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Synthetic belting
»Belt construction
Thursday, 29 March 2012
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Contents
» Fabrics
» Covers
» Belt code system
»Force / Elongation
»Number of plies
»Cover thickness / Profiles
»Color
»Additions
» Fabrication
» Belt selection
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Fabrics
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Fabrics
» High tensile strength » Flexible in running direction» Lateral stability» Wear resistant and low friction » High adhesion of coatings» Antistatic» Low noise
What are the demands on belts?
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Multifil S-twined yarn (left)
Multifil Z-twined yarn (right)
Monofil yarn
S and Z twined yarns are used in turn in the fabric as warp
Fabrics
Belt properties by yarn constructionHow is a yarn constructed?
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Spun multifil» Higher mechanical
adhesion covers» Lower tensile strengths» Lower noise level
Continuous multifil» Higher tensile strengths» Standard yarn
Spun yarnSpun and twined
Continuous yarnMultifil twined
Fabrics
Belt properties by yarn construction
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Fabrics
Adhesion Low250Spun””
Elongation Adhesion
High350ContinueAramid
Shock absorption
High1404%SpunPolyamide
Low160Spun””
High1600.4%ContinuePolyester
Other Properties
Tensile strength
Max T(C)
Moisture abs.
Construc-tion
Belt properties by yarn construction
This table shows what properties can be obtained by differing in yarn material and construction
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Warp in the longitudinal direction
Weft in the lateral direction (fill)
Plain weave EM, EF, ESF, ESM, EK, DM,…
Fabrics
Belt properties by weave construction
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Plain (P) Twill (K) Broken Twill (GK)
Fabrics
Belt properties by weave construction
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Warp yarns(length)
Warp beam
Reed
Shuttle
Weft yarns(width)
Healds
Fabric beam
Shafts
Principle of a loom
Fabrics
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E = Polyester, M= Monofil, F=Flexible, S=Spun, C=Cotton
Fabrics
Cont. multifil
Cont. multifil
Cont. multifil
Cont. multifil
Spun multifilCont. multifil
Warp
Non-stickFlexibleSpun multifil(cotton)
EC
Double plyno interlayer
StableMonofilDM
FlexibleContinuous multifil
EF
Low noise (Twill woven)
StableMonofilEX
Adhesion Low noise
StableMonofilEMSStableMonofilEM
PropertiesLaterallyWeft
Belt properties by weave construction
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Fabrics
Belt properties by weave construction
F/E overview fabrics
Differences in tensile strengths
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Fabrics
Belt properties by weave construction
Why does an EX-fabric run with less noise?
Topside is similar with differences in height
Bottom side is smooth due to twill weave
»EX is never coated
EM EX
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DM = Double binding lateral stable 2 ply fabric without inner layer
Top flat woven ply
Bottom flat woven plyWeave between bottom layer and upper layer
Nearest skipped weave
Fabrics
Belt properties by weave construction
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Summary
Any questions?
» Fabrics
» Covers
» Belt code system
»Force / Elongation
»Number of plies
»Cover thickness / Profiles
»Color
»Additions
» Fabrication
» Belt selection
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Case Belt selection
Product Biscuits
Process Cooling
A-B transport
Temperature 25 C
Food grade
Stock item local shop
Type of fabric?
Fill in PPLESC
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Covers
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Covers
» Thermo plasticity» Connection of fabrics» Splicing, profiling and mounting accessories
» Other properties» Mechanical» Chemical» Thermal» Friction » Not sticking
» Protection of fabric
Why coating of fabric?
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Thermo set cover
» No flow when heated
» Product shape fixed
» Irreversible process
» Endlessing/accessories only with glue
» Profiling not possible
Thermoplastic cover
» When heated molecules flow
» Product shape can be changed
» Reversible process
» Endlessing and accessories possible
» Embossing a profile
Covers
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» Stated in Shore
» Mostly Shore A
» Ropanexand AmtelShore D
Hardness 10A
40A
80A90A
30D
58D
90D
SOFT
HARD
FrictionWear resistance Hardness
LOWHIGH
LOW HIGH
Mechanical properties
Covers
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» Resistance is mentioned when known
Covers
Chemical properties»Combinations are possible.
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Covers of Synthetic beltsName Material Thermo-
plasticO&F
ResistantHardness
in Sh ATemp. Range
in degr. CNon-stick Chemical Application/properties
Flexam PVC Yes No 20 > 95 -45 > 80 + + + + + General, no food
Nonex PVC Yes Yes 20 > 95 -15 > 90 + + + + + + Food, 65 Sh in W/B/T is FDA O&F application
Pletex PVC 35 -15 > 80
Peflex PE Yes Yes 35 > 90 33D > 40D
-20 > 80 + + + + + + + + + + Non toxic / tobacco, non stick / food
Amtel TPE-E Yes Yes 90A / 40 D -20 > 80 + + + + + + + + Tobacco, wear circumstances
Ropanyl TPU Yes Yes 64 > 93 -30 > 90 + + + + + + + Food, FDA, BGA, USDA, EC
Ropanex PUR No Yes 58D > 60D -20 > 90 + + + + + + + + + Accumulation, lacquering machines
Ropan PUR No Yes 80 15 > 70 + + + + + Notch, wear resistant, metal, stone industry
Ropanol PUR No Yes 87 / 95 -30 > 100 + + + + + + + + Impregnation, accumulation
Mylar Polyester No Yes 92 + + + + + + + + + + Lacquering machines
Felt Polyester No Yes - -15 > 100 + + + + + + White bakery/grey intern.transp.
Fabric Polyester No Yes - -30 > 90 + + + + + + + Low friction, sliding, accumulation
PPA Polyester No Yes 75 / 92 -40 > 90 + + + + + + + + Tobacco
Silam Silicone No Yes 30 > 80 -30 > 150 + + + + + + + + + + + + Food, Chemistry
RPG Rub/PVC Yes No 55 0 > 90 + + + + + Rough , incline applications, Paper
RPB RPB 50 / 65 -15 > 80
RPN RPN 65 -15 > 80 Airports, marble, general
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Flexam» General Non Food Purpose» Limited oil and fat resistance » Meets FDA requirements for some foodstuff» Thermoplastic» Many Colors» Hardness from 20 up to 95 shore A» Available in Flame retardant
Covers
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Nonex»General Food purpose »Good oil and fat resistance »Meets FDA requirements for all foodstuff»Thermoplastic»Many Colors»Hardness from 35 up to 80 Shore A»Available in Flame retardant
Covers
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Ropanyl»General Food purpose»Very good oil and fat resistance »Small pulleys or knife edges»Meets FDA requirements for all foodstuff»Thermoplastic»Hardness from 64 up to 92 Shore A »White, L.Blue, Dark Green, Black and Transparent
Covers
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Amtel»Strong and wear resistant»Good oil and fat resistance»Resistant against low-and high temperatures»Halogen and Nitrogen free when burning»Very flexible and impact resistant »Thermoplastic»Meets FDA requirements for dry foodstuff
Covers
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Peflex»Non toxic when burning»Mechanically weak»Good oil and fat resistance »Very good resistant against many chemicals»Non stick »Meets FDA requirements for all foodstuff»Thermoplastic
Covers
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Ropanol»Impregnation only»Thermo set»Very low coefficient of friction»Good oil and fat resistant»Available meeting FDA requirements
Covers
Electronics
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Ropan»Impact resistant»Wear resistant»Additional coating on PVC covers»Also coating over accessories
Covers
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Ropanex»Low friction top cover»Wear resistance high»Chemical resistance very high»Thermo set
Covers
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Silam»Non stick cover»Very high resistance to many chemicals»Long temperature resistance range »Meets FDA requirements for all foodstuff »Mechanically weak»High friction also under wet condition»Thermo set
Covers
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RP (Rubber / PVC mix)
»Improved wear resistance»Improved abrasion and cut resistant»Oil and fat resistant (green colour) »Grip in wet condition»Thermoplastic
Covers
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Others
»Mylar Lacquering machines
»PPA Tobacco industry
»Polypropylene Food industryLacquering machine
»Thermoplastic rubber Agriculture
»Teflon (PTFE) Food industry
Covers
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Attention: these gasses are also dangerous in small quantities!
Covers
Material recognition by burning
PVC A sharp smell
»Contact with glowing copper a green flame (chlorine gas) is visible.
PU Gives a sweet breath (Prussic acid)
PE Smells like a blown out candle (stearin)
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Summary
Any questions?
» Fabrics
» Covers
» Belt code system
»Force / Elongation
»Number of plies
»Cover thickness / Profiles
»Color
»Additions
» Fabrication
» Belt selection
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Belt code system
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Belt code system
Cover type
EXAMPLE: Nonex EF 10 /2 A18 + 07 White FG
AdditionColourTop cover thickness or type of profileBottom cover thickness or type of profileNumber of pliesTension at 1% elongationType of fabric
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Interlayer material = coating material
Exception f.e.:
» Silam EM/S 6/2 0+01 (PU) White FG
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
Belt code system
Fabric and Ropanol types, interlayer always PVC
Exception f.e.:
» Ropanol EM 6/2 00+00 (PU) Transparent AS FG
Coating material
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» Material» E = Polyester S = Spun
C = Cotton K = Aramid» Yarn construction
» M = Monofil yarn Lateral stability» F = Flexible weft yarn
» Fabric construction» MPLY = Monoply» DM = Double fabric» EX = Twill weave for low noise
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
Fabric information about:
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Force / elongation value (F/E)
Measured as per ISO 1723
Measured as per ISO 283
Force necessary for 1% elongation in N/mm
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
Belt code system
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Force / elongation value (F/E)Measured as per ISO 283
»No pretension»No relaxation»Also mentioned by the competition 10
For example: Ropanol EX 8/2 0+00 Black AS
% elongation
Force in
N/mm
Pretension 1 N/mmPart pretension is lost
This value is stated in thearticle number
0.5 1
5
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Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
Belt code system
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Force / elongation value (F/E)Measured as per ISO 1723(on request)
» Measured with pretension and relaxation at a requested force level
» To give exact tension advice to customers in case of critical applications:
»Critically take-up device
»Re-tensioning not possible
»High loads
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
Belt code system
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Force / elongation value (F/E)Measured as per ISO 1723(on request)
0 ,2 ,4 ,6 ,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,5 1,6
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10
Type Ropanol EX 8/2 0+00 Black AS
% elongation
Force in
N/mm
No pretensionFinal tension 20 N/mmRelaxation 0,17%Pretension approx. 0. 4 %
This is what the customer experiences
0
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
Belt code system
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Always 2 plies!!!
Number of plies
1 ply
3 ply»Big lateral stability»High tensile strength
»Small pulley diameters »knife-edge transfer»Thin belt for cooling Or:
Except when f.e.:
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
How do we choose?
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Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
0 Bare fabric, for dry sliding support
00 Impregnation, for wet sliding support
01 Friction coated / cover thickness
02 Cover thickness in 1/10 mm
Profiles
Cover thickness or profile
A42
C39
P1
F2
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Why profiling?» More grip :
» Increase of friction» Carrier shape
» Less grip:» Reduction of friction
» Non-sticking properties:» Disturbance of smooth surface» Trapped air
» Moisture or air discharge» Shape:
» Brand name» Leather / stone profiles
Belt code systemNonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
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Most common profilesA0/A10 Matt Prevents light reflection and adherence.A8/P15 Pepita For inclined transport.
On inclined conveyors for transport of boxes, crates, and bags under dry conditions.Lagging material for drums.As guide strips for smaller diameters of the drum. In the fish industry.For transport of tobacco and tealeaves on inclined conveyors.Other fine-grained materials.In the bottom cover for slip free drive under very wet conditions.Lagging material on drums.In laundries.In magnetic elevators.In the packaging industry.For elevating light products up a limited up a limited angle of inclination.Lagging material on drums.In bakeries (dough transport).Rubber industry for the transport of uncured rubber.Good release properties.Dough transport.Lagging material on drums.Where a belt requires a “rough” surface.
A32/P8 Fine Rib Inclined transport in dusty circumstances.Universal profile for inclined applications, for elevating crates, boxes and bags under dry conditions.In the packaging industry (box closing machines).
A42/P6 Super grip
A21/P2 Fine Diamond
A22/P22 Sandblast
A15/P19 Nipple 1 mm
A18/P1 Square
A11/P11 Rib
RA13/P13 Saw tooth
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Which profiles where?
ABM HHW A1 until A60
ABM Spain P1 until P50
Indutex Germany ” ” ”
ABM USA ” ” ”
ABM UK F1 until F3
See brochure “Profiles”
» P- and C-profiles Only standard belt types» A- profiles Also non-standard and EW
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
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When is profiling possible?» Thermoplastic cover
» Sufficient cover thickness
» Sufficient soft cover material
» Within width and length possibilities
Profiling laminated and impregnated Ropanyl belts is problematic (check each individual case)
Never use exclusive profiles for third parties
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
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Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
Colour
For a fabric belt the color of the fabric is mentioned, often white
Beige Yellow Black Orange Blue Transparent Brown Anthracite Dark Green CaramelApple green CobaltGrey CreamLight Blue Dark Grey Red TurquoiseWhite
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» M1 Matt profile rough» M2 Matt profile fine » AS Antistatic» NF Non Fray (KleenEdge)» HC High conductive (ISO)» FR Flame retardant» FG Food gradeSpecial remarks as thickness, hardness etc.
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
Additional information
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Food standardsFDA As per positive list of raw materials to
be declared by the manufacturer
EU Similar to FDA; for European Union
HACCP System that will help you to identify, evaluate and control potentially dangerous situations.
USDA Does not exist anymore. Tested the product before approval. Replaced by HACCP. Stated if the belt complied to the sanitary standards.
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
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Antistatic – High ConductiveAS Antistatic properties often by twined carbon
fibres in warp
Sometimes cover ISO R284.
HC Conductive belt
Often as per ISO R284.
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
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AntiMicrobial
» Multi layer technology
» Standard top cover
» Anti Microbial system inside
» Works from inside out
» Technology based on ions
» Without migration
» Works the whole belt live
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
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AntiMicrobial1 = Fabric2 = Top cover3 = Under layer AM4 = Impregnation AM5 = Amseal™ AM
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
In Nonex and
Ropanyl
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Other additions
» FR Flame retardant
» CR Cold Resistant
» HD Hydrolysis Resistant
» HR Heat Resistant
Belt code system
Nonex EF 8/2 A18 + 07 White FG
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Summary
Any questions?
» Fabrics
» Covers
» Belt code system
»Force / Elongation
»Number of plies
»Cover thickness / Profiles
»Color
»Additions
» Fabrication
» Belt selection
58
6
Fabrication
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Fabrication
Most common splice types
Finger
Step
FOF
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Summary
Any questions?
» Fabrics
» Covers
» Belt code system
»Force / Elongation
»Number of plies
»Cover thickness / Profiles
»Color
»Additions
» Fabrication
» Belt selection
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Belt selection
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Product
Process
Lay-out of the conveyor
Environment
Standards
Commercial factors
How do we select the right belt for each application?
We use PPLESC !
Belt selection
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“PRODUCT” pay attention to:
» Weight, quantity
» Food/Non food, (un)packed
» Grip, sticking, discharging
» Chemical and O&F resistant
» Temperature
» Standards; FDA, BGA, FR, AS, HC, AM
P
P
L
E
S
C
Factors for belt selection
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“PROCESS” pay attention to:
» Grip, inclination, accumulation, pushing
» Mechanical, cutting, punching
» Thermal, cold and heat sources
» Chemical, additives, pollution, cleaning
Factors for belt selection
P
P
L
E
S
C
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“LAY-OUT OF THE CONVEYOR”pay attention to:
» Belt support; sliding / roller, flat / trough
» Drums; diameters, flexing, back flexing, number
» Speed
» Belt tension
» Scraper, sidewalls
Factors for belt selection
P
P
L
E
S
C
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“ENVIRONMENT” pay attention to:
» Moisture, dust, pollution
» Inside or outside
» Temperature, cold and heat sources
» Chemical, steams, materials
» Static loading
» Noise, “Workers circumstances”
Factors for belt selection
P
P
L
E
S
C
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“STANDARDS” pay attention to:
» FG, FDA, BGA, EC, USDA
» AM anti microbial
» FR flame retardant
» AS, HC antistatic
» Noise
Factors for belt selection
P
P
L
E
S
C
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“COMMERCIAL FACTORS”pay attention to:
» Price regarding to competitor
» Price regarding to alternative
» Stock
» Delivery time
» Service, help to think, mounting
» “Good is good enough”
Factors for belt selection
P
P
L
E
S
C
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Belt selection
Use PPLESC per part of the product name
1 Top cover type griptemperaturemechanicalstickingcleaningaccessories
Food: Nonex / RopanylAgriculture / Non food: FlexamTobacco: Peflex / Amtel
Between these red lines are the preferred choices which are to be recommended first
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Belt selection
2 Type of fabric Trough / FlatType of support
3 Number of plies StabilityImpactStrength
2 plies
EM, EX or EF
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Belt selection
4 Bottom side belt Friction of slider bedNoiseStandardsPollution
Profile = Low sticking / Friction reduction for slider support A18 / P1Transmission A11 / A13
01 & up = Bottom coated, for roller support >0.6
00 = Impregnated, for wet sliding support, = 0.4
0 = Bare fabric, for dry sliding support , = 0.3 Pollution shrinkage
HACCP / USDAWear Penetration possible shrinkage
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Belt selection
5 Execution topside WearImpactGripStickingCleaningTemperatureStandards
Solved by ThicknessProfilesAccessoriesHardness
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Belt selection
6 ColourFood: White / Blue Agriculture: Green Internal transport: Black Scanning: Beige or other
preference
7 Additions
M2: Matt profile Low friction Topside No shinePrevents sticking
AS / FG
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Summary
Any questions?
» Fabrics
» Covers
» Belt code system
»Force / Elongation
»Number of plies
»Cover thickness / Profiles
»Color
»Additions
» Fabrication
» Belt selection
75
Evaluation
Any questions left?
» Fabrics
» Covers
» Belt code system
»Force / Elongation
»Number of plies
»Cover thickness / Profiles
»Color
»Additions
» Fabrication
» Belt selection
76
»Belt construction
Thursday, 29 March 2012
Thank you for your attention!