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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................. 1 ENOVIA LCA ...................................................... 2 ENOVIA VPM Navigator ............................................. 2 CATIA V5 ......................................................... 2 ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator ....................................... 3 CATIA Pull Down Menus ............................................. 4 Edit ......................................................... 4 Insert ........................................................ 6 Tools ....................................................... 8 Analyze ..................................................... 9 Assembly Design Workbench ......................................... 10 VPM Navigator Workbench .......................................... 12 VPM Search Workbench ....................................... 13 VPM Session Workbench ...................................... 14 Manual Format ..................................................... 15 Logging into ENOVIA VPM Navigator ................................. 16 ENOVIA is a Multi-User Database ..................................... 19 Manipulating Parts ........................................................ 21 Creating Instances of Parts in a Configuration Node ........................ 24 Manipulation Bounding Box .......................................... 29 Manipulation ...................................................... 30 Snap ............................................................. 31 Constraining Parts ........................................................ 32 Fix Constraint ..................................................... 32 Coincidence Constraint .............................................. 33 Offset Constraint ................................................... 36 Contact Constraint .................................................. 38 Defining a Multi Instantiation ......................................... 40 Fast Multi Instantiation .............................................. 41 Copying and Pasting with constraints ................................... 42 Angle Constraint ................................................... 44 Explode .......................................................... 49 Table of Contents, Page i © Wichita State University

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Page 1: TABLE OF CONTENTS - CAD/CAM Laboratory - Home · 2010-03-03 · ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .....1 ENOVIA LCA .....2 ENOVIA

ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1ENOVIA LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2ENOVIA VPM Navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2CATIA V5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3CATIA Pull Down Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Analyze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Assembly Design Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10VPM Navigator Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

VPM Search Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13VPM Session Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Manual Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Logging into ENOVIA VPM Navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16ENOVIA is a Multi-User Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Manipulating Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Creating Instances of Parts in a Configuration Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Manipulation Bounding Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Snap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Constraining Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Fix Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Coincidence Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Offset Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Contact Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Defining a Multi Instantiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Fast Multi Instantiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Copying and Pasting with constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Angle Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Explode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Table of Contents, Page i© Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Relational Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Single Tier Relational Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Creating Master Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Designing within the Context of the Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Morphing a Single Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Changing Master Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Changing Master Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Partial Saves to ENOVIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Multi-Tier Relational Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Creating and Using Published Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Morphing Multiple Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Appendix A - ENOVIA VPM Navigator Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115ENOVIA V5 VPM - ENOVIA V5 VPM Logon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115ENOVIA V5 VPM - ENOVIA V5 VPM Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116ENOVIA V5 VPM - Product View Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117ENOVIA V5 VPM - VPM Impact Graph Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118ENOVIA V5 VPM - VPM Search - VPM Search Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119ENOVIA V5 VPM - VPM Navigator - VPM Navigator Properties . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Table of Contents, Page ii ©Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Introduction

ENOVIA VPM Navigator

Upon completion of this course, the student should have a full understanding of thefollowing topics:

– Working with and saving assemblies back in VPM Navigator

– Manipulate and constrain assemblies utilizing CATIA assembly design tools

– Develop a relationally based design using CATIA

– Develop a multi-tier relationally based design using CATIA

– Morph a relationally built part from one location to another

Introduction, Page 1© Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

ENOVIA LCA

ENOVIA LCA (Enterprise inNOvation VIA LifeCycle Applications) is an object orientedPLM (Product LifeCycle Management) database management application used to manageProduct Definition Data through the life of a product.

ENOVIA VPM Navigator

ENOVIA VPM Navigator (Enterprise inNOvation VIA Virtual Product ManagerNavigator) is also a object oriented PLM application very similar to ENOVIA LCA butfunctions within a “CATIA” type window in CATIA v5. This interface into the ENOVIAdatabase is considered more “user friendly” than ENOVIA LCA (which can be referred to as“ENOVIA Classic”). VPM Navigator does not provide all the functionality of LCA but fordesigners it gives them the ability to do their job without all the management that goes intoLCA.

CATIA V5

CATIA V5 (Computer Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application) is the primaryCAD tool integrated with ENOVIA used to define, manage, and simulate the manufacturingof a product. You will use the CATIA Assembly Design and Part Design workbenchesexclusively to build and constrain your products. You should already be familiar to thevarious tools available to you in the CATIA Part Design and Sketcher workbenches. Thesetools will be critical when you begin working on the relational design aspects of this course.

Introduction, Page 2 ©Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator

Very few finished designs are a single part. Usually a finished design consists of several tomillions of individual parts to define them. This is where CATIA V5 assembly design isutilized. Assembly design allows parts and small assemblies of parts to be inserted to make larger, more complete products. In CATIA V5 Part Design and Sketcher, you learned howto generate parts.

It is important to understand some of the terminology that CATIA uses when working withassemblies and how they map to ENOVIA. There are basically three types of documentsthat are used in assembly design. They are the overall assembly, sub-assemblies andindividual models. CATIA uses the word “product” to refer to assemblies and “part” torefer to individual models. You can use parts to create products and then in turn use thoseproducts to produce other products. When you talk about these objects in ENOVIA terms,you will have products as the overall assembly, assembly instances for the sub assemblies,and then part instances for the individual parts.

The first product at the top of the tree is generally regarded as the assembly, or product inENOVIA, whereas the two products that are underneath are generally regarded as sub-assemblies of this assembly. With this concept in mind be aware that an assembly could bea very complex document due to its ability to have multiple levels of sub-assemblies andparts. Because of this complexity it is important that you have a plan of attack whenbuilding assemblies. There are basically two approaches that a user or company can takewhen building assemblies. One is to pre-determine what sub-assemblies a particularassembly is going to need. The other is to produce all of the parts and then determine whatsub-assemblies are going to be created.

Introduction, Page 3© Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Manipulating Parts

This exercise will demonstrate how to manipulate and constrain a model to position partscorrectly through the use of the various manipulation and constraint options within theAssembly Design workbench. This is the first assembly that you will put together. Thisassembly only has a few parts, but the table stud and hold down are used several times. Thenames of the files are shown pointing to the respective part.

The first step to this assembly is to get the product over to CATIA.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Select the New VPM Navigator icon. This will open the New VPM Navigatorwindow.

Select the All PRCs tab by selecting the right arrow in the top right corner of thewindow. This will display all the products you have access to.

NOTE: The listing of products in the window may vary.

Select Machine Table from the list and select OK. A VPM Navigator window will appearwith this product loaded.

Expand out the Machine Table Parts.1 configuration node. This can be done byselecting the plus sign next to the node or by right clicking on it and selecting Expand All.

Assembly Design - Constrain & Manipulate, Page 22 ©Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Holding down the Ctrl key, select the Design Part, Hold Down, Machine Table, TableStud, and your Machine Table Assembly configuration node. Your Machine Tableconfiguration node begins with your USERID.

Right click on the selection and select Open. An Open Modes window will appear.

Select OK to the Open Modes window. For this exercise no changes to this window needto be made. All the parts selected plus the Machine Table Parts configuration node and theMachine Table product will be loaded in a CATIA window.

You are now ready to assemble this product.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Creating Instances of Parts in a Configuration Node

When a CATIA model already exists in the same product as a part reference and documentyou can instantiate the part reference into another configuration node you are working with.This allows you to reuse parts already in the database to save design time.

In this exercise the parts exist in the database, you are going to use two different methods toget them in your configuration node. The first method creates an instance from a partreference and a document, where you will have the ownership of the new instance thereforethe ability to modify the location of the parts but not the definition of the parts. The secondmethod is to create a new instance, reference, and document from an existing part. Bydoing this a new part number is generated that has no links back to the original.

Expand out the configuration node Machine Table Parts.1. This will show all the partsused in this assembly.

Select the Hold Down.1, Machine Table.1, and Table Stud.1 from the specification tree,right click on the selection and choose Copy. These three parts are copied to the Windowsclipboard.

Assembly Design - Constrain & Manipulate, Page 24 ©Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Right click on your Machine Table Assembly configuration node and choose Paste. This will create a new instance of all three parts.

Right click on the Design Part.1 under the Machine Table Parts.1 instance and chooseCopy. You will create a brand new part from the original Design Part.

Right click on your Machine Table Assembly configuration node and choose PasteSpecial. A Paste Special window will appear giving you two options.

Break Link Creates a new part from the copied part

As specified in Product Structure Creates a new instance of the copied part

Select Break Link from the window and then OK. A new part appears in the tree.

Assembly Design - Constrain & Manipulate, Page 25© Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Notice the part has a new reference number.

In the properties window for the copied Design Part.1 change the part number to{USERID} - 425-5582-102. The new part appears with the new name.

To save these changes back to ENOVIA, you have to have the configuration node locked toyourself.

Switch over to the VPM Navigator window that has the Machine Table productopened. This can be done by selecting the Window drop down menu, then selecting theunchecked Machine Table line.

Right click on your Machine Table Assembly configuration node and select Lock. ALock window appears.

In the Lock window select the box next to Part Instance and Part Reference. This willlock the instance and the reference.

Select OK. Notice the set of green keys next to the node icon. You have control over thisconfiguration node.

Switch over to the CATIA window that has the Machine Table product loaded. Youcan now save your new parts to ENOVIA.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Select the Save in ENOVIA V5 VPM icon. The Save in ENOVIA V5 VPM windowappears.

Note: If the window is not expanded, select on the double arrow icon. This will openthe expanded save window.

Notice in the save window the new document that is going to be saved back. In this savewindow you will never see instances listed just references and documents.

Select OK. The model is saved back to the database.

Switch to the VPM Navigator window and expand your Machine Table Assemblyconfiguration node. Do this by selecting the plus sign next to the node or by right clickingon the node and selecting Expand All.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Notice the lock status on the parts. The Design Part has a green key on the instancereference and document, therefore you have the ability to change the definition and positionof the part. On the Hold Down, Machine Table, and Table Stud there is a green key on theinstance, but a red lock on the reference and document. For these three parts you areallowed to change the location but not the definition.

Switch over to the CATIA window. Now to manipulate and assemble the table.

Hide and collapse the Machine Table Parts.1 configuration node in the specificationtree. A simple right click Hide/Show on the name will hide it.

Your tree should look very similar to the one above. For the rest of this exercise all thework will take place in your configuration node.

Activate your configuration node by double selecting on it. This must be done tomanipulate the parts under a specific configuration node or sub-assembly.

Make sure you are in the Assembly Design workbench.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Manipulation Bounding Box

Select Table Stud.1 from the specification tree. Notice the box that is displayed aroundthe table stud. This is called the manipulation bounding box. It allows for simplemovements of the parts within the assembly. Note: If the bounding box does not appear, itcan be turned on under the following options: Tools, Options, General, Display, Navigationtab, and the option Display manipulation bounding box.

Select and hold the first mouse button on any one of the box lines and drag the tablestud out of the table. Notice the table stud moves in the direction of the line. This is anice method to quickly manipulate your parts to various locations. However, the part cannotbe rotated using this option.

Using the manipulation bound box, drag both the Design Part.1 and the Hold Down.1so that they are not within the table. You should be able to see all of the parts now.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Manipulation

Select the Manipulation icon. The Manipulation Parameters window appears.

The manipulation icon will allow for the part to be moved in any direction as well as rotatedabout any axis.

The first row allows the part to be moved in the x, y, z,or any selected direction respectively

The second row allows the part to be translated alongthe xy, yz, xz, or any selected plane respectively

The third row allows the part to be rotated about the x,y, z, or any selected axis respectively

With respect to constraints will keep the partconstrained, but will move the part in free directions.This will be demonstrated later.

Take a moment to practice moving the parts around with the various options. Try thedifferent methods of moving the parts, both translating and rotating. Being able to initiallyposition your parts before constraining will make constraining your assembly much easier.

Select OK to the Manipulation Parameters window. You will now constrain your parts.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Snap

Select the Snap icon. This option will allow you to position or “snap” two objectstogether.

Select the cylindrical surface of the hole in the Hold Down and the cylindrical surfaceof the Table Stud. Notice that when you select a cylindrical surface the centerline is used.

The parts are snapped together and a series of green lines and arrows appear. Selectingthese will reverse the direction of the snap and will flip the part in various ways. Use theseto orient the hold down properly to the table stud.

Select anywhere on the screen to finish the snap motion. Notice no constraints wereapplied when using the snap just a position translation.

Snap can be used on more than just center lines. Snap allows you to select center lines,planer faces, lines, edges, and points.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Constraining Parts

The assembly constraint icons are shown below. These icons will be utilized through therest of the exercise to position the parts in the assembly.

Coincidence Defines two parts coincident but not attached

Contact Defines two parts as being in contact and fixed to eachother in some fashion

Offset Defines a distance between two parallel parts

Angle Defines an angle between two parts

Fix Defines a part that is fixed in space

Fix Together Defines two parts that are attached together that will notmove without the other, as in welded parts

Fix Constraint

Select the Fix Component icon. This will fix a part in space. Once fixed, it will notmove. Generally when you are creating an assembly, it is a good idea to have one of theparts fixed and then assemble the remaining parts around that one. This works well whenyou have a part that normally does not change location.

Select the table from the display. The table is fixed in space.

Move the table using one of the mentioned manipulation options. Notice the Fix.1constraint in the specification tree needs to be updated.

Select the Update icon. The table snaps back to its original locations because of theconstraint.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Coincidence Constraint

Select the Coincidence Constraint icon. This will create a coincidence constraintbetween two components.

Select the top face of the table.

Select the bottom face of the design part. You will have to rotate the model around toselect the face.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

The Constraint Properties window will appear.

Name This area describes the name of the particular constraint. A uniquename can be given to the constraint if desired.

Supporting Elements This area describes what elements are involved in the constraint andwhat was selected. In this case, the two components are the machinetable and design part. The elements that were selected were planesrepresenting the two faces that were selected.

Status This area describes the status of each of the elements. If for somereason the constraint could not be applied, the element in error wouldhave a different status message.

Orientation This is the most important field. There are three options for theOrientation of the normals.

Same Make the faces point the same direction

Opposite Make the faces point opposite directions

Undefined Direction of the faces are neglected

Make sure the Orientation of the faces is set to Opposite and select OK. The constraint iscreated. Notice, the same constraint symbols are used as in the Sketcher.

Assembly Design - Constrain & Manipulate, Page 34 ©Wichita State University

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Note: The following Assistant window may appear during various constraint operations. This gives information as you perform various tasks, however it can become very annoying. To turn it off and keep it from coming on as you perform the exercises select the Do notprompt in the future option and then select Close.

Select the Update icon in the bottom toolbar. The update might be preformedautomatically depending on your Tools, Options settings. The design part should snap downonto the top of the table as shown.

Move the design part to the middle of the table. You can use any of the manipulationoptions. It should appear similar to the picture below.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Offset Constraint

Select the Offset Constraint icon. The offset constraint allows two parts to beconstrained at a specified distance from one another.

Select the front side of the design part and the front of the table (denoted by an F). Thefront side of the part is the flat side near the large radius. The Constraint Propertieswindow appears.

Change the Orientation to Same and the Offset to 5.0in, select OK. This will set the partat 5 inches from the front of the table. The distance may need to be -5 depending on theorder of selection.

Select the Update icon. The update might be preformed automatically depending on yourTools, Options settings.

Place an offset constraint between the open end of the part and the right side of thetable. This will position the part on the table.

Change the Offset to 36in and select OK. Update the constraint. The offset may need tobe a negative depending upon the order that you selected the parts. The design part shouldnow be constrained near the center of the table.

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ENOVIA VPLM VPM Navigator Product Design ENOVIA® V5R19

Placing all of the table studs and hold downs takes some time, so it is advisable to save yourassembly back to ENOVIA periodically. In order to reduce the amount of time it takes toassemble all of the hold downs and studs you will use the copy option to duplicate thegeometry with the constraints that are the same for all of the studs and hold downs.

Constrain the top lip of the stud to the bottom lip of a slot of the table as shown belowusing a coincident constraint. Just the top of the stud needs to be constrained at this time.

Constrain the center of the hold down to the center of the stud using a coincidenceconstraint. This will align the hold down with the stud enabling it to be attached but ableto move up and down on the stud.

Moving the mouse cursor over a cylindrical surface will bring up the centerline. It isdifficult to select the centerlines at times but if there is a curved surface available to selectthat is associated with the centerline you can select on the curved surface and it will selectthe centerline. In this case you may find it easy to select on the curved surface of the shaftand the hole and you will see the centerlines appear as you select.

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Contact Constraint

Select the Contact Constraint icon.

Select the bottom of the hold down as shown below. Make sure you select the bottomface and not just the edge. You are going to constrain the bottom of the hold down to be incontact with the top of the design part. You will probably have to rotate and zoom the modelin order to select the correct face.

Select the top of the design part as shown. A contact constraint is created.

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The Constraint Properties window will not appear for this case. For future reference, theConstraint Properties window is shown below.

All of the fields are the same as the coincidence constraint properties with the exception ofthe three options of point, line, and surface contact. These define whether a point, line orsurface is in contact with each other, respectively.

Update the constraints. The assembly should be similar to the one shown below. Youmay want to move the stud away from the table in order to make it easier to work with whencopying. If you move the stud you probably will want to use the manipulation icon so youcan move it using the With respect to constraints option.

Assembly Design - Constrain & Manipulate, Page 39© Wichita State University