Jbull

r t

~

~~ tmiddot l ~

J

l I I

J I ~

~ ~

i

[ Imiddot

)

7COHGREso fNTERNAOONAl DECORROSlOtfMARWAEINCRUSTACIONES

11~ iNT_~IQAtCm~JiE~ bull ~ 0 M~~~ cQ~a~pK6NDJ9U~G

CONGRESiNTERNAnONAL DE LA CORROSIONMARfNE ETOES-SALISSURES

UNIVERSioAD POUTEcNICA Valencia 7 11NoViembre19S8

~~

ESPANA

SlllON 1

CorrOsiOll marino Cortosion mQ~ Corrosionl1l(lr1ne

The unpublished manuscripts have been reproduced as receivedfrom the

author~ TheS~ientiiicCQmmlttee takeeMt ~esp~~~abllity for any shy

erroj or olllillsion

Las ponencias no han sido publicadas y eatan reproducidas tal y como

se han recibido de sus autores El Com~te CientUco no se tesponsashy

biliza de cualquier error u omidon

---- bullbull IICHnD~ ~I11)AY 11th NOVEMBER VENDREDI NOVEMBRE --~

SESSION I Corrosion Marine

Friday 11th November

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF CuZn20A12 ALLOY WITH PIRIMOINE DERIVATIVES

Krzysztof Debrowiecki and Kazimierz Boron

MICROENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AROUND FOULING ORGANISMS AND THEIR CORROSION IMPLICATIONS

E G Bellinger and P Wall

THE EFFECTS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION ON THE MICROFLORA AND PERFORMANCE OF ANTIFOULING PAINTS

E G Bellinger and A J Mitchell

is usually

inhibitors

compounds

an

against

their

of

surtace

to

waters (F)

the IIOst

in

160 -190

001

The specimens Iliad ttle tOnt ot ring~ cut out from recrysshy

tallized coamercial tubes (di~ter90160 am height 200 am)

The grav~metr1c corrosiontest8 were IIIOde using an artificial

see water at room temPerature with contineous aeration

In the preUlafnatY serie8 ~t experiments lIIOClitications were

carried out by p laCirig thespeciiDens into aqueous solutions of the

chemicals specified allltWe and kept at 40middotCtor 2 hrs The

concentration 10-shy -oledJlill 111 the Ibainexperiment the

lIIOClitication conditions were follows

- Inhibitor conce~trat10n 10- to 05middot10-a ole~

-TelllPerature20~060eOmiddotC

- Time 361624 hrs The corrosion resi8tance was measured bY expoeing the samples

to aerated see water for 5 days in the preliminary experiments

or tor 5102040 or 60 daye in the main experiments

Resu1 ts and msc_sion

Only the compounds BTA DAP and BD were found in the

preliminelry experiments to have the ability ot inhibiting brass

corrosion

Tabie 2 The effectiveness of CuZn20Al2alloy surface modification after 5 day exposit 1011 to see )later

COIIIPOIolM

~

bullbullbullbullbullt

bullt

bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

naamptot~rowieCkl nd Kszilllierz BOron

Cul~AL2AiLO ~~bullocJl Inst hit 0 lnorllanic Tchnolotfy Tchntcal UnLHIrSL ty

tiL s-gttucho_JuIIO 25 60-372 IorocCaw PoLand

Introducton

The chemiCal modification ot copper alloy surtaces

carried out with compounds which are good corrosion

The most commonly used inhibitors are benzotriazole and

ot the structure similar to that ot this compound 11 As tollowsfrom a number ot reports 12-4 benzotriazole and

the compounds similar to it are chemisorbed 011 the surface of

alloy to form a stable inert layer protecting 1t

corrosion The surtace modification of copper alloys improves

stability against outdoor corrosion It also reduces the rate

corrosion in see waters In this work SOllMt other chemicals were tested as

modifiers tor CuZn20Al2 alloy (special brass) The aim was

illlProve rsistance ot the brass against corrosion in see The tollowing compounds were selected 110-phenanthroline

13-benzodiozole (BDL 2-aminopirimidine (AP) 2-mercapto-46-dishy

aminopirimidine IDAPI and 2-mercapto-456-triaminopirimidine

(TAP) hnzotriazole HITA) was also used as a reference standard

In the pniliminary experiments DAP +as fOUnd to be

effective corrosion inhibitor This compound was than studied

detail

Ettectiveness ~ Procegtdurs

BTA 293The experimenu were carried out with CuZn20Al2 brass ot the DD 12chemical compoition presented in Table 1 (accordinq to Pol ish

DAP 645Standard PH 67H-870251

1 2

I

I

~ Deteiled experi~hts were iiIodeltwi~h DAP~he most effectiv~ corrosion inhibitor among thecoiaPoUndsstudiEiq The ett~cts ot

Ii its concentration antJ~mpe~ature in modifiction bath on the bull bullbullbullbull T _

Icorrosion rate of brass in an artificial see watet afe shown in Figs bull 1-3 Fig4 pres~ht8 the) effectir~ness of middotQlqMficationvs time of exposure for the saRIPls mOdified Wlth101-M DAP at 20middotC

- bullN tor 24 brs lt

I The gra1Dtetr1~ hur~~t~dtOJCuZlj20AJ2 middotmiddotallQY in the

stationary cQnditfonaevealed that tbecorroliion rate insee water was rdUcabi~bil~ttrtr~a~~ngtl1e brass ~ur1acbullbullmiddottdtil

DAP sQlut1onTlteettbullct otmiddotcconctfrClt-tonofthe DAFIIIOltl1fYing

I solutio~ upon th~ ~~~01l10it~~t~u ~oterY ~l~~At~O)DAP 11 protetedln~iMb~n usedirttbe concentntion 10~ M The

corrosiOnitf~~it~~~a~~~~~middot tji-~iticat10n tibullbee longer aM 10nger1beDAP$oludoMmiddot of concentrations O~5middot10lt

10or~0 tUled at~oejtb~Pdht ~ott~ct ~r increuedthe

J- corrOiti(gt~ ratoflt~OAI~ lllOY~ At t~etu-ra~dtolO~Cr tl14it oclif1cationwlth ui M

DAP swtaot1by i44U~edth~ corrOiJionzte Jbi ntwsmiddotre

lusindelIndent ~t the tioCII041f1ca1iCgtl themocl1iicatlonI ffectivbullnesswasin~bisc~C(~Jtib as ~a ebull Anlncreasein modification tempra~u~ middothllda~sitive effect oli corr~ionate also for D~SolUti~ri otconciitirationoSmiddot10-X bull

For DAP of concentrations 10 and 10 Il1O ledJdI bull nof sufficient iDlProvnt in resistance ~f the brass agAinSt

corroslon tas obee~e4even at elevated temperatures 060bull orr eomiddotc The rate of corrosion 4ecreasedyithincreasing JDOdification

I time and after the 24 hrs treatment it was nearly the slUDe as

that tor uIIIIOC1it iedbi-ass For the DPA S~lutionofconcentr~~ion10-middot the change in

bull modification temperature inthe range 60-80C did not produce

significant differeneilin corr~ionratesThe resultilUJ highly reduced rate of corrosion UCQGlpQred wi thufmodified slllllPles

J remained UnChangedindep~ndentl~ of modification time The lowest rote of corrosion was obtained for the slUDplea

I I

3

modified with DPAaolutionof concentration 0510-amp at 60middotC The protection effectiveness of 97 wae obtained after a 24 hr treatment Further increase of the solution temperature to aomiddotc gaveno ItIOre improveJpent

eonc1QSJons

nllt ~u1t presente~ ~ an be S~~S~l ~n the following conclusions

1 FrOID UIOng 11 compounds stucUed the Hst corros1on

protectioopro~ruH h~ 2-mercapt0-46-timinoPii1D1idiM (DAP) 2 The protection properties of DAF 1rovtd with increasing

rilodi t1cadonterature

3 DAP wu found to tie better corraaion inhibitor tor CuZri20A12 alloy than benzotrlazole

The lIOdit~cat1on effectiveness did not cbengewitllUme of exposition ot 8amP1es to an artificial see water

Ret-nc_

1 SpinellLP~middotMaj~hM BrunonoG Trabanel1LG r~t u

KDrro 31 919-923 (1980)

2CignaRG~oG BrCOZrobullbull J bullbull US 223-225 (1979) 3 WalkerR Corratoft 2Q 290-296 (1973)

4 Trabanell1G Zuchh1F bull BrunonoG Carru1t1V t Korrobullbullbull 24 602-606 (1973)

4

is usually

inhibitors

compounds

an

against

their

of

surtace

to

waters (F)

the IIOst

in

160 -190

001

The specimens Iliad ttle tOnt ot ring~ cut out from recrysshy

tallized coamercial tubes (di~ter90160 am height 200 am)

The grav~metr1c corrosiontest8 were IIIOde using an artificial

see water at room temPerature with contineous aeration

In the preUlafnatY serie8 ~t experiments lIIOClitications were

carried out by p laCirig thespeciiDens into aqueous solutions of the

chemicals specified allltWe and kept at 40middotCtor 2 hrs The

concentration 10-shy -oledJlill 111 the Ibainexperiment the

lIIOClitication conditions were follows

- Inhibitor conce~trat10n 10- to 05middot10-a ole~

-TelllPerature20~060eOmiddotC

- Time 361624 hrs The corrosion resi8tance was measured bY expoeing the samples

to aerated see water for 5 days in the preliminary experiments

or tor 5102040 or 60 daye in the main experiments

Resu1 ts and msc_sion

Only the compounds BTA DAP and BD were found in the

preliminelry experiments to have the ability ot inhibiting brass

corrosion

Tabie 2 The effectiveness of CuZn20Al2alloy surface modification after 5 day exposit 1011 to see )later

COIIIPOIolM

~

bullbullbullbullbullt

bullt

bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

naamptot~rowieCkl nd Kszilllierz BOron

Cul~AL2AiLO ~~bullocJl Inst hit 0 lnorllanic Tchnolotfy Tchntcal UnLHIrSL ty

tiL s-gttucho_JuIIO 25 60-372 IorocCaw PoLand

Introducton

The chemiCal modification ot copper alloy surtaces

carried out with compounds which are good corrosion

The most commonly used inhibitors are benzotriazole and

ot the structure similar to that ot this compound 11 As tollowsfrom a number ot reports 12-4 benzotriazole and

the compounds similar to it are chemisorbed 011 the surface of

alloy to form a stable inert layer protecting 1t

corrosion The surtace modification of copper alloys improves

stability against outdoor corrosion It also reduces the rate

corrosion in see waters In this work SOllMt other chemicals were tested as

modifiers tor CuZn20Al2 alloy (special brass) The aim was

illlProve rsistance ot the brass against corrosion in see The tollowing compounds were selected 110-phenanthroline

13-benzodiozole (BDL 2-aminopirimidine (AP) 2-mercapto-46-dishy

aminopirimidine IDAPI and 2-mercapto-456-triaminopirimidine

(TAP) hnzotriazole HITA) was also used as a reference standard

In the pniliminary experiments DAP +as fOUnd to be

effective corrosion inhibitor This compound was than studied

detail

Ettectiveness ~ Procegtdurs

BTA 293The experimenu were carried out with CuZn20Al2 brass ot the DD 12chemical compoition presented in Table 1 (accordinq to Pol ish

DAP 645Standard PH 67H-870251

1 2

I

I

~ Deteiled experi~hts were iiIodeltwi~h DAP~he most effectiv~ corrosion inhibitor among thecoiaPoUndsstudiEiq The ett~cts ot

Ii its concentration antJ~mpe~ature in modifiction bath on the bull bullbullbullbull T _

Icorrosion rate of brass in an artificial see watet afe shown in Figs bull 1-3 Fig4 pres~ht8 the) effectir~ness of middotQlqMficationvs time of exposure for the saRIPls mOdified Wlth101-M DAP at 20middotC

- bullN tor 24 brs lt

I The gra1Dtetr1~ hur~~t~dtOJCuZlj20AJ2 middotmiddotallQY in the

stationary cQnditfonaevealed that tbecorroliion rate insee water was rdUcabi~bil~ttrtr~a~~ngtl1e brass ~ur1acbullbullmiddottdtil

DAP sQlut1onTlteettbullct otmiddotcconctfrClt-tonofthe DAFIIIOltl1fYing

I solutio~ upon th~ ~~~01l10it~~t~u ~oterY ~l~~At~O)DAP 11 protetedln~iMb~n usedirttbe concentntion 10~ M The

corrosiOnitf~~it~~~a~~~~~middot tji-~iticat10n tibullbee longer aM 10nger1beDAP$oludoMmiddot of concentrations O~5middot10lt

10or~0 tUled at~oejtb~Pdht ~ott~ct ~r increuedthe

J- corrOiti(gt~ ratoflt~OAI~ lllOY~ At t~etu-ra~dtolO~Cr tl14it oclif1cationwlth ui M

DAP swtaot1by i44U~edth~ corrOiJionzte Jbi ntwsmiddotre

lusindelIndent ~t the tioCII041f1ca1iCgtl themocl1iicatlonI ffectivbullnesswasin~bisc~C(~Jtib as ~a ebull Anlncreasein modification tempra~u~ middothllda~sitive effect oli corr~ionate also for D~SolUti~ri otconciitirationoSmiddot10-X bull

For DAP of concentrations 10 and 10 Il1O ledJdI bull nof sufficient iDlProvnt in resistance ~f the brass agAinSt

corroslon tas obee~e4even at elevated temperatures 060bull orr eomiddotc The rate of corrosion 4ecreasedyithincreasing JDOdification

I time and after the 24 hrs treatment it was nearly the slUDe as

that tor uIIIIOC1it iedbi-ass For the DPA S~lutionofconcentr~~ion10-middot the change in

bull modification temperature inthe range 60-80C did not produce

significant differeneilin corr~ionratesThe resultilUJ highly reduced rate of corrosion UCQGlpQred wi thufmodified slllllPles

J remained UnChangedindep~ndentl~ of modification time The lowest rote of corrosion was obtained for the slUDplea

I I

3

modified with DPAaolutionof concentration 0510-amp at 60middotC The protection effectiveness of 97 wae obtained after a 24 hr treatment Further increase of the solution temperature to aomiddotc gaveno ItIOre improveJpent

eonc1QSJons

nllt ~u1t presente~ ~ an be S~~S~l ~n the following conclusions

1 FrOID UIOng 11 compounds stucUed the Hst corros1on

protectioopro~ruH h~ 2-mercapt0-46-timinoPii1D1idiM (DAP) 2 The protection properties of DAF 1rovtd with increasing

rilodi t1cadonterature

3 DAP wu found to tie better corraaion inhibitor tor CuZri20A12 alloy than benzotrlazole

The lIOdit~cat1on effectiveness did not cbengewitllUme of exposition ot 8amP1es to an artificial see water

Ret-nc_

1 SpinellLP~middotMaj~hM BrunonoG Trabanel1LG r~t u

KDrro 31 919-923 (1980)

2CignaRG~oG BrCOZrobullbull J bullbull US 223-225 (1979) 3 WalkerR Corratoft 2Q 290-296 (1973)

4 Trabanell1G Zuchh1F bull BrunonoG Carru1t1V t Korrobullbullbull 24 602-606 (1973)

4

~ Deteiled experi~hts were iiIodeltwi~h DAP~he most effectiv~ corrosion inhibitor among thecoiaPoUndsstudiEiq The ett~cts ot

Ii its concentration antJ~mpe~ature in modifiction bath on the bull bullbullbullbull T _

Icorrosion rate of brass in an artificial see watet afe shown in Figs bull 1-3 Fig4 pres~ht8 the) effectir~ness of middotQlqMficationvs time of exposure for the saRIPls mOdified Wlth101-M DAP at 20middotC

- bullN tor 24 brs lt

I The gra1Dtetr1~ hur~~t~dtOJCuZlj20AJ2 middotmiddotallQY in the

stationary cQnditfonaevealed that tbecorroliion rate insee water was rdUcabi~bil~ttrtr~a~~ngtl1e brass ~ur1acbullbullmiddottdtil

DAP sQlut1onTlteettbullct otmiddotcconctfrClt-tonofthe DAFIIIOltl1fYing

I solutio~ upon th~ ~~~01l10it~~t~u ~oterY ~l~~At~O)DAP 11 protetedln~iMb~n usedirttbe concentntion 10~ M The

corrosiOnitf~~it~~~a~~~~~middot tji-~iticat10n tibullbee longer aM 10nger1beDAP$oludoMmiddot of concentrations O~5middot10lt

10or~0 tUled at~oejtb~Pdht ~ott~ct ~r increuedthe

J- corrOiti(gt~ ratoflt~OAI~ lllOY~ At t~etu-ra~dtolO~Cr tl14it oclif1cationwlth ui M

DAP swtaot1by i44U~edth~ corrOiJionzte Jbi ntwsmiddotre

lusindelIndent ~t the tioCII041f1ca1iCgtl themocl1iicatlonI ffectivbullnesswasin~bisc~C(~Jtib as ~a ebull Anlncreasein modification tempra~u~ middothllda~sitive effect oli corr~ionate also for D~SolUti~ri otconciitirationoSmiddot10-X bull

For DAP of concentrations 10 and 10 Il1O ledJdI bull nof sufficient iDlProvnt in resistance ~f the brass agAinSt

corroslon tas obee~e4even at elevated temperatures 060bull orr eomiddotc The rate of corrosion 4ecreasedyithincreasing JDOdification

I time and after the 24 hrs treatment it was nearly the slUDe as

that tor uIIIIOC1it iedbi-ass For the DPA S~lutionofconcentr~~ion10-middot the change in

bull modification temperature inthe range 60-80C did not produce

significant differeneilin corr~ionratesThe resultilUJ highly reduced rate of corrosion UCQGlpQred wi thufmodified slllllPles

J remained UnChangedindep~ndentl~ of modification time The lowest rote of corrosion was obtained for the slUDplea

I I

3

modified with DPAaolutionof concentration 0510-amp at 60middotC The protection effectiveness of 97 wae obtained after a 24 hr treatment Further increase of the solution temperature to aomiddotc gaveno ItIOre improveJpent

eonc1QSJons

nllt ~u1t presente~ ~ an be S~~S~l ~n the following conclusions

1 FrOID UIOng 11 compounds stucUed the Hst corros1on

protectioopro~ruH h~ 2-mercapt0-46-timinoPii1D1idiM (DAP) 2 The protection properties of DAF 1rovtd with increasing

rilodi t1cadonterature

3 DAP wu found to tie better corraaion inhibitor tor CuZri20A12 alloy than benzotrlazole

The lIOdit~cat1on effectiveness did not cbengewitllUme of exposition ot 8amP1es to an artificial see water

Ret-nc_

1 SpinellLP~middotMaj~hM BrunonoG Trabanel1LG r~t u

KDrro 31 919-923 (1980)

2CignaRG~oG BrCOZrobullbull J bullbull US 223-225 (1979) 3 WalkerR Corratoft 2Q 290-296 (1973)

4 Trabanell1G Zuchh1F bull BrunonoG Carru1t1V t Korrobullbullbull 24 602-606 (1973)

4

-- -II

JII

if ~-it CKpirons 101- dltf1lresect

it

it ~

coyio~rOIl tit Ctn20A i ii I uy if bH 5 dys ot

exposure to ltir tltl Cl d 1 see water ~ff~CdtioH condit 10IlsI)II1

it 10-middotmoled1W te_ 2o4Q6080middot

fi92 Therote of corrosion of CuZn20Al~ 01 aff~r 5 days ofit ex~EJuHl~ortif ictal 1-eet wateYKocfificiltrorP conditIons DAPit

10-middot ~ole~ temp 20406080middotC it Fi~~TIu(~~t ~f ~orro~ionmiddot~f cuiP20A2~111i) otter 5 days of it ~~~~I~iii~~rtIti~i~l s water Moaiflcafiorl ~ohifitians DAP

~ 4 ( 1- -~~ ) ~~ II10-~ IIioledIII temp 20406080 C I ~

Fi~4 The lIlQCl~t ica~iol) effec~iven~s Yt exposure time torIt CuZn20Al2 alloy in ortiflci~t slaquolelfaterbull KoclificaqQnc~pditions

bullI it

~ Dllt~i~lQmiddot~Jel~ telllP 2PmiddotC~l hr~

ibull -

bullbull bullt

bullJ

bull bullt

bullbull 5

bullt

~ i ~

12bull 5 p

3 6

r1g 1

t bull 2OC iIrC to-c tIOC

-24

16 iMtiMtillle Ihl

I I

~ N

t ~ 5bull

JOC bull AOc bull IiOC -we I

I I I

3 1amp l I modifiCation tiMe Ihl

I I

t

f ~

_--

yshy-~~

-1shy~~(~

Jl -

- _JIJ 11 _ bull ~ bullbull L IIIJIIM

I bullbullbull shy

-

if Ilt

JII l3$i]J ~e-l~ ~ 1

J ill KItt

Ii I 1 8 Ij j iJ)Sj

emiddot Sllll0 r B 8Je Do Ji

t ~l u Ji ]

1 0

j

j

r 1l3iiiJail1h

bull III

~ i J ii i )1 t~I ~

~

~ )38 ttl i UN ~I3 11 I ~iii bullbull I fi~fi IelI M 6 6 bull s plj i I Jjhi

~l -u II11 i~ Ji ~aJ j~ ~ tll

- bull

-------------- -- - --- -- - -- shy

2

This paper desr1blS the use of ti1c~lctrooes to measure pHbull bull _ bullbull ~- l bull bull

iJQ2 chmgtS ~~ 1II1C~olones ~middotilIlg~ ~f~~s i~rsed ll ~ter ~ wlJlch t1)U11ncjotgaI11sllls are grolog SOllie p~tnt1al 11P1~~tions C1f~se cIIatlges to corrosloO at the

lt I )

surlP alllO br1lJfl)dl~ - 1 - ( _ ~ -

ItIiterWs 8nd ~ ~ ~

() poundI~~lt - -

Ttl lec~_ 1n theu bpelsnts hIM bnndeScdbed In

~~~I )iel~~bull~~i~) but n 11 ~ haJe

- Aj ~-

(1) pHel~

ThapHalec~ lII8rII basadQIJ tne-iWof It1tQ (1__)

wre the pHlt1V8recenton of~~l~ 1a fiI)OS8d bull 1Ihart po1nt extlndlngfro- tt lnsulatlnQ (Flljj1) The

pH andmiddot alUlllno~nlcate glau 1cropipettesued lnthe - - ~

electrode constnction went ~ using bull wrt1cal alectrode

puller assntielly bull vart~c81 version of the equiplllltnt

orlQlnally developed by Al8Xllllder and NasWlaquo1953) The ~ ~ -

electrolyte u-d1llllS 1N tel and filllnQ IIIIIS 8aoIpllshad using bull ~ - or

aydnge 8nd a vary fine draIIIn out Qlass capillary

Once f1lled the elfCttocJes were soaked for severalday~ in 1111

tel to allow coqlletehYdroi~s ofthe pH glass lin lnternd refelflf1(e of sllver lrecoated wi til sliver chlorld~~~s

ccinmctedmiddot to a gold plated pin iealed into the imd of the

electrode lII1th~ill~oo rubber COMPleted ei~trodei er~ stated Up downIIIards lna dilute solution of ~r~iIcrcj In allmiddot uper~ middot-temal reference Qf bull~~l

allCtradilllllS UIIIId DurlnQ -~ts -n bulllact~damiddot was c~cted to ind~ ~~F~Y(_ itrgtbull The cStcu1t layautforbotitthiiptl lIlIdpDz electtaifes

~

1a IIhIWi Sn Figure 2 bull

~ -~ - ~ -- - - - I -

CaltbnUariof all alacbodn id Clirr1ed middotOutmiddotbllfGn ftc AIIICPUIIIri inmiddot c- elctmdeiimiddotmiddotmiddot_middot~

ckalng en apars-nt by in nJIalt~ orthey dldriat

pEOCia ~lbblIt ~lntal callbraUon In ~

CIIIIi8S all ~ datafl(WtMI middotmiddotdl

(11) 0ItygIn a1acUocfes bull

TIUI catheter typa elachode use a fiat ended and of duw 1 to 15 _ It conslatad ofa ~ uia P~tJft- wlra

aeelad 1n 9l~ and IIIDadded in 1IPaKY~1o 1I1th a aUler wue KUng a raferance (see FiQ3) Ihen the epOxy hId~

h I of h l~middot careMJy ~ flat to UpQM

bath the plau _the ~lwr 1IIIIIbnre WIis ttn8llPlled

ecrosa ~ flat lind by rep8atedly d1fIPlng Jt into a aQ1utJDn Of

collodion 10 atheta1cohol A Pola1-1slng voltage of m all __

applied bit eachelectrodl and these re not thariuSed for

axper1lllental purposes until middotthe response I118sstllblallihen

I bullbullbull shy

-

if Ilt

JII l3$i]J ~e-l~ ~ 1

J ill KItt

Ii I 1 8 Ij j iJ)Sj

emiddot Sllll0 r B 8Je Do Ji

t ~l u Ji ]

1 0

j

j

r 1l3iiiJail1h

bull III

~ i J ii i )1 t~I ~

~

~ )38 ttl i UN ~I3 11 I ~iii bullbull I fi~fi IelI M 6 6 bull s plj i I Jjhi

~l -u II11 i~ Ji ~aJ j~ ~ tll

- bull

-------------- -- - --- -- - -- shy

2

This paper desr1blS the use of ti1c~lctrooes to measure pHbull bull _ bullbull ~- l bull bull

iJQ2 chmgtS ~~ 1II1C~olones ~middotilIlg~ ~f~~s i~rsed ll ~ter ~ wlJlch t1)U11ncjotgaI11sllls are grolog SOllie p~tnt1al 11P1~~tions C1f~se cIIatlges to corrosloO at the

lt I )

surlP alllO br1lJfl)dl~ - 1 - ( _ ~ -

ItIiterWs 8nd ~ ~ ~

() poundI~~lt - -

Ttl lec~_ 1n theu bpelsnts hIM bnndeScdbed In

~~~I )iel~~bull~~i~) but n 11 ~ haJe

- Aj ~-

(1) pHel~

ThapHalec~ lII8rII basadQIJ tne-iWof It1tQ (1__)

wre the pHlt1V8recenton of~~l~ 1a fiI)OS8d bull 1Ihart po1nt extlndlngfro- tt lnsulatlnQ (Flljj1) The

pH andmiddot alUlllno~nlcate glau 1cropipettesued lnthe - - ~

electrode constnction went ~ using bull wrt1cal alectrode

puller assntielly bull vart~c81 version of the equiplllltnt

orlQlnally developed by Al8Xllllder and NasWlaquo1953) The ~ ~ -

electrolyte u-d1llllS 1N tel and filllnQ IIIIIS 8aoIpllshad using bull ~ - or

aydnge 8nd a vary fine draIIIn out Qlass capillary

Once f1lled the elfCttocJes were soaked for severalday~ in 1111

tel to allow coqlletehYdroi~s ofthe pH glass lin lnternd refelflf1(e of sllver lrecoated wi til sliver chlorld~~~s

ccinmctedmiddot to a gold plated pin iealed into the imd of the

electrode lII1th~ill~oo rubber COMPleted ei~trodei er~ stated Up downIIIards lna dilute solution of ~r~iIcrcj In allmiddot uper~ middot-temal reference Qf bull~~l

allCtradilllllS UIIIId DurlnQ -~ts -n bulllact~damiddot was c~cted to ind~ ~~F~Y(_ itrgtbull The cStcu1t layautforbotitthiiptl lIlIdpDz electtaifes

~

1a IIhIWi Sn Figure 2 bull

~ -~ - ~ -- - - - I -

CaltbnUariof all alacbodn id Clirr1ed middotOutmiddotbllfGn ftc AIIICPUIIIri inmiddot c- elctmdeiimiddotmiddotmiddot_middot~

ckalng en apars-nt by in nJIalt~ orthey dldriat

pEOCia ~lbblIt ~lntal callbraUon In ~

CIIIIi8S all ~ datafl(WtMI middotmiddotdl

(11) 0ItygIn a1acUocfes bull

TIUI catheter typa elachode use a fiat ended and of duw 1 to 15 _ It conslatad ofa ~ uia P~tJft- wlra

aeelad 1n 9l~ and IIIDadded in 1IPaKY~1o 1I1th a aUler wue KUng a raferance (see FiQ3) Ihen the epOxy hId~

h I of h l~middot careMJy ~ flat to UpQM

bath the plau _the ~lwr 1IIIIIbnre WIis ttn8llPlled

ecrosa ~ flat lind by rep8atedly d1fIPlng Jt into a aQ1utJDn Of

collodion 10 atheta1cohol A Pola1-1slng voltage of m all __

applied bit eachelectrodl and these re not thariuSed for

axper1lllental purposes until middotthe response I118sstllblallihen

2

This paper desr1blS the use of ti1c~lctrooes to measure pHbull bull _ bullbull ~- l bull bull

iJQ2 chmgtS ~~ 1II1C~olones ~middotilIlg~ ~f~~s i~rsed ll ~ter ~ wlJlch t1)U11ncjotgaI11sllls are grolog SOllie p~tnt1al 11P1~~tions C1f~se cIIatlges to corrosloO at the

lt I )

surlP alllO br1lJfl)dl~ - 1 - ( _ ~ -

ItIiterWs 8nd ~ ~ ~

() poundI~~lt - -

Ttl lec~_ 1n theu bpelsnts hIM bnndeScdbed In

~~~I )iel~~bull~~i~) but n 11 ~ haJe

- Aj ~-

(1) pHel~

ThapHalec~ lII8rII basadQIJ tne-iWof It1tQ (1__)

wre the pHlt1V8recenton of~~l~ 1a fiI)OS8d bull 1Ihart po1nt extlndlngfro- tt lnsulatlnQ (Flljj1) The

pH andmiddot alUlllno~nlcate glau 1cropipettesued lnthe - - ~

electrode constnction went ~ using bull wrt1cal alectrode

puller assntielly bull vart~c81 version of the equiplllltnt

orlQlnally developed by Al8Xllllder and NasWlaquo1953) The ~ ~ -

electrolyte u-d1llllS 1N tel and filllnQ IIIIIS 8aoIpllshad using bull ~ - or

aydnge 8nd a vary fine draIIIn out Qlass capillary

Once f1lled the elfCttocJes were soaked for severalday~ in 1111

tel to allow coqlletehYdroi~s ofthe pH glass lin lnternd refelflf1(e of sllver lrecoated wi til sliver chlorld~~~s

ccinmctedmiddot to a gold plated pin iealed into the imd of the

electrode lII1th~ill~oo rubber COMPleted ei~trodei er~ stated Up downIIIards lna dilute solution of ~r~iIcrcj In allmiddot uper~ middot-temal reference Qf bull~~l

allCtradilllllS UIIIId DurlnQ -~ts -n bulllact~damiddot was c~cted to ind~ ~~F~Y(_ itrgtbull The cStcu1t layautforbotitthiiptl lIlIdpDz electtaifes

~

1a IIhIWi Sn Figure 2 bull

~ -~ - ~ -- - - - I -

CaltbnUariof all alacbodn id Clirr1ed middotOutmiddotbllfGn ftc AIIICPUIIIri inmiddot c- elctmdeiimiddotmiddotmiddot_middot~

ckalng en apars-nt by in nJIalt~ orthey dldriat

pEOCia ~lbblIt ~lntal callbraUon In ~

CIIIIi8S all ~ datafl(WtMI middotmiddotdl

(11) 0ItygIn a1acUocfes bull

TIUI catheter typa elachode use a fiat ended and of duw 1 to 15 _ It conslatad ofa ~ uia P~tJft- wlra

aeelad 1n 9l~ and IIIDadded in 1IPaKY~1o 1I1th a aUler wue KUng a raferance (see FiQ3) Ihen the epOxy hId~

h I of h l~middot careMJy ~ flat to UpQM

bath the plau _the ~lwr 1IIIIIbnre WIis ttn8llPlled

ecrosa ~ flat lind by rep8atedly d1fIPlng Jt into a aQ1utJDn Of

collodion 10 atheta1cohol A Pola1-1slng voltage of m all __

applied bit eachelectrodl and these re not thariuSed for

axper1lllental purposes until middotthe response I118sstllblallihen

bullp

4

bullit tuffer elut1on a~ a eorustllllt

it i)

~~ ~ ~eted IItld accepted for uSe elliCtlodes

it lt gt ~ ~~J ~J _ bull~ - - -gt bull

IIIIiIr~~Jn~IIOWt1on of 02 KCl D~ygen Ilectrodeser _iliry~ ~~)~ 5middot -1 ~ J~- - f -

it cli~rated aga1pst solution I of known oxygen content (as 1 w f - w ~-l _ bull bull

i IllllllaUred bY n of the l111nkler titration thad APHA 1915) ~Lmiddotmiddotlmiddot ~ ~

it Any el-=trodI not lIlCtIib1ting a ilnaar response rejected ~ ~ ~ ( _ - ~

zelia axyg8n lution obteined by the usa of a buffer

i aturated wUhpyrogallol crubbed nitrogen The 100$

~~~ reed1ng obtained by bubbling a1r thlOUltl the ~ ~~bull ~ ~ bullIII burfal far 12 hours at ~~ture 8M pressure- ~t bull

(b) [)cpars-ttal~

All -rs-tts IIIIIl1I Wried aut in atellperature controlled

bulli it

tank pliad an a teflain NYler ted l~ steel patfon ill insidil a ane _tre CIbI Faraday CIlIIIi(fig 4) Tbe~

prav1decI IIf1th a lJrfQII hinged door at the fiant for eccns and[f as gro~nded to earth to scrbullbullnout radio frequencyi intelfuwce The _tar flowing ttmluitI the experluntali - tri pullPed at a controlled rate fro a temperature

~ controlled reservoir For all experillanta involving algae

i llllA1nat1on provided using daylight fluorescent twes if l1d teel and 1Ial1ns plywood plate approxilaately 20 bull x 15

wire Ixposed in the -rine environmantfar several IIIQIIths to bull

allow a heal) growth of IIIICrofoul1ng organi_ to deVelop The

bullI steel plates had been placed utldally and IIIItre exclu8ively

bullt

~~==1$ and ~klOOrganl_ ~ldirig Itltena ~srar-nt of their

OWl The wooden plates 1IIIIIl8~sn the Jntett1ifalteclJQii

-f llllllre COIIered lIIIith ta 01 tt- alp InWfCld1IIPtth

occa1a1onal bryozaens There IIIIIIl8 IWIo lagII quantitibullbull of

~ retained -gat the algal fu-nt nPiate lIIIIIle alsO cleansed and stalJil1aad_ bllton ~

provided On 12haUrly~ ~dllrUght luar~w1 RddtUOlllll steel plat8s ~~In Alii ~dIxk~ lit

Uwrpaol (lie) IIIhare they IIIIIIl8 co~ by middot~Of~

(xtllus edulis) and the lISCld1M Clona intUn1l us

~1IIIIIl8 roved f the pJaqa NP~1id In cl_

ta tor 5 days at cansqnt ~ toIitDUampe

pH WId pOz ~1ane frc the extuMl t~~

the fouling to the Milstrata llllllre ncarded tt elecUadM

middotheld in a rigid pttllpex ~rr1et attechld to II ~ly

Jointed GIl on the lI1crcIIanipulAtor To nciad the muM the

tnraugh the foulJng tI1IIIIerds the ~ta JI_ta 0( 1 _

could be acCUllitaly controlled by talng the tIM clrlw of

the n1pJlator Iftn each lllc~ the DVIII ~oIdlft9 shy

allowed to _tabIU for ane wte prior to ncordJng the

VGltge~

~

bull a

-lt 1

l~to the_ batnacl~ 1ls~ COC)trol - fmiddotmiddotmiddot

recod4l9sof W pH 8I)d pOi at the SIJIIEdepth outside tOe 5hell middot-middotvmiddotmiddotmiddot_I~ lgt~middot middotmiddot~_middotmiddoti 1gt )

wete made

-flesolts ~

(a) pH IIIldIDz p~lllllS

The _re~ts for Hancl p02proflle tluough both algal -d - ~ gt Comiddotmiddot i -

eniIIIalfou11ng are gi~ in Figs Sto8bull --

TjpicalProtUeis daIiilttuougha t of Entronlorpha are ~1n -bull l J ltl ~~ -

Fig 5 - lIhllsttyp1cal d1innal fluctuations CICCUIJ8d during bull ~i bull bull e bull bull

photosynthetiC- II1d non-phOtinwnthet1c lods (Fig Sa) mad _~ d q _ _ __ _ i bull

decreases inpHlIIIIl1I~ IIIIa) fro-theaul-f1lCe of ttWt bullbull bull ~ bull

dcyenI tqwards the abstratacn tdch it enclOSlild (fig 511)

~fal1s1n pH--nted to as-ach as 2 units Over 9 IIIj

dIpth

figure Sa ahoid the thangea in pH -d Pl2 between 11ve barnacles

with depthln a stlat1c envirornent A steady decrease in ~

occurred as the plata IlUrfe~es toiereappro8ched pHWtially

fell on one profile before rislngbut lOSe steadily with daPth

on the second praflle SlIdlar changes are IIt10wI in fig 6b

with depth into the shells of dead barnacles 80th oxygen -d

pH levels were re~at1l1E1ly steadY ~ similar to the 8IIIblent - ~- lt

envlrOlWOt Until the -actual dead shell IIias entered When a

IIIUked drop in both fJ02 and pH CICQ11Tedbull

~llell in rigs rit JllellllUrellt$IIere maltle ~

iOlfillidual IlUs$els withtiRle (Fig 7dlb) In thll first

experisent elactrodes were placed indicated (fig)

arCUld indivicUllalsln genU flawJog ~ter The

resUlts show bull ~tle fIwrease ~ IID2 eMIS bull aiJc hour 1Ucj

The pH~t of the~ II4ttIn ~~atmiddot~

81 (te UlbientpH being 80) but 1GII8 ateIIfIU ~ the

1rtIa1ent aJphon to a6bull 111 iIadIIr ~~thI aff~ of

flOiW 00 local ~ciIndltJans~ the ~

~tadbut tile flow at~ turned Off tar 25i1aur

Jadin thelllddleofthlt ~The nailts g1R

in FlQIb -PD2 IIMtls mae ~y inflQldng CCnd1tJanamiddotbut

fell -zkadly fter alhoit lao w flaws caadawJnit a

~ fall lit 90 alii Levels rapidly ratond onca t IIIIUtchadDli agaJil No ILICh teed varlauon ~

in pH around the eldlalent 1pbn 1iIIflImI a taIdyJncn4IM -

obsmt8d aspec1elly cleM to thIIen1Ml CondltLni around

indivOJa1 ~ lIIhllst of interest are lMa repl_tative

of field conditions fro around groups or clIIIPS The

IlICpIIr1ants were ~ ~ted Wittdn denSe clUIIPs of ala

fouling a plate These r8SIJlts are given 10 figs tie (1Il1Ud

IlUlIS8ls) -d 8b (within byssal thrtiIds) In tatic ccinditJans

amprCUld the _15 u-a1(8$ ~ fellrapldly (45l) reelJ pft

rose sl1rjltly and then feU aftar 2 h llhen flowing condltiors

were resuraed after J hthe ~ rose to the original middotlevels shy

The pH rose lArlcedly at the eltictrodenear to the xhalent

bull bull bull bull bull

bull11

bullbullbullbull

it

I

8

s~ (3) but reriialned stlaadyahd ultilllateiy fell silghtiy (2)

inttie genetal fooling inassbull

~

III1thihthe1JyMli~~ Or~selci~5 IiIfieretilltti($trltus teniis ltO -=IiUlteliter~ ~ ~(Flg 8b) ~ lIIithrrolaw~ cCincentreuoos diCIppea framp1~D lBigtif3S

~bUt toaitnpl~lylt4i 150 IIifIo lIIhfjnficw t8st0ted~middot pH

t wi~1rithi thread ClUIps~lMl1BtO 74 (3) IinIt B~ito

785(2) lri-staUc cinfit1at IoihUst ettn88dgtiofthlt ~

it -flnedf81r1y~at aroOOd17S~ lIIlanf1Dlilwu

rellitoteilpft inltleUyJose (by 04 UI1ts at Ii1ta3) but it theo

bull fall only to startrfs1riq tgi1nattM not theIlXper1ilent~middot

bull Dlseusslont f tMresulblmiddot obta1nIid it ~be cl8lirly sean that f(IIJUngI

bull species vethe abUlty to Gtly IIOdlfy thdr loclmiddotmiddot

bull InIl~ts

bullbull L1t1t end dark period tluctuat1ona in algalts IBre obsarved

end ware lri close wpeeIIIen~ with those reported by Terry end

bull ~

Edyv- (1981) with 1ncnasaln both pH end IID2 llIrJngllttt

traquor1ods lIhilst thlshappened ttM surface of the t pre

bull fU_ts ware frelyprojecting into UJe water -deep intottie

mat nearer to the solid _stratlli whl1lre shading fll1lli light andbull accuIIJlatlonmiddot of deconIposJng ~gallIIBtllrial DCCIINed pH valuesbull fell IIIBrkedly Concurrent wlth this dlQp in pH ilaS II fell inbull

bullbull

9

oxygen Such t~ral and $PiItial va11ations in ~andpft

would certainly qive 11se to corrosion cells middotatmiddot the sUbsttatie

surface ~ly resulting in iorroaien pitting

The r] _tabellc ctivlUee or fau)Jng -=raJrwerttmlbullbull

together with their prapeN1ty to-=ci-1tritla~

tlwlsalves wIll also lIied to 1dcIoenv~ lIOdifktIona

Resplretory activities wU1 tend to ~~ tn-the tft and Input caapanants auch a cinia~nY qatk

1mIertabJatesmiddot ara mlk 1bullbullbull middot the bulk of their nlUagllnoua

wastes ~ excrated as ~ 1heexpftunt ncord~ pDz

end pH cningS amN 1nd1v1Q8l~ ~ ~ri

claady 1nd1cat41 the ~ of _tft~t GIl tt ~ of lnIirollliental changes Inmiddot expr_~ta lllhere no Wlter

--nts occurradthmi a np1d dacreUfi1ll pDz

COIJIdalo be a ~decreae in pH (no a) v fladrlg

condlt1C1ns are r-ed tIwn Ieymiddotmiddotor iIay nat be a 1bIIeIqI1int PH

1nctease dBpwIding ~ the --- ofmiddot iheltr ~ by the

organl1n the cluIIp 0wIgn wui a influenced by the

proxJa1ty of 1nhalent or ~a~ the dlnsity IIId the

tIlJcknes$ of the clullp w111alsa t)IMt wiuence in ~

wetr -N_tbull Hencein thick clampllP aUt and detritus

cCUlllulatlon is are COIIIIiIn ~ theh billa IIIdfbls

restricted Br8IJIIltdow1 gf organtc datrital _ter1als CI3IIIIUIIS

oxygen resulting in recLlcing conii1Uons llleasurlllenta haw

shown that sulphids qulckly build up In such deposits and

sulphate recLlcing bacteria y tie-~ SRBconcentrtlonmiddotin

J -I

II II IJI Ii ill

II

-bull I

11

10

the depOSlts woUld terid to Ile lOW at We start of ~r1ments as

condit1onswere nat favourable (POstgate 1979) The cantlooQUs

prockIctiPn of r1th f~plieUdofeacal_te1alor IlUlpllonill1l

~ts bYpoundilt8~ (~~Iick1ngand 1IkIod1) hOweva ~ t H 1 (

IIIOUld rep1dly altAIr theli11l~t and the rua~ofSRB re

notedtofncreasemiddotttcllll ( 1 SRaIll1taat llaUt 1 x 101 SMIIl-1

aftet bull -th

IUctotJlIIl corrosion canfe=t _ta1sln a1Ullberof Ways

(Iverson1972 fUlllIt end King 1975f 1Uilr 1981) pH can

aff~ the ectivity of the 1IIin organlasinuolved the H 1IIho

hava tin qlu pH range beban 10 12 (Graff 1981)

although tIdS -can be lnf1u8nCed by ather fllltors In atI1tl11n

they lIKIJlre a catbon end nitrogen aurCa 11 various

salts tin alactron accaptor (HedJart ~ idbullbull 1985)bullAil of

U- facton are availabll in the debris -alltting b41tween

ar1na foullng -d the 1lUbstra~ 110 providing bull potantlally

corrosiveanvirorwent

Evan IIIhete such accullIUlatiori does not take place varlable

changas inoxYQ8ll and pH ~trations acrossthe suface of

teel soch as C3I becaustd by foul~ ~ C3I give ti_

to corms1an calla lalildlng to piftlng corrosion

There is an initial tllld8llCY for the pH to rise as a relUlt of

the excretoryactivi1i~ of fouling aniIIal and this 1amp UIIllkely

to give rise to corros1an problems Eventually ~er feacal

h

1

~I

materials and detrltus~ill build up around or~anisms ~re bo~

low pH and p02 devul9ls providing a potentially coJJOampiIu

envinx-nt flaw does dify thh _build UfJ but inmiddotthbull

Ixparlunts carrllldotttid notprlvl(lt it R~~r it

l8Iilated the depth of deposit ~1~~ in t- ~ It ahoutd alao r~~- in f~ population so-1QIJvlWela 111111 be dying or dUd Thlb

~lng~wUl~1Ielacal1Md conoa1ve ~iccandltiorJs-t SR8a 111111 b4I fCllllfC314lng ~y pOIi1desa hlbitt~ HtInd 1tt~ WIi~ul create 1~1Mct Jrcx-ntal dlffarenca ~ ~th l1kel1haOd or pitting

n

References

Albilnder J~T 1 bL~1953~~(9EthII prockIctiPn of IdcroaltJodIIs UIIId in I~ studies Rev Sc1 lnstra ~ 528-531

_r1can Ptbl1c Health laSoc1ation 1975 5taIIdIrd~for the lIIIIIlystS of _tars end taatms 11lth pounddIt1on 1IPHIi-~ 1015 ~taenthSt NW 1IIa-l~~OC 2IJ]J6 USA

Bau-8laquo=k1ng C~IIIG amp 1IIoOd EJF1955 Biologlcal ~ in theestuarlna envi~t 1 EcolClil) of the ~ cycle Kcnlridlkjl Ned Akad -t ~ Ser B~ fi 160-181

cter DB amp SUver IA 1961 In IRafaranctlElectrodl$l EdltolS Iva DlG and l-z Gl lc8dilll1c Pr London Maw Yodlt Chapter 11 ~

Davies PIII I 8r1ric middotF 1942JII1c1oel4iitrodas for-aln local oxygen tension in n11 tissues Rlv Sci InStruII Yo 524-533

EdyileariRJGJ ~ Tetty LA UJ83 The 1nfluenc ~lIlcro algae on corrosion ofstructural steels used 4l~ the 1tIirth

Sea 81odeterioratian sect 336-347

bull bull

~

bull - -- ~It Jf bull

- ~ 13

12

Terry LA I~Ed)VeangtRfiJ 1981 lIi(toal~IOI1CGrmianF~ l)i 1St1oJhemailnEifooiiiigffixed gftshoreIt Bot 1Iar ~ 117-183 lsect~~jlaUoQ1l1 _ ~t Ef)e~gy Offs~r1I Te~lOtjjy Paj)8r

-middotltcntpI)~it$t~l91-16PP~middotmiddotdl ( I

bullbull

iIIalk e1 JL 1971 bull Ion specfie Uquid I~~ e)(charig~ ndcroelactroclels Anal ChIIaI ~8S-Q2 AGraf1~ w~S 9S1~ 1orrosloh InFIntroooctI00 tooffshOle

51~weSoes~~fab~lcat~onIns~allat1on Gulf Wall PI aelUnger EG 1982 The appl1~tlon 9fMl1ikIngmiddotHoust(jfW~Q23g-258middot icroelectrade in the study of pH end PD2 in lIHinli

HerbierC SN fGH~rt~ )RI -Stoctcdalpii Watltif1Sal RS ~1ronIIInb Ub~~ 27l-Z79 1985 Fac~or lontro1l11)9 tha activity ofmiddot sulpMte

bull Wall P 1983 The appllcatlon Md ~ ofiwrJ)e~c~odl shy-taicfii9 tiiCtetili tn~ diiilncj tar infection

techniques for the iiaurnt cif icraeov1ror1liltital5QiCiety ofJebo1- Engi~ SPE 139781-10 _i~~ - ~ ~ i ( _ IKIdif1catlons caued by aGII8 rlnefou~lng -C~ebullbull

PhD lhaaia Ibiverslty or ~tar UKbull bullbull bull -

IIH1nke JA 19fiSa In EXperllRants in Physiology and middotampioClIiIiiilatJift l c E(If(orltGAiKetkutgt ~c-Presa-

Wooltdngton AObullbull Davenport J 1983 pH lind IlIl2 IMla ffl~- j~t~5 -lMIIleath 1IH1na ro-fauUngGqWl J bull Expbull 1

B101 Earlsectsect 113-124 Klnke JAIII 1969b II) Glass IUcroelectJQdes poundx1tors Uwal1~Ui~ OrOllt arid~t Nt JOhn fII11ey YOI1lt thaptar 11

~-f _f~ ~ ~~nt ~ Igt

bull Iverson IIIP 1972 Biolog~ Qrroaian In Advencesin

corrosion scianca and tecIYIology 2EdS FCntaia G~ I bull IIS~et RIIIbull p~ PJaSsLancIoIl 1-42

bull

Jorgensen BB Reusbech NP I Cohen T 19B3 Photosynthesis and strUcture of bIIn~ II1crobWp MC1OIIlectrocki and ~ stud1ea of four cyanabacledalt -~usllWtOl ~bullbull 1~f093

t l~ O~ ~~~ H~ ~9s7~c-gtHatste~iecfn1k van shy pellediftlrtenPt - Stlchelektraden (1-Su

AiJBitiKlificfiliilislflilr)zlIr polrapusdiailJIIissui1g_ liIserstoff(jruQkas fur d1eB lIsUbullbullung der IIliJlttOUf1cillatlon PflftgaHArdI ~fl39

bullbull Mller JOA 1981 tals In EconcinI1c II1croblolooy sect McNbUdbicldatariOtationEd Rosebull A middotAcadelc Praulondcn149-202

t Mller J DAI King RA 1975 8io$~iorat1on of lllltals In lIIi~1al ClflPlCts of the deterloration of tarWbullbull EdsGilbertRJ~ middotloveloCk 0111 bullAcadeic- Presst IILandon 8Jo103

bullt

IPotgate JR 1976 The sulphate-reducingbacteda

Callbridge tIn1versity Press Cliilbrldg8U-K

Reusbecb fUI i Ward DIII 1964 i~~~1Ida5tud1el of

bullt inter$Utilll IIIItez dttm1stry and photosynthetk activity

in ilflaI spring Idcrob1altAppl~EIi~ MerobW tsect4IlU-27lt I

IIbullt bullt

bullbull Ibullt

1

Inmiddot middotmiddot11middotmiddot f~~ a~ -tmiddot bull J~f

I~ W

i5iImiddot J~a t

ilmiddotmiddotmiddot I middotIt Ii

l

~

middotmiddot~~middotlL= g r

Lj Ic

t

i ~

I

gi II cEi ~ I I

1 t rW

D

tR bull

bull t 10

11

r

i

I ~

j

~

I

~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

LV

FigS pH and p02 profiles into macrofoltling eomlllllllitilS dominated by Balm trenatU$ on steel plate 11 two pH profiles Ib) two lIOai profiles leI pH and P02 profiles into dead barllllCle shiella withdetri~Us I I

itIbl r p02 ~ I

nvnHg 11 70

j ifJi eo 1amp0

laquof it 30 s

I 20 N

ca 11 10 a o -- shy i bull

11

80

19

781 o 2 6 8 10 12 0 2 6 amiddot 10 12 dIpdI Qf ~iftto fouling In HighIst numbIII pIatIi

8deg~~

~i c5 iioo5 fiil

pH 8 bull_ ~

~~ ~

_ bullbullbull- pH

-pOz

(cJ

e-Clf ( j~JJlaquo1- --~I ~a ilil - _ I i ]1

~ ri en i ~ oJt ~iJ id tUI

2u1U I shyI t

shy1 2 3 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 i shyDepth 9f electrode (mm) into fouling

1 i

1

~----------~-------

~

~-~ lt1~

middotmiddotPmiddot ~

I

V

~

ill

1 Tbellitt~~ of cathodiC protection OO~~lIic~tlO aridrfOflllUlc

ofi AA~Uoullr14l ~1~I

I

ael~lner EG middotIUtcb8l1AJ Dept lt4 lInY1roMe1lal Bl01011

=~~venilt7 IlariCheW 1f139PL $ ~11al1df

r

I

Ablitrict ~~~ e~l billttI ~ted with ~pert1n ant11_1111ampp paint llere itpoii~1n _vatI- In the tl~ld iUIit 1bOioatbrt~ScM Were

1IUbjll~ to qtbocJ~C ~teltt1on byen _ current (~)SJi inci EDAX Iieamp~ta IJdlctecI ~ lachln teoc copper OIl tbePlCtec~ pa1n~ atter14 dQ1a~ protected Pllnt abo ebowed

) reduCed bacteiial activIty butmiddot ~e4 dltoe Iu1d protOzoanmiddot co~~l~tlont~1l IlU l~byenCOCltact not byen dUfwIl00 ~r _baRl lrillolvedln tOXln nil ereio noted

l ~~

1

I

Introduction

Applications of protective coatings and cathodic protect1on(cp~l

are recognised corrosion control methods for IIIBrine steel Itructureso Cathod~c protectlOll preventl conCIsion by Int~lng til8ctrl~l

currentS trem externalllClUfCa to e~~tthlJno~ e~ carrollon feetlans C04U lUChu tUauJ1ng Aelnts a

(

barrIer to ~ the flao of couos1a1 ~aboIHnu~r

Dccurrlng anodes cathodes or wlwit gelvWc CCIIII1 ( 19681

flinger 1980) AnUfauling ~ also JJICOqIOrII~ b1oc~~

Tr~ylt1n nuor~ (~) end o~ Oxide (~) (~ flJ1J

- of u blacld1111~

V _Ut Evans 1981) ~ ~

end growth of bipfoullng 0I1I)IIIII1IIIIe Wdd~ ca ~ of

paint rusendmiddotmanemiddot ~(r~ til )

As corrosian ~t1on ~ bICCIIIII -an ~1tlQd ~ of

antiroullnQs 1 conjunction _ith CP have bllClIOr ~

resultIng in reseudt 1rwestllj111tlng trw COIIIPIitlbUlty or VU~ ~t t _~

rOratlation to dlfrert levI ot CP (~Eelf 18110 ~

~t 1980) RelatIvely 1nIestiljlllUans have ~ urtw ~

or CP an thIt anUraullngpert~ of palnta

In thIt preseot 1nlIestioaUon tV~iln111 ronutlon ud

cOIIIHrclallY incanjlntlon wIth CP was ~t4IC~ Iw I sraed current (-966 l1li) arid exposed at the 1 Strait IInQlbullbullbully

~t1ons weremiddot 00 the IIhcIrt bnifects the PprIUd_

had an a) the various COIIIPQI1eIIts of n pe1ntf1l11 end b) l1oft~

developaentbull

gi II cEi ~ I I

1 t rW

D

tR bull

bull t 10

11

r

i

I ~

j

~

I

~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

LV

FigS pH and p02 profiles into macrofoltling eomlllllllitilS dominated by Balm trenatU$ on steel plate 11 two pH profiles Ib) two lIOai profiles leI pH and P02 profiles into dead barllllCle shiella withdetri~Us I I

itIbl r p02 ~ I

nvnHg 11 70

j ifJi eo 1amp0

laquof it 30 s

I 20 N

ca 11 10 a o -- shy i bull

11

80

19

781 o 2 6 8 10 12 0 2 6 amiddot 10 12 dIpdI Qf ~iftto fouling In HighIst numbIII pIatIi

8deg~~

~i c5 iioo5 fiil

pH 8 bull_ ~

~~ ~

_ bullbullbull- pH

-pOz

(cJ

e-Clf ( j~JJlaquo1- --~I ~a ilil - _ I i ]1

~ ri en i ~ oJt ~iJ id tUI

2u1U I shyI t

shy1 2 3 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 i shyDepth 9f electrode (mm) into fouling

1 i

1

~----------~-------

~

~-~ lt1~

middotmiddotPmiddot ~

I

V

~

ill

1 Tbellitt~~ of cathodiC protection OO~~lIic~tlO aridrfOflllUlc

ofi AA~Uoullr14l ~1~I

I

ael~lner EG middotIUtcb8l1AJ Dept lt4 lInY1roMe1lal Bl01011

=~~venilt7 IlariCheW 1f139PL $ ~11al1df

r

I

Ablitrict ~~~ e~l billttI ~ted with ~pert1n ant11_1111ampp paint llere itpoii~1n _vatI- In the tl~ld iUIit 1bOioatbrt~ScM Were

1IUbjll~ to qtbocJ~C ~teltt1on byen _ current (~)SJi inci EDAX Iieamp~ta IJdlctecI ~ lachln teoc copper OIl tbePlCtec~ pa1n~ atter14 dQ1a~ protected Pllnt abo ebowed

) reduCed bacteiial activIty butmiddot ~e4 dltoe Iu1d protOzoanmiddot co~~l~tlont~1l IlU l~byenCOCltact not byen dUfwIl00 ~r _baRl lrillolvedln tOXln nil ereio noted

l ~~

1

I

Introduction

Applications of protective coatings and cathodic protect1on(cp~l

are recognised corrosion control methods for IIIBrine steel Itructureso Cathod~c protectlOll preventl conCIsion by Int~lng til8ctrl~l

currentS trem externalllClUfCa to e~~tthlJno~ e~ carrollon feetlans C04U lUChu tUauJ1ng Aelnts a

(

barrIer to ~ the flao of couos1a1 ~aboIHnu~r

Dccurrlng anodes cathodes or wlwit gelvWc CCIIII1 ( 19681

flinger 1980) AnUfauling ~ also JJICOqIOrII~ b1oc~~

Tr~ylt1n nuor~ (~) end o~ Oxide (~) (~ flJ1J

- of u blacld1111~

V _Ut Evans 1981) ~ ~

end growth of bipfoullng 0I1I)IIIII1IIIIe Wdd~ ca ~ of

paint rusendmiddotmanemiddot ~(r~ til )

As corrosian ~t1on ~ bICCIIIII -an ~1tlQd ~ of

antiroullnQs 1 conjunction _ith CP have bllClIOr ~

resultIng in reseudt 1rwestllj111tlng trw COIIIPIitlbUlty or VU~ ~t t _~

rOratlation to dlfrert levI ot CP (~Eelf 18110 ~

~t 1980) RelatIvely 1nIestiljlllUans have ~ urtw ~

or CP an thIt anUraullngpert~ of palnta

In thIt preseot 1nlIestioaUon tV~iln111 ronutlon ud

cOIIIHrclallY incanjlntlon wIth CP was ~t4IC~ Iw I sraed current (-966 l1li) arid exposed at the 1 Strait IInQlbullbullbully

~t1ons weremiddot 00 the IIhcIrt bnifects the PprIUd_

had an a) the various COIIIPQI1eIIts of n pe1ntf1l11 end b) l1oft~

developaentbull

LV

FigS pH and p02 profiles into macrofoltling eomlllllllitilS dominated by Balm trenatU$ on steel plate 11 two pH profiles Ib) two lIOai profiles leI pH and P02 profiles into dead barllllCle shiella withdetri~Us I I

itIbl r p02 ~ I

nvnHg 11 70

j ifJi eo 1amp0

laquof it 30 s

I 20 N

ca 11 10 a o -- shy i bull

11

80

19

781 o 2 6 8 10 12 0 2 6 amiddot 10 12 dIpdI Qf ~iftto fouling In HighIst numbIII pIatIi

8deg~~

~i c5 iioo5 fiil

pH 8 bull_ ~

~~ ~

_ bullbullbull- pH

-pOz

(cJ

e-Clf ( j~JJlaquo1- --~I ~a ilil - _ I i ]1

~ ri en i ~ oJt ~iJ id tUI

2u1U I shyI t

shy1 2 3 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 i shyDepth 9f electrode (mm) into fouling

1 i

1

~----------~-------

~

~-~ lt1~

middotmiddotPmiddot ~

I

V

~

ill

1 Tbellitt~~ of cathodiC protection OO~~lIic~tlO aridrfOflllUlc

ofi AA~Uoullr14l ~1~I

I

ael~lner EG middotIUtcb8l1AJ Dept lt4 lInY1roMe1lal Bl01011

=~~venilt7 IlariCheW 1f139PL $ ~11al1df

r

I

Ablitrict ~~~ e~l billttI ~ted with ~pert1n ant11_1111ampp paint llere itpoii~1n _vatI- In the tl~ld iUIit 1bOioatbrt~ScM Were

1IUbjll~ to qtbocJ~C ~teltt1on byen _ current (~)SJi inci EDAX Iieamp~ta IJdlctecI ~ lachln teoc copper OIl tbePlCtec~ pa1n~ atter14 dQ1a~ protected Pllnt abo ebowed

) reduCed bacteiial activIty butmiddot ~e4 dltoe Iu1d protOzoanmiddot co~~l~tlont~1l IlU l~byenCOCltact not byen dUfwIl00 ~r _baRl lrillolvedln tOXln nil ereio noted

l ~~

1

I

Introduction

Applications of protective coatings and cathodic protect1on(cp~l

are recognised corrosion control methods for IIIBrine steel Itructureso Cathod~c protectlOll preventl conCIsion by Int~lng til8ctrl~l

currentS trem externalllClUfCa to e~~tthlJno~ e~ carrollon feetlans C04U lUChu tUauJ1ng Aelnts a

(

barrIer to ~ the flao of couos1a1 ~aboIHnu~r

Dccurrlng anodes cathodes or wlwit gelvWc CCIIII1 ( 19681

flinger 1980) AnUfauling ~ also JJICOqIOrII~ b1oc~~

Tr~ylt1n nuor~ (~) end o~ Oxide (~) (~ flJ1J

- of u blacld1111~

V _Ut Evans 1981) ~ ~

end growth of bipfoullng 0I1I)IIIII1IIIIe Wdd~ ca ~ of

paint rusendmiddotmanemiddot ~(r~ til )

As corrosian ~t1on ~ bICCIIIII -an ~1tlQd ~ of

antiroullnQs 1 conjunction _ith CP have bllClIOr ~

resultIng in reseudt 1rwestllj111tlng trw COIIIPIitlbUlty or VU~ ~t t _~

rOratlation to dlfrert levI ot CP (~Eelf 18110 ~

~t 1980) RelatIvely 1nIestiljlllUans have ~ urtw ~

or CP an thIt anUraullngpert~ of palnta

In thIt preseot 1nlIestioaUon tV~iln111 ronutlon ud

cOIIIHrclallY incanjlntlon wIth CP was ~t4IC~ Iw I sraed current (-966 l1li) arid exposed at the 1 Strait IInQlbullbullbully

~t1ons weremiddot 00 the IIhcIrt bnifects the PprIUd_

had an a) the various COIIIPQI1eIIts of n pe1ntf1l11 end b) l1oft~

developaentbull

~----------~-------

~

~-~ lt1~

middotmiddotPmiddot ~

I

V

~

ill

1 Tbellitt~~ of cathodiC protection OO~~lIic~tlO aridrfOflllUlc

ofi AA~Uoullr14l ~1~I

I

ael~lner EG middotIUtcb8l1AJ Dept lt4 lInY1roMe1lal Bl01011

=~~venilt7 IlariCheW 1f139PL $ ~11al1df

r

I

Ablitrict ~~~ e~l billttI ~ted with ~pert1n ant11_1111ampp paint llere itpoii~1n _vatI- In the tl~ld iUIit 1bOioatbrt~ScM Were

1IUbjll~ to qtbocJ~C ~teltt1on byen _ current (~)SJi inci EDAX Iieamp~ta IJdlctecI ~ lachln teoc copper OIl tbePlCtec~ pa1n~ atter14 dQ1a~ protected Pllnt abo ebowed

) reduCed bacteiial activIty butmiddot ~e4 dltoe Iu1d protOzoanmiddot co~~l~tlont~1l IlU l~byenCOCltact not byen dUfwIl00 ~r _baRl lrillolvedln tOXln nil ereio noted

l ~~

1

I

Introduction

Applications of protective coatings and cathodic protect1on(cp~l

are recognised corrosion control methods for IIIBrine steel Itructureso Cathod~c protectlOll preventl conCIsion by Int~lng til8ctrl~l

currentS trem externalllClUfCa to e~~tthlJno~ e~ carrollon feetlans C04U lUChu tUauJ1ng Aelnts a

(

barrIer to ~ the flao of couos1a1 ~aboIHnu~r

Dccurrlng anodes cathodes or wlwit gelvWc CCIIII1 ( 19681

flinger 1980) AnUfauling ~ also JJICOqIOrII~ b1oc~~

Tr~ylt1n nuor~ (~) end o~ Oxide (~) (~ flJ1J

- of u blacld1111~

V _Ut Evans 1981) ~ ~

end growth of bipfoullng 0I1I)IIIII1IIIIe Wdd~ ca ~ of

paint rusendmiddotmanemiddot ~(r~ til )

As corrosian ~t1on ~ bICCIIIII -an ~1tlQd ~ of

antiroullnQs 1 conjunction _ith CP have bllClIOr ~

resultIng in reseudt 1rwestllj111tlng trw COIIIPIitlbUlty or VU~ ~t t _~

rOratlation to dlfrert levI ot CP (~Eelf 18110 ~

~t 1980) RelatIvely 1nIestiljlllUans have ~ urtw ~

or CP an thIt anUraullngpert~ of palnta

In thIt preseot 1nlIestioaUon tV~iln111 ronutlon ud

cOIIIHrclallY incanjlntlon wIth CP was ~t4IC~ Iw I sraed current (-966 l1li) arid exposed at the 1 Strait IInQlbullbullbully

~t1ons weremiddot 00 the IIhcIrt bnifects the PprIUd_

had an a) the various COIIIPQI1eIIts of n pe1ntf1l11 end b) l1oft~

developaentbull

I

V

~

ill

1 Tbellitt~~ of cathodiC protection OO~~lIic~tlO aridrfOflllUlc

ofi AA~Uoullr14l ~1~I

I

ael~lner EG middotIUtcb8l1AJ Dept lt4 lInY1roMe1lal Bl01011

=~~venilt7 IlariCheW 1f139PL $ ~11al1df

r

I

Ablitrict ~~~ e~l billttI ~ted with ~pert1n ant11_1111ampp paint llere itpoii~1n _vatI- In the tl~ld iUIit 1bOioatbrt~ScM Were

1IUbjll~ to qtbocJ~C ~teltt1on byen _ current (~)SJi inci EDAX Iieamp~ta IJdlctecI ~ lachln teoc copper OIl tbePlCtec~ pa1n~ atter14 dQ1a~ protected Pllnt abo ebowed

) reduCed bacteiial activIty butmiddot ~e4 dltoe Iu1d protOzoanmiddot co~~l~tlont~1l IlU l~byenCOCltact not byen dUfwIl00 ~r _baRl lrillolvedln tOXln nil ereio noted

l ~~

1

I

Introduction

Applications of protective coatings and cathodic protect1on(cp~l

are recognised corrosion control methods for IIIBrine steel Itructureso Cathod~c protectlOll preventl conCIsion by Int~lng til8ctrl~l

currentS trem externalllClUfCa to e~~tthlJno~ e~ carrollon feetlans C04U lUChu tUauJ1ng Aelnts a

(

barrIer to ~ the flao of couos1a1 ~aboIHnu~r

Dccurrlng anodes cathodes or wlwit gelvWc CCIIII1 ( 19681

flinger 1980) AnUfauling ~ also JJICOqIOrII~ b1oc~~

Tr~ylt1n nuor~ (~) end o~ Oxide (~) (~ flJ1J

- of u blacld1111~

V _Ut Evans 1981) ~ ~

end growth of bipfoullng 0I1I)IIIII1IIIIe Wdd~ ca ~ of

paint rusendmiddotmanemiddot ~(r~ til )

As corrosian ~t1on ~ bICCIIIII -an ~1tlQd ~ of

antiroullnQs 1 conjunction _ith CP have bllClIOr ~

resultIng in reseudt 1rwestllj111tlng trw COIIIPIitlbUlty or VU~ ~t t _~

rOratlation to dlfrert levI ot CP (~Eelf 18110 ~

~t 1980) RelatIvely 1nIestiljlllUans have ~ urtw ~

or CP an thIt anUraullngpert~ of palnta

In thIt preseot 1nlIestioaUon tV~iln111 ronutlon ud

cOIIIHrclallY incanjlntlon wIth CP was ~t4IC~ Iw I sraed current (-966 l1li) arid exposed at the 1 Strait IInQlbullbullbully

~t1ons weremiddot 00 the IIhcIrt bnifects the PprIUd_

had an a) the various COIIIPQI1eIIts of n pe1ntf1l11 end b) l1oft~

developaentbull

bull bull ~

~ ~ - f

bull ~ _T~~-middot~ ~~- ~r _ -$1

(1) ~rlttionor Painted Steel Billets middot_ ~~tmiddot_tlJ middot~hmiddot~--~fmiddot ~ middot~A~-~~middot - -~ ~

Thirty-al ateel blllets (8-10aD2 end l depth) were cut frollbullt ~middot~middot~middotmiddot~middottrSmiddott ~jS-~ It bull gt~ tfl - middot--imiddotmiddot ~ t1dItrd steal plates The dimenSlonsof -thB butits-lim chosento

bull -~~ middotmiddotgt2h ~ ~-Imiddot ~~rt ~- -middoti~~ ni ~~middot1 l middot-~t~~middot _

(a) fecilltate amiddot Ie detrucUve -thxI of prePraUonpdor to ~~_gt gt~ k7i ~_ t~ 1--1- _ ) - +--_~ -_~bull ming electron ~ 4II1CI (iialloWdirectobs8iVatlCnS of the

- i lt-- ~ gtbull -o1e billet 8Uface

gt r~middotmiddotj ~L(~middot~middot rmiddot tmiddot J ~ - ~ - lt _ bull Single non-standard (1hIula~) nickel lIIireSmiddot Spot Welded e1Cing

bull ~1deJ ~ b~i~ ~j~~ tri afl~1b1ipOi~ f ~1t1 ~4middotmiddot f-gt -~ ~S-- ( -- - - _bull resin EactI billet then Undb~ tI1d prtiladlllltha5O __ eyilr

bull ~~_ ~~imiddot ~1iil h~ intlfcili~ ~eonbt1nlyi Tr1butylt1n F~id(18n)~~~O~dettu20i~blcicld8is 1IIfii bull i - ~ ( then 1IPI)l1ed to glvaadry Ulil tIi1c1ltnOss or 1(1)-150bullbull

tbull (2) IipreSSeCi Current Syat

bull A rigid ~tic due 1I8S drWedllliihwrtv-s41 liiIihOieS IIPProX~

bullbull 05-10 cia episrt ~ Pilnted ampUl8t Wsfbed IntaPQSIUon ampy

threadlng the nickel IIIlr8throu11 the dinto a tarproot junction

box Eliltilen of th8~1l1ii (recelving ~t-d curnritlere IIIlred

Into bull block connectOrrecelvlng dc trOll is potentiOstat The

rainJng iontroi blUets Wet8fbedfl11i1iiy lIIithln thejtlytlonbox

i~ityd~c IkiliPly ~~ ~lat1ruaWiode 8ncIacalOliel

refer~ electtodetoiere fllied ~ the per1aetat of the plut1cdlc IIIId

connected to the pot8ritlostat The desl~ of the potentlosbt ailoiolEld

~PlDteItlO1TClJrnnt to be MIllntained at 8prampset levtl of 966 II1II

c

r~

Grid raf 1J5s-t 114iH 563724 dud 0 Juna

Alolecule andbechr1a in general are ~ to

sutface lI1eroleyer (nlUSton) of _ter (~bullbull 191KJ)~To avold

contaJnatlonof ttw painted surf by U- -vents

blllets Were s-nact in a 1 conte1ner or atc1le (02i ) f~~nd

ter Iih1ch then f9ICI in tv 1IIhere the b~

be r-oved undeNeter El~~ bllleta fa Mcb trtai bullbullel

removed over a 1 dtq (336 hr~ expoeure perioda

each being ~~bn uposurnof 1 5 11 iA 168and DlIIauz1r

Arter field axpauHli the billets wan

fUtered _tar to ~ 1_ debtlflMd far 10 aJnuta ~

wv ~~~endattid sdbUiUd(otO

~ ~l f~ nn1ng el~~ --

lOOted onto 1middotCIi ~bullbullWIsend carbonmiddotcoa~nmiddotmiddot~middot f

each billet Ws~ Iis1ng a ccr1dge ~el~~

(5360) IIIlth anergy dJ8perslve X-ray alcroenelre1a (mx)

_lysis the les Wen reNed end coated III1th vold to al]Ql En

detailed sat of the alaquofa1l

(4) Lfiborattux ~

Painted taa~ bUletalllllre pnparad ~

in a Mrlne reclrculet1ng flOlll _ ~

f1Oll the ~ ~a1t~y Tha~~Un bullybullbullbull

10C M1nta1ned ~~t1as of ~t~la protazOllbull~bull10shy

(Entermap) ~ ~~~middotNlt~Eamp1~ __~and ~ r - ~ -

certaJn ~lc 1IQ1~ 1(1 the

the painted

~

thre repl1catft fn

plKed 1nto(022_)

- thIine1J~~ -lt bull

Atter mAX

(1-2) and i-n-t bn collected

14OC

Pain~

-

12 daY~ exposure and prepared as in d)~ - t

~I ~~~-- i~yen 1~ v

Rflltsi ~ _ ~f-~lI ft j bull _

rt~ll0~~~llY~~~~peln~stetsl~11i~ex~sed for

y~t1~J~ ~~~~1~1~~1UII~ya~kooJ~~~lt ~ ~~_~~I1J~ ~~~tomAX -lysis ~era than gold ~ bull bullbullbull c - _ bull lt

~~fllr ~~~ vllUll ~t1ans of the rfee htures and gt Co

~f~ - ~~~ ~f ~ ~aobta1Mdue IjIll811 iI1Flg 1~2 The IIIIdn ~~ ~ lt)ji9 )tmiddotmiddot - ht

- bull

~I rIIplt~ tIt8 -~ cOlllponanta of the pei1t 1bullbull WelIIlItr1x $ilj~t-~~middot - ~ _ -_

-IUch PVCbQed end rap~13y the chlorlna peak the

i~~~-~~-~V~~~-t18 ~~~~ ~~ Th8

ral~~i~ JlrQP(lrUo1sof ch 1Il-ntal paek~ll1d l~t_ Q~7 -gt- ~ _~ -- gt ) gt -_ -lt ~~ the 0 -end _ xprtsntabullTIwsa changes are -r1sed ~t~ lt~ _ ~ 1nT~ IThe8llia$lb npresentthe chengelI 1n~t1V8 p~lons

ti~~~ [ ~gt 3 - - - _ - _ -

Qf nellllllllt within We surface layars of the pe1ntmiddot ru The

~f~~thtJn -d ~rfeli avr the 336 h11cxI ampScanbe

SII4iIl r~ fig 3 al~ tht rta of~ dirfers tJetwaeo thaa ltmiddot~1- 1ft~- ~ _

IJOl appfiai-ed to ~1nlt1elly until ftar day 168 it fall

~~l~ 1h8relllllrelgn1fi~ diff~be~ qrOtactlid and

proieCted (at -966 ) piIIllnts tor lioo COPPer but not folimiddottin

Ibi~tlons Of the Pain -urface 8hoWad _Pil ~ witilt1M

(Plete I to IV)~ 1hePllat1na (~) pelnt(Phta x and b)

Clearl~st-i~~r alots on the SurfllC8 IiII1kh~ter1sed ~- f hlt1 lriitUl tin conCantrat1on~ lllariy slotsre Partially

~OIIe~ ~ tile _tr~tedal middot1lere rs ~an~ densely packed

grerltr~ ~th 1ar~(iIa1niy cotifIIr) 8ntt -ampniBil (lIB1rily 1rori)being

middot vl~l~~~~~ Dtt~i~~~t~ r~ ~f~~ I~t seawatllr for 11 n IIIOre slots appeared and th~ ~~ess _trb cwer

--if -- V~ c~~ f(i ~~~i~

(Plate Ie to It)~ the granules dld not protrude from the~rtace in ~ ~~~~j1~r~-ffJmiddot0~~

suhap~~r Both 0 nd --960 at ~~pa1nts ~ - fr ~~~~-w1-U~ ~~t

sl~llrat thi stag~ (Plates Ic-d II1d xrnspac~IlYh middotmiddotWith middot middotaJ~cmiddot gt incraallO ~alolre t~ difrrqcbullbull middotbatIiI8IImiddot the protected fjd

bull ~ ~ ~t~

IIllrotacbldpaint ~~lIfIt~ftitr~ h alQt~ p~t bull u bullbullbull J ~~i~~ 1~~

lIIith IIIuper lIdguon u 4lrotatad piIJnt (Pl8ti1 II) 1hD1II8S

Ill )1IMdw1lillS gnnJla~on f-r~~ dpert1cl ~ - - - ~~r ~t

Onthe 966 1IIpetnt t-var tIIO typeaofan with diffannt c t

~hIId~(Plate UI a to c) One hIId tIII-1 bull bullbull e _ bull

fUll wJ1hleas abvlaus alats the o1fwl bed C18UU1IlOt ~litUi middotC c ~ ~

less ~ t11 h Gnnulatlan __ but ~lIiIZly def1nlld in

middot~ latter Afte fila bed tiIIrtIId 10 ~are ~~j(

extansll(tlly ~ the~tIId(O at) tIIIIple lIIIdngthe~ - ~

middot orarallet1ai leas claaI (Plate I~) f u II1ao CQ1tJAJ11d to ~Gn - -

the -966 at 1 (Plata III d tor but 1JI8V8n 1nittNdcneabull -

Althatqa -middotslots wrs abvlaus becaI1ng 1 cwampr aiI- the orwWat1an8

f1nailyftar 14 day exposure ~ fUll drMIlapIIIent on all la - ~

are extensive with the 0 lhawlng both alota pore ~

OVIKgrOloln (Plata II c to f) Gnrulatlon 1bl to ~ gt~t~~ i

or the th1cknats of tho ma ~the ~ at ~ (~~~~ themiddot - - _ middott ~ ~ ~ - -1 1 t

middot f11bull IIIIIS IIOre extans1 thIIIn at dIlya but IIIIIIIY bull1Q~ tI st11l ~w -middotr~ 1gt ~1 ~

obvious fIIany ~ loI8re still p~ yen~~~~~~~r

than before Poiu appearedto be f~lf~ila~~c-~~~a (Plate IVf~ label 1) IIIIl1ch broke~i(2)~ ~~~~

t t

bull ~lS (3) ~ rflC~~ ~i~t~~l~~KI~ t~ldiIiiicyul~loIiih ~~Rht ~ )~- -~ - ~middotd 40 ( gt ~gt ~d lt1 t ~ Jt ~remiddot4amp tha paint trix cavity bottom eroded away reVe81~ng ore

t ~~t~ por~~ ~l~ P~]Y p~~8dby di~lutiaA~ ~~~~ti~Jr~gt~ta(l~~Siinll1cl1Ud~f iUiIiI reriatlGllbullt

bull a~~ ba~tid colCriAtloriccic~ GIl ~~~d ri -966 - ib~~~amp catQn1iti~~t~I~~(~t an ( ~

t the ~~~palnts (PIa_taiiI d~~h ~wh ~ n td have ~ CamplluJMitiIVc) ~~middottti o~lgtnalrf tlt of hIght

~ l=~A ~J~rW tYtles~ p~fiiilriQcOCCold to~Ja to jU-t ~jmiddoti~ai dlatClilS ~ir -jlati ~tbullbullent aNit ~ t ~~ th8middotf~ld~ies~~t~on~ ~ -966 prQ~~~(P14ta Iii~)Omiddotiliof~m1hiiHAiiipieat ere~ll-(piitir~ p-iot~iilans(PiA-iII~ end c) nbullbulltiledt dl~by1i~~ end wirinali1sheii ~cMI~bY thI tili

bull In t-~~ ~1i1nt 1oIIIeHfd~ ~m1IS (15OClind a t ri~r-dlatoa ~lor P~t dlataiOlonlt1anGIl ttw-966

t

bull ~

pr~t~ ~is~ih iion obitJauIJ A ~rot -=1 ~ ~ i __

reprasenttild on the 966 painted 1iUrfc1ncluicunljj ~ rwt

Achnanths Colonisation by bacteria 1n the laboretory bsed

bull eliperlMnt tollMct sbiUar pattern to the fild ~

bull bull Dilicueii

bull bull DUt 1Iidnt ~lona Mve dlttllrint ~~ ictian

It ~ JntM l1tenture ttt Iff yen __ JIll the

bull ~ bicins ani 111 ~t INchlnil (PhillIPs 1t73t EWene~ 1981

In ci1ntlHt tJWY ~tit ~Wl1c iIuCh as 1rbiltyl tirI

~ lite wAlII]ltiClr dlsP8tfu~ middotthiirsttilll~intaJn~ a

bull ~

lIIifoflll ampalCentraUon through the filII 10 thoIt biocide rel_ at tha

paint surfce 1fI$Jlts in IIIOre ditfusing ~s to repla~lj -iflJ~it

resulting 111 bullbulltNdy lr leechlng rata M1llat this IIIIY be middottruIi ot

tin ~ it was nOt true ~ ttw middotlBlf fOZWJlatiGn ua ~ bull - i - bull 1(1

ObSfvt1onundr SE clarly ~ tM t1l1 to be present

~ly lIS OIIIdle-llk parUc1~~t tn lUlfiice (Ito

IV) bUt usa ~ the dIpth attt fU-middot ~y~

If one considra the concn~rtlonmiddot chMge 111 1n ~111c COKICIl8rlts fro- the paint tU- i bullbullbull tMWei b~ ~ Si6t arid

tI-~t iron oxidt 1~ can bt (Fl_ 3 IrId TIibl8I) ~t ~ ase cona1derllble d1fftrenC8s ~ a Un decz bcdYMr ttw p1iod IIIIwraS lron~- an unt Ught inCr h ~ incqJper ~tlGn occUrnd _idly at ttw ~~ Gfb ~ period ~ out ttwn fu nPldly ampQII1n ~ umiddotirid II phast This IIIOUld bt tIlq)8Ctad It cantact l-=h1ng we occun1ng

IIltfIOS8d pertlcl of copper would lMch rapldly on t-n1on 1n - shy JIsewtr There would thlll1 ba bull J-a a1iltUy leu avalUba

i1 ~ ~

_tedal becfM uposed Thi tIOUld ttwn IIllCh Thla pulSing efttct

IIIOUld be expctad to -oth OIItlllith U- putic1 __ -lllible II tot 1~ GIl a on r-x _lao Thla teet 01 put1c1e 1tUng

can tit GIl the lIUrlace ClIlC8 it ~ a pan 1amp t

a 11aM bet in Plat I to IV IIaIrIg _ lit la_ II ~ 0- ~s _- PIate IW $llldl ~bull nshyot poRI flllNltttn Al~ tin ~ lou rete thtn I bullbullbull atill Ivwnce of bull al~t pulsed 1Itue rrlict tII1IIWd

elqlCtaG inIl ttwauUr ~ I I I

0

~ i

~ ~

~I J

bullbullt bullbullbullbullt bull bull ~

bull bull

I

bull t

~~

The same seqiHllle of cevity follliltloii (intttecaseofthetestjjltle

slot- shaped) fClliOileciby SecOlld8rYtlolesfotlllingin thll cavity

bottollis releasing further deep8rtox1ils (Plate XV d and g) As

cavities_re ProdICed ~ tiecaaIelnvadedby_ter~ onelilauld

expect 1ncreaa 1n1IOdha and dIladne lMls t the t1met

which the toxlM uw ~ Ths fCMld tCtHi eo (Flvmiddot 3)

~rttno the vi that_tat ~t1on otthe~ ~lY

il1Cl1l8S8S Idth UIiJ

Differences f~in toxin li~~to Ini 966 ill 8811P~ F ~ bOth Un end ~ lcMIr levels afillW

IIIIIlfI ptaInt(~1~~1ntha~~ ~~f~~ cst rklld with tbiIccpper ElJIc~l ta~Uona invalvinv

w pl8cId at a~ht~~middot3lO~lth Un cqJpel bull

(-960)10 ttW ~af this expei1tIIri1ts thIsiorelfJltdt -

that cqlp8r b8IiIId ~ IIiIOUldProc-ln f41ip1dly t thellllgllitiv

patentW _lied () as 1t 11 further f~1t ~ witt Un

III11ch is u-tat aqulllbd Idth

it If ttda 18 eo~ ~

~ )

frOll1 paintscould bl anqnced by an illprd current clithodic

protecUansysteipos1bly ahart_nino te 11fe of the paInts

antifouling ability Bacterial coloni Uon IIIU rtdUCed on the -s66 paint This

could have been due to unflSllOUlllble electrostatic cqrge on th surtece Th1a effect CIIl pley en IIIportant role in the t~of

bacteria to alrraces (lIIarsMll19E1O) As bacteria appear to IhiJw

greater toxicltyto copper (DMpsey 1981) it is Klre likely that

enhanced cqJper leacll1nl On the -966 AIIIPl c8used the recluCed

activity The IDlol8r toxicity ofUn to bacteria (as reported by

~ -

DelIIPsey Hle1gt or its lowes leaching rat was sUpPorted bythl

relatively rapid recolonisation of the slots by lIIicroorganiSlllS ~ftar thE inlt1al aurge of leachi~ Thailllpressecl current dto ~~ the oppoSite _ff~middot ~r on dtta colonstJon l1lI-1- in the

JIbcJrtory~ta larger rUDIIra f~ fit pro~td ~ther than uriprotected Pafnta

Ccnlus1one

1 tiild-a 18 presaIIUd ~ thattJn~ ~~

~llNChng notd1rf~ ~

2 TIleuseofCP~ ~CUIftnt(at) on1h1a ~fca41ng ~- ~

pa1I]t~ to ~_lAIIach1ngn_ at toxiN - -

3 leIJstaPidbectar1al ca1on1aatJon acaampmId an ~bId Pt1ntJ ~

4 JItore larger alcrofauJing (Oiat_ and PzOtoaoana) Gr~_

occurred on the protcbld~

I l

I

bull bull ~

mfEflpoundaS middot~-t9i _jgt- ~ _ _ ~sev M~J~ (1981) (cilonJzatiooof alUf~lng lnts by _rine

Jbull ~teda9g~1ta IIarina XXlV~ 185-191

- - gt 0 Ie 1 _ - _

poundV8I$i I~lf (1~P~h 1II8rin~Ugae and Foul lng AReviw ith

t p~l-i9Jrlr ~iiMdilto5hiP-fQUllfCiH 8ot~ ~r~ ~~~ XXIVbull lIPwl~J11A

Fotteth CN~R ~kk8nGB IWPIR1seJCiiiroaic1lihd ~e ~JIIth CII Offshore St1ucturu ElllS ~tjI~f~1Dt19i4

- - ~

UKC (1976) I~races ill ~W Ecology KIuverd Univbullbull middotraabullf~iddge ~bull C~~jII illt)Ia(t RC (1980) totinllsa Cattod1CPrOtect1cinbull middotmiddot8AtEmiddot~6haOCIlfif~ T~ p No 108 ~ 18 ~ 1IIHf bull

t bull lt ~J~~~ __ ~

Norkr4irulB(198D) Advanculn UcrOfj~lpound~ltiOyVol 4 (AlItxlaquoIder fl Ed) PlerIw Press lcxIdon~ lIP~ 51-85 ~ l~l - bull bull

PJijllt~i At(fm)~mr~~JnI~1fqul1nQ JlalntlJ Riumh ~JnOrpnic toatJngs 2 192middot

)~J gt0 c ~lt -- ~ __ RogerS~ Ut (1968) ina ~(lnt~fbItliP4ili GI COnoslon ~a Technology)bull bull

Sl~iorr~ VP~Ranald~ Rctd~~ (1S80)_ ~ Experllattal Stud1aiRelate middotEffect or Cathod1c Protict1Oi withmiddot terta1nr1c

Coating Syst~ 12th Annualofr T8Id1na1ogy Co1fItHnC8 liauston TIIlt p 9-12

j

fIG1 sPct FromMon IT8TJCuZOI Int Lliu EOAX

FlG~ Fro TlTCu20Ar-4 Dy Field Ellposult I~ir

il

I c

R hi -00amp=7

-I I I I I I I I I f

iii

I

bull bull ~

mfEflpoundaS middot~-t9i _jgt- ~ _ _ ~sev M~J~ (1981) (cilonJzatiooof alUf~lng lnts by _rine

Jbull ~teda9g~1ta IIarina XXlV~ 185-191

- - gt 0 Ie 1 _ - _

poundV8I$i I~lf (1~P~h 1II8rin~Ugae and Foul lng AReviw ith

t p~l-i9Jrlr ~iiMdilto5hiP-fQUllfCiH 8ot~ ~r~ ~~~ XXIVbull lIPwl~J11A

Fotteth CN~R ~kk8nGB IWPIR1seJCiiiroaic1lihd ~e ~JIIth CII Offshore St1ucturu ElllS ~tjI~f~1Dt19i4

- - ~

UKC (1976) I~races ill ~W Ecology KIuverd Univbullbull middotraabullf~iddge ~bull C~~jII illt)Ia(t RC (1980) totinllsa Cattod1CPrOtect1cinbull middotmiddot8AtEmiddot~6haOCIlfif~ T~ p No 108 ~ 18 ~ 1IIHf bull

t bull lt ~J~~~ __ ~

Norkr4irulB(198D) Advanculn UcrOfj~lpound~ltiOyVol 4 (AlItxlaquoIder fl Ed) PlerIw Press lcxIdon~ lIP~ 51-85 ~ l~l - bull bull

PJijllt~i At(fm)~mr~~JnI~1fqul1nQ JlalntlJ Riumh ~JnOrpnic toatJngs 2 192middot

)~J gt0 c ~lt -- ~ __ RogerS~ Ut (1968) ina ~(lnt~fbItliP4ili GI COnoslon ~a Technology)bull bull

Sl~iorr~ VP~Ranald~ Rctd~~ (1S80)_ ~ Experllattal Stud1aiRelate middotEffect or Cathod1c Protict1Oi withmiddot terta1nr1c

Coating Syst~ 12th Annualofr T8Id1na1ogy Co1fItHnC8 liauston TIIlt p 9-12

j

fIG1 sPct FromMon IT8TJCuZOI Int Lliu EOAX

FlG~ Fro TlTCu20Ar-4 Dy Field Ellposult I~ir

il

I c

R hi -00amp=7

-I I I I I I I I I f

iii

bull bull

bullbullbull

I J

J

I Figur 3 Thl chan In reltl rqpoIQnlof -ariOtimiddotjOmponents of the paint film with time Thl vtic~1 ampkiS unl till _n ofmiddotmt Illment per unit OJ fe 50all Cl Na

Cu StI Feeshy

PlistinllFe S7~J6 704 3~74 908

f

r e ~ ee~

middotie ~lt - ~ shybullt bull ~

t -~ l Cu~ o ~ f

t --- 3igt - bull 0 J Sn

cc

t ~

~

bullo

~ bull e

bullbullbullbull bull ~

bull ebull a QI 1- bull 0 40 431282 316

101 dmllIII)bullt bullbullbullt

hr 0 ~~bulla 5~16 ~~ -~~ i166 4S i83 8~1B

24tu 6~480 SD~83

111middot 1~1 OS6

~ 5114 6~69 -51 UIamp middot016- lt ~rmiddot

1d o Mea 818 21 021

~Z21 199 1~1Qmiddot ~Jgt2 058

14 d o ~~ 804 Q~B8~~~a~~t~middot 685

866 372amp 8amp4 OS _i~11[ ~~64

Tttile 1 A81UvlL pzQJJortlcw 0 vxl~oI ~~bull Jn 1I1Dtitctel lt-1166) end lqIlDteCt6 (O)middot~af~_~middot_lodEDf~ middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotc

~ ~

_----I~

J

I bull

I

J bull tmiddot

7o CONQRESOIMTERNACIONAL

I D~CORRO$IOr(IAAINAEmiddot~USTACIONES~v c)

t 7thflfERHATlONAL CONGRESS

ON IARINE CORROSION AND fO(JUNG

~CONGRE$INtERNATIONAL DE~CORR~ON ~E ET QES~SAUSSURE$

i t

~ ~

bullt

t t

UNIVERSIDAD PourtcNlCAVollncio7J1 NiwiemIif~ 1988

(SPAN

SECcl6lfn

BiOIogro marino Morine biologY ~1i1orine

Theunpub1ishedJllBIlu8criptEl have been reprod~d asr~ielved from the

authors The SCientiUc COlIIIBittee take not respoi~ulbll~~Y for any shy

error or omssi9n

Laa ponenciasno han side publicadas y estanreproducidas tal y como

sellan recibido demiddot BUSmiddot autorea pound1 Conte Cientfico middotno se responsemiddot

bil1za de cualquier error ~ om1si~n

bullbull _ bullbull_ bullbull ___ bull $_ _ L _ - _ --- -__

SESSION II Marine biology

Friday 11th November

SURFACE PROPERTIES ON NONmiddotTOXIC ANTIFOULING PAINT FILM

K Nanishi M Murase Y Yonehara M Kishihara and T Hirama

MICROFOULING ON ALUMINIUM PANELS PLACED IN THE TROPICAL WATERS

N B Bhosle K Venkat and A B Wagh

EFFECT OF TRIBUTYLTIN OXIDE (TBTO) ON THE OVARIAN MATURATION OF THE PRAWN CARIDINA WEBERI

R Nagabhushanam B Indira R Sarojini and Mary Frances Thompson

EFFECT OF BIOACTIVE MATERIALS FROM SOFT CORALS ON BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON FOULER

Vitalina Mary Avelin Mary R Sarojini and R Nagabhushanam

bullbull

lJi

SURFACE 1IIcftR~FiSOf~_-TOIle AHTIfOIlLHIG 11INTFIUI~

bull 1llani~ithramiddotYo~~8 II~lb_~1I1t1f TH~ra I~(~iDt ~~tt

ir~l ~lIfIH ~ ~1

p

AI1iT8ACT

As -Il) r~s ~Iellit~ 09t sliie ~nd is one of the

SOli proalsillll ___i s f Ilofttlie fttifClU~illl iltts But its -~ aacbaibullbulliof ple1IellflliC _ina feulillCS is Rot clew On the other

llaacl thfOitbosi~ f6flUti bsbeen aUcteci attention as It sialIar

phenoaenon to aerine foulines In order to Bake the relationship

betveen these two phenoaena clear proteins adsorption vas ex_ined on

arioU ailicona Several interestlnc coihcidents betveenthe tllO ~a were observed

bull I Intoduction

It has been incii(8ted that lov emero urfalt and also surface

ich is itt ~ifieran~ of enero have 100d lIintifoUlillC property t HZ) This is _ils explained ith thesurface eoerltY put it Is

not adequate to uplain for exale teflOft resin has I er surface

_10 than ilillconmin bill teflon resin MOWS poorerantifouline

perforuncethansiUcon resill

II1rinefouliftl phenoenonis theresult of adhesion and coarulaUon

l ofjSCOllIl Uquid3)4)5) In ihIs sense it closely reseables the

foraatioll of th~sis Reee~tb in the _dieal field sany art ficial

antl-thnMlboidpobr _terial have been developed ilne of ther II)lIt interlItine uterials possesses a unique surfalt strveture IIhlch is

bull collpoSed of separated bydrophobic and hydrophilic portions Such a surface ean be obtained by chaneine portions of NElIA (hydroxy ethy 1

aethacrylate bullbull hydrophilic c~nent) and styrenehydrophobic ~aponent)

t yenben thed_in size and the rieure of the surface a Iso dlance These

chllleea are pred_inatinr factors for oblaln1nemiddoteffevtive pob-r

lampirface Based on this fidines authors fnltestieated the relation

bull between 8dsorplion of proteins and asoftt of urine foulines on candidate

pob_rs by the use of various phase-separated surface

t bull t

2 Iiperient

(I) Materilrls

As hydrophGbie cooimt (A) IICthYpbenil~itOll~ ~ein

0IS1=1)7 anddi_thyl U~nllerubr (AlSt~) seleetel

As hydjUk c__nt (Ii) iHcotlmiddotaln_fa~~i~hfIQbJkYi~ amp101 II~ _lecte4 S- tructUlil 1 ~middotIti~t(A -

(Blare IIhova 111 Fieure t The _thyl-pbeftl Holane resi 111 151 toJ__lutilft the 4i-

ethyJ siloxane Ml inc 50S fast volatUeMJU tile silicon

resin aodified lIith polyethylene elycol in loDS N 1114 SiliCa reSi BOdeI flaquolIIfla vltiefl re coepollllOd c the eethy1shy

phenyl silOlt_ alld tlle silicon resin -fillet ith polyethylene 8beo1

and the sl licon rubber lIodel fonllla IIhieh were cOlllOllCd of the dillCthy I

siloane rubber paraffin vax and the silicon resin odified IIith polyshy

ethylene eyeol IIere prepared for follovine tests bull

(2) Sea i bull ersioll test

On 10 1300 II 100 steel plates epoxy Ale lias applied In t o

coats (100 aiClOllll lIZ) anelthen each saple vas applied to 30-50 icrons

thick_s and left for dryine for 1 veek at roo te-erature

Silicon resIII odel foraula and silicon rubber aodel fonula llere

i_rsed at Shibu Orido say fr_ Aveilst 1986lo flarchl987 and at

Yokosuka Bay froa flarch 1987 to January 1988 respectively The IIIIOUnt

of foUline oreal)ins vas val1Je4 at fouBnr percent every onth

U) Surface eneru

The nrface enerey as induced fra the cOlltact anele by usine

fowkes and Ow for_da The surface 5 cleaned off dirts and

lillC vbich adhered dudnemiddot sea i_rsioll and presented to the ashy

sure_nt

(4 ) Surface structure

The surfaoedried for a eek after application vas dyed vjth Osius

acid 6) and obserlled ith a SEII (Sannlne EIectro lIicroscope)

(5) Adsorption of proteins

Adsorption eaount as obtained by t~ Folin~s ~thod7) The

outline is as folls

1bullbull diaaeter glass beads hieh have about 2000 areasere

ia_rsed InZ4 Non Volatile solution and dried while shakinr After

that they were vashed in buffer solutiOft and then the air on beads surshy

face were coIIIletly evacuated Adsorbed proteins (Albulline rshy

gllthrin and Fibrinogen vere asured by lhe spectro scopic differene

using 770 nil tighl source

3 Result

(t) Si Iicon resin aocIel forilllla

The polarhy of the filas adsorption of proteins aDd asount of

adhered organiis are tabulated in Table 1 It was found that there is anoptiu cabination ratio (hydroshy

phobichydrophll ie cOtlponent (A) ioponent (8) ) for inihing the

fouHneaountvhich vas betveen8515 ~8012(t by vt in series

Surface energy dose not coincide vith this chaoee Polar coponent

of the surface energ) increasis middotsteadi b UP tomiddot 8020 and then rises

dra_ticab The reason seess to be the errct of the hydrophilic coposhy

nent

In cCOlIPany viththe increase of the hydrophilic coaponent the

surface structure Chances as shown in ficiateZ- middotPhJse separation beshy

coaes ot elearmiddotat the ~tio arou~ 8515 shoving the s_llest doain

size Themiddotdoln iUies are 08 Ja aDdmiddot 12 15 In at the ratio

of 8515 aDd 1030 respectively

It as found that there is an opUu ratio for each proJein vhere

protein adsorption calCbe kept at a 1nl_1 level These optilllJ 10shy

b1nation ratios beteen COlIPooent (A) and co~ent (B) are on 9010 for

Albuin 8020 for Fibrinogen and 8515 for T--Globelin respectively

These opthu colibinaUon ratios ie fro 9010 to 8020 are found to

veil coincide ith the iniaal foulinc allOunt See Figure 3 (~) Silicon rubber ~el forlUla

Tloe _ experi_tll as those for silcon resins vere carried out

vit~ sllicOR rubbers aA4 paraffin vax which are videly used as non-toxic

_tHouH lntll

_t __l1IIe f01lIi ~ surface ern are shollll 1ft Table 2

1ft ~Ii table 211~ tatlols relatiOfillbip vas not fouml either

The lip contf88t icroscope shooIed clear phase separation it is

_ in filMte 4 Althtgtuch the SEII holled vaglle phase separatioo

ilis not 8ssusebly appropriate to take the sase dyeing sethed [or

111008 resin odel forsvlas eperi~t Table 3 shows elcept for

the flatlol1 colltahtinc praftln v 10v adsorptioo of the proteiliS

corretaud to ampoed lIRti-fouling perfOfCaftCe Thollllh the foulat iOft

bull

containing paraffin vax shovs rather high adsorpti~n value its antishy

fouling perfor_nee belongs to the best group The result of i_tiers1011

is shown in Table 3

4 Dl scllsiOll

Although it is not veU kllOlIII about anti-throllbosis sechanisa by

the phase separation vith hydrophobic and middothydrophilic portions

following explanation is soseties adopted As there is an observation

that blood platelet does not chance their figure on phase separated block

polyser vlth hydrophobic aDd hydrophilic portions it is considered

that phase separation achieves soaethipg effective to restrain coagushy

lation of blood

The restriction of coaculation has 11 relation ith the adsorPtion

of blood platel~t which say be affected directly by the dosain of surshy

face structure Albuin bull r-Globline lind Fibrinollen are the represenshy

tative blood plasa proteins which have been investillated of their adsorpshy

tion phenosena on various aateriatsbull8) It b very interestinc that

if AlbUlline is said to be selectively adilorbed on the hydrophilic si te

and r--Globllne selectively adsorbed on the hydrophobic site to accua~

late the_elVes liakinc dONin vhiCh say restrain the function aDd coashy

gulation of blood

It is veIl kn~n that adhesion of sarine fduling is due to viscous

polyser liquid 9) As for ytilus the adhesive of foot (edulis) is

ainly coaposed of tyr~ine and takes quinon type cross-linking sechashy

oiss In aarine foulinlls as the first of all orcanic aolecular irrevershy

sible adhesions proteinsadsorption takes place and proteins forms

-conditionig fll-IOlll)12) As aarine organisss adhere onto such

a filII it is siailar to the thrOilbosis in the IlellIIe that the proteins

of God Iaaa 8Clhere OIl polyseric fUbullbull beforeMnci

I _ IiillPeliSlint ceplbrpar~itI UI bull the eb ~tIamiddot

hydri1ic ~ rie _ ~ti_ ~ bull ampOCMI allti-foulinc

perf_a and ~ a low a~1 ofmiddot -ceins It IIU~ t~t IIOt _IT IIvrfllice _rp llut alllOli9rpbOrogjo anillPOrt8llt flCtltllrBmiddot to

prevt rine hili I IRes middotThe fact that tere lire different sini_

val_ respecUgtveb fer UlMaaine bull T-GI bNt ampltd fibrinosetl __ that

the 4iffe_ II8l only cOme froetlieir daaractnbtics This ight lie

J

I bull

I

J bull tmiddot

7o CONQRESOIMTERNACIONAL

I D~CORRO$IOr(IAAINAEmiddot~USTACIONES~v c)

t 7thflfERHATlONAL CONGRESS

ON IARINE CORROSION AND fO(JUNG

~CONGRE$INtERNATIONAL DE~CORR~ON ~E ET QES~SAUSSURE$

i t

~ ~

bullt

t t

UNIVERSIDAD PourtcNlCAVollncio7J1 NiwiemIif~ 1988

(SPAN

SECcl6lfn

BiOIogro marino Morine biologY ~1i1orine

Theunpub1ishedJllBIlu8criptEl have been reprod~d asr~ielved from the

authors The SCientiUc COlIIIBittee take not respoi~ulbll~~Y for any shy

error or omssi9n

Laa ponenciasno han side publicadas y estanreproducidas tal y como

sellan recibido demiddot BUSmiddot autorea pound1 Conte Cientfico middotno se responsemiddot

bil1za de cualquier error ~ om1si~n

bullbull _ bullbull_ bullbull ___ bull $_ _ L _ - _ --- -__

SESSION II Marine biology

Friday 11th November

SURFACE PROPERTIES ON NONmiddotTOXIC ANTIFOULING PAINT FILM

K Nanishi M Murase Y Yonehara M Kishihara and T Hirama

MICROFOULING ON ALUMINIUM PANELS PLACED IN THE TROPICAL WATERS

N B Bhosle K Venkat and A B Wagh

EFFECT OF TRIBUTYLTIN OXIDE (TBTO) ON THE OVARIAN MATURATION OF THE PRAWN CARIDINA WEBERI

R Nagabhushanam B Indira R Sarojini and Mary Frances Thompson

EFFECT OF BIOACTIVE MATERIALS FROM SOFT CORALS ON BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON FOULER

Vitalina Mary Avelin Mary R Sarojini and R Nagabhushanam

bullbull

lJi

SURFACE 1IIcftR~FiSOf~_-TOIle AHTIfOIlLHIG 11INTFIUI~

bull 1llani~ithramiddotYo~~8 II~lb_~1I1t1f TH~ra I~(~iDt ~~tt

ir~l ~lIfIH ~ ~1

p

AI1iT8ACT

As -Il) r~s ~Iellit~ 09t sliie ~nd is one of the

SOli proalsillll ___i s f Ilofttlie fttifClU~illl iltts But its -~ aacbaibullbulliof ple1IellflliC _ina feulillCS is Rot clew On the other

llaacl thfOitbosi~ f6flUti bsbeen aUcteci attention as It sialIar

phenoaenon to aerine foulines In order to Bake the relationship

betveen these two phenoaena clear proteins adsorption vas ex_ined on

arioU ailicona Several interestlnc coihcidents betveenthe tllO ~a were observed

bull I Intoduction

It has been incii(8ted that lov emero urfalt and also surface

ich is itt ~ifieran~ of enero have 100d lIintifoUlillC property t HZ) This is _ils explained ith thesurface eoerltY put it Is

not adequate to uplain for exale teflOft resin has I er surface

_10 than ilillconmin bill teflon resin MOWS poorerantifouline

perforuncethansiUcon resill

II1rinefouliftl phenoenonis theresult of adhesion and coarulaUon

l ofjSCOllIl Uquid3)4)5) In ihIs sense it closely reseables the

foraatioll of th~sis Reee~tb in the _dieal field sany art ficial

antl-thnMlboidpobr _terial have been developed ilne of ther II)lIt interlItine uterials possesses a unique surfalt strveture IIhlch is

bull collpoSed of separated bydrophobic and hydrophilic portions Such a surface ean be obtained by chaneine portions of NElIA (hydroxy ethy 1

aethacrylate bullbull hydrophilic c~nent) and styrenehydrophobic ~aponent)

t yenben thed_in size and the rieure of the surface a Iso dlance These

chllleea are pred_inatinr factors for oblaln1nemiddoteffevtive pob-r

lampirface Based on this fidines authors fnltestieated the relation

bull between 8dsorplion of proteins and asoftt of urine foulines on candidate

pob_rs by the use of various phase-separated surface

t bull t

2 Iiperient

(I) Materilrls

As hydrophGbie cooimt (A) IICthYpbenil~itOll~ ~ein

0IS1=1)7 anddi_thyl U~nllerubr (AlSt~) seleetel

As hydjUk c__nt (Ii) iHcotlmiddotaln_fa~~i~hfIQbJkYi~ amp101 II~ _lecte4 S- tructUlil 1 ~middotIti~t(A -

(Blare IIhova 111 Fieure t The _thyl-pbeftl Holane resi 111 151 toJ__lutilft the 4i-

ethyJ siloxane Ml inc 50S fast volatUeMJU tile silicon

resin aodified lIith polyethylene elycol in loDS N 1114 SiliCa reSi BOdeI flaquolIIfla vltiefl re coepollllOd c the eethy1shy

phenyl silOlt_ alld tlle silicon resin -fillet ith polyethylene 8beo1

and the sl licon rubber lIodel fonllla IIhieh were cOlllOllCd of the dillCthy I

siloane rubber paraffin vax and the silicon resin odified IIith polyshy

ethylene eyeol IIere prepared for follovine tests bull

(2) Sea i bull ersioll test

On 10 1300 II 100 steel plates epoxy Ale lias applied In t o

coats (100 aiClOllll lIZ) anelthen each saple vas applied to 30-50 icrons

thick_s and left for dryine for 1 veek at roo te-erature

Silicon resIII odel foraula and silicon rubber aodel fonula llere

i_rsed at Shibu Orido say fr_ Aveilst 1986lo flarchl987 and at

Yokosuka Bay froa flarch 1987 to January 1988 respectively The IIIIOUnt

of foUline oreal)ins vas val1Je4 at fouBnr percent every onth

U) Surface eneru

The nrface enerey as induced fra the cOlltact anele by usine

fowkes and Ow for_da The surface 5 cleaned off dirts and

lillC vbich adhered dudnemiddot sea i_rsioll and presented to the ashy

sure_nt

(4 ) Surface structure

The surfaoedried for a eek after application vas dyed vjth Osius

acid 6) and obserlled ith a SEII (Sannlne EIectro lIicroscope)

(5) Adsorption of proteins

Adsorption eaount as obtained by t~ Folin~s ~thod7) The

outline is as folls

1bullbull diaaeter glass beads hieh have about 2000 areasere

ia_rsed InZ4 Non Volatile solution and dried while shakinr After

that they were vashed in buffer solutiOft and then the air on beads surshy

face were coIIIletly evacuated Adsorbed proteins (Albulline rshy

gllthrin and Fibrinogen vere asured by lhe spectro scopic differene

using 770 nil tighl source

3 Result

(t) Si Iicon resin aocIel forilllla

The polarhy of the filas adsorption of proteins aDd asount of

adhered organiis are tabulated in Table 1 It was found that there is anoptiu cabination ratio (hydroshy

phobichydrophll ie cOtlponent (A) ioponent (8) ) for inihing the

fouHneaountvhich vas betveen8515 ~8012(t by vt in series

Surface energy dose not coincide vith this chaoee Polar coponent

of the surface energ) increasis middotsteadi b UP tomiddot 8020 and then rises

dra_ticab The reason seess to be the errct of the hydrophilic coposhy

nent

In cCOlIPany viththe increase of the hydrophilic coaponent the

surface structure Chances as shown in ficiateZ- middotPhJse separation beshy

coaes ot elearmiddotat the ~tio arou~ 8515 shoving the s_llest doain

size Themiddotdoln iUies are 08 Ja aDdmiddot 12 15 In at the ratio

of 8515 aDd 1030 respectively

It as found that there is an opUu ratio for each proJein vhere

protein adsorption calCbe kept at a 1nl_1 level These optilllJ 10shy

b1nation ratios beteen COlIPooent (A) and co~ent (B) are on 9010 for

Albuin 8020 for Fibrinogen and 8515 for T--Globelin respectively

These opthu colibinaUon ratios ie fro 9010 to 8020 are found to

veil coincide ith the iniaal foulinc allOunt See Figure 3 (~) Silicon rubber ~el forlUla

Tloe _ experi_tll as those for silcon resins vere carried out

vit~ sllicOR rubbers aA4 paraffin vax which are videly used as non-toxic

_tHouH lntll

_t __l1IIe f01lIi ~ surface ern are shollll 1ft Table 2

1ft ~Ii table 211~ tatlols relatiOfillbip vas not fouml either

The lip contf88t icroscope shooIed clear phase separation it is

_ in filMte 4 Althtgtuch the SEII holled vaglle phase separatioo

ilis not 8ssusebly appropriate to take the sase dyeing sethed [or

111008 resin odel forsvlas eperi~t Table 3 shows elcept for

the flatlol1 colltahtinc praftln v 10v adsorptioo of the proteiliS

corretaud to ampoed lIRti-fouling perfOfCaftCe Thollllh the foulat iOft

bull

containing paraffin vax shovs rather high adsorpti~n value its antishy

fouling perfor_nee belongs to the best group The result of i_tiers1011

is shown in Table 3

4 Dl scllsiOll

Although it is not veU kllOlIII about anti-throllbosis sechanisa by

the phase separation vith hydrophobic and middothydrophilic portions

following explanation is soseties adopted As there is an observation

that blood platelet does not chance their figure on phase separated block

polyser vlth hydrophobic aDd hydrophilic portions it is considered

that phase separation achieves soaethipg effective to restrain coagushy

lation of blood

The restriction of coaculation has 11 relation ith the adsorPtion

of blood platel~t which say be affected directly by the dosain of surshy

face structure Albuin bull r-Globline lind Fibrinollen are the represenshy

tative blood plasa proteins which have been investillated of their adsorpshy

tion phenosena on various aateriatsbull8) It b very interestinc that

if AlbUlline is said to be selectively adilorbed on the hydrophilic si te

and r--Globllne selectively adsorbed on the hydrophobic site to accua~

late the_elVes liakinc dONin vhiCh say restrain the function aDd coashy

gulation of blood

It is veIl kn~n that adhesion of sarine fduling is due to viscous

polyser liquid 9) As for ytilus the adhesive of foot (edulis) is

ainly coaposed of tyr~ine and takes quinon type cross-linking sechashy

oiss In aarine foulinlls as the first of all orcanic aolecular irrevershy

sible adhesions proteinsadsorption takes place and proteins forms

-conditionig fll-IOlll)12) As aarine organisss adhere onto such

a filII it is siailar to the thrOilbosis in the IlellIIe that the proteins

of God Iaaa 8Clhere OIl polyseric fUbullbull beforeMnci

I _ IiillPeliSlint ceplbrpar~itI UI bull the eb ~tIamiddot

hydri1ic ~ rie _ ~ti_ ~ bull ampOCMI allti-foulinc

perf_a and ~ a low a~1 ofmiddot -ceins It IIU~ t~t IIOt _IT IIvrfllice _rp llut alllOli9rpbOrogjo anillPOrt8llt flCtltllrBmiddot to

prevt rine hili I IRes middotThe fact that tere lire different sini_

val_ respecUgtveb fer UlMaaine bull T-GI bNt ampltd fibrinosetl __ that

the 4iffe_ II8l only cOme froetlieir daaractnbtics This ight lie

SESSION II Marine biology

Friday 11th November

SURFACE PROPERTIES ON NONmiddotTOXIC ANTIFOULING PAINT FILM

K Nanishi M Murase Y Yonehara M Kishihara and T Hirama

MICROFOULING ON ALUMINIUM PANELS PLACED IN THE TROPICAL WATERS

N B Bhosle K Venkat and A B Wagh

EFFECT OF TRIBUTYLTIN OXIDE (TBTO) ON THE OVARIAN MATURATION OF THE PRAWN CARIDINA WEBERI

R Nagabhushanam B Indira R Sarojini and Mary Frances Thompson

EFFECT OF BIOACTIVE MATERIALS FROM SOFT CORALS ON BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON FOULER

Vitalina Mary Avelin Mary R Sarojini and R Nagabhushanam

bullbull

lJi

SURFACE 1IIcftR~FiSOf~_-TOIle AHTIfOIlLHIG 11INTFIUI~

bull 1llani~ithramiddotYo~~8 II~lb_~1I1t1f TH~ra I~(~iDt ~~tt

ir~l ~lIfIH ~ ~1

p

AI1iT8ACT

As -Il) r~s ~Iellit~ 09t sliie ~nd is one of the

SOli proalsillll ___i s f Ilofttlie fttifClU~illl iltts But its -~ aacbaibullbulliof ple1IellflliC _ina feulillCS is Rot clew On the other

llaacl thfOitbosi~ f6flUti bsbeen aUcteci attention as It sialIar

phenoaenon to aerine foulines In order to Bake the relationship

betveen these two phenoaena clear proteins adsorption vas ex_ined on

arioU ailicona Several interestlnc coihcidents betveenthe tllO ~a were observed

bull I Intoduction

It has been incii(8ted that lov emero urfalt and also surface

ich is itt ~ifieran~ of enero have 100d lIintifoUlillC property t HZ) This is _ils explained ith thesurface eoerltY put it Is

not adequate to uplain for exale teflOft resin has I er surface

_10 than ilillconmin bill teflon resin MOWS poorerantifouline

perforuncethansiUcon resill

II1rinefouliftl phenoenonis theresult of adhesion and coarulaUon

l ofjSCOllIl Uquid3)4)5) In ihIs sense it closely reseables the

foraatioll of th~sis Reee~tb in the _dieal field sany art ficial

antl-thnMlboidpobr _terial have been developed ilne of ther II)lIt interlItine uterials possesses a unique surfalt strveture IIhlch is

bull collpoSed of separated bydrophobic and hydrophilic portions Such a surface ean be obtained by chaneine portions of NElIA (hydroxy ethy 1

aethacrylate bullbull hydrophilic c~nent) and styrenehydrophobic ~aponent)

t yenben thed_in size and the rieure of the surface a Iso dlance These

chllleea are pred_inatinr factors for oblaln1nemiddoteffevtive pob-r

lampirface Based on this fidines authors fnltestieated the relation

bull between 8dsorplion of proteins and asoftt of urine foulines on candidate

pob_rs by the use of various phase-separated surface

t bull t

2 Iiperient

(I) Materilrls

As hydrophGbie cooimt (A) IICthYpbenil~itOll~ ~ein

0IS1=1)7 anddi_thyl U~nllerubr (AlSt~) seleetel

As hydjUk c__nt (Ii) iHcotlmiddotaln_fa~~i~hfIQbJkYi~ amp101 II~ _lecte4 S- tructUlil 1 ~middotIti~t(A -

(Blare IIhova 111 Fieure t The _thyl-pbeftl Holane resi 111 151 toJ__lutilft the 4i-

ethyJ siloxane Ml inc 50S fast volatUeMJU tile silicon

resin aodified lIith polyethylene elycol in loDS N 1114 SiliCa reSi BOdeI flaquolIIfla vltiefl re coepollllOd c the eethy1shy

phenyl silOlt_ alld tlle silicon resin -fillet ith polyethylene 8beo1

and the sl licon rubber lIodel fonllla IIhieh were cOlllOllCd of the dillCthy I

siloane rubber paraffin vax and the silicon resin odified IIith polyshy

ethylene eyeol IIere prepared for follovine tests bull

(2) Sea i bull ersioll test

On 10 1300 II 100 steel plates epoxy Ale lias applied In t o

coats (100 aiClOllll lIZ) anelthen each saple vas applied to 30-50 icrons

thick_s and left for dryine for 1 veek at roo te-erature

Silicon resIII odel foraula and silicon rubber aodel fonula llere

i_rsed at Shibu Orido say fr_ Aveilst 1986lo flarchl987 and at

Yokosuka Bay froa flarch 1987 to January 1988 respectively The IIIIOUnt

of foUline oreal)ins vas val1Je4 at fouBnr percent every onth

U) Surface eneru

The nrface enerey as induced fra the cOlltact anele by usine

fowkes and Ow for_da The surface 5 cleaned off dirts and

lillC vbich adhered dudnemiddot sea i_rsioll and presented to the ashy

sure_nt

(4 ) Surface structure

The surfaoedried for a eek after application vas dyed vjth Osius

acid 6) and obserlled ith a SEII (Sannlne EIectro lIicroscope)

(5) Adsorption of proteins

Adsorption eaount as obtained by t~ Folin~s ~thod7) The

outline is as folls

1bullbull diaaeter glass beads hieh have about 2000 areasere

ia_rsed InZ4 Non Volatile solution and dried while shakinr After

that they were vashed in buffer solutiOft and then the air on beads surshy

face were coIIIletly evacuated Adsorbed proteins (Albulline rshy

gllthrin and Fibrinogen vere asured by lhe spectro scopic differene

using 770 nil tighl source

3 Result

(t) Si Iicon resin aocIel forilllla

The polarhy of the filas adsorption of proteins aDd asount of

adhered organiis are tabulated in Table 1 It was found that there is anoptiu cabination ratio (hydroshy

phobichydrophll ie cOtlponent (A) ioponent (8) ) for inihing the

fouHneaountvhich vas betveen8515 ~8012(t by vt in series

Surface energy dose not coincide vith this chaoee Polar coponent

of the surface energ) increasis middotsteadi b UP tomiddot 8020 and then rises

dra_ticab The reason seess to be the errct of the hydrophilic coposhy

nent

In cCOlIPany viththe increase of the hydrophilic coaponent the

surface structure Chances as shown in ficiateZ- middotPhJse separation beshy

coaes ot elearmiddotat the ~tio arou~ 8515 shoving the s_llest doain

size Themiddotdoln iUies are 08 Ja aDdmiddot 12 15 In at the ratio

of 8515 aDd 1030 respectively

It as found that there is an opUu ratio for each proJein vhere

protein adsorption calCbe kept at a 1nl_1 level These optilllJ 10shy

b1nation ratios beteen COlIPooent (A) and co~ent (B) are on 9010 for

Albuin 8020 for Fibrinogen and 8515 for T--Globelin respectively

These opthu colibinaUon ratios ie fro 9010 to 8020 are found to

veil coincide ith the iniaal foulinc allOunt See Figure 3 (~) Silicon rubber ~el forlUla

Tloe _ experi_tll as those for silcon resins vere carried out

vit~ sllicOR rubbers aA4 paraffin vax which are videly used as non-toxic

_tHouH lntll

_t __l1IIe f01lIi ~ surface ern are shollll 1ft Table 2

1ft ~Ii table 211~ tatlols relatiOfillbip vas not fouml either

The lip contf88t icroscope shooIed clear phase separation it is

_ in filMte 4 Althtgtuch the SEII holled vaglle phase separatioo

ilis not 8ssusebly appropriate to take the sase dyeing sethed [or

111008 resin odel forsvlas eperi~t Table 3 shows elcept for

the flatlol1 colltahtinc praftln v 10v adsorptioo of the proteiliS

corretaud to ampoed lIRti-fouling perfOfCaftCe Thollllh the foulat iOft

bull

containing paraffin vax shovs rather high adsorpti~n value its antishy

fouling perfor_nee belongs to the best group The result of i_tiers1011

is shown in Table 3

4 Dl scllsiOll

Although it is not veU kllOlIII about anti-throllbosis sechanisa by

the phase separation vith hydrophobic and middothydrophilic portions

following explanation is soseties adopted As there is an observation

that blood platelet does not chance their figure on phase separated block

polyser vlth hydrophobic aDd hydrophilic portions it is considered

that phase separation achieves soaethipg effective to restrain coagushy

lation of blood

The restriction of coaculation has 11 relation ith the adsorPtion

of blood platel~t which say be affected directly by the dosain of surshy

face structure Albuin bull r-Globline lind Fibrinollen are the represenshy

tative blood plasa proteins which have been investillated of their adsorpshy

tion phenosena on various aateriatsbull8) It b very interestinc that

if AlbUlline is said to be selectively adilorbed on the hydrophilic si te

and r--Globllne selectively adsorbed on the hydrophobic site to accua~

late the_elVes liakinc dONin vhiCh say restrain the function aDd coashy

gulation of blood

It is veIl kn~n that adhesion of sarine fduling is due to viscous

polyser liquid 9) As for ytilus the adhesive of foot (edulis) is

ainly coaposed of tyr~ine and takes quinon type cross-linking sechashy

oiss In aarine foulinlls as the first of all orcanic aolecular irrevershy

sible adhesions proteinsadsorption takes place and proteins forms

-conditionig fll-IOlll)12) As aarine organisss adhere onto such

a filII it is siailar to the thrOilbosis in the IlellIIe that the proteins

of God Iaaa 8Clhere OIl polyseric fUbullbull beforeMnci

I _ IiillPeliSlint ceplbrpar~itI UI bull the eb ~tIamiddot

hydri1ic ~ rie _ ~ti_ ~ bull ampOCMI allti-foulinc

perf_a and ~ a low a~1 ofmiddot -ceins It IIU~ t~t IIOt _IT IIvrfllice _rp llut alllOli9rpbOrogjo anillPOrt8llt flCtltllrBmiddot to

prevt rine hili I IRes middotThe fact that tere lire different sini_

val_ respecUgtveb fer UlMaaine bull T-GI bNt ampltd fibrinosetl __ that

the 4iffe_ II8l only cOme froetlieir daaractnbtics This ight lie

bullbull

lJi

SURFACE 1IIcftR~FiSOf~_-TOIle AHTIfOIlLHIG 11INTFIUI~

bull 1llani~ithramiddotYo~~8 II~lb_~1I1t1f TH~ra I~(~iDt ~~tt

ir~l ~lIfIH ~ ~1

p

AI1iT8ACT

As -Il) r~s ~Iellit~ 09t sliie ~nd is one of the

SOli proalsillll ___i s f Ilofttlie fttifClU~illl iltts But its -~ aacbaibullbulliof ple1IellflliC _ina feulillCS is Rot clew On the other

llaacl thfOitbosi~ f6flUti bsbeen aUcteci attention as It sialIar

phenoaenon to aerine foulines In order to Bake the relationship

betveen these two phenoaena clear proteins adsorption vas ex_ined on

arioU ailicona Several interestlnc coihcidents betveenthe tllO ~a were observed

bull I Intoduction

It has been incii(8ted that lov emero urfalt and also surface

ich is itt ~ifieran~ of enero have 100d lIintifoUlillC property t HZ) This is _ils explained ith thesurface eoerltY put it Is

not adequate to uplain for exale teflOft resin has I er surface

_10 than ilillconmin bill teflon resin MOWS poorerantifouline

perforuncethansiUcon resill

II1rinefouliftl phenoenonis theresult of adhesion and coarulaUon

l ofjSCOllIl Uquid3)4)5) In ihIs sense it closely reseables the

foraatioll of th~sis Reee~tb in the _dieal field sany art ficial

antl-thnMlboidpobr _terial have been developed ilne of ther II)lIt interlItine uterials possesses a unique surfalt strveture IIhlch is

bull collpoSed of separated bydrophobic and hydrophilic portions Such a surface ean be obtained by chaneine portions of NElIA (hydroxy ethy 1

aethacrylate bullbull hydrophilic c~nent) and styrenehydrophobic ~aponent)

t yenben thed_in size and the rieure of the surface a Iso dlance These

chllleea are pred_inatinr factors for oblaln1nemiddoteffevtive pob-r

lampirface Based on this fidines authors fnltestieated the relation

bull between 8dsorplion of proteins and asoftt of urine foulines on candidate

pob_rs by the use of various phase-separated surface

t bull t

2 Iiperient

(I) Materilrls

As hydrophGbie cooimt (A) IICthYpbenil~itOll~ ~ein

0IS1=1)7 anddi_thyl U~nllerubr (AlSt~) seleetel

As hydjUk c__nt (Ii) iHcotlmiddotaln_fa~~i~hfIQbJkYi~ amp101 II~ _lecte4 S- tructUlil 1 ~middotIti~t(A -

(Blare IIhova 111 Fieure t The _thyl-pbeftl Holane resi 111 151 toJ__lutilft the 4i-

ethyJ siloxane Ml inc 50S fast volatUeMJU tile silicon

resin aodified lIith polyethylene elycol in loDS N 1114 SiliCa reSi BOdeI flaquolIIfla vltiefl re coepollllOd c the eethy1shy

phenyl silOlt_ alld tlle silicon resin -fillet ith polyethylene 8beo1

and the sl licon rubber lIodel fonllla IIhieh were cOlllOllCd of the dillCthy I

siloane rubber paraffin vax and the silicon resin odified IIith polyshy

ethylene eyeol IIere prepared for follovine tests bull

(2) Sea i bull ersioll test

On 10 1300 II 100 steel plates epoxy Ale lias applied In t o

coats (100 aiClOllll lIZ) anelthen each saple vas applied to 30-50 icrons

thick_s and left for dryine for 1 veek at roo te-erature

Silicon resIII odel foraula and silicon rubber aodel fonula llere

i_rsed at Shibu Orido say fr_ Aveilst 1986lo flarchl987 and at

Yokosuka Bay froa flarch 1987 to January 1988 respectively The IIIIOUnt

of foUline oreal)ins vas val1Je4 at fouBnr percent every onth

U) Surface eneru

The nrface enerey as induced fra the cOlltact anele by usine

fowkes and Ow for_da The surface 5 cleaned off dirts and

lillC vbich adhered dudnemiddot sea i_rsioll and presented to the ashy

sure_nt

(4 ) Surface structure

The surfaoedried for a eek after application vas dyed vjth Osius

acid 6) and obserlled ith a SEII (Sannlne EIectro lIicroscope)

(5) Adsorption of proteins

Adsorption eaount as obtained by t~ Folin~s ~thod7) The

outline is as folls

1bullbull diaaeter glass beads hieh have about 2000 areasere

ia_rsed InZ4 Non Volatile solution and dried while shakinr After

that they were vashed in buffer solutiOft and then the air on beads surshy

face were coIIIletly evacuated Adsorbed proteins (Albulline rshy

gllthrin and Fibrinogen vere asured by lhe spectro scopic differene

using 770 nil tighl source

3 Result

(t) Si Iicon resin aocIel forilllla

The polarhy of the filas adsorption of proteins aDd asount of

adhered organiis are tabulated in Table 1 It was found that there is anoptiu cabination ratio (hydroshy

phobichydrophll ie cOtlponent (A) ioponent (8) ) for inihing the

fouHneaountvhich vas betveen8515 ~8012(t by vt in series

Surface energy dose not coincide vith this chaoee Polar coponent

of the surface energ) increasis middotsteadi b UP tomiddot 8020 and then rises

dra_ticab The reason seess to be the errct of the hydrophilic coposhy

nent

In cCOlIPany viththe increase of the hydrophilic coaponent the

surface structure Chances as shown in ficiateZ- middotPhJse separation beshy

coaes ot elearmiddotat the ~tio arou~ 8515 shoving the s_llest doain

size Themiddotdoln iUies are 08 Ja aDdmiddot 12 15 In at the ratio

of 8515 aDd 1030 respectively

It as found that there is an opUu ratio for each proJein vhere

protein adsorption calCbe kept at a 1nl_1 level These optilllJ 10shy

b1nation ratios beteen COlIPooent (A) and co~ent (B) are on 9010 for

Albuin 8020 for Fibrinogen and 8515 for T--Globelin respectively

These opthu colibinaUon ratios ie fro 9010 to 8020 are found to

veil coincide ith the iniaal foulinc allOunt See Figure 3 (~) Silicon rubber ~el forlUla

Tloe _ experi_tll as those for silcon resins vere carried out

vit~ sllicOR rubbers aA4 paraffin vax which are videly used as non-toxic

_tHouH lntll

_t __l1IIe f01lIi ~ surface ern are shollll 1ft Table 2

1ft ~Ii table 211~ tatlols relatiOfillbip vas not fouml either

The lip contf88t icroscope shooIed clear phase separation it is

_ in filMte 4 Althtgtuch the SEII holled vaglle phase separatioo

ilis not 8ssusebly appropriate to take the sase dyeing sethed [or

111008 resin odel forsvlas eperi~t Table 3 shows elcept for

the flatlol1 colltahtinc praftln v 10v adsorptioo of the proteiliS

corretaud to ampoed lIRti-fouling perfOfCaftCe Thollllh the foulat iOft

bull

containing paraffin vax shovs rather high adsorpti~n value its antishy

fouling perfor_nee belongs to the best group The result of i_tiers1011

is shown in Table 3

4 Dl scllsiOll

Although it is not veU kllOlIII about anti-throllbosis sechanisa by

the phase separation vith hydrophobic and middothydrophilic portions

following explanation is soseties adopted As there is an observation

that blood platelet does not chance their figure on phase separated block

polyser vlth hydrophobic aDd hydrophilic portions it is considered

that phase separation achieves soaethipg effective to restrain coagushy

lation of blood

The restriction of coaculation has 11 relation ith the adsorPtion

of blood platel~t which say be affected directly by the dosain of surshy

face structure Albuin bull r-Globline lind Fibrinollen are the represenshy

tative blood plasa proteins which have been investillated of their adsorpshy

tion phenosena on various aateriatsbull8) It b very interestinc that

if AlbUlline is said to be selectively adilorbed on the hydrophilic si te

and r--Globllne selectively adsorbed on the hydrophobic site to accua~

late the_elVes liakinc dONin vhiCh say restrain the function aDd coashy

gulation of blood

It is veIl kn~n that adhesion of sarine fduling is due to viscous

polyser liquid 9) As for ytilus the adhesive of foot (edulis) is

ainly coaposed of tyr~ine and takes quinon type cross-linking sechashy

oiss In aarine foulinlls as the first of all orcanic aolecular irrevershy

sible adhesions proteinsadsorption takes place and proteins forms

-conditionig fll-IOlll)12) As aarine organisss adhere onto such

a filII it is siailar to the thrOilbosis in the IlellIIe that the proteins

of God Iaaa 8Clhere OIl polyseric fUbullbull beforeMnci

I _ IiillPeliSlint ceplbrpar~itI UI bull the eb ~tIamiddot

hydri1ic ~ rie _ ~ti_ ~ bull ampOCMI allti-foulinc

perf_a and ~ a low a~1 ofmiddot -ceins It IIU~ t~t IIOt _IT IIvrfllice _rp llut alllOli9rpbOrogjo anillPOrt8llt flCtltllrBmiddot to

prevt rine hili I IRes middotThe fact that tere lire different sini_

val_ respecUgtveb fer UlMaaine bull T-GI bNt ampltd fibrinosetl __ that

the 4iffe_ II8l only cOme froetlieir daaractnbtics This ight lie

gllthrin and Fibrinogen vere asured by lhe spectro scopic differene

using 770 nil tighl source

3 Result

(t) Si Iicon resin aocIel forilllla

The polarhy of the filas adsorption of proteins aDd asount of

adhered organiis are tabulated in Table 1 It was found that there is anoptiu cabination ratio (hydroshy

phobichydrophll ie cOtlponent (A) ioponent (8) ) for inihing the

fouHneaountvhich vas betveen8515 ~8012(t by vt in series

Surface energy dose not coincide vith this chaoee Polar coponent

of the surface energ) increasis middotsteadi b UP tomiddot 8020 and then rises

dra_ticab The reason seess to be the errct of the hydrophilic coposhy

nent

In cCOlIPany viththe increase of the hydrophilic coaponent the

surface structure Chances as shown in ficiateZ- middotPhJse separation beshy

coaes ot elearmiddotat the ~tio arou~ 8515 shoving the s_llest doain

size Themiddotdoln iUies are 08 Ja aDdmiddot 12 15 In at the ratio

of 8515 aDd 1030 respectively

It as found that there is an opUu ratio for each proJein vhere

protein adsorption calCbe kept at a 1nl_1 level These optilllJ 10shy

b1nation ratios beteen COlIPooent (A) and co~ent (B) are on 9010 for

Albuin 8020 for Fibrinogen and 8515 for T--Globelin respectively

These opthu colibinaUon ratios ie fro 9010 to 8020 are found to

veil coincide ith the iniaal foulinc allOunt See Figure 3 (~) Silicon rubber ~el forlUla

Tloe _ experi_tll as those for silcon resins vere carried out

vit~ sllicOR rubbers aA4 paraffin vax which are videly used as non-toxic

_tHouH lntll

_t __l1IIe f01lIi ~ surface ern are shollll 1ft Table 2

1ft ~Ii table 211~ tatlols relatiOfillbip vas not fouml either

The lip contf88t icroscope shooIed clear phase separation it is

_ in filMte 4 Althtgtuch the SEII holled vaglle phase separatioo

ilis not 8ssusebly appropriate to take the sase dyeing sethed [or

111008 resin odel forsvlas eperi~t Table 3 shows elcept for

the flatlol1 colltahtinc praftln v 10v adsorptioo of the proteiliS

corretaud to ampoed lIRti-fouling perfOfCaftCe Thollllh the foulat iOft

bull

containing paraffin vax shovs rather high adsorpti~n value its antishy

fouling perfor_nee belongs to the best group The result of i_tiers1011

is shown in Table 3

4 Dl scllsiOll

Although it is not veU kllOlIII about anti-throllbosis sechanisa by

the phase separation vith hydrophobic and middothydrophilic portions

following explanation is soseties adopted As there is an observation

that blood platelet does not chance their figure on phase separated block

polyser vlth hydrophobic aDd hydrophilic portions it is considered

that phase separation achieves soaethipg effective to restrain coagushy

lation of blood

The restriction of coaculation has 11 relation ith the adsorPtion

of blood platel~t which say be affected directly by the dosain of surshy

face structure Albuin bull r-Globline lind Fibrinollen are the represenshy

tative blood plasa proteins which have been investillated of their adsorpshy

tion phenosena on various aateriatsbull8) It b very interestinc that

if AlbUlline is said to be selectively adilorbed on the hydrophilic si te

and r--Globllne selectively adsorbed on the hydrophobic site to accua~

late the_elVes liakinc dONin vhiCh say restrain the function aDd coashy

gulation of blood

It is veIl kn~n that adhesion of sarine fduling is due to viscous

polyser liquid 9) As for ytilus the adhesive of foot (edulis) is

ainly coaposed of tyr~ine and takes quinon type cross-linking sechashy

oiss In aarine foulinlls as the first of all orcanic aolecular irrevershy

sible adhesions proteinsadsorption takes place and proteins forms

-conditionig fll-IOlll)12) As aarine organisss adhere onto such

a filII it is siailar to the thrOilbosis in the IlellIIe that the proteins

of God Iaaa 8Clhere OIl polyseric fUbullbull beforeMnci

I _ IiillPeliSlint ceplbrpar~itI UI bull the eb ~tIamiddot

hydri1ic ~ rie _ ~ti_ ~ bull ampOCMI allti-foulinc

perf_a and ~ a low a~1 ofmiddot -ceins It IIU~ t~t IIOt _IT IIvrfllice _rp llut alllOli9rpbOrogjo anillPOrt8llt flCtltllrBmiddot to

prevt rine hili I IRes middotThe fact that tere lire different sini_

val_ respecUgtveb fer UlMaaine bull T-GI bNt ampltd fibrinosetl __ that

the 4iffe_ II8l only cOme froetlieir daaractnbtics This ight lie

able to be proved by capelitive adsorptions which are coesonly used as

a useful ethod with edical lyHrs Although ~(fin wax worked effectively (or preventing rine

foulings the proteins adsorption did not decrease unlike with the

other ter181s Thu paraffin valmiddotmiddot anti-follline perfor_nee doesnt

rely on the proteins adsorption

II Refferrence

Applied lIicrobiolOIY 30298-308 (1975) U Outer S C

2) Baier RE PiocAnnu bull Contbull rc~liCaI Soc~ (J 973)

Biocheaical itcilllopIQ-Si~1 Rech CO_lini3) DevoreD P e~ al

80 No4 993--999

4) Lindner E and Oooley CA 3 International Conereu on llarine

COrrosion and FOIl1111amp 653--673 (972)

3rd Intemati~1 Biodecr Sybullbull 4174325) Cha~rlain (976)

6) Oshiaal and HaguilO T Karine Science lIonthly (Japan) 110 953-964

7) Low OH etal

8) BaskinAbulland Lyan DJ

9) Okano II et al

10) lIitchell R

II) 0e~1Ie IIJ

IZ) Baier RE

(I~8)

JBiol ChaJ93265 (1951)

J BloEdKaterRes 14 393 (1980)

Jinko-ZouU 10102 cl981)

Proceedings of OTEC Biolouline and Corrosion

Sy~osiubullbull (1978)

llarine iUolQampY 61 305-315 (1981)

Proc 3rd IntCangt liar Corr Foul 633

(972)

ftrdrophobic copOftent (A)( ( h Ph middotOIIe I ji Iimiddot

1SI-0 Si-OUSI- 0-Si-(OIIe)3I I I J lie IPh ~ OIIe nSI licon Resin

lie lie lie I i _ Sl-O-Si~O-Si-O- SI(OIIe)3I 1

lie Iff fie SUcog Rubber

ItxdroehiLtc CollipOMt (8)

i lie t 8 H

~i-O (CJf2)=-b-middotc~olHI I

lIed (it II Ib d1O-15 b 20- 25

Fiere 1 IIocfe1 pObliers used in the tug

Table1 rnterreJatlonsNpsof polari~ ofthe films adsorptionof proteins and amount or aahenkl organisms

1- ---- -1 Palarlty AdsartlCltt ~tiQmiddota Acth~dareil JlWCwitq(A~J br) IJ ~ and bilfllllClu

Wtl A I r

1 0 0815 7 222~urDlI1oQII eo 2 SUI 5 1131 O QtS ~I rIO

3 9010 12240 1118 0Il7 Q04 2

4 8515 Umll UO CI7S oOt Q

~ aolo 27212142 IllI4 004 o amp 75-ll SOl7U 131 ua shy 1

1 tOAD ~tH4 4IC 014 S

01 WH7dr~~(s)~IfIa~lOmt 2 AAIbumifr FJo~G(ilcmuilft

~

I

518020 ~~-Z=~~ A

6 --~--~--

10shy

12- 1~ S

IT f-r r

bull

bull _ l ~

1 -f

21-05 - t Fold or3191110

phase separation

4 185115 liJffJA Micro Pshy-r- VJi ~ separation

bullr~ shy

~ r~ ~j_1j _

+9

tgtshyerrltett ~

igtJ- ~b_ o

C1raquoi ~ o f=-

n =~

lio fshy i6ir

~ 1 ~

LZ shyo 0J

~ -GlOb ~

5 10 fi 20 25 Amountsof component(B) -CWUs)

Figure 31nteelatiOnshiPS between ratio of component(B) - adsorptIon of protein and adheslcinof marine organisms0 Albumin oFibrinogen ctor-GlobullnrAdhesion of marine organisms

W r I

~ ~ ~

f Jt

I

Ibull I J J

~

Iftmiddottbull1ilHlhg r)(i ltJlIl1iflilJlIt paYlle placed In t~ trltp a I _~n

MI3 Rhode K Vellkll and AB Wagt NaUoftitl stt tule middot01 Oceanography Dona Paula

Gotlt middotmiddot403 004 flnd18)

ABSTRACT Hictofouling on a hlldn lUIII panels placed ill shelf slope and deep oceanic wbters of the Arabian Seb was tudied HlerolouBng biomass (as dry Weight andor organic carbon) w~s hither in the sheIt waters laquo 200 III as compared tomiddot slope (gt 200~it) And deep oceanic tater Mlonsst the orcanisms studied bacteria were first to appear on the aluminiuM surfaces and showed trresular srowth ~attern dUring initial stases of foulin (192 h) The number of foullnlaquo diatoms decreased as the depth increased rutudlll LimDQIhgfsect and HulsyU were the lIIost dominant dlatolllS Carbohydrate and liPids ~re the most abundant constituents In the touling material as compared with protein

1HTROJUCT ION

GoUd surfacet exrosed to ~awllter adsorb orgngt

-Uer such condlt1rJnd sUTtac~s phy 8n importunt role in

thf SUbl~H11i1I t Attachlllent of mierofoul1n organlslll~

ndudlnt bacterhl d lIttlftS Ilr(tOloa etc (Lret- bnd Net hof bull

1911 tJe~eha1tov and Ude) 1984) Adsorption of (ltgampnk

1IlIttei- and subseglll~nt growth of lIIicltoor~ai15ms on the

slldac~l ismiddot know as mlcrolotlling The develo~ent of

fIIhiroOOU~ iIIy IIIIWmiddot plJy an lmportampnt tole in IIttraditll

Ute -Itrva o-fiisny bntllU1i (Crisp and Raylanlt1 1960 Barn bull

t

~

T101 h-iiflf t~ _~middott~fftl~~~ ~Kh fl1i Imiddotnmiddotfn(t~ MAY

I i~ hmiddot~ _bullr1middotfilljot~~-~~~ ~f _~tl xmiddotlt~trrmiddot HmiddotU~)idbull

lltf nt middotn a~middot~tir li4 t i Ill middot1 r hmiddotw l)~

jnera~tn~friet1ltlIlre5l15twe~ n~r~jo1is t~13J andMJ

enhnnr- bPI~a Ie C()MOSt6f1 ((fefchaklV 001 Udy 19nofl

Very little information is avitHablflt on til develoPAlent

of mJcroflulJng on _1111 surfaces expospd temiddot ttypical marine

environmentlt Therefore in thi pap~r preliminary data on

the Inithl stales of lIIicrofoul1ng on alurninJuIII _tal

stlrfares have been presented and dlscussed

HATERIALS AND HETHOnS

Hlcrofoullng studies on alutninlum panels wr carded

(lut In ttl sh-lf laquo 200 m) I)middot-tmiddotlt I 200 ml lind o(lInic

Wiltmiddot 0f ~h~ IIIsbim ra dlld nf (middot-TIltgrlldmiddot middotlI f

ti rsfllrd vfssels middotBY lJy~)vHl_ ~rad l_(_ v fltlt)r tIfIYII

Th stlltirJrr cmiddotc(upled durim thsr (IU)5ltoS n dl~ln 1n middotl~

t nd Tlble 2

rr~rYrtJ~~ ~f ~~n~l~

AlIMinium plIllelS Hi x I fiI cnd re d middotod with

c)n~eotlllted hydrochloric altid IInd 1middotpeatedJ~middot washlt-d with

tap water flt)llltgttlfJ by distilled wat(-r finallY -ried in an

W r I

~ ~ ~

f Jt

I

Ibull I J J

~

Iftmiddottbull1ilHlhg r)(i ltJlIl1iflilJlIt paYlle placed In t~ trltp a I _~n

MI3 Rhode K Vellkll and AB Wagt NaUoftitl stt tule middot01 Oceanography Dona Paula

Gotlt middotmiddot403 004 flnd18)

ABSTRACT Hictofouling on a hlldn lUIII panels placed ill shelf slope and deep oceanic wbters of the Arabian Seb was tudied HlerolouBng biomass (as dry Weight andor organic carbon) w~s hither in the sheIt waters laquo 200 III as compared tomiddot slope (gt 200~it) And deep oceanic tater Mlonsst the orcanisms studied bacteria were first to appear on the aluminiuM surfaces and showed trresular srowth ~attern dUring initial stases of foulin (192 h) The number of foullnlaquo diatoms decreased as the depth increased rutudlll LimDQIhgfsect and HulsyU were the lIIost dominant dlatolllS Carbohydrate and liPids ~re the most abundant constituents In the touling material as compared with protein

1HTROJUCT ION

GoUd surfacet exrosed to ~awllter adsorb orgngt

-Uer such condlt1rJnd sUTtac~s phy 8n importunt role in

thf SUbl~H11i1I t Attachlllent of mierofoul1n organlslll~

ndudlnt bacterhl d lIttlftS Ilr(tOloa etc (Lret- bnd Net hof bull

1911 tJe~eha1tov and Ude) 1984) Adsorption of (ltgampnk

1IlIttei- and subseglll~nt growth of lIIicltoor~ai15ms on the

slldac~l ismiddot know as mlcrolotlling The develo~ent of

fIIhiroOOU~ iIIy IIIIWmiddot plJy an lmportampnt tole in IIttraditll

Ute -Itrva o-fiisny bntllU1i (Crisp and Raylanlt1 1960 Barn bull

t

~

T101 h-iiflf t~ _~middott~fftl~~~ ~Kh fl1i Imiddotnmiddotfn(t~ MAY

I i~ hmiddot~ _bullr1middotfilljot~~-~~~ ~f _~tl xmiddotlt~trrmiddot HmiddotU~)idbull

lltf nt middotn a~middot~tir li4 t i Ill middot1 r hmiddotw l)~

jnera~tn~friet1ltlIlre5l15twe~ n~r~jo1is t~13J andMJ

enhnnr- bPI~a Ie C()MOSt6f1 ((fefchaklV 001 Udy 19nofl

Very little information is avitHablflt on til develoPAlent

of mJcroflulJng on _1111 surfaces expospd temiddot ttypical marine

environmentlt Therefore in thi pap~r preliminary data on

the Inithl stales of lIIicrofoul1ng on alurninJuIII _tal

stlrfares have been presented and dlscussed

HATERIALS AND HETHOnS

Hlcrofoullng studies on alutninlum panels wr carded

(lut In ttl sh-lf laquo 200 m) I)middot-tmiddotlt I 200 ml lind o(lInic

Wiltmiddot 0f ~h~ IIIsbim ra dlld nf (middot-TIltgrlldmiddot middotlI f

ti rsfllrd vfssels middotBY lJy~)vHl_ ~rad l_(_ v fltlt)r tIfIYII

Th stlltirJrr cmiddotc(upled durim thsr (IU)5ltoS n dl~ln 1n middotl~

t nd Tlble 2

rr~rYrtJ~~ ~f ~~n~l~

AlIMinium plIllelS Hi x I fiI cnd re d middotod with

c)n~eotlllted hydrochloric altid IInd 1middotpeatedJ~middot washlt-d with

tap water flt)llltgttlfJ by distilled wat(-r finallY -ried in an

If middotimiddoth 1 111 4 ~ltEreltt HIt11 lI~lted or nllPclJI ri fj h~t~r lI fllHIl1 PIhC1~ 2 x 6 em 1 re f f~~~n~d ~1 1hmiddot~

J Thvr oC~~nJri sIifri ~middotatgtt~middot I wrmiddotr -I(f lt0lt1

~lId wr~ tlt ~rt 11 ltgtd hefI uSP lit th l~ ~t ti(ft5middot laifllmiddot(rmiddotmiddot1 inft v1 studi~d hymiddot d~rlolnr

Ill)ninlll J1lnll at ~ lItd middot4IlfI 11 (I11)g dlr e1l III-(rinll

I ~Ihmiddoty~nt rJf p~llftlli ~~ ~~

At eleej 5t-ali ns (FiR 1) alUllliniulII ranels wltr k~ft

I raquoJQ1~gl1 InJ ~1011~1J Ml1Ilv~h pf 1~J9f9uHII MtrbJ

SUlpended in th surface seawater ( - J ) f 10111 the oM p H1ltrofQUl1nc _terial fo~d()n the above penels -lit

Th__ (anel wer rltrieved after 3 to 6 h and evaluated middotfr various stationl and with tlllle and d~pth was seJarPEld usinjf

j MJc~fouling bioaas~ as organie carbon At these stations brush and filtered sltlIwater Samrls weI then diluted to II

surfare Mat~r sliMples Mere also collected and filtered known volulII~ and $ubsamplcs were taken for different

ihrnuch OPC laquoIus f1br~ 111teis to know particulate

I bioehe-lIicllil and biological anlllllsPls

or(ante carbon (POe)

o 0 Subsamples for diatOills were preserved with f(lfJrs A sing)e shtion (15 08 N 73 16 F) in thJ shelf

J lolution In laboratory they arl Howed to s-ttle for 24 h

wgtIter (Fhr 1) was coltcuplltd to study the inithl hiol(lIknl lton then cQunted IIn-d id1lfidmiddot uJlnr inertod lIticrrjseop~

M I--h1nI~ll sUutlmiddot of mlcrofulillP on alnmlnlum ~~elgt

I wUh rmiddotrJer1 Vmiddot H- lJnd depth Tim ~eric~ exp~~1m~nt WbS

Formiddot tllfl 8 11115 n-f dtmiddoty wtitht Q--eant- stt)(m (middot1 l ~Jtt~ M~ sertted ab()v excppt th t tt anelr w~r

bullI orliti ~~~ crtgtclI~tmiddott Jrl1gttlttA and lid II kno bull

INf ~tmiddot ~ It ioItNV1Jl dtJrin f1 rst 24 h 8hd tbreafhr v(l_ lttJtbs~J~s 113 fU~~ tnrJUlIh 1lilaquoHt

~ Olt t ~1amp 4~ Cmiddot 3 M anlf JrMJi~ ~tI1 ~~sft~~io-ht ~Jlfl

middottt--jk r~ 1-f(~S h tlw3 1II1crfou-Hng _8 atudhmiddotf - ltt rtmiddot(gtfl 1rIIIII Uptll w- iiUn~ middotumiddotmiddotmiddottest __~ t

al 09$4l ~~~lIItlgtmt r~~ _re d tlrot - t is IIIltJllthtt pSliOil at 10 2r JlIJ (If ltIIftd M 11 - ~

Qllll~ I lIIltl$IlQamp site t t-he above stetl lton JkQ-rlg IS lhefltIl-~tpIftYi~ ~il1)iwitat ~bullbullbull middott~A) aM FoU19-pJoeftC)

ltI~lod CQMailth 11middot1tfd rltreved 011 Harcenth 27 1986 relliJnhttowlV ~1I1 l~liriI~ 1V1b

4

shy

I shy

f

1

~

1 r

AsI- fmiddot~hn Il wmiddotr 1I~i tmiddotmiddot -rllrmiddot -1 I~TI

~ilutt~n~ f0r hnnt~ri8) ~n~ly~IR Tw(O gtr thn ltIi luUons

it~rlt rrJ middot~rI 1ust)rllc R P 31ater 11lpllc~t llqwts wlre

ftlt~rd throtllaquoh HUil1Ore middotfilters 11112 tim pltr siel- and

f11tfTl wr placed nn ZoBell$lnsrlne ntl1liellt 1(ar (No o

2216) plat~s The platEos were incubated at 20 2 C to

estimate of bacteri~l numbers

RESULts

)

Htrrf~ul1ng bitgt~ss filS orltnie elllbr-ni and the FQC of

the surface vater -gtIt eleven lI tation are sh=w~ in TablE 1

I1trrofoll1 hlg blltgt1ftllsS liS weil as JgtoC varied fro ltUon to

tiati middotn 111 gmiddotn~rlll 5tti(n~ occnpied jn hmiddott f wnt~r

700 III] 5h11 hlf(hr microfr)IIling thm thNI ltf tr wttr

P 200 m lind dor ltXtlnJ~ wl)t~rs fTU 21 Ithh

IIIICr(middotf IIU C Vt15 ~f1~fj but nf1 alw~)s asoclt~d ith tti~hr

por ltf the surfe Wllt1S rgtf the s~lf Itld ~1ltM stIU)IlS bull

K1erof( liOiTbh-WlIl$ (U tf n(middott gth Y rpr~ hb1( tilt f TfII~e

llh plte~ ItfId pthl n de VAt of he (~IJJ)tmiddot~ ttatiNr

(t-ampM~ 2)

A~nt the tetltmiddotorllIn~sills studied blltteria were th

Unto tp Colortlz~ the altiillillhilll ltlIJface and did lIt show any

delhi te jr~wth jgtlJIttern durlnthl2 h (1f dllmiddoty~nt Tah1-

bull I fol~ (11 1~l riH tr middot11 I~t 4 middot1middot 1

nli U-i r IgtIIlittnj w~rgtmiddotmiddot y ~ tmiddotmiddot ~ bull I f~ 11(1 ~i

middot~Jlptmiddott~t1r~ltl rarly chitnltd ltl~im 1 I Jlt~~ r 1I t I

h 1l1atmiddotrs Trj~~H~~lIl Mwj lt11 I r~ d~l I pM poundlt~tNrmiddotl-) ii3

vere nbs~rved in the lIIicro(ouJ inlaquo matedaJ of thmiddot tinl~

series

Ten different diatoms ele observed in the mitcr-huJ nq

mlter131 collected from dlfhrnt depths (Tamph1e ~I

tHmiddotZlltbiA vas the IIIOst abJlldant IroJp at all th4 dr-ds

T(Ital nUlllber of foull diatolll deltreascd as depth intnased

Of the ttn different iliatom fHent four lgtelrnd tt)

-tntnles and six poInnaJls At 10 2o 40 lind ~0 m dlth

thr~ to fol)ur typiS of diat11 ~r rct)rded wJler~al at t11

1ft 5~V~n typtloo~ (middotf dtmiddottom~ wr pp~nt [~1tI-tfmiddotr~ J rt C~

ill de lIIicrvfollJiIg matylli (11-c1~c fr dl rr rlt fnh

(IIf) nltlt b (IJrrl-d middotlu~ 1 rmiddotmiddotfmiddot~titj( rliffirllltj-1 t

h rd t~ hip

H1-r lltfl bl~ s n-imiddot it i~rhimiddotmiddot) plt~i T

vlIltd wUntj~ ana tHpth Thl -t fHtd _ A middot--t~rw r

hamiddot7t~ri~ Rftft dLlltltllll fI( -jt h middot)tiern liS n~ o~ltt 1liaf

l ni 11 shcemiddot ntt2 l t (If III e~()U lin Ll1 mt4

~g~ydTatlltmiddot _~e Wlt atgttlTlolli1lt III Hie rr-tlli n~

lIIaterl111 ~1r1ng ti_middot 5rt~-middot lIp1t lnrl Ill at v~ri)IIo

~

I t middot~rtI

I fIsCtlSrgt1tIN

fivrl paraMters loeh a carb(n 1I11))1I)11 ATr and Cltrfonate ~ont~nt fAftrlnlaquo and Taylor 1919 l1aYllck 1 Itl

1984) h~Ot transfer resistance (Chnackl~s 1913) and total

I dry vehht nf f(ul1n~middot Matertal (Burton and Harrey 191~ I

have be-cnused to qo~ntU the extent of blof(uIlnlJ We

I

s~ crtlnlc carbon IiIndor drY-weight contfltnt to ampssessthebull yt~nt of IicrofoJllhl 011 alttlllinlulII pattls with spac~

I ~ -

(Stations Ue and depth HlcrofouUnll was rehtlvely low

lh rlpe 1- 2~ 1111 andOceanic ater tis cOfllparfid with shelf

wlItoi-IS f 200 tn)ThlSiymiddot be dUiil tt the tfiffeNn-lI in the

hhJeoth~illteal andbiolodcal factOt-1I at th($1 thre

-n1 tvhllimiddott3 11ii suggested ttlil1 ~ IIo lyrmiddotsltr t ~rbullbull~i nd di-rmiddotlI tgtltyed ~n 1ri1p(rhnt tQle tn th d~elIgtiiIltnt (f

I IIIlc ~fmiddotIJln Oanshun H a1 IftR41- ThJ Js vhlen1 f rcoIII

th~ datlt prsented here (Tllble I ttgt o) We hhvp rtpQyed

I ldnlitlttJIit pn~1s rnil the- ship t iSUmMilt lIIi--tc-fNlllnR

1ttltlit5middot It lit1lerelore Poslibl~ that m~~rrJfulillJ w~s

(Hhlltgt VIrampstilitatd du~ to cohialillMtim frolll he sh J

resolll8b tv thUeffect wils slIall b~cau5~ we obJervdI ltQnddertlbie diffite~ceB in the fo1cr(fouling bi(lft85S In

sht-ll iUld slope i4aters HlcrofoullnlwlIs maximum ampt 2~ fn r ( Tllbll tmiddot ) This is 1n agr~eilient wJth NI Nriler

1

t-shy

h)~middotrtins rimiddotmiddotmiddot t Imiddot l~ 1 h n(middot~thr 1tfmiddottj t( Jf~fo- Pilll

rlaquol(n wherein mmiddot~imiddot lIl middotImiddotmiddotfUH~ WitS Obt3it-lt1 I

(wr amp Jforl ad ~( thlmiddotmiddot )I (WlIlh t1npubl r~~u) t~

VIIliOIlS w(1rk~r Itamiddot~ Ii~~~-=lmiddotlb d th~ developJnl sttP r

the primary sUllie film IHld prQlodcltl 5ucooli910n f tcmiddotmpey

lIIicrofoul1nu coinmunltiOl in tho tempprate ltnd sJh-tr(plca)

en ronlll~ntl fHit-hmiddotIJ lloli (riehman J984 Hhltp and PAmn

19804 Yanshun ~t a I bull 19134 l These studies lltugr lltl thai

blllcteria tier the fl rst rllJd SillS to bppear on th var1lt

surfaces lalted 1n

lIIicrofouHng IIIbter )

agreement w1 th th

seawater Our observation on the

frmiddotrm~d on aluminium tanl Is 11lt h

alJ(ve find i ftilI[S Jrre~ular ~rwt1

pattfTnS (If bact~rj amp all~ ltl1at(middotms I n l~rH el ~tS~middotmiddot~middot f

1111 c--Jmiddot foll] itll hltmiddot~ nl~ llmi 111 Ind ~ 5 middot1 tmiddotmiddot bull

~~u 1 t-lt~n~mmiddotl(middotn t~1 H i~t -t1 1 ~t- (middotrmiddot I ~ Y~fSltlr 1

111 19841 Thl1lt Irr~rtlll Irnwth pltttmiddotrn may 1gtlt h rmiddotmiddot1t

~f r~vorslhl IlttllthmlIt (middotf Imiddotlttltril to urf(~s hid rmiddot

relilnv-id dUf t lbvd 1 iI)middotSl lindc titt tr- ctmiddotcirn )0

prltotNrn HarIl-d I f~ ~l tIn l1arha I 1 HIlt I

After bactr1a) ~heslltn diat(fn5 Wfregt 1he fOcmiddotmiddotnil (rnUt

ot cl)]ltgtnists on the tilnlinj111 pane15middot Al ihobullIRhmiddot III Gns~ bullmiddotmiddotl I nves t1gatl cns of U mlcrofouUiil hay r~Ja1rl the

presence (r liiat~m~ in hr~ numbels ~middotw Itldled hm h~JI

8

7~

1 n fhv (r~UlI mmiddotmiddot 11ro ui lgtt hurth HUH

1ltmiddot 1 J Im 1 lin whimiddotmiddoth Iil] lIIInNIHimiddot lItr((

I i ~i 1( lI middotest r i I~(I ~ImiddotImiddot bull1 ~II billgt Id 1gtr lSIfl 11~ middotf

rt1 tilrrmiddot 11middot1 )i m I bullo 1983 roks~y cl 31

Igt~ In th1 prmmiddotmiddotflt~tldj in rddi-thn to lnnatltl

~Il flt~s __ r~middot niSI) rmiddot~I-dimiddot Of the vari Js dlllt-gtms

hmiddotmiddottt trl~~[if1Wl WFf~ U~ fi rlt to apP81 middotaftfitl 48 hrs c-n

J 11m 1niull panels f(1 IQwM by other dhttolll th

proett(Jftlinance o[ 1f~lliQ~ and tl0119ph2rl on the suhmrfaee

p3ngth fTableU indl cated the gtC()IIIlIIon app48rence of these

(~l)n151111 on hon-toxic slIlfl)ces exposed to vllrlolJs tpes (f

envronilerits r~

Bloch_leal antilysin (middotf the lIIicrof11111 shNled larft

amolnt ~r lipl d carbohydrat nd r~tetn whl eh lIIay 3ct-ve 8gt

fgtmiddotd sour fmiddotr t~lmiddot --- ) rt ~middotr Itlrv rmiddotf m

I middotfmiddot~lihp ()r~()JniIIIt

1I1tNgtloIIEroGJotlII~T

w ~yrrlts NIl i hcr th~fltS 1 [il rltertor (If th JnsH tIltmiddot

f(middotr hi~ intrfst tmd C(II5tMt hc-ourageJIInt w~ lls- thk

Usn Afgt IImiddotSoll~gtI 1 fgtlvilht and Shr1 NS [r)bhl t r

Ihmiddotir h~]r durIng h~ ltrnli(s

9

J(~ f ~rmiddotImiddotmiddot+middotf

IIfrinp k I m 1v I middot I~ ~ 111 fbull I limiddotmiddotIj flltJ tltl~ ~ 11 HI (tf(middot~n t11middotrf1~ t middotJmiddotrumiddot t~nv(1ttn (~~rjlllnt IIrmiddotIJJolIvjr~middot1 Mi-I jmiddotlJ ~ P H

Flarn8 II lrlO II rmiddotvj~middotw of 11111 ~tmiddotC Iff(- in th slttlemert and adhellhmiddot 1 thmiddot vptit f iM c)mmt)n 13 rn~cles i n l(lb~~1sl1J hi l~i l rgJ~1l) I~)~III~ F - Halt) JP Btl-Ill od (Ntlw Y-~rk 1IdmJmiddot~ Jr~I)

Burtcn D P and Hltrgrev S L 199 Control of fmiddot-lln~ organfsl)Il In estuarine ICQling water sYI1eml bv chlorine IItnd bromine chlorJde ~ll1lS1 ~cl- T~lttoJ 3 684-689

Caron 0 A and Seiburth J tI 1981 tlilttriblltioo (middotf primary 1011110 sequCnre on Ubrgllls - r1nffJrred p18$Ue Iubmerged in the marIne envlrNlmenf IIppl imdr91middot ~~~r~~lQl 41 268-213

Chllracklis W G 1913 Atta~hed IIlI~robinl -cmiddotwt hl 11 Frictional resistance due to microbiltl lll_St ~1t1 ~~ 1 1749-1258

CharcklU W G and Cooksey r E 1983 IH-fi 1m And liIiltrohiaJ fouling My ~PtJ H1st9H91 29 93-1middotHi

C(~k5ey R C(l)ks~) K E HHler CA PJul J H Rubin R W nt Whltr lgt 9114 Tho( Attachm~nt -middotf mi t7rrfmiddotfJi ng dbt IIIS In H~tUIl Pj-oJ~1middotmiddot~rl(orn~l(n l 1ttrmiddotrfjI~jpl IMr1 stv~y 1 1 h C~st~lr I lltmiddotppr r 17 bullbull ~middotmiddotII-fl V ~ IN

61n ltA I LtlId~~n

enpt ~ II 197lt H1ttltfFJu1in~ Tt r~) f rrimsry ft h flgtntling mnrln~ hltt~rho In 11middot(middot TIt r-l tntrp-li Cn IltPpoundttl$ Otl ~Itrjn~ C-nOSiN ~ill ~middot~I irC r--t R F IIck~~r 1 F Brown_ J R Of Palin W An(Ir~11 PI ~fI~ 6-~ Nrthw)strtl On I v fr$5 I

Crl~p n 1 Imd RlIhnd 1 3 Itlfi0 llfIn~middotmiddot middotmiddotf n Imi~ an( surf) t~ytlJr (middotn fhe 5~middotttlgtmmiddotnt middotf ~Imiddotrlnmiddot~ ~rlalims f~ttUll 11lfgt-lJl

Dnblts H flU] t( II HunlltcmiddotnmiddotJ 1 k~bmiddotmiddot rmiddot1 ~mith f i956 C(]Cdm~middottric methd f(I ~tt)rmi 11 i n f slIggtlrl A~~lr Cbr~ 2~ 3b~-3~6

bull bull

bull bull bull bull bull bull

bull bull

-------------

bull

Imiddotllt~h J tt- (-1rll1 H MhJ ln~ bull M fi llt1 Hutl)gt tomiddot C 1l1Ill middotmiddotl(ll bull JII middotgtr It trif~tmiddotI I

r1tgts dil~ ( biitroltJ IOf m bullmiddotrr-sl n at K~middothmiddotlfgt pmiddotmiddotlmiddot 1Wlit h~~ In l1(middotfmiddotgtHHQI ~fI~1 Q~IrQr~rJ lyml(~lIJ bullvlR II GrlllY PP 161-19 Ifd7h) and Wit Pa~fic H~middotrthwt Latbull Dept bull of Inergy)

lirlt-hakv SHand Udey t It UHIII l1i crofoul1 hi and Gmiddotrrr i 1n t1ulnt Bi~~uLqrtlpl ~n h1-udllaquolpHnlry 5Jlltly

pp 82-7 ed J D Cost-hmiddot ReT I per (ondon E amp F N SP-gtn LtdIbull I~b ) l 1911 Adsorbtlcn f an ltrganic f 11m at PhtUnIII1

seawateilnterhce ~ t1lJ[ middotStl 35 283-2IH

J 1 bull rY 0 H Rosebrough N J fair A L Int Randal R 1 Hgtl frltte1n 1Qe8stJrClQents wi th Folln-Neonol raf~Ylt Ith- QhflIIf 19326~-275

t I1llrshlJ] K C Stout Ft arid Hitchell k HI71 H(hanlm~ d h

bull Inlthl eventsln tle adsorption of bactltrla of

-- surfaces 2~D IUt~b191 68 331-348

I H~rRho) 1 K C 1976 Interf~ce in lIIiclobli1l ~1r-nmiddot

ffalltbdde bullHA lIarvtrd UI)lv fr~sll)

t HltlSlHk t A ~Crrlto-Q R 1 Wi Id E Wand fofE it It I l311 ( shy

pratlv~ effe-tll (f middothjrlr Ind cbJQrn~ c1iox1 hh lde rApt IIIfS fr tmiddotiy fmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot H nv (Cnt roJ ~ot(~ ~~I ~ middot~~~-~99 shy

I Hltdbullbulli-J Fo Ilnd tJi~hlllrJO 11 11~4 rhlIIl~rmiddot-li81 middot11 1

lII~rtll~ ~urfJl~s ill Itaxlnc Bl(v~ri(-tImiddotmiddot1l At Hlt~r~~$-1rl n~ry ~ttJiy middotds J 1lt5t1)w k t f p I Lunckn Famp rN $PNbull tA1

bull middotrs-nr T ~ HatII1 Y and LIJIJ 11 C Ii llltl4 A lftuHal 1 dml ( Ilf~t1 t(lotclltll11throifn middotmiddotf ~ltwatr analysl INmiddot Yrtlo torf~ treamp ~ 61

Wl ~ ~ n f 3tWi (111)9(11 II 1 t4 I)ltt~rmi nn1 imiddotmiddot ltJf bimiddotmiddotnl~middot hy 6ic~i cat IItJltU cQnmmiddotni ty $1u~t1Jr~~ 1Jt~H1 l(tra(eJ 1 1111 plampqu( o( th- ml~r~toullnr fl(~ in 11middot~lrtl1~ llmiddot~d~rrj9rmiddotJ(p fn 1n1lflt1middotJpl Hn~lIY Co tu~I d 1 IJ Costoloil ReTh1gtl Pigt 8-14 I [mo bullbull r E F II pn Md I

IL l~middotmiddot-middotruL Y ~ II ~ ~ 1I~middotmiddotltmiddotmiddot~ y tH1 (itt bull rittf tttirI~middotmiddotfttdi~ tmiddotmiddot~lIj~middotm~middot in 7f Mtf

III I ffltilJlmiddot jn q rmiddot rt) bull IJlmiddot middotbulltignI~

~fIW ~-nUng pp 911 (AH~ GImiddot~c~

labl 1 K1ctQfou11nv bl on alua1_ ne1 place4 111 the urfce 18 at various hUonbull net particuiata ocvan1e cadlca (PaC) of Cfaee aten at theM taU

--------- -------~----------------Statton sU statioa lcMI1tlon bullLat 1oDO 11th thpth

( (---------_ ---------------shy

1711 15bull bull000 69bull4S0r 3100 t 5Sa ClSOO

3119 17 00011 18bull00 500 1 it4 569 3121 bull 3400 t 6629 U6al1900011 6150 1121 21 OOOmiddotN lIS 000pound 1600 1 68 1612 J72 20

bull bull000 n bull

bullOOOamp C8 1 102 100233

n 18 000 72 1501 19 1 245 393 3135 18 000 72 000 90 1 1211 0093

7 1800011 71450 80 1 217~4 aIMSo n4t 17 3O0middotN 73 000pound 45 1 17 n65

bull17 17 000 72300pound as I 1584 U4S 314 l ooe 72 000 n 1 11455 ]1- MlearopoundouUDIJ bla-U8 (ugC1h110 42) 8 POC(~-l)

--

--

-------

Vl ~ 1 tI I1 1f~ f~~~ r I j

t i r i ~ f 1j I ~ I~ lt~middott tr r 1 ~ I 1- - ro t ~ -nh t 1~Hj Hili bull

~~t

Table 3 Type IIDd number of lIIicrofoul1ngcUatoMon alUlaJn1a

~1 Fl t Ih

paelS placed at yadoubull depths at a staUon (15 0811 1316t)j - 1- I ~ I 1 ~

1 _______I-It _ ~It-~ ~ 1

SrKo Nbullbull of the l)pt W1~H A 8 A B oenus 10 as 40 60 10

-------~- -~----middotF~~s tlri 1 ( ~ It 41 fltl 1 - ii gt- ~ ~

fr=rti on gt gt

1 I~~~~ 6

(middot~11~~ r 14 4 1- -46 114 ~ bull ~ f 2 pound~dn~~se_2 2 Ar~1 d 1 ~~~ shy

rJ cmiddot s ~ktontel 3 W~5t(qr) 11 ~ P) ~~ L umiddot fjt~

1 ra~d t1f ~ 4 1I1ddl[i~ 4

f ru H I1 middotmiddotrq drl) Fr - ~i 1~1 ]I~~~ Irn 11 ~ 5 ~2 2

6 Thalasdothr1x 8 10 15 ~ -- shy

1 15Qr~l~~2

8 19 4~ze2 3 2 - 9 navicula 2 2 10 6 3 -shy

10 Nitzschia 118 591 189 10 --- 4

bull ---shy

Total 821 632 828 83 16

~ bullJ

Tab16 ~ Vlrlilttn In miclofolJl in and tts comrolgtit wtth 1m o 0

a~ a station It5 0~ N 7~ 16 El - _- - - - - _ - - - _~ - - - - - bullbull - bullbull - - w _ _ bull ______ _ ~ - _ - bullbullbull ~ ~ ( Ii

Protein lipl d 8ltVmiddotrir

(hrs) Cltlrbon Duration Organic GltIlb-hyd nILe

~ _____ 0-_

~

6 26490 ~~R it I I Sf -1~ ~ ti0 091~1~ ~

Il ~3 ~JYUH 0J~xI01lt -9 I I r12 ~

Pl Hi 11(1 R 1~xI018 PflIH If ~

18 fl6 4~0XI011111 II i 4 I 24 4

~B ~ 1 Gfl f middot1 J 15 17 flfmiddot ~6~xI0 ~

I r 116 t ~ 1 0~Rxi07 II If ~

1(11~1 o 12xlAHfl I I ~ ~ 7 1~ 7 113

~ p 1 11- bull fmiddot1~1 1 Imiddot

- - ~ I ~ IJ fl _~1middot1-1

It gt-1lH( 1 1middot1 1

1~l~ I I I ~~ bull I I ~~ ~i ~ I middot1middotraquo

~ fmiddot middotI-tmiddot- - l1~11Pi1middot_~nl~ )~(middotlk~middotmiddot r1

Imiddot 7 lhfttI~middot -)~

ID~ N tI lilto 0 0 ~ 0 ~ rt ~ IJ) IT _ Do Ji 11 r ~ It

~ jII o It i 0g tOrt aa a JI a

N N ~~ ~~~ g 0 w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e bull bull bull bullbull ft r IDW W (i aJ ~ WID 0 ~ ~

It ~ rt IT ~ S II

~ o It iii

~~ ~0 N N~middot lilt ~ 1~ 0 omiddot~O 1middot ID N N N lt _ q lID ID D go ~

~ omiddot trbull ID ~

It bull

CD IDOmiddot~ D I 0 pr g

~ fi ~ fl 8 j jj 1 D ~ ~ rt bull 0 ~O (Ij I If

D n S WmiddotmiddotW w W wl too 8~ 0 WmiddotN

0 W ~IO tI middot ~ ~ - it ~ ~I

W

Ii I

_ ---~----- - ~~ -

shy

~~13~____---~~]-------____~~

bullI bullbull

bullI to

bull E

bullo shybull

g

J 1

t II i shy U M ~ IS 1 bull 8 J Ilj I I j I~I-I Cf tmiddot1 bull -~ I- ~ I~ ~ I

al 11 f ~middotmiddotI ~ JI II I J Iiimiddot1 wmiddot1 -t r 1 middotIIl 8middot 1- a pound8

J~li tf iiI il iii i If IJ- 1i ~ J 1 I I 1 J i -_middot1 I ~ 1 I g

a i I J 1M 1- JI t iI ij t l - i J 1 yen I I 1 1 i it ~ ~ -l bullbull 1 Ifmiddot = I ~ 0 i it N ~ ~ ~fs1S I I 1 J i j I 1 imiddot ) til I i j J bull J ii- I - ii smiddot

If BI 1- 1 yen J 1 I 1 1 t 11 I i 8 J II I II jJ i I i ~ I 1 a Ii lJ hI I B amp i Ii eli 1

fj I0

1 g 1 I Ie I

-_ - -----~ - shy

-- shy

~- _---------shy-~--

~~

~ Iimiddot bullbull1Ii bullbullbull~ abullbullbullbullbullbullbull

middot ~tbullbullj

IE It

- a1 I f= i l ~ I =t Q ~ a Pmiddot I fD l~VI 0ltmiddotII 1middotmiddotmiddotmiddot1middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot Jbull II

Il bullbullfmiddotmiddot middot I (I I Ibull 1 fl (1 I bull

~4 0 i-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot umiddotmiddot

A a_ f I- middotmiddotmiddotIt il -~lmiddot IIt I 1- bull ~1 II

IIlmiddotlJlmiddotmiddott~I bullmiddot e- f

J i ~ lr I f ~l f~i ~ bull

~ abull

lbl - 1

-tfect ofmiddot ~8ZO on ~ waqrof the PAwn lIlIi

CCnuol 2 hI1I hn 12h1 hJII 4ampII 15 4aytJlO dIlre

OyarIn India 50 ~ 43158 t 005bull 179

~(41)~_ eo ~ u t 10t~ l 2 2 341

a_bar 41a i2o~2t 01 (t 11)103 0_middot 15S

bullbulltun of aldClogt 1U0- 0shymiddotmiddotooplbullbullbull phlUomiddot pbll phU

8~ate of V1t4tl1o Pn- Pnshyoocyte Venio -n~l1o- -nteUoshy

gellla venle

- middot 21st 30881 19J~ 0506t231S19 024 0115

OJ tio~ middotIU 92bull~middot lo~ 069 12 0shy

0 O~ l~t tzotmiddot ~5 057 054 middot0bullbull- bull 0- BUOoo 0- ~l phil phil Phi

Pft- p~ JIIiw- bull 000001 TI~l1011~l1o-Y1VlteUo-middot IjItn10 110shy1jIt vento

veQfct

Tab16 ~ Vlrlilttn In miclofolJl in and tts comrolgtit wtth 1m o 0

a~ a station It5 0~ N 7~ 16 El - _- - - - - _ - - - _~ - - - - - bullbull - bullbull - - w _ _ bull ______ _ ~ - _ - bullbullbull ~ ~ ( Ii

Protein lipl d 8ltVmiddotrir

(hrs) Cltlrbon Duration Organic GltIlb-hyd nILe

~ _____ 0-_

~

6 26490 ~~R it I I Sf -1~ ~ ti0 091~1~ ~

Il ~3 ~JYUH 0J~xI01lt -9 I I r12 ~

Pl Hi 11(1 R 1~xI018 PflIH If ~

18 fl6 4~0XI011111 II i 4 I 24 4

~B ~ 1 Gfl f middot1 J 15 17 flfmiddot ~6~xI0 ~

I r 116 t ~ 1 0~Rxi07 II If ~

1(11~1 o 12xlAHfl I I ~ ~ 7 1~ 7 113

~ p 1 11- bull fmiddot1~1 1 Imiddot

- - ~ I ~ IJ fl _~1middot1-1

It gt-1lH( 1 1middot1 1

1~l~ I I I ~~ bull I I ~~ ~i ~ I middot1middotraquo

~ fmiddot middotI-tmiddot- - l1~11Pi1middot_~nl~ )~(middotlk~middotmiddot r1

Imiddot 7 lhfttI~middot -)~

ID~ N tI lilto 0 0 ~ 0 ~ rt ~ IJ) IT _ Do Ji 11 r ~ It

~ jII o It i 0g tOrt aa a JI a

N N ~~ ~~~ g 0 w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e bull bull bull bullbull ft r IDW W (i aJ ~ WID 0 ~ ~

It ~ rt IT ~ S II

~ o It iii

~~ ~0 N N~middot lilt ~ 1~ 0 omiddot~O 1middot ID N N N lt _ q lID ID D go ~

~ omiddot trbull ID ~

It bull

CD IDOmiddot~ D I 0 pr g

~ fi ~ fl 8 j jj 1 D ~ ~ rt bull 0 ~O (Ij I If

D n S WmiddotmiddotW w W wl too 8~ 0 WmiddotN

0 W ~IO tI middot ~ ~ - it ~ ~I

W

Ii I

_ ---~----- - ~~ -

shy

~~13~____---~~]-------____~~

bullI bullbull

bullI to

bull E

bullo shybull

g

J 1

t II i shy U M ~ IS 1 bull 8 J Ilj I I j I~I-I Cf tmiddot1 bull -~ I- ~ I~ ~ I

al 11 f ~middotmiddotI ~ JI II I J Iiimiddot1 wmiddot1 -t r 1 middotIIl 8middot 1- a pound8

J~li tf iiI il iii i If IJ- 1i ~ J 1 I I 1 J i -_middot1 I ~ 1 I g

a i I J 1M 1- JI t iI ij t l - i J 1 yen I I 1 1 i it ~ ~ -l bullbull 1 Ifmiddot = I ~ 0 i it N ~ ~ ~fs1S I I 1 J i j I 1 imiddot ) til I i j J bull J ii- I - ii smiddot

If BI 1- 1 yen J 1 I 1 1 t 11 I i 8 J II I II jJ i I i ~ I 1 a Ii lJ hI I B amp i Ii eli 1

fj I0

1 g 1 I Ie I

-_ - -----~ - shy

-- shy

~- _---------shy-~--

~~

~ Iimiddot bullbull1Ii bullbullbull~ abullbullbullbullbullbullbull

middot ~tbullbullj

IE It

- a1 I f= i l ~ I =t Q ~ a Pmiddot I fD l~VI 0ltmiddotII 1middotmiddotmiddotmiddot1middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot Jbull II

Il bullbullfmiddotmiddot middot I (I I Ibull 1 fl (1 I bull

~4 0 i-middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddot umiddotmiddot

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OyarIn India 50 ~ 43158 t 005bull 179

~(41)~_ eo ~ u t 10t~ l 2 2 341

a_bar 41a i2o~2t 01 (t 11)103 0_middot 15S

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8~ate of V1t4tl1o Pn- Pnshyoocyte Venio -n~l1o- -nteUoshy

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OyarIn India 50 ~ 43158 t 005bull 179

~(41)~_ eo ~ u t 10t~ l 2 2 341

a_bar 41a i2o~2t 01 (t 11)103 0_middot 15S

bullbulltun of aldClogt 1U0- 0shymiddotmiddotooplbullbullbull phlUomiddot pbll phU

8~ate of V1t4tl1o Pn- Pnshyoocyte Venio -n~l1o- -nteUoshy

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OyarIn India 50 ~ 43158 t 005bull 179

~(41)~_ eo ~ u t 10t~ l 2 2 341

a_bar 41a i2o~2t 01 (t 11)103 0_middot 15S

bullbulltun of aldClogt 1U0- 0shymiddotmiddotooplbullbullbull phlUomiddot pbll phU

8~ate of V1t4tl1o Pn- Pnshyoocyte Venio -n~l1o- -nteUoshy

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OyarIn India 50 ~ 43158 t 005bull 179

~(41)~_ eo ~ u t 10t~ l 2 2 341

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8~ate of V1t4tl1o Pn- Pnshyoocyte Venio -n~l1o- -nteUoshy

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Sr~ vi1ALlRA~ioS~M~SrAWLIN MARY OS~M R$AAOJ1l11l and R~ RAampSHUiHAHAM

middotStioMaxytmiddota Coi1~ lut1COriD6 6280016 IDdia

bull IJepamprtlaitntof ZoolOgY Harath_$l 11DiveZllity6 ~8Dcp1b1ld _ 43100 MSbullbull IIID~

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f)olll tb1e8 aoftcoralai Solenocauloa tortuoll1lll Echinooorgia CCilexmiddot-lndJunceUa juncaa middotwere foUDd to )) lnaeti1ll-bullbull Methylene chloriae extract fr01llSUberogorgta aUberOlfa prevent the JIIOt1le bacteria flOIa 9XOW1D9 oatbe tnated aur~ce

I X~t1cm

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t

are bact8dwlJch y Ieee bullbullcurelyattAached afr u

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bull population OflD1cJ00r9aJds to_ioe surfaces bU been

bull stUdIed 017 (C~lland Mitcbell 1977Martll~1

1~78~00ni978) bull 1hebacterial f11111 then a~cts a

t diwrafi1lljWth protosoampatgae and fUllcr1thllt eventually

icoYeredl4tbJRU1ticel1ulaIIIIIQ~fOuliD9 (COrps 1910 a

Ma~~ket 1 )979)~ lhesl1- 1ayer coiIsi8tS of loose

alibullbull entra~d~ranicdlttr1t~a~dfiiiaI attaChed

bacteria with helMut _Chllnibullbullbull

~2~

Aatrong preference for 11_ surfacesbiss blen Obs4ltned

1nbarnacle~ and se4entary poIYChatea Such as Spirorbl bull

borealis (Knight JQneS6 1951) Barnacles JXrozoans and

oysters are alll9ng the IftOSt serious fOuliD9 proble6 oahip

bOttoms and piliD9B lhIpresence of -extracts fattyac1d shy

dedd butenolldeS prostaglUldinS aDd Dftrogen beterocrcles

(Baker and MUphy 1976 lurath I lbullbull 1978) with antibllcterial

aDtialCJlll antiprotcz0lll6 ichth]otoxlc and r~ other types

of bioloqical activity strongly _ug-geau that chelliical defence

is operative in gargoDfa and ore apecif1callY6 that prbIIIry

fila formation is inhibited in DIlDy of tt-ae anilllllla (Perkins

and che-siromiddot 1973 Tursch 1976 NaiDhe1llierl ibullbull 1977)

The present study was designed to illOlate and identify tbe

bacteria usociated with the cocon fouler bamacle and the

biological activity of aoft coral extracts on bacterial isotates

Material and MethoclS

Isolation of Bacteria

BalanUS lIIIIpWtr1te tlere collected frCll the bottora of the

ahip aseptically in sterile petridlah forbllcterial iaolationbull

APprox11lllltely 10 graas of BIlltnUil phitr1te _Upl was

aseptically transferred to a sterlle91 IIOrtarSl1ghtly

crushed with a sterile pestle and mi-4 _11 in 99 III of

sterile aged Ilea waterbull After givinglaquo fullabake with vartex

seril dllutioll$ were pmpared by adopting atandamprd procedtites

given by Rodina (1972) 10 lil of the inoculJll VU transferred

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L ttshy 41

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ASSOCIATED t(t1Itmiddot~R ~ULER bull

Sr~ vi1ALlRA~ioS~M~SrAWLIN MARY OS~M R$AAOJ1l11l and R~ RAampSHUiHAHAM

middotStioMaxytmiddota Coi1~ lut1COriD6 6280016 IDdia

bull IJepamprtlaitntof ZoolOgY Harath_$l 11DiveZllity6 ~8Dcp1b1ld _ 43100 MSbullbull IIID~

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bull~ acterlsoc1a~d WLthBaiam bull PNtritemiddoten

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f)olll tb1e8 aoftcoralai Solenocauloa tortuoll1lll Echinooorgia CCilexmiddot-lndJunceUa juncaa middotwere foUDd to )) lnaeti1ll-bullbull Methylene chloriae extract fr01llSUberogorgta aUberOlfa prevent the JIIOt1le bacteria flOIa 9XOW1D9 oatbe tnated aur~ce

I X~t1cm

AeoD9fiZlltoE98Dis- to appear On asw-rged face

t

are bact8dwlJch y Ieee bullbullcurelyattAached afr u

little ODS bowbullIa~ Of ctolaquo9aoJS if ~ff8remmiddot bIIlve sUdlar attaC~Dt ktoetics 1he asion ofa prilllanmiddot ~

bull population OflD1cJ00r9aJds to_ioe surfaces bU been

bull stUdIed 017 (C~lland Mitcbell 1977Martll~1

1~78~00ni978) bull 1hebacterial f11111 then a~cts a

t diwrafi1lljWth protosoampatgae and fUllcr1thllt eventually

icoYeredl4tbJRU1ticel1ulaIIIIIQ~fOuliD9 (COrps 1910 a

Ma~~ket 1 )979)~ lhesl1- 1ayer coiIsi8tS of loose

alibullbull entra~d~ranicdlttr1t~a~dfiiiaI attaChed

bacteria with helMut _Chllnibullbullbull

~2~

Aatrong preference for 11_ surfacesbiss blen Obs4ltned

1nbarnacle~ and se4entary poIYChatea Such as Spirorbl bull

borealis (Knight JQneS6 1951) Barnacles JXrozoans and

oysters are alll9ng the IftOSt serious fOuliD9 proble6 oahip

bOttoms and piliD9B lhIpresence of -extracts fattyac1d shy

dedd butenolldeS prostaglUldinS aDd Dftrogen beterocrcles

(Baker and MUphy 1976 lurath I lbullbull 1978) with antibllcterial

aDtialCJlll antiprotcz0lll6 ichth]otoxlc and r~ other types

of bioloqical activity strongly _ug-geau that chelliical defence

is operative in gargoDfa and ore apecif1callY6 that prbIIIry

fila formation is inhibited in DIlDy of tt-ae anilllllla (Perkins

and che-siromiddot 1973 Tursch 1976 NaiDhe1llierl ibullbull 1977)

The present study was designed to illOlate and identify tbe

bacteria usociated with the cocon fouler bamacle and the

biological activity of aoft coral extracts on bacterial isotates

Material and MethoclS

Isolation of Bacteria

BalanUS lIIIIpWtr1te tlere collected frCll the bottora of the

ahip aseptically in sterile petridlah forbllcterial iaolationbull

APprox11lllltely 10 graas of BIlltnUil phitr1te _Upl was

aseptically transferred to a sterlle91 IIOrtarSl1ghtly

crushed with a sterile pestle and mi-4 _11 in 99 III of

sterile aged Ilea waterbull After givinglaquo fullabake with vartex

seril dllutioll$ were pmpared by adopting atandamprd procedtites

given by Rodina (1972) 10 lil of the inoculJll VU transferred

I

shy

EilECrO~BI~cnW KlEwts lROM -SOft (OBAIS ONMcrEaA

ASSOCIATED t(t1Itmiddot~R ~ULER bull

Sr~ vi1ALlRA~ioS~M~SrAWLIN MARY OS~M R$AAOJ1l11l and R~ RAampSHUiHAHAM

middotStioMaxytmiddota Coi1~ lut1COriD6 6280016 IDdia

bull IJepamprtlaitntof ZoolOgY Harath_$l 11DiveZllity6 ~8Dcp1b1ld _ 43100 MSbullbull IIID~

It -- shymiddotAbs~Ct

bull~ acterlsoc1a~d WLthBaiam bull PNtritemiddoten

iol~ed ud i4errt1fi_d bllSed on varloUil IIlI9lllhOlogiCal middotPhysiolQg1caJ Uld iilocbemical C1)aracteia bull 1bey ue ]Ibr106 ilcal1qenes aDdAerolnonaslUld all the eight bilCteri solates weJll9Ja1a D89ativebull MethyleDllcJUor1de extJ6ct

f)olll tb1e8 aoftcoralai Solenocauloa tortuoll1lll Echinooorgia CCilexmiddot-lndJunceUa juncaa middotwere foUDd to )) lnaeti1ll-bullbull Methylene chloriae extract fr01llSUberogorgta aUberOlfa prevent the JIIOt1le bacteria flOIa 9XOW1D9 oatbe tnated aur~ce

I X~t1cm

AeoD9fiZlltoE98Dis- to appear On asw-rged face

t

are bact8dwlJch y Ieee bullbullcurelyattAached afr u

little ODS bowbullIa~ Of ctolaquo9aoJS if ~ff8remmiddot bIIlve sUdlar attaC~Dt ktoetics 1he asion ofa prilllanmiddot ~

bull population OflD1cJ00r9aJds to_ioe surfaces bU been

bull stUdIed 017 (C~lland Mitcbell 1977Martll~1

1~78~00ni978) bull 1hebacterial f11111 then a~cts a

t diwrafi1lljWth protosoampatgae and fUllcr1thllt eventually

icoYeredl4tbJRU1ticel1ulaIIIIIQ~fOuliD9 (COrps 1910 a

Ma~~ket 1 )979)~ lhesl1- 1ayer coiIsi8tS of loose

alibullbull entra~d~ranicdlttr1t~a~dfiiiaI attaChed

bacteria with helMut _Chllnibullbullbull

~2~

Aatrong preference for 11_ surfacesbiss blen Obs4ltned

1nbarnacle~ and se4entary poIYChatea Such as Spirorbl bull

borealis (Knight JQneS6 1951) Barnacles JXrozoans and

oysters are alll9ng the IftOSt serious fOuliD9 proble6 oahip

bOttoms and piliD9B lhIpresence of -extracts fattyac1d shy

dedd butenolldeS prostaglUldinS aDd Dftrogen beterocrcles

(Baker and MUphy 1976 lurath I lbullbull 1978) with antibllcterial

aDtialCJlll antiprotcz0lll6 ichth]otoxlc and r~ other types

of bioloqical activity strongly _ug-geau that chelliical defence

is operative in gargoDfa and ore apecif1callY6 that prbIIIry

fila formation is inhibited in DIlDy of tt-ae anilllllla (Perkins

and che-siromiddot 1973 Tursch 1976 NaiDhe1llierl ibullbull 1977)

The present study was designed to illOlate and identify tbe

bacteria usociated with the cocon fouler bamacle and the

biological activity of aoft coral extracts on bacterial isotates

Material and MethoclS

Isolation of Bacteria

BalanUS lIIIIpWtr1te tlere collected frCll the bottora of the

ahip aseptically in sterile petridlah forbllcterial iaolationbull

APprox11lllltely 10 graas of BIlltnUil phitr1te _Upl was

aseptically transferred to a sterlle91 IIOrtarSl1ghtly

crushed with a sterile pestle and mi-4 _11 in 99 III of

sterile aged Ilea waterbull After givinglaquo fullabake with vartex

seril dllutioll$ were pmpared by adopting atandamprd procedtites

given by Rodina (1972) 10 lil of the inoculJll VU transferred

shy

EilECrO~BI~cnW KlEwts lROM -SOft (OBAIS ONMcrEaA

ASSOCIATED t(t1Itmiddot~R ~ULER bull

Sr~ vi1ALlRA~ioS~M~SrAWLIN MARY OS~M R$AAOJ1l11l and R~ RAampSHUiHAHAM

middotStioMaxytmiddota Coi1~ lut1COriD6 6280016 IDdia

bull IJepamprtlaitntof ZoolOgY Harath_$l 11DiveZllity6 ~8Dcp1b1ld _ 43100 MSbullbull IIID~

It -- shymiddotAbs~Ct

bull~ acterlsoc1a~d WLthBaiam bull PNtritemiddoten

iol~ed ud i4errt1fi_d bllSed on varloUil IIlI9lllhOlogiCal middotPhysiolQg1caJ Uld iilocbemical C1)aracteia bull 1bey ue ]Ibr106 ilcal1qenes aDdAerolnonaslUld all the eight bilCteri solates weJll9Ja1a D89ativebull MethyleDllcJUor1de extJ6ct

f)olll tb1e8 aoftcoralai Solenocauloa tortuoll1lll Echinooorgia CCilexmiddot-lndJunceUa juncaa middotwere foUDd to )) lnaeti1ll-bullbull Methylene chloriae extract fr01llSUberogorgta aUberOlfa prevent the JIIOt1le bacteria flOIa 9XOW1D9 oatbe tnated aur~ce

I X~t1cm

AeoD9fiZlltoE98Dis- to appear On asw-rged face

t

are bact8dwlJch y Ieee bullbullcurelyattAached afr u

little ODS bowbullIa~ Of ctolaquo9aoJS if ~ff8remmiddot bIIlve sUdlar attaC~Dt ktoetics 1he asion ofa prilllanmiddot ~

bull population OflD1cJ00r9aJds to_ioe surfaces bU been

bull stUdIed 017 (C~lland Mitcbell 1977Martll~1

1~78~00ni978) bull 1hebacterial f11111 then a~cts a

t diwrafi1lljWth protosoampatgae and fUllcr1thllt eventually

icoYeredl4tbJRU1ticel1ulaIIIIIQ~fOuliD9 (COrps 1910 a

Ma~~ket 1 )979)~ lhesl1- 1ayer coiIsi8tS of loose

alibullbull entra~d~ranicdlttr1t~a~dfiiiaI attaChed

bacteria with helMut _Chllnibullbullbull

~2~

Aatrong preference for 11_ surfacesbiss blen Obs4ltned

1nbarnacle~ and se4entary poIYChatea Such as Spirorbl bull

borealis (Knight JQneS6 1951) Barnacles JXrozoans and

oysters are alll9ng the IftOSt serious fOuliD9 proble6 oahip

bOttoms and piliD9B lhIpresence of -extracts fattyac1d shy

dedd butenolldeS prostaglUldinS aDd Dftrogen beterocrcles

(Baker and MUphy 1976 lurath I lbullbull 1978) with antibllcterial

aDtialCJlll antiprotcz0lll6 ichth]otoxlc and r~ other types

of bioloqical activity strongly _ug-geau that chelliical defence

is operative in gargoDfa and ore apecif1callY6 that prbIIIry

fila formation is inhibited in DIlDy of tt-ae anilllllla (Perkins

and che-siromiddot 1973 Tursch 1976 NaiDhe1llierl ibullbull 1977)

The present study was designed to illOlate and identify tbe

bacteria usociated with the cocon fouler bamacle and the

biological activity of aoft coral extracts on bacterial isotates

Material and MethoclS

Isolation of Bacteria

BalanUS lIIIIpWtr1te tlere collected frCll the bottora of the

ahip aseptically in sterile petridlah forbllcterial iaolationbull

APprox11lllltely 10 graas of BIlltnUil phitr1te _Upl was

aseptically transferred to a sterlle91 IIOrtarSl1ghtly

crushed with a sterile pestle and mi-4 _11 in 99 III of

sterile aged Ilea waterbull After givinglaquo fullabake with vartex

seril dllutioll$ were pmpared by adopting atandamprd procedtites

given by Rodina (1972) 10 lil of the inoculJll VU transferred

bull bull

~JI

-3shy

to sted1egibullbullbull petr1tUBheS and pOUr plBtecl he platies

~i~ted at ~OOllltelllperabu-e for ~4 howa he colonies ~~~diD tbepiltr1dtshes rec~unted ~ter 2-4howa and

t repsented on Cty welght bUls Par thilenWneratiol1 of

plllt - Yiabiebactedafi1lture medtumMampr1wae 2216 lqarmiddot 1 C4 (DlfcO~ntort ~tro1t MI) vuused I

Morpholgqicdoblervaticnsi OdttlnJ chlIi-acters lnciuc1ag

the appearanoe Of cultums the l_Of the colOnies thdr I J

outu eleyaUOft ttiiilsiuceacy ancvhether they are colourshylS 1Ihite Or othertdJle pi9Jaented wen noted

HIC101c9i1c41ObIitrvet1on Craa - ate1n is a differeDtlal

sta1I1qu1ril1g a p1IWIry stamptnandCOUtltlllr nUn he j

pdauyta1D i crystlll Yiolet vhich 1follO1jed by an

iOclOlutoo

SubCultures 1npeptone broth and on agar plates Sbceit

vu taPa-sible to exatdne 1n detail Illl the colOnies that

grew Oil the count plate a l1lllited DUlllber of coloniea (8)

wetemiddotiol~d from the pr~ plates an~were subculturd

both inpeptcne brOth Further purificaUODVU ccne by

repeated treaJdDg on the sea vater agar 1IIiIIc1a Of the same

C~1tlori~

Soft bull~imiddot2IaCt I gtSoft coralawere cOllected at luticorin

SoatheutCoUtof IntUa the f~sOft coralS were

SOlencic~u1~Dtoit~~ SulUoaor9t suberosa ECMnaAAmta

poundomplexa SAd JUneellajuncea Methyleae chloride elttrampctvu

-4shy

prepared (Scheme 1)

SCHEME 1

FLOW DIAGRAM OJSXlRAClION PROtOCOL

METHlLENE CHLORIlpound EXlRAClIOlii

Nt _lghtL1viD9 OrgampD1sbull

FlfIeze -20 bull C bullI I

_ LfOPh11isa UODFreeze cr1er bull bullI

middotdry Cllgallis - dry we1ght

- aM 100 _tbanOl (HPLC grad)middot bull _ COllect and tiltar

bullbullbullbullbullbull Crudethanol extract i

bull _ reduce by rotovapbullbullI _ add delolliseli weter to 9ibullbullI a ratio of 21

thanal I weterbullbull Aqueotm _thaaol

bullbullI) _ extract vith ~C~ 3 X 14

V01URe

Aqueo~ tbaaolCrude CH2CL extract

-~

I

bull I sshy middoti

middotmiddotmiddotlcnlw~jmi of extract wu ~~al1d _thyleoechlodde was j ~d by -c~bull SoUds were41bullbull01d l~lIea_~r and

~on~entrat1on ~ties _re prepare

ex Pour pite Jnlit~

ltIf

One III of thestrailiwaStratlSf8n-edlnto apetrld1Sh~

About1S 20 III of the nU1rlelit ampger_ltuIIIl was pOUred into

theptridi8hell at an ear lIearlDg ~lIIp8rature aSpetlcaUr

1liII 4Ulill eft rOtated in C1octWibullbull Aln4ilnticlockw1e dhec

tion for t~uqh adx1ngmiddot tfhentheavU soudff1~d fCUr

Mllctlcs _ftPlacedat~i~ points OIl theagu-ardace

lhid bullbullch4ic loaded With S u1 of each conceatratlon

RaUltmiddot

BD~rat10b Of Viable baCteria associated with Balanus JIIh1trite

be total bacterialpopulat1onin the pour platstlhich

are incubated at rOonI u-perature tor 24 hours ranged fran

48 X 103 9 to 88 X 103g on dry W1tight bllSi A total of

eight tratns wre iolailedampnd identified upto qeDeA level

With tba help of tbeKhe_ 91venbY Vdo and middot~Asfoe-_ (962)

and the resUlts ~re C~d with Bergeyl~ manual of Determishy

natl~ ~ioiogy (975)~

Id8nt1fi~ttJm of bacterIa

PoUrpi~8 which are incubllted at room temperature fa

24 houn ~obsemd for colony chllrillCtedtlcII Figure 1 to

3 Show4tf~rent morphol~iCampl cMJ~cte~Of the colony Some

are dUll wt4te or orange in colourm1le others amprecolourless shy

~

-6shy

Soma colonies are translUcent lOUrKi and regular RhiZOid

colombullbulluii ds() observedbull

ata - stll1p1nq

The _in g~pa of bacteria uecUsUnguiShed by

III1crDllcopiCal obSenatiOllS of their IIIOrpholcigy IIndlltaining

rec~onbullbull imt1ally in the gram- atampt_a prepaiatiobullIa

tt8 present obsenations all the eight bacterial isolates

are gr - negati Table 1 aho the idlmtificatiaa of

baCteria on thebaaisof IIIOrlao1ogtClll IIlcroscOpiClll oblleJll_

tiona alld lIlochltlli1aai ana1S~

Ant1b04ic SeOsitbitv Te8t

hi ampDtfbtotic peac111in diffuss tbIOurh the agar ~

OCCUP]1l9 a circular zone aroBId t ongiaa] spot 1Mgtowth

Of the bacileria WU seer in aU pllaquoces eaiept the circular ZOtle

where the antibiotic wu present StralOi 1 to 5 Showed

negatia reaults Figura 4 Shows the ~Dtegar plates

wfth stNirll l (A) lind strain 2 (8) Yibrto sp tnd1claquoting

ampntiblOt1c pencil1D resistance Strains to 8 showd pesitive

results Rutt18nt agei plate with AlealeaeDes s1) strains 6tA)

and 1 (8) bowing aat1b1otic senSit1Y1ty 111 show in Figure 5bull

Effect Of lIIIthylene chloddeemampc$ of soft coral_ on

bacterialmiddottsolatea I

1he -thylene c~or1c1t extraet 1oiaB40D tttedbc diffused

outwards fro eCch diac into the surroUDdiDgllV8l- 1i14

prOduced a diDdnlIIhlD9 gradient of C9llcentrlltion On incubation

I

lt bull

I

~- NcteJ1a ~W at arUofthe plate except thoSe udWld

thelDBter11middotto~chtheYere~~ri~itJ~an~ ~ wdth of

eacbgroiltb-freeampzehe of Inhibition I is ame~ure of

th~ir degree ofsensitlytty ~ ~middotlIIIiter1amplbull

No I zOne of lnh1b1tica t 1I8S observed inampllthe eight

strains when four different concentratiOils of methylene

~hlOrideextractfrom S~lehoeeulon toclUOllUm 70 119

Ech1ngogta ~~plexa 105mg and Juncella Juncea 205 1Ig

bued(Xl the wet weiqht of the Oxi9iJialllDimalmiddot other thtee-

cionCe~trat1on~_re 10 ~ 100 JJ9aridl JIg bUed on the wet

WliqhtOf the ori~irial aniJna1 (Fi9ures 6 _ 8)

It wU 1nteres ting to note the I zone of Inh1b1tica I 1n

all the attains when Suberogorq1a slbet-osa was lQaded ca the

disc tdthfour differentcoDOentrations i bull_ 195 1 10 1

100 ~g and 1 PC] based on the wet weiqht of the oriq1n81 ani_l

(FiguJe9) bull

DisCUSlonmiddotmiddot

middotaraal-Degatiw bilcteda pcedominate in the sea Moat

Of ~baCter1a ~ small rodS beinqdtherstramp1qht or helishy

coidal ~DCnilOt1i~ (ZoBell_nd Uphaill 1944) In ciur obsershy

vations ofbacteri~l isolates aSsociated with cOmon fOUler

Balail~middotDwhilli~ ~mc~ia1 pcpula~ion -is pred~l)ated by 9r-~9~iift foms 1hiee cento~ Ofhe~rotroph1c bacteria

Were1dent1f1ed~sedOnmiddotveJious IIIOrPhological phYSioloq1oa1

and biQChemlcalcheracterslheymiddot areVJbrO~ Alcaligenes and

Aeroinorias Hangi~9droPi pteparatJonsshow that COlllnOn

-8shy

sl~lI1D1 strains of ~ are 1IIOti1le OUr or1ent aqar pO~

plates show peak density of morphologically different strains

OrgampDiams tMt cannot be distinguished by mOrpooioqy

exhibit distinct diff~tence in thciJ biocbtlll1C~lmiddotreact1orur Bacteria differv16isly in their ability to atabo11se carboshy

hydrate to e thelll as a soutce of carboD ampDd enerqy lhII

present analtsia shows that i~ theatraiQ Aercmonu bull all

the other sn str~ns produce no6istectable gas ZObell

aDd UphUI (1944) stated tMt although ost _rine bacteria

can aillllate the siQIPle carbohydrate 11ttle laquocid SlId DO

detectable gas is pro41ced as a rule~ fba COrrosion enhanciag

effect of awfate reducsrs of the genu oaaulfov1bi-ioOb

cQrrodon ~oceaaes hUbeen attributed to the~r ability to

~hydrogen by hydrogeDUe act1v1tyfrca cathodic aitea of

corrosion cella (oerchamplto tt 198) I rson (1966)

presented direct evidence for cathOdic depolarization SiJillar

obeemtions were _de in the case of nitrate - reduc1nq

becteria vh1ch use M0 - as a teradnampl electron donor 1n our3

eight bilcterial isolates aeven ahow nitramptereduction

terosoigia dtrina contains caqxIDampI atructurally

related to the fatty acid deriwdbuteno11des vh1ih exhibit

antibiotic activity from ancep arid jUadalupensia (Sebild tz

and LoranCe1971) On site biouats indicated that alcOhol

extracts Of aeveralqorqon1anapo$as~ed considerable cytotOXic

ichthyotOJdc arid antibacterial activity (Jacobs i 198lgt

~ cHterpenes jeun1dn~deun1cin haw been isolated ampStile

bullbull -9shyImiddot

f~i I ln the 9Or9cOian Euni~a ~ frO

II c tdi1~ andBttnirespect$e1y 8cIt~refound to cytotoxi

a a9a1~i~~ NaUonalCaDceJ8Il3sUtutAil KB cell li Iha

it erild8 filxtraeti Ott~Btndni gorgOnian heMdmiddot cOnfined anti shy

iff neopluttc activity in MUonal cancen InsUtute lnvivo

lilt b1OUbullbull~A9amp1nstP -388 lllPhocytic (Alfred et l 1980)

Intblpnaeat tady bioact __italafra foUr oft

bullIt carals are neither highly toxic nor exaet111lke anUbiotlcs bull ThII crUdl _tbylne chloric)l extrtIlct frQIja sulerogorqia euleroea prnt the 1Iiot1le bacteria frOlll 9roviIll] on the treated udace other middotmiddot~lIIthylne chloddeSOluble crude extracts frOil

soienoeulon tortuosUmEchinogorgia complexa and Junce11 a jU1eeeit are n~ _ toxiciTheSe crude extracts shOuld be purified and

itls U8Ulllllc that the pur1fied fDIlterlal COuid be used u ait lIIIIanS of ptenUn9 IIl1crobial biofUm formation on the _dneit eurface1b1S tchnique-y provide proadaincJ result in cotltro-It hin9 slime rather thantbe toxic heavy IIIIItalbullbull

Referenceshyit middotAlfred J Js AM Helm DV and PollD9 M 1980 JllU1M anticancer agents 13 i4 - BIS Epijeunicin A

it _Ii cellblanol1cle frota the gOrcJonlan Eunicea mammosa

it ampa~rJIaD1HurphY v 1976 Handbook of Marine SCiencer

I copo1UI~ fro Mamprine Organiams 101 ICRcere8S

Clbull eUDd middotOhio 226 pp bullbull bull

sergeygte Manual of diterminative bacteriOlOgy 1975 8th Edi- tionBIlchllnanRE and NBGtbbonesEds Williamsbull

bull anc Wil1dn co BalUmore

bull

-10-

Carpe WA 1970 Ail eddpolyiacChIldcJe prodUcedby a Primary

pound11 - forml1l9 marine bacterIUm Dev Ind H1crobi~in40212

Corpe w 1978 Marine IdCrofodiIll] in DiEc heatexchJngers bull III ProcorEC BlofouUn andcorroeion -JIIpoBilllil ed~Rbull

Gray Department 011Z-91 Pacific Northwest Labcuatorymiddot

Report NO~ PNL - SA]lS Richa1~4 WA

Cunde1lA and Mitchell Jl1977 Mlcrobia1 aucicesloDOD a WOOden surface exposea ~o the sea IaternatBiOdetlarbull Dull 13 I 67 - 73

Gerchak6v SM andU~1 LR1984 MUlat BlOdeteriOCaton An interdisciplinary iIcly pp 82 -87 Ids bull Costlow JDbull aDd Tipper ac

herson WP 19i6 DirecteTicJence far the catbOdic cJePoshylarizaUQD theary of bac1tIriai ~oaoamp1on bull SCtence lSi 986-88

JacotRS White andS Wllaon L 1981 Fed Proc Ped JIM Soc Elq) atolmiddot 40 r 26

icD19ht - ranesEW 1951bull GltcJllriolSDeS and some other aspects of the ettin9 behampViour of Spirorbis J bull Mar Bioi Asaoc UK3i)(2) I 201 22

Maraball KC 1978 In water Pollution Microbiology 101 2 edR Mitchell ~w York John Wileyand Sonsbull

Mara zaleJc DS Gerchakcw S SM aDd VaL R 179

Intluene of subStrateCCMpoSiti01l Of -riDe ra1crofoiliD9 Appl Environ Microbiol 38 bull 987 - $IS

PerklnaDi and Chereazko IS 1973 1ha environmental toxieity of Crusin acetate UlSiD9 tetrahymena puriformla

aa a 1IIOde1 HydroblolO91ca 42 77 84

Rodina AGbullbull 1972 Methods in AquaUcitt~oblolOgy Univenity Part Press Balt1iaore

Schm1u 1 bull 1bullbull anei LoraDeeED 1971 chemistry of Coe~Dte retes XXI Lactones frClllll the 9OrgonianPterogog1ll guadalupenslSJ OrqCheia 36719 -721

I

r

~~~i1~=~~ o middotmiddot~rpallOi4sfro CQel~teratesiPp 247

l ~

R t

~ ~

~

t

-11-

- 29Gb PJ $cbiita~(Bcl~ middotMenM~ralPrQduCts Vol 11 ~a~C~s Nev Yon

UIIlo~$~ aniAal01t (962)Biiu Japan SOciety of Scientific nsamparlbullbull Vo128 Ro amp U1l33 - 11U

lnbel_r AJ Maison iIAbullbull Vai16rHelm D and Poling M bull 1917 Marlne antiClllICer agents asperdiola celllbranold frClllll the 1orgoxdana EUQica aaperUJa and tournforti JIetrabe4ion Liatt 1295 - i2ge

zoaell CE and UphUl C8 19U A list of arlae bacteria iD4u4iD9dIIsqdp~ClQa of 8ixty aev apecies BUll ScrippS

InlitOceampDOgrUQ1v Caiif 5(2) 239 - 292

j(

il

bull ~ I k

ftmiddot ttII too I

of

til

Ii II S tooI I

11

r

l ~

~

_1

f 1

~

Pour pla~s with nutdent iI9ar ill which bactedel colonies are developed at incubation middotpedodNote several morphological diffeientcolonies~

~~middotpi~t8 witliinitri~rit agar in which bacterial COlODiesare develooed

ltliiCiiaUotiperiOd Mote iieveralmorpholog1caldifpounderent(oloriies~

24 h

bull

at 4 h

Fi94

_____-_0shy

Fi93 Pour plate gtlith nutrient agar in which bacterial colonies are developed at 24 h incubation period Note severel ftIOrphological different colonies

-shy

Nutrient agar plates with straInsl CA) and (2) (8) Vibrio p showlrg antibiotic pericipinresistance

~~~~~~~~~--~~

_~~~~ gtft~~-~middot~middotmiddot

tmiddot~

V~bdo p Nutdeilt agar plate showing no seilsitivity When methylene chloride extract of olenocampUlon tortucisum vas loadedbull

~

Fig7

4

t

lig~8

AlceUqene spNutrienteger pii showing slight sensitivity when thylene chloride extrect of Echin9$2orqiaClplex vas loaded

gt~

AlCUoen$ ap ~tdenteger plate shoving no sensItivity when methylene chloride extract of Juncella j~ vas loaded

A

bullbull

bull

119 9 middotV1brlospMUtrtebt acuplate ahowlng ZOne OlIiiiilbltlonwhen methyleneehlodde extract f of Suberosavas loaded

2

~

L

~~~~~~~~~--~~

_~~~~ gtft~~-~middot~middotmiddot

tmiddot~

V~bdo p Nutdeilt agar plate showing no seilsitivity When methylene chloride extract of olenocampUlon tortucisum vas loadedbull

~

Fig7

4

t

lig~8

AlceUqene spNutrienteger pii showing slight sensitivity when thylene chloride extrect of Echin9$2orqiaClplex vas loaded

gt~

AlCUoen$ ap ~tdenteger plate shoving no sensItivity when methylene chloride extract of Juncella j~ vas loaded

A

bullbull

bull

119 9 middotV1brlospMUtrtebt acuplate ahowlng ZOne OlIiiiilbltlonwhen methyleneehlodde extract f of Suberosavas loaded

2

~

L

bullbull

bull

119 9 middotV1brlospMUtrtebt acuplate ahowlng ZOne OlIiiiilbltlonwhen methyleneehlodde extract f of Suberosavas loaded

2

~

L