generation)


Growing cost towards unbearable levels:

- 2003-2005 ► 10 % of export revenues (25 G€)

- 2010 ► 25 % of export revenues (48 G€)

- 2011 ► 35 % of export revenues (> 60 G€)

Renewable energies

Fossil energies

2012 2050

Gas

15%

Nuclear

41%

Oil

31% Renewables

8%

Others

1%

France’s Primary Energy

Consumption in 2010

Coal 4%


in industrial processes in housing in transport

Efficiency/Sobriety

Elements of France’s Energy Policy

Goals of European Climate-Energy Package by 2020 CO2 releases x 1/4 by 2050

Two pillars of the 2020 French energy mix:

Renewables: intermittent supply

Nuclear energy: base-load supply

Preserve the use of fossil energies

where they cannot be replaced

Nuclear and Renewable Energies :

Reduction by 20% of greenhouse gas emissions

(compared to 1990)

23% share of renewable energy

in the energy mix

Reduction by 20% of the global primary energy

consumption


Low Carbon Manufacturing of Photovoltaic Cells

~ 130 gCO2/Wc in France with ~90% of « low carbon » electricity

Synergy between (nuclear & renewable technologies) and solar

photovoltaics for making solar panels efficient in reducing carbon footprint

Carbon footprint of photovoltaic solar cells when Silicon is produced in China, in Germany or in Europe


How to decarbonize France’s Energy System?

Final energy consumption in 2010 (%)

Bâtiments

Transports

Industrie

Agriculture

Source: CGDD 2010 Energy Balance

• Low Carbon Industry Energy Efficiency, Electricity,

Heat, Hydrogen…

• Low Carbon Agriculture Electricity…

• Low Carbon Housing Thermal insulation, electricity…

• Low Carbon Transports Electricity, Hydrogen/FC, Synthetic

hydrocarbon fuels…

3 Scenarios 1 – Energy savings & efficiency

2 – Enhanced use of low C electricity

3 – Diversification of energy carriers Housing

Industry

(44%) (21%)

(32%)

(3%)


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

2012-2013 – Public Debate on Energy Transition

Renewable energies

(Solar, Wind power…)

+ Gas Fired Plants

Example of Candidate Energy Scenario in France

Hydro Power

Nuclear Power Plants

Fossil Fired Plants

2025 Years

• Cut-off of peak demand?

• 2025 – Nuclear power ~50%

• 2030 – Solar 30 GWc?

• 2030 – Wind 40 GWc?

• Mgt of intermittency?

- Storage capacity?

- Smart grids?

- Back-up power? • Cogeneration (heat, H2, HyCarb fuels…)

Investments?

Generating cost?

CO2 emissions?

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Ele

ctr

ic E

nerg

y (

TW

h)

2000

+ 1650 MWe FLA-3 - 2 x 900 MWe FES-1&2

2016


Towards Smart Grids with Nuclear & Renewables

Source: EPRI


Potential of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon Energy Mix

Evolution and potential of nuclear technologies

Breakthrough Technology International France

0 – Fast neutron reactors (< 550°C) Russia, India,

Japan, China…

> 2020 ASTRID

Technology Demo

1 – Backup of intermittent solar and wind

power supply

Load following with

PWRs to be extended

2 – Nuclear cogeneration of heat (<150°C) for

district heating or industrial use

Russia, Czech Rep.,

Switzerland, Finland

Sweden, Slovakia…

To be assessed

3 – Contribution to massive production of

hydrogen with advanced electrolysis

Research in the

USA, in Europe…

Research

To be assessed


synthetic gaseous hydrocarbon fuels

Research

To be assessed


synthetic liquid hydrocarbon fuels

Research in the

USA, in Europe…

Research

To be assessed

6 – Cogeneration of high temperature heat USA, China,

Europe…

To be assessed


Stockage Massif

Stockage

Distribué

Growth of Peak Power Demand in France 2020/2010

6500 MW pendant 60h = 30GWh

2000 MW pendant 1700h = 3000

MWh

Heures de Pointe

4000 MW pendant 700h = 2 800 GWh

Effacement

-3,000

-2,000

-1,000

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

MW

Load

shedding 500 MW during 60h = 30 GWh

4000 MW during 700h = 2800 GWh (CAES, Electric Vehicles, Batteries…)

2000 MW during 1700h = 3400 GWh (STEP, CAES…)

Peak Hours

A Joint Study by AREVA & RTE

Power Differential between 2020 & 2010

Distribute

d Storage

Massive Storage


0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

Sep

1Se

p 5

Sep

9Se

p 1

4Se

p 1

8Se

p 2

2Se

p 2

7O

ct 1

Oct

5O

ct 1

0O

ct 1

4O

ct 1

8O

ct 2

3O

ct 2

7O

ct 3

1N

ov

5N

ov

9N

ov

13

No

v 1

8N

ov

22

No

v 2

6D

ec

1D

ec

5D

ec

9D

ec

14

De

c 1

8D

ec

22

De

c 2

7D

ec

31

Jan

4Ja

n 9

Jan

13

Jan

17

Jan

22

Jan

26

Jan

30

Feb

4Fe

b 8

Feb

12

Feb

17

Feb

21

Feb

25

Mar

2M

ar 6

Mar

10

Mar

15

Mar

19

Mar

23

Mar

28

France 2010/2011

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.0090.00

100.00

Sep

1Se

p 5

Sep

9Se

p 1

4Se

p 1

8Se

p 2

2Se

p 2

7O

ct 1

Oct

5O

ct 1

0O

ct 1

4O

ct 1

8O

ct 2

3O

ct 2

7O

ct 3

1N

ov

5N

ov

9N

ov

13

No

v 1

8N

ov

22

No

v 2

6D

ec

1D

ec

5D

ec

9D

ec

14

De

c 1

8D

ec

22

De

c 2

7D

ec

31

Jan

4Ja

n 9

Jan

13

Jan

17

Jan

22

Jan

26

Jan

30

Feb

4Fe

b 8

Feb

12

Feb

17

Feb

21

Feb

25

Mar

2M

ar 6

Mar

10

Mar

15

Mar

19

Mar

23

Mar

28

Denmark 2010/2011

Wind Power Production in France and Denmark

(%)

(%)

| PAGE 12

0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 104

0,001

0,1

10

1000

105

107 Gigawatt-Year

Heat & Hydrogen

Hydraulic pump

stations

Compressed

air

Batteries

300/400 €/MWh

100 €/MWh ?

Flywheels

Condensa-

tors SM

ES

Minute

Hour

Day

Year

Power capacity (MW)

Dis

ch

arg

e t

ime (

s)

Energy Storage Technologies Source: Charles Forsberg

(MIT Center for Advanced Energy Systems)

Storage cost of renewable energies

may exceed their generating cost

~GWh

~TWh


« Strengthened Sobriety » Energy Scenario (ANCRE)

2030 & 2050 – 50% Nuclear power

2050* - Nuclear backup for 2/3 of intermittent electric supply

Candidate Energy Scenario for France

« Strengthened Sobriety » (ANCRE) (1/2)

2012 2030 2050 2050*

Final energy 160 Mtoe 140 Mtoe 120 Mtoe 120 Mtoe

Power generation 570 TWh 600 TWh 580 TWh 580 TWh

Renewables

•Hydro power

•Solar PV

•Wind

•Others

70,5 TWh 25 GWe/50,7 TWh

2,8 GWc/2,5 TWh

5,6 GWc/12,3 TWh

4,9TWh

185 TWh 27 GWe/54 TWh

32 GWc/26 TWh

42 GWc/95 TWh

10TWh

190 TWh 29GWe/57 TWh

31 GWc/25TWh

41 GWc/93 TWh

15TWh

190 TWh 29GWe/57 TWh

31 GWc/25TWh

41 GWc/93 TWh

15TWh

Nuclear 63,1 GWe/443 TWh

Kp~0,8

62,9 GWe/300 TWh

Kp~0,54

50 GWe/290 TWh

Kp~0,66

62 GWe/330 TWh

Kp~0,61

Gas

7,8 GWe/38,9 TWh

Kp~0,57

30 GWe/105 TWh

Kp~0,40

30 GWe/100 TWh

Kp~0,38

18 GWe/60 TWh

Kp~0,38

Other fossil

energies

14,1 GWe/16,2 TWh 9 GWe/10 TWh 0 GWe/0 TWh 0 GWe/0 TWh


« Strengthened Sobriety » Energy Scenario (580 TWh in 2050)

Steady nuclear installed capacity: 63 GWe

2030 – 32 GWc solar PV + 42 GWc wind power

2030 – 30 GWe backup by gas turbine power plant

63 GWe Nuclear Power with load factor 0.54 (50% generated power), but

Need for (Nuclear + Gas) ~80 GWe to meet peak power demand

vs 43 GWe (Kp~0.8) + 2 x 10 GWe additional peak power capacity & import

2050 – 62 GWe (Kp~0.61) with 2/3 of intermittency backed up by nuclear

Make an effective use of nuclear installed power

in anticipation of an energy storage capacity in the range of TWh

- Backup of intermittent electric supply to the extent possible ( 2/3 ?) R&D

- Power reserve to meet peak power demand

- Cogeneration for energy efficiency, economic viability, energy storage…

Heat for district heating and industrial processes R&D

Storable and multipurpose energy products (H2, HyC…) R&D


« Strengthened Sobriety » (ANCRE) (2/2)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Mt

/ y (

Eu

rop

e)

March é s de l ’ ‘hydrog è ne (Europe)

Future Prospects of Hydrogen Utilization

Prospective Study by CEA/I-Tésé

of Hydrogen Market in Europe

Steel making Chemistry

Oil Refining Transports (H2, Synfuels…)

Energy storage, Market niches

Demonstration niches

Forecast until 2030

& Estimations beyond


Hythane

Technologies for Nuclear H2 Production

Thermochemical

Hybrid Cycles

Low Temperature Electrolysis

Thermochemical Cycles

High Temperature Electrolysis

H2

Heat

Elec.

Nuclear

Reactor

100%

electricity

100% heat

NGNP

Alkaline Electrolysis

HT Electrolysis

LWR

(With the courtesy of US-DOE NE)

NGNP

~3,2 €/kgH2

~4,5 €/kgH2

~8 €/kgH2


« Diversified Energy Carriers » Energy Scenario (ANCRE)

2030 & 2050 – 50% Nuclear power

2050* - Nuclear backup for 2/3 of intermittent electric supply


« Diversified Energy Carriers » (ANCRE) (1/2)

2012 2030 2050 2050*

Final energy 160 Mtoe 150 Mtoe 135 Mtoe 135 Mtoe

Power generation 570 TWh 620 TWh 650TWh 650 TWh

Renewables

•Hydro power

•Solar PV

•Wind

•Others

70,5 TWh 25 GWe/50,7 TWh

2,8 GWc/2,5 TWh

5,6 GWc/12,3 TWh

4,9TWh


33 GWc/27 TWh

43 GWc/9 TWh

13TWh


34 GWc/27TWh

46 GWc/102 TWh

20TWh


34 GWc/27TWh

46 GWc/102 TWh

20TWh

Nuclear 63,1 GWe/443 TWh

Kp~0,8

~43 GWe/310 TWh

Kp~0,8 + Cogen

(~20GWe/57GWth)

46 GWe/325 TWh

Kp~0,8 + Cogen

(> Cogen (2030))

53 GWe/375 TWh

Kp~0,8 + Cogen

(> Cogen (2030))

Gas

7,8 GWe/38,9 TWh

Kp~0,57

32 GWe/105 TWh

Kp~0,38

35 GWe/114 TWh

Kp~0,38

20 GWe/64 TWh

Kp~0,37

Other fossil

energies

14,1 GWe/16,2 TWh 9 GWe/10 TWh 0 GWe/0 TWh 0 GWe/0 TWh


« Diversified Energy Carriers » Energy Scenario (650 TWh in 2050)

Steady nuclear installed capacity: 63 GWe

2030 – 32 GWc solar PV + 42 GWc wind power

2030 – 43 GWe power (Kp~0.8) + 20 GWe available for cogeneration

2050 – 46/53 GWe (Kp~0.8) + Cogeneration tailored to market demand (Heat, H2, Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels… & Energy storage)

Make an effective and diversified use of nuclear power in

anticipation of / contribution to required stored energy needs

- Use of NPP discharge heat for district heating and industrial processes R&D

- Replace fossil fuels with storable low carbon energy carriers (H2, Synfuels…)

Technical & Economic studies to check commercial viability R&D

Advanced electrolysis for H2 (AE, PME, HTE…) [continuous / interruptible] R&D

Sythesis of hydrocarbon fuels from biomass and other HyC feedstock R&D

Robustness and flexibility brought

by possible conversions between energy carriers




Towards Non-Electricity Products with LWRs

Low carbon electricity

generation: nuclear,

hydraulic, renewables…

+ Import

Electricity

demand

+ Export

& Grid losses

H2O

Electrolysis

Preparation

Petro-

Chemistry,

Recycle of CO2

+ … Syn-Fuels

Raw materials

H2

Off-peak hours Production (electricity at marginal cost)

Production load following inversely the loads on the grid

Peak hours downturn (downturn valorization)

Decentralized and

flexible units able to

adapt their electricity

consumption to

electricity available

on the grid

Chemicals

Offer and demand management

| PAGE 20

N. Collignon

& M. Lecomte

NEA / IAEA Workshop on Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Energy - Paris, 4-5 of April 2013

Industrial emitters

Re-use of CO2

CO2 conversion

process by co-

electrolysis with

hydrogenated

feedstock

Energy intensive

process

Low Carbon

Power Production System

Optimizing the use of existing

nuclear power plants

Electricity Transport &

Distribution:

Stabilizing the electric system

VItESSE²

Reuse of CO2 as a

multipurpose energy

carrier: MeOH

MTG – MTO

Fuels Intermediate

chemicals MTP

Polymers

Re-use of CO2: alternative/supplement to CCS

CO2 + 3H2 CH3OH + H2O (1) CO2 + H2 CO + H2O then

nCO + 2nH2 (-CH2)n + nH2O (2)

Gasoline, diesel and kerosene are hydrocarbon fuels of the type (-CH2)n

N. Collignon

& M. Lecomte


« Diversified Energy Carriers » Energy Scenario (650 TWh in 2050)

2030 – 43 GWe power (Kp~0.8) + cogeneration

- 20 GWe, or

- 15 GWe + 20 GWth @ 120°C

H2 (< 2 Mtonnes/y) synthetic fuels, district heating, process heat…

60 Mbbl DME (~0,9 €/l @ 50 €/MWh) or 50 Mbbl gasoline (~1,4 €/l)

~20% of car traffic CO2 releases reduced by 15 Mt

2050 – 46/53 GWe (Kp~0.8) + Cogeneration tailored to market demand (Heat, H2, Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels… & Energy storage)

Hydrogen: Industry, Hythane, Transports, Fuel Cells, Energy storage…

(H2 + biomass…) Synthetic gaseous HyC fuels (CH4…) to replace or

supplement natural gas in most utilizations and contribute to energy storage

(H2 + biomasse…) Synthetic liquid HyC fuels to replace gasoline,

kerosene, diesel, kerosene… and contribute to energy storage




Future Prospects

Until electricity storage capacities in the range of TWh are available, the existing nuclear fleet can act as a partial substitute: - As backup to intermittent solar and wind energies

- As contribution to peak power supply

- As a means to produce in a continuous and/or iterruptible manner storable energy

reserves as Hydrogen, Heat, or synthetic hydrocarbon fuels

The existing nuclear fleet can act as a robust support to the development of renewable intermittent energies until they are fitted with their own energy capacity

Technical and economic studies are needed to assess the advantage of taking best benefit from the existing generating nuclear fleet (while possibly diversifying energy products) rather than relying more than needed on additional gas turbine power stations

Nuclear power may ultimately contribute to supply storable energy products (Heat, H2, Hydrocarbon synfuels…) in an interruptible or continuous cogeneration mode for a wide range of applications (housing/residential, Transports, Industry, Peak electricity demand…)

Potential of Nuclear Power

in France’s Low Carbon Energy Scenarios


MARCHÉ POTENTIEL DE LA CHALEUR INDUSTRIELLE

• Regain d’intérêt pour la cogénération HT dans le cadre du Forum Intal Gen-IV

• EPAct 2005 – Projet Next Generation Nuclear Plant aux Etats-Unis

• 2008 – SNE-TP/Nuclear Cogeneration Industrial Initiative en Europe

| PAGE 24

Gen-IV VHTR

, EHT)


SNE-TP ORGANISATION

European

Commission

DG RTD

SNETP

management

bodies

Strategic orientations of

research, industry and TSOs

NUGENIA ESNII NC2I

ST

RA

TE

GY

IM

PL

EM

EN

TA

TIO

N

• NUGENIA: NUCLEAR GENERATION II & III ASSOCIATION

• ESNII: EUROPEAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR INDUSTRIAL INITIATIVE

• NC2I: NUCLEAR COGENERATION INDUSTRIAL INITIATIVE

ESNII Team with

Member States

JPNM

| PAGE 25

Synergies between Nuclear

& Renewable Energy Technologies

Nuclear cogeneration with PWRs & CANDU reactors + BN350 is a mature

technology since 1970s for district heating, desalination, process heat …

The Gen-IV Intal Forum Forum revived the interest in high temperature

cogeneration and led to create Industrial Alliances to re-assess market prospects:

NGNP Alliance in the USA and NC2I Task Force in Europe

In France, the National Debate on Energy Transition led to reexamine within the

Alliance ANCRE potential applications of nuclear cogeneration for a low Carbon

energy mix: Re-use of power station discharge heat: energy efficiency

Hydrogen/Oxygen, Synthetic Hydrocarbon Fuels: flexibility through diversifying multi-use and

storable energy carriers + Contribution to intermittent power supply backup and peak power

production + Direct commercialisation for industry, petrochemistry, transports…

Low & High temperature heat for the industry: low carbon substitute to fossil energies

To be considered and evaluated in ANCRE energy scenarios

Technical and economic studies + priority R&D needs ought to be updated with

concerned stakeholders from the industry and research for applications that appear

best suited to France : district heating (EDF…), Hydrogen, Synthetic Hydrocarbon fuels

(IFPEN, AREVA, Total…), Industrial process heat (LT & HT)…

| PAGE 26

Summary


synergies between nuclear & renewable energy technologies

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