t h e u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e p o w e r p r o v i d e r power quality solutions s. bernard -...

Power Quality Solutions

T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R S. BERNARD - OCTOBER 2001

SineWave

Active Harmonic

Conditioner

Проблема гармоник в системах электропитания и новые решения

T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R

www.mgeups.com

SineWave – активный кондиционер гармоник

MGE UPS SYSTEMS



ОбзорОбзорОбзорОбзор

Введение в проблему гармоник

Общие решения

Новое решение SineWave

Характеристики



Введение в теорию гармоникВведение в теорию гармоникВведение в теорию гармоникВведение в теорию гармоник



Низковольтное оборудованиеНизковольтное оборудованиеНизковольтное оборудованиеНизковольтное оборудование

X X

X X

X

X X X X X X X

XОборудованиев здании

Компьютеры и Телекоммуникации

Индустриальное

PLCLightingAir conditioning

M.V. Основной источник Резервный источник



С первого взглядаС первого взглядаС первого взглядаС первого взгляда

Гармонические токи присутствуют виртуально во всех системах ...

Они не всегда нарушают работу источников питания и нагрузок...

Качество питания достаточное на настоящий момент...

НО....!



При ближайшем рассмотренииПри ближайшем рассмотрении............При ближайшем рассмотренииПри ближайшем рассмотрении............

Сбои и нарушения появляются все чаще ...

Источники питания, автоматы защиты и кабели подвергаются пагубному влиянию гармонических токов ...

Неуклонное увеличение количества нелинейных нагрузок ...

гармоники могут нарушить работу в любое время...

Ваше оборудованиев опасности ...!



Линейная и нелинейная нагрузки Спектр кривой тока Полезные советы

ГармоникиГармоники: : основные концепцииосновные концепцииГармоникиГармоники: : основные концепцииосновные концепции



линейная нагрузка:– Нагрузка называется линейной, когда

форма кривой тока имеет туже форму что и напряжение. Такой ток не имеет гармонических составляющих.

• Примеры нагрузок: активное сопротивление в нагревательных приборах, индуктивная нагрузка в установившемся режиме (мотор, трансформатор, итд.).

нелинейная нагрузка:– нагрузка называется нелинейной когда

форма тока потребления не совпадает с кривой потребления напряжения.Ток имеет высшие гармоники. Спектр гармоник зависит от типа нагрузки.

• Терристорные источники питания, мотор в момент пуска, трансформаторы в момент включения.

Линейная и нелинейная нагрузкиЛинейная и нелинейная нагрузкиЛинейная и нелинейная нагрузкиЛинейная и нелинейная нагрузки

U

I

U

I



Любой периодический сигнал с частотой f можно представить в виде суммы составляющих синусоидальных сигналов :

– Основного синусоидального сигнала с частотой f, так называемой фундаментальной (h1) .

– Синусоидальных составляющих с частотами кратными порядку сигнала, так называемыми гармониками (hn).

– составляющей постоянного тока.

пример :

Состав периодического сигналаСостав периодического сигналаСостав периодического сигналаСостав периодического сигнала

y h ht t t( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

=

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

+

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

y (t) h1 (t) h3 (t)



Порядок и спектр гармоникПорядок и спектр гармоникПорядок и спектр гармоникПорядок и спектр гармоник

Порядок:

порядок гармоники определяет ее частоту (множитель основной частоты).

Пример: при основной частоте 50 Гц, гармоника пятого порядка имеет частоту 5 x 50 = 250 Hz.

Спектр:

Спектр сигнала – это графическое представление зависимости

амплитуды гармоники от ее частоты.

Спектр амплитуд гармоник в отношении от основной

0

50

100



33-я гармоника-я гармоника : : специальный случайспециальный случай33-я гармоника-я гармоника : : специальный случайспециальный случай

3-я гармоника тока генерируется всеми однофазными нелинейными нагрузками single-phase non-linear loads (освещение , компьютерное оборудование, миникомпьютеры, etc.).

По нейтральному проводнику течет ток 3 x i h3 a также токи возникающие при

несбалансированных фазах. Сечение нейтрали должно учитываться ( в

1.7 раза больше фазного проводника для терристорных источников ).

Предпочтительнее по возможности использование системы TNS вместо TNC.

Нейтраль

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

Phases

-100

-50

0

50

100

Фазы I1

I2

I3

In = 0

i1 (h3)

i2 (h3)

i3 (h3)

in = 3.i h3



222 ...21 HnHHзначениеrms

RMS RMS – среднеквадратическое– среднеквадратическоезначениезначениеRMS RMS – среднеквадратическое– среднеквадратическоезначениезначение Значение rms несинусоидального периодического сигнала :

H1 = основная частота. H2, ..., Hn = высшие гармоникиаббревиатура rms - Root Mean Square.

* пример.

- подсчитаем rms тока однофазной нагрузки такой как PC :

I fund. = 56.2A; Ih3 = 27.2A; Ih5 = 2.7A; Ih7 = 9.2A; Ih9 = 7.8A.

I rms= + + + +56 22 27 22 2 72 9 22 7 82. . . . . = 63.6 A



Гармоническое искажениеГармоническое искажениеГармоническое искажениеГармоническое искажение

Полное гармоническое искажение (THD) :

Это отношение значения rms всех гармоник к значению основной гармоники (CIGREE определение)

THDH H Hn

H% ...

1002 3

1

2 2 2

Отношение каждой гармоники :

Отношение значения rms гармоники порядка nth

к rms значению фундаментальной

Hn

HHDn %

1100



Крест фактор :– Отношение пикового значения к среднеквадратичному rms .

Крест факторКрест факторКрест факторКрест фактор

Fc =Peak value

rms value

* Примеры крест факторов для различных нагрузок :

- линейная нагрузка ......................Fc = 1.414 = 2

- компьютерная нагрузка ................Fc = 2 to 2.5

- PC ..................................Fc = 2.2 to 3.5



Коэффициент мощностиКоэффициент мощностиКоэффициент мощностиКоэффициент мощности

Коэффициент мощности (lambda) :

Отношение активной мощности P а полной мощности S

P в ваттах (W) и S в вольт-амперах (VA).

Не путать коэффициент мощности со значением сдвига фазы

cos 1

Пример вычисления:

Подсчитаем коэффициент мощности компьютерной нагрузки с активной

мощностью 12 кВт и средним током rms равным 74 A при 220V

P

S

P

S

12 10

74 2200 74

3

.



•Если напряжение и ток полностью синусоидальны, cos 1 равен коэффициенту мощности

Сдвиг фазыСдвиг фазыСдвиг фазыСдвиг фазы

1

1cos 1

P

S

Сдвиг фазы "cos 1" Косинус угла образованный напряжением и током основной частоты.

P1 = активная мощность основной компоненты.

S1 = полная мощность основной компоненты.

* cos 1 , сдвиг фазы.

* Для компьютерной нагрузки, cos 1 около 1 и коэффициент мощности

around 0.74.



Distortion factor

- for a non-linear load, the distorsion factor defines the relationship betweenthe power factor and the phase displacement factor

Distortion factorDistortion factorDistortion factorDistortion factor

cos 1

cos 1

- if the voltage and the current are perfectly sinusoidal, the distortion factor is equal to 1, i.e. :

cos 1



Origins of the harmonicsOrigins of the harmonicsOrigins of the harmonicsOrigins of the harmonics

Industrial and commercial non-linear loads



020406080

100

H1

H5

H7

H11

H13

H17

H19

S=122KVA Fc=1.5 THDI=30%

Current drawn Is

Diagram

L1

Z

CL2

L3

e1

e2

e3

iIIs

Harmonic spectrum28% H5, 5% H7, 6% H11, ...

Rectifier - charger

* 3-phase loads* controlled Graetz bridges generate high harmonic currents of ranks 5, 7, 11, 13, ...

3-phase loads3-phase loads3-phase loads3-phase loads



-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.52

2.5

Diagram (without inductances)

C

e1

e2

e3

MiIIs

S=23KVA Fc=2.8 THDI=124% 81% H5, 74% H7, 42% H11, ...

H11

H13

H17

H19

H21

H23

0

50

100

H1

H5

H7

3-phase loads3-phase loads3-phase loads3-phase loads

Current drawn Is Harmonic spectrum

Variable speed drives

* 3-phase loads

* draws high harmonic currents of ranks 5, 7, 11, 13

* the current is unstable



RCD type loads

78% H3, 44% H5, 17% H7, ...

0

50

100

H1

H3

H5

H7

H9

H11

H13

H15

H17

Diagram

v

L

R

C

U

r

D

S=8.5KVA Fc=2.4 THDI=93%

* single-phase loads such as PCs and mini-computers

* generates high harmonic currents of odd ranks ( H3 to H15 )* continuously increasing in number.

Single-phase loadsSingle-phase loadsSingle-phase loadsSingle-phase loads




-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

S=180VA Fc=1.7 THDI=37%

Diagram

Ph

NFL

Is

Lighting (fluorescent tubes)

* capacitive impedance with respect

to harmonics

* single-phase loads

36% H3, 3% H5

0

50

100

H1 H3 H5 H7





020406080

100

H1

H3

H5

H7

H9

H11

H13

Television Studio

* PCs

* TV monitor receivers

S=14KVA Fc=1.9 THDI=54%

* Lighting

48% H3, 16% H7, 13% H9...





Harmonics: harmfull effectsHarmonics: harmfull effectsHarmonics: harmfull effectsHarmonics: harmfull effects



GeneralitiesGeneralitiesGeneralitiesGeneralities

Effects due to the increase of the total RMS current :

overheating of all the equipment of the AC distribution system.• damage to the insulating material• lower electrical and mechanical efficiency of the loads• derating of generators and protection circuit breakers • damage to the neutral conductor

Effects due to the distorsion of the voltage :

increase of the harmonic voltage distorsion (source, and end of the cable).

• break down of sensitive electronic equipment• derating of the power supplies• flicker on ligthing and monitor screen .

Harmful effects : two types acceleratedageing

misoperations



M M M

Final distribution

enclosure

feeder S1 feeder S2 feeder S3

Secondaryswitchboard

Main LVSwitchboard (MLVS)

feeder MS1 feeder MS2 feeder MSn

LV

Harmfull effects in the distributionHarmfull effects in the distributionHarmfull effects in the distributionHarmfull effects in the distribution

Increased THDU

Increased RMS current



SummarySummarySummarySummary

All the components of an electrical installation are concerned by these harmful effects. Many devices cause harmonic disturbances and at the same time are subject to both the instantaneous and long-term effects of harmonic currents, including :

Overconsumption of rms current. Unnecessary tripping of protection devices. Damage to capacitors and risk of resonance. Additional heating of cables, transformers, motors and reactors. Incorrect operation of sensitive loads. Disturbance of remote control and telecommunications systems. Vibrations and noise (rotating equipment, transformers, LV switchboards, ...). ...

Accelerate ageing of all the components of your installation...

YOUR PRODUCTION RESOURCES ARE IN DANGER.



RegulationsRegulationsRegulationsRegulations

* EMC standards fix the levels of voltage disturbances that can be emitted or withstood by an electrical device (susceptibility - immunity - compatibility).

e.g. IEC 1000-2-2: fixes the level as a u.hn / Un expressed as a percentage.

* Harmonics standards fix the levels of current disturbances that can be emitted by an electrical device. IEC 1000 -3-2 / EN 61000-3-2 : Concerns loads consuming In < 16 A / phases. Includes a class D specific to devices with RCD type power supplies and with power ratings 75 W < Pn < 600 W. (e.g. h3 = 2.3 A , h5 = 1.15 A ...). IEC 1000 -3-4 / EN 61000-3-4 : Standard in preparation for loads consuming In > 16 A / phase with a maximum power of Pn = 250 kVA. Industrial applications: e.g. in France, agreement of EDF required (automatic for low power devices, uncertain and retractable for others).

USA: IEEE 519-2, UK: G 5/4 Special regulation and tarifs from utilitites

Standards and rules : at present ...



Reducing harmonic disturbancesReducing harmonic disturbancesReducing harmonic disturbancesReducing harmonic disturbances

Electrotechnical solutions Active harmonic conditioning Topologies and principles



Electrotechnical solutionsElectrotechnical solutionsElectrotechnical solutionsElectrotechnical solutions

normal or replacementsources

oversizing of sources,cables, etc.

transformers withdifferent couplings

tunedfilters

anti-harm.reactors

LD

y

Y

y

p1 = p2 p1 = p2

h5 h7

L

- The harmonics are not eliminated.- Very costly.

2 limits h3 and multiples.

D

d y

3 45 6

1

D

yn

h3 h9

2

h7 (6-pulse bridge).

5

6

attenuates harmonicsat the tuning frequency.

decreases THD(i).

1

3 4and attenuate h5 and



SineWave Active ConditionerSineWave Active Conditioner

Product presentation SineWave range Single-line diagram Design and standard solution



Operating principlesOperating principlesOperating principlesOperating principles

If. (fundamental)

=

+Sourcenon linear

load

activeconditioner

I.s I.l

I.c

I. source I. load

IH. (harmonics)I. conditioner

I load = I source + I conditioner



Role of the various components Role of the various components Role of the various components Role of the various components

C2 - C3 precharge: R1 - K1. attenuation filter F. chopping : Lf, Cf. PWM converter: IGBT converter and

C2 - C3 energy storage. Current load sensors : CT1. input protection: circuit breaker CB .

I_converter sensors: CT2. control electronics including:

- harmonic tapping module- regulation unit for Icnv and Udc as well as internal monitoring (overloads, faults).- converter control module.

R1

Cf

Lf L1CT2

K1

C2

C3

CONTROLELECTRONICS

Ih

Im

Udc

Control signals

CONVERTERsource

load

Extractionof

harmonics

Regulationand

monitoring

Generationof control

signals

CT1

X

X

CB



SineWave rangeSineWave rangeSineWave rangeSineWave range

a complete range :

20 A - 30 A - 45 A - 60 A - 90 A - 120 A

SW 20 - SW 30 20 A - 30 A

SW 45 - SW 60 45 A - 60 A

SW 90 - SW 120 90 A - 120 A



H * W * D in mm

Dimensions and weightDimensions and weight Dimensions and weightDimensions and weight

H

W

D SW 20 - SW 30 (20 and 30 A):

= 680 * 540 * 280 . Weight: 65 Kg .

SW 45 - SW 60 (45 and 60 A):= 780 * 590 * 325 . Weight: 110 Kg .

SW 90 - SW 120 (90 and 120 A):90 and 120 A = 2 identical enclosures= 780 * 590 * 325 . Weight: 2 x 110 Kg .

Smallsize.

Easy

Integration!



Standard features Standard features Standard features Standard features

Simplified complete

SineWave includes everything for a simple and functional basic solution:- EMC filter to comply with EN55011 level A and IEC 1000-4- 7 languages user interface- diagnostic and maintenance menu- basic indications by 3 LEDs - relay contacts for remote indications - terminal blocks for power and sensor connections - large choice of current transformers : split or closed - compensation of harmonic currents and phase displacement ( cos 1).

solution.



OperationOperationOperationOperation

*conditioner on

*current limiting

*conditioner off

1

2

1

2

User interface

Indications

Operation:

simple and

complete

(Information available via relay contacts)

features !



OptionsOptionsOptionsOptions

Display unitinstalled onpanel door

Parallel connectionof 4 units

open or closed sensorsclosed : optional split : standard

RS 485 communicationsport - JBUS protocolmonitoring software (98)

Extended

features !cable

Rating : 300/1, 500/1, 600/1, 1000/1, 1500/1, 2000/1, 3000/1, 4000/1 .



Remote indications and communicationRemote indications and communicationRemote indications and communicationRemote indications and communication

RS 485 communicationsport and JBUS protocol( for remote control, alarms and measurements)

Remotedisplay uniton switchboarddoor

L max = 3 m. L max = 1200 m.

* conditioner on/off ( 1-2-3 )

* operation with limitation ( 4-5-6 )

* conditioner on/off ( 8-9-10 )

Relay contact terminals : 2VA, 30V max., 1 A .



User interfaceUser interface User interfaceUser interface Display:

back-lit LCD screen 21 characters x 6 lines 7 languages

(Dutch, French, German, Italian Spanish, UK English, US English)

Keypad (20 keys): number keys ( 0 - 9 ) function keys ( F1-F2-F3 ) control keys ( ESC-ENT- RUN - STOP keys with security cover.

On back of display unit: SUBD9 connector start-up disabling switch.

)

F1 F2 F3

7 8 9

4 5 6

1 2 3

0 RUN

ENT

ESC

STOP

F1 RUN

help menu-dependent enter escape on

STOP

off

F2 F3 ENT ESC



PossibilitiesPossibilitiesPossibilitiesPossibilities

LanguageMain measurementsOther measurementsAlarms

MENU GENERAL

Language

FrenchEnglish

Main measurements

Mains and load:* rms currents I1, I2, I3, In* total harmonic distortion THDI* SW load level for each phase* mains phase-to-phase voltage

store

Other measurements

Alarms

* mains voltage and frequency outside tolerances - SW current limiting* SW over-temperature - control/monitoring board fault - power supply board fault - internal fault - start-up disabled.

ENT

* harmonic spectrum H2 to H13 and THDI of mains and load

ENT



ParametersParametersParametersParameters

ConfigurationJ BUS communication IdentificationReserved access

Configuration

- password * type of sensors (rating) * neutral (distributed or not) * remote on/off enable/disable * reactive power compensation enable/disable * harmonics Hn to be conditioned (H3 to H25)

JBUS communication

* slave address* speed* format* parity* stop bits

Identification

* serial number* SW rating and type* voltage and frequency* installation with or without neutral* software

Reserved access

* coded information for After-Sales support



PERFORMANCE AND RESULTSPERFORMANCE AND RESULTSPERFORMANCE AND RESULTSPERFORMANCE AND RESULTS

Overall performance Results for three-phase loads Results for single-phase loads



Input voltage : 400 V , - 20 % , + 15 % phases : 3-phase with or without neutral. Compatible operation

with single phase and unbalanced load frequency : 50 Hz or 60 Hz, +/- 8 % auto-sensing

Compensation characteristics harmonics covered : H 2 to H 25 type of compensation : harmonics - cos - mixed (Hn + cos ) compensation mode : overall or selective (specific harmonics)

* Configuration of standard application (loads) attenuation ratio : >10 at full load ( THDI) cos 1 correction : up to 1 THDU reducing : according to the installation parameters, THDU reducing

will be determinated by the SITE AUDIT response time : < 40 ms in overall current compensation mode. overload : automatical current limitation

Overall performanceOverall performanceOverall performanceOverall performance



-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

120 kVA UPS rectifier / charger120 kVA UPS rectifier / charger120 kVA UPS rectifier / charger120 kVA UPS rectifier / charger

I phase = 237ATHDI = 28%S = 156 kVAPower factor = 0.82Cos phi 1 = 0.86

I phase = 231 ATHDI (reduced by a factor of 10) = 2.8 % S = 136 kVAPower factor = 0.94Cos phi 1 = 0.94

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

mains current without SineWavemains current with SineWavemixed compensation (Hn + rephasing)



6-pulse Graëtz bridge6-pulse Graëtz bridge6-pulse Graëtz bridge6-pulse Graëtz bridge

-2

-1,5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1,5

2

-2

-1,5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1,5

2

I phase = 37 ATHDI = 88 %S = 8.2 kVAPower factor = 0.63Cos phi 1 = 0.84

I phase = 25A (-32%)THDI (reduced by a factor of 9) = 9.5%S = 5.5 kVAPower factor = 0.99Cos phi 1 = 1(in fact limited to 0.94)

mains current without SineWavemains current with SineWavemixed compensation (Hn + rephasing)



Case studiesCase studies

ELF Aquitaine

Other case studies> Swissair

> STNA: Technical department of Air Traffic Control

> Hewlett Packard



Comparison A.H.C and passive filterComparison A.H.C and passive filterComparison A.H.C and passive filterComparison A.H.C and passive filter

harmonics current requires one filter by frequency control at the same time ofcontrol (bulky) several harmonics currents freqency variation decrease of efficiency no influence influence

impedance modification risk of resonance no influence influence

current increase risk of overload and no risk of overload influence destruction (less efficiency)addition of equipment in some cases, modification without problems if AHC (loads) of the filter is required current >load harm. current

control by harmonic order very difficult possible by customisation

fundamental frequency impossible possible by customisation changing

overall dimensions, weight important small

Passive filter Active harmonic filter



OPERATING CONFIGURATIONSOPERATING CONFIGURATIONSAND INSTALLATIONAND INSTALLATION

OPERATING CONFIGURATIONSOPERATING CONFIGURATIONSAND INSTALLATIONAND INSTALLATION

Installation points Operating configurations



Installation pointsInstallation pointsInstallation pointsInstallation points

C

A

M M M

Final distributionenclosure

feeder S1 feeder S2 feeder S3

AHC

AHC

AHC

B

Secondaryswitchboard

Main LVSwitchboard (MLVS)

feeder MS1 feeder MS2 feeder MSn

LV

local conditioning

partial conditioning

overall conditioning

The installation point is chosen as a function of technical and economic criteria depending on :- available measurements- the required degree of conditioning.



-1,5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1,5

Single-unit configurationSingle-unit configurationSingle-unit configurationSingle-unit configuration

-2,5

-2

-1,5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1,5

2

2,5

Irms = 18.1A, THDI = 7.5%, Fc = 1.46

Irms = 24.8A, THDI = 104.8%, Fc = 2.92

I neutral

= 31.6A

I mains

I load

I neutral = 5.8A

Office PC

Workstation

printer

Portable computer

MLVS

Computerswitchboard

3 current transformers may be connected to one SineWave (compensation of 3 different feeders).



Parallel configurationParallel configurationParallel configurationParallel configuration

Secondary LV switchboard

* Parallel connection of up to 4 SineWave units (same ratings).* 1 common sensor.

Non-linear loads

commonsensor

modificationextension

SW 1 SW 2



Cascade configurationCascade configurationCascade configurationCascade configuration

This configuration can be usedfor instance to :- compensate feeder 2 for a particular harmonic (e.g. H3) using SW2- compensate feeder 1 for all harmonics (e.g. H5, H7 H9 ...) using SW1, which also provides additional compensation of feeder 2 if required.

Secondary LV switchboard

sensor 1sensor 2

SW 2 SW 1

feeder 1

Non-linearloads

feeder 2



SineWave : advantagesSineWave : advantagesSineWave : advantagesSineWave : advantages

ADAPTABILITY:* for all types of loads (single-phase or three-phase) and all spectrums. Ease of connection to the AC system.

FLEXIBILITY:* installation at any point in the installation (local, partial or overall conditioning). Total flexibility.

UPGRADABILITY:* harmonic conditioning capacity can be increased by parallel connection of up to 4 SineWave units.

PERFORMANCE:* THDI (total harmonic distortion of current) reduced by more than 10 times .

AVAILABILITY:* shunt topology for continuous power availability and current limiting for protection against overloads.

EASY INSTALLATION:* anywhere in the installation, in a LV switchboard or mounted on a wall, split toroids . Maximum ease of integration .

SAVINGS ON Gen Sets, Transformers * by reduction of the rms current consumed.



MGE UPS SYSTEMSthe uninterruptible power

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