systems and models--web version
TRANSCRIPT
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Systems and Models in
Curriculum Development
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In this lesson, we will focus on
the systems approach to
curriculum development. By theend of this lesson, you should be
able to select a model that is mostappropriate for the setting for
which you are designing
or evaluatingcurriculum.
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Curriculum development is often
done in a haphazard manner.
May have a hidden agenda due to
factors such as: to keep or create jobs
sell materials and equipment
fulfill political or social agenda
fit a particular instructors preferences
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A systematic-model approach to
curriculum design may be the key to
avoiding these undesirable influences.
Lets take a look atSystems
AndModels
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What is a system??
A system is a collection of
elements, interacting witheach other to achieve a
common goal.
Crunkilton and Finch (1999)
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A system consists of five
elements. These are?? Input-fuel, air, electrical charge
Output-movement, spark
Feedback-sounds, temperature
Environment-operating environment
including ambient temperature,
personnel
Process-internal combustion, cooling,
movement
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What about human resource
systems?? Input--?
Output--? Feedback--?
Environment--?
Process--?
Think about a human
resource system at your
organizationlets say,
staff development. What
would be some of the
components of each of
these elements? For
example, what input
would be a part of staff
development? Go to theDiscussion Board and
share your thoughts on
these elements.
http://thumper.valdosta.edu/cbackes/aced7030/discussion_board.htmhttp://thumper.valdosta.edu/cbackes/aced7030/discussion_board.htmhttp://thumper.valdosta.edu/cbackes/aced7030/discussion_board.htmhttp://thumper.valdosta.edu/cbackes/aced7030/discussion_board.htmhttp://thumper.valdosta.edu/cbackes/aced7030/discussion_board.htmhttp://thumper.valdosta.edu/cbackes/aced7030/discussion_board.htmhttp://thumper.valdosta.edu/cbackes/aced7030/discussion_board.htmhttp://thumper.valdosta.edu/cbackes/aced7030/discussion_board.htm -
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A Model is??
A simplified, yet communicable
representation of a real-world setting
or situation.May be synonymous with design.
It is an organized way ofaccomplishing a goal or task.
See page 29
in your text.
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Furthermore, a model should be...
Practical
RealisticEfficient
Inclusive
Lets look at some
systematiccurriculum
planning models.
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The Systems Model for
Performance ImprovementThis model, formerly the Technology Training
System (TTS), is designed to separate training
problems from non-training problems.Highly dependent uponfront-end analysis, it is
used to decide Whether management actions,
developmental efforts, environmental forces, or
some combination of these will affect the change
in performance.See page 30 in your text.
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There are five phases to the
Performance Improvement
Model...
Analyze
Design
Develop
ImplementControl
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The Analysisphase focuses on
two key componentsOrganizational performance diagnosis
What are the desired performances?
What are the actual performances?
What improvements need to be made?
Work expertise documentationGathering information
Recording expertise requirements needed
to perform on the job.
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The Analysisphase is heavily
dependent on front-end analysis.
Front-end analysis is a
systematic means of seekingsolutions to human
performance problems while
keeping in mind the
problems definition andcharacteristics, as well as
alternate courses of action.
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Front-end analysis involves...
Needs assessments
Task analyses ID of work or job requirements
Proposal development
Administrative buy-in
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During the Design Phase...
Program and lessons are designed
Designs are based on results of the
analysisphase
Needs are matched with restraints
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During the Develop Phase...
New materials are developed
Existing materials are revised
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During the Implement Phase
Management and training plans
are enacted
Training actually takes place,
when necessary
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During the Control Phase
Training is evaluated
Results are reported
Training is revised
Trainees proficiency is
monitored and maintained onthe job (follow-up)
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The Performance-Based
Instructional Design System
(PBID)
Designed to provide a
systematic means of developinginstruction that would ensure
the performance capabilities ofthe learner.Crunkilton and Finch (1999)See page 36 in
your text.
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Steps in the PBID include...
Program Description
intent and context
Content Analysis
ID of possible content
Content Selection
what will the content be
Content Sequencing
how will it be sequenced
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Steps in the PBID include...
Lesson Structuring
considers principles of learning and
possible thematic considerations (next
slide)
Lesson Delivery Formatting
traditional, CBT, individualized
Development of EvaluationProcedure
includes quality assurance and feedback
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A Thematic Curriculum
Framework is...A set of organized experiences
such as programs, courses, and
other school-sponsored activitiesthat provide students with exposure
to a broad, predominate theme.
Examples may include specific health
settings, aerospace, maritime, etc.
See page 38 in your text.
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h l i d l
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The Tylerian Model was
expanded by Doll (1986)to
include: Statement of need, based on
assessment
Statement of objective
Content list and organizational plan
Description of learning experiences
Evaluation plan
Plan to solicit support for the
curriculum
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The final model that we will look at
is the Ten-Step Curriculum Planning
Model.This model first appeared in the NASSP
Bulletin in 1984 in an article by Zenger
and Zenger. It is an inclusive,organized approach that certainly meets
the definition of systematic model. It is
commonly used in the school setting.The article is not available on the
web as a full text article,
therefore, I will mail a copy to
you.
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Identify
Curricular Need
Develop Goals and
Objectives
Identify Resources
and Restraints
Organize CurriculumCommittees
Establish Roles of
Personnel
Identify New
Curriculum
Select New
Curriculum
Design New
Curriculum
Implement New
Curriculum
Evaluate
Curriculum
Ten-Step
CurriculumPlanning
Process Model
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When using the Ten-Step
Model, the process... may or may not include all steps.
may begin or end at any of the
steps.
steps may be repeated as
necessary evaluation is a critical component of
all steps
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A quick wrap up...
Models are useful because they
provide guidance and structure.
Systems models bring variousgroups, individuals, information,
and activities together to achieve
the goal and to provide continuous
feedback in order to improve the
curriculum.
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And thats it. Be sure to check
the website for assignmentsrelated to this lesson. Let me
know if you have any questions.Use the discussion board to post
comments and discuss these
issues.