syntax vi november 29, 2010. announcements! the time and place of the final exam will be: craigie...
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![Page 1: Syntax VI November 29, 2010. Announcements! The time and place of the final exam will be: Craigie Hall C 105 Wednesday, December 15th 8-10 am Also note:](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bfec1a28abf838cb88ff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Syntax VI
November 29, 2010
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Announcements!• The time and place of the final exam will be:
• Craigie Hall C 105
• Wednesday, December 15th
• 8-10 am
• Also note: USRIs will take place at the end of class on Wednesday, December 8th.
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Quick Write Greatest Hits
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Quick Write Greatest Hits
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An Earlier Quick Write• We looked at the grammaticality of the following
sentences:
1. Jack and Jill ran up the hill.
• 0 out of 68 disapproved.
2. Jack and Jill ran the hill up.
• 64 out of 68 disapproved.
3. Up the hill ran Jack and Jill.
• 2 out of 68 disapproved.
4. Jack and Jill ran up the bill.
• 15 out of 68 disapproved.
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An Earlier Quick Write5. Jack and Jill ran the bill up.
• 24 out of 68 disapproved.
6. Up the bill ran Jack and Jill.
• 45 out of 68 disapproved.
• Note the following combination:
• Jack and Jill ran the bill up.
• *Jack and Jill ran the hill up.
• And also this combination:
• Up the hill ran Jack and Jill.
• *Up the bill ran Jack and Jill.
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An Earlier Quick Write• It’s okay to move a PP to the front of the sentence:
• Up the hill ran Jack and Jill.
• But you can’t move just the P to the end of the sentence:
• *Jack and Jill ran the hill up.
• Note that “up” behaves differently in the other sentences:
• *Up the bill ran Jack and Jill.
• Jack and Jill ran the bill up.
• In the “bill” sentences, “up” is not a preposition, it’s a particle.
• …and it’s okay to end a sentence with a particle.
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Back to InversionCP
C’
C IP
NP I’
Det N’ I VP
the N is V’
boy V
sleeping
• Rule: move the I head to the C node.
• This “inversion” rule creates a yes/no question.
• Note: the auxiliary verb moves from one head slot to another.
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Inversion ResultsCP
C’
C IP
is NP I’
[+Q] Det N’ I VP
the N t V’
boy V
sleeping• The C slot has to be marked with a [+Q] (for “question”) to make this movement happen.
• …like the I slot being marked for tense.
The movement leaves a “trace” (t) behind in the I slot.
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Wh-Movement
CP
NP C’
What C IP
did NP I’
Bart I VP
t V’
V NP
kick t
The Wh- particle moves from a non-head position to another non-head position.
(so it doesn’t cross paths with move #1)
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Questions around the World• In other languages, questions can be formed by moving any verb (not just an auxiliary) to the front of the sentence.
• Dutch:
Femke leest veel boeken.
“Femke reads many books.”
• Q: Leest Femke veel boeken?
reads Femke many books
“Does Femke read many books?”
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Wh non-movement• Some languages form Wh questions without moving anything.
• Japanese:
Taro-ga nani-o mitsuketa-no?
Taro-subject what found-question marker
“What did Taro find?”
• Swahili:
Ulipatia nani kitabu
you gave who a book
“Who did you give a book?”
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Principles and Parameters• Language has universal features = principles
• Nouns, verbs, etc.
• Phrases with heads and complements.
• Individual languages have options = parameters
• Head-first or head-last?
• Wh-movement or no Wh-movement?
• Kids acquiring language get the universal principles for free;
• it’s part of Universal Grammar (UG)
• …but they have to figure out the “parameters” from what they hear in the world around them, as they grow up.