table of contents - christus liberat...rights of families, freedom of action, right to work, just...

TableofContentsTableofContents

RerumNovarum,PopeLeoXIII1891-TheConditionofLabor-DIGNITYOFTHEWORKER

QuadragesimoAnno,PopePiusXI1931-TheReconstructionoftheSocialOrder

MateretMagistra,PopeJohnXXIII1961-ChristianityandSocialProgress

PaceminTerris,PopeJohnXXIII1963-PeaceonEarth

GaudiumetSpes,SecondVaticanCouncil,1965-TheChurchintheModernWorld

PopulorumProgressio,PaulVI1967

OctogesimaAdveniens,ApostolicLetterofPopePaulVI,1971-ACalltoAction

JusticiainMundo,JusticeintheWorldStatementoftheSynodofBishops,1971

LaboremExercens,PopeJohnPaulII1981-OnHumanWork

SollicitudoReiSocialis,PopeJohnPaulII1987-TheSocialConcernsoftheChurch

CentesimusAnnus,PopeJohnPaulII1991-OneHundredYears-DIGNITYOFTHEWORKER

OutlineandReflectionsonDeusCaritasEst(GodisLove)PopeBenedictXVI2006

CARITASinVERITATEPopeBenedictXVI2009

LAUDATOSI2015PopeFrancis2015-Thesafeguardingofthecommonhouse

RerumNovarum,PopeLeoXIII1891-TheConditionofLabor-DIGNITYOFTHEWORKER

PopeLeoXIII,May15,1891

Theoriginalfulldocumentisavailableon:

www.bit.ly/SOCIALDOCTRINEOFCATHOLICCHURCH

Source:EducationforJusticewww.educationforjustice.org

OVERVIEW

InRerumNovarumPopeLeoXIIIexaminesthesituationofthepoorpeopleandworkersinindustrializedcountries.Hestatesseveralimportantprinciplesthatshouldguidetheresponsetothesepeople.HethenarticulatestheroleoftheChurch,workersandemployers,andthelawandpublicauthoritiesinworkingtogethertobuildajustsociety.

Employersaregiventhemajorroleasagentsforchange.

HISTORICALNOTE

TheterribleexploitationandpovertyofEuropeanandNorthAmericanworkersattheendofthenineteenthcenturypromptedthewritingofRerumNovarum.ThedocumentwasinspiredbytheworkoftheFribourgUnion,aCatholicSocialActionmovementinGermany,andbyrequestformthehierarchyinEngland,Ireland,andtheUnitedStates.

http://www.bit.ly/SOCIALDOCTRINEOFCATHOLICCHURCH

http://www.educationforjustice.org

DOCUMENTOUTLINE

TheSituationofthePoorandWorkers

·Destitutionofthemassesandthewealthofafew(#1).

·Declineofpublicmorality(#2).

·Workersexploitedbygreedyemployers(#6).

·Publicauthoritiesnotprotectingtherightsofthepoor(#6).

GuidingPrinciples

·Allhavebeencreatedby,strivetoward,andhavebeenredeemedbyGod;divinegraceandthegoodsofnaturebelongequallytoall(#’s11,12,38).

·Naturalinequalitiesintalentsexistamongpeople,butGodhasgiftedallwithequaldignity(#26).

·Abilitytoreasonispartofhumannature;humansrulethemselvesbyreason(#’s11-12).

·Commongoodistheendofcivilsociety;allhavetherighttoparticipateinsociety(#71).

·Truedignityresidesinmoralliving;peopleofvirtuewillhaveeternalhappiness(#’s37,42).“LawsaretobeobeyedonlyinsofarastheyconformwithrightreasonandtheeternallawofGod”(#72).

·Nationalwealthoriginatesfromthelaborofworkers(#51).

·Allhavetherighttoownprivateproperty(Leocriticizedsocialismasinherentlyunjustforviolatingthisright);privatepropertymustservethecommongood(#’s2,9,10,15,23,36,55).

·Peoplehavetherighttothefruitsoftheirlaborbutshouldusethemtobenefitall(#14).

·Laborisnecessaryandtherewillbehardshipsinlife(#62).

·Wealthisahindrancetoeternallife(#34).

·Justownershipisdistinctfromjustuseofproperty(#35).

RoleoftheChurch

·TheChurchhastherighttospeakout;socialmattersaffectreligionand

morality(#24).

·ThroughuseofGospelprinciplestheChurchcanhelpreconcileandunifyclasses(#’s25,33,41).

·TheChurchcaneducatepeopletoactjustly(#’s40,42).

DIGNITYOFTHEWORKER

RightsandDutiesofWorkers/PoorandEmployers/WealthyofSociety(#’s30-32)

·Workers/Poor

·Rights:privateproperty,poormustbecaredfor,possessfruitsoftheirlabor,rightsoffamilies,freedomofaction,righttowork,justwage(enoughtosupportafamily),joinworkersassociations(whichupholdreligiousvalues)(#’s5,9,48,55,62,63,69).

·Duties:toworkwell,nottoharmpropertyofemployer,torefrainfromviolenceandrioting,tobethrifty(#30).

·Employers/Wealthy

·Rights:privateproperty,nocrushingtaxes,privatesocieties(#’s8,9,36,72).

·Duties:nottotreatworkersasslaves,upholddignityofworkers,letworkersattendtotheirreligiousandfamilyobligations,nottoimposemoreworkthanaperson’sstrengthcanendure,payajustwage,nottotamperwithworker’ssavings,togivetothepoorafterneedshavebeenmet(#’s31-32).

RoleofPublicAuthorityandLawinSociety

·Defendandfostertherightsoffamilies(#21).

·Supportthecommongood(#4).

·Safeguardwell-beingandrightsofnon-owningworkers(#49).

·Intervenewhennecessarytopreventharmtoindividualsorthecommongood(#52).

·Givespecialconsiderationtotherightsofthepoor(#’s51,54).

·Upholdrightsofprivatepropertyandenablealltopossessprivateproperty(#’s55,65).

·Upholdtherightsofassociationsandthereligiousrightsofpeople(#69).

·Safeguardwell-beingandrightsofnon-owningworkers(#49).

·Intervenewhennecessarytopreventharmtoindividualsorthecommongood(#52).

·Givespecialconsiderationtotherightsofthepoor(#’s51,54).

·Upholdrightsofprivatepropertyandenablealltopossessprivateproperty(#’s55,65).

·Upholdtherightsofassociationsandthereligiousrightsofpeople(#69).

DiscussionQuestions

TheworkingconditionsthatinspiredthisdocumentreflectedtheimagesofCharlesDickens’sBritishfactorieswhereworkerstoiledinhorribleconditions.Fromyourexperienceorknowledge,dosimilarconditionsstillexist?Whatprinciplesofthisencyclicalstillapply?

Whatistheconditionofworkersandtheirunionsinyourowncountry?

Aretheirbasicrightsupheld?Whatareconditionsofworkersinotherpartsoftheworld?

Howdoestheconceptofhumandignityrelatetotherightsofworkersandthoseinpoverty?

WhatistheChurchandyourgovernmentdoingtoimprovethesituationofworkersandthepoor?Howcanyouoryourgroupcontributetoeffortstochangeunjuststructures?

QuadragesimoAnno,PopePiusXI1931-TheReconstructionoftheSocialOrder

PopePiusXI,May15,1931




OVERVIEW

PopePiusXIcoversthreemajorareasinhisencyclical.First,hedescribestheimpactofLeoXIII’sTheConditionofLaborontheChurch,civilauthorities,andothercon¬cernedparties.Secondly,PiusclarifiesanddevelopsthesocialandeconomicdoctrinecontainedinTheConditionofLabor.HearticulatesapositiverolefortheChurchineconomicandsocialaffairsandaffirmsthesocialrespon¬sibilityofownership.Headvocatesaunitybetweencapitalandlaborandurgestheupliftingofthepoorandareformofthesocialorderbasedonareestablishmentofvoca¬tionalgroups.Finally,Piustreatstheabusesofcapitalismandsocialismandcallsforthemoralrenovationofsocietycoupledwithactionforjusticebasedonlove.

DOCUMENTOUTLINE

PartI:ImpactofTheConditionofLabor

HISTORICALNOTE


TheReconstructionoftheSocialOrdercommemoratesthefortiethanniversaryofTheConditionofLabor.Piuswroteandissuedthisencyclicalduringatimewhenmajordepressionwasshakingtheeconomicandsocialfounda¬tionsinsocietyworldwide.HestronglycriticizedtheabusesofbothcapitalismandcommunismandattemptedtoupdateCatholicsocialteachingtoreflectchangedconditions.HebroadenedtheChurch’sconcernforpoorworkerstoencompassthestructureswhichoppressthem.

OntheChurch

·Doctrine

·Encouragedadaptabilitytochangingconditions(#18).

·CommittedmanypriestsandlaypeopletotheChurch’ssocialteaching(#19).

·InspiredatrulyChristiansocialscience(#20).

·Taughtinseminarsanduniversities(#20).

·HasinfluenceoutsidetheChurch(#21).

·PracticalApplication

·Efforttohelplowerclasses(#23).

·Influencededucationandculture(#23).

·Worksofcharitymultiplied(#24).

·Inspiredinstitutionsformutualsupport(#24).

OnCivilAuthority

·Definedpositiverole:toprotectlawandorderandtopromotepublicwell-being(#25).

·Governmentmusthaveaspecialregardfortheinfirmandneedy(#25).

·Leadersbecamemoreconsciousoftheirobligationstopromotesocialpolicy(#26).

·Lawsandprogramsforthepoorwerebegun(#28).

OnOtherConcernedParties

·Unions

·Confirmedtheirmission(#31).

·Clergyandlaityhelpedcreatethem(#33).

·Unionshaveflourished(#33).

·LeoXIII’scounselsshouldbeadaptedtodifferentsituations(#34).

·Other

·Associationsofemployersdidnotmeetwithmuchsuccess(#38).

·LeodrewhisinspirationfromtheGospel(#39).

PartTwo:SocialandEconomicDoctrine

RoleoftheChurch(#41)

·Churchhasarightanddutytodealwiththeseissues.

·Itisa“Godgiventask.”

·Churchmustpassjudgmentonsocialandeconomicquestionsastheyaffectmoralissues.

PropertyRights

·Two-foldaspectofownership:individualandsocial(concernsforthecommongood)(#45).

·Doubledanger:individualismandcollectivism(#46).

·Rightofpropertymustbedistinguishedfromitsuse(#47).

·Todestroytheindividualcharacterofownershipisagrievouserror(#48).

·Rightofownershipisnotabsolute(#49).

·Functionofgovernment:todefineindetailthedutiesofownership(#49).

·Twousesofsuperfluousincome:

·charity(#50);

·tocreateemployment(#51).

CapitalandLabor

·Onlybythelaborofworkingpeopledoesthestategrowrich(#53).

·Laborandcapitalneedeachother(#53).

·Inhistory,capitalclaimedalltheproductsandprofitsandleftthebarestminimumtolabor(#54).

·Unjustclaimoflabor:allproductsandprofitbelongtoworkingpeople(#55).

·Advocatesajustdistributionofwealthtoservethecommongood(#56).

UpliftingtheProletariat

·Upliftingtheproletariatisthemainobjective(#59).

·ThesituationofworkershasimprovedinWesternnations(#59).

·Butthesituationhasdeterioratedinotherpartsoftheworld(#60).

·Conditionofrurallaborersisextremelydepressed(#60).

·Workingpeopleshouldbesufficientlysuppliedwithfruitsofproductions(#61).

·Ajustwageshouldbepaidsopeoplecanacquiremoderateownership(#63).

·Theideaofawagecontractisnotnecessarilyunjust(#64).

·Wagecontractshouldbemodifiedbyacontractofpartnerships(#65).

·Demandofsocialjustice:wagesshouldsupportfamilies(#71).

·Womenandchildrenshouldnotbeabusedintheworkworld(#71).

·Publicauthoritiescanhelpbusinessespayajustwage(#73).

·Opportunitiesmustbeprovidedtothosewillingtowork(#74).

ReformofSocialOrder

·ThisisprimarilytheState’sresponsibility(#78).

·Principlesofsubsidiarity:activitythatcanbeperformedbyamoredecentralizedentityshouldbe(#s79-80).

·PrimarydutyoftheState:toabolishconflictandpromoteharmonybetweenclasses(#81).

·Importanceofvocationalgroups:commoneffortforthecommongood(#84).

·Properorderingofeconomicaffairscannotbelefttofreeenterprisealone(#88).

·Economicsupremacyhasreplacedfreecompetition(#88).

·Economicinstitutionsmustbeimbuedwithaspiritofjustice(#89).

·Callsforinternationaleconomiccooperation(#89).

·Supportspublicinterventioninlabor-managementdisputes(#93).

PartThree:Socialism

ChangesinCapitalism

·Economicconcentrationhasledtoastrugglefordomination(#105).

·Freecompetitionhasended(#109).

·Statehasbecomea“slave”servinggreed(#109).

·Economicimperialismthrives(#109).

ChangesinSocialism

·Dividedintotwocamps(#111).

·Communismsupportsviolenceandtheabolitionofprivateownership(#112).

·Socialismcondemnstheresorttophysicalforceandmoderatestheprohibitiononprivateproperty(#113).

Remedies

·NopossibilityofacompromisebetweenChristianityandSocialism(#116).

·SocialismperceiveshumansinawayalientoChristiantruth(#118).

·SocialreconstructionneedsareturntoChristianspiritandGospelprinciples(#36).

·Loveandcharitymustreinforcejustice(#137).

DiscussionQuestions

WhydoestheChurchhavearightandadutytospeakonsocialissues?Discuss

theweaknessesofcapitalismandsocialisminlightofCatholicsocialteaching.

MateretMagistra,PopeJohnXXIII1961-ChristianityandSocialProgress

PopeJohnXXIII,May15,1961




OVERVIEW

PopeJohnXXIIIbeginsthisencyclicalbyreviewingthemajorpointsofTheConditionofLaborandTheRecon¬structionoftheSocialOrder.Henotesthatnewpolitical,social,andeconomicdevelopmentshavenecessitatedChristianityandSocialProgress.Heconfirmspreviouspapalteachingonthevalueofprivateinitiative,justremunerationforwork,andthesocialfunctionofprivateproperty.JohnXXIIIthentreatsthequestionsofagricul¬tureandaidtodevelopingcountries.Heurgesarecon¬structionofsocialrelationshipsaccordingtotheprinciplesofCatholicsocialteachingandstatestheresponsibilityofindividualChristianstoworkforamorejustworld.

DOCUMENTOUTLINE

HISTORICALNOTE

PopeJohnXXIIIissuedChristianityandSocialProgressinresponsetothesevereimbalancesbetweentherichandthepoorwhichexistintheworld.Theencyclicalcom¬memoratestheseventiethanniversaryofLeoXIII’sTheConditionofLabor.JohnXXIII“internationalizes”theCatholicsocialteaching


bytreating,forthefirsttime,thesituationofcountrieswhicharenotfullyindustrialized.HearticulatesanimportantroleforthelaityinapplyingtheChurch’ssocialteachingsintheworld.

NewDevelopments

·EconomicandScientific(#47)

·Discoveryofatomicenergy.

·Syntheticproductsandautomation.

·Conquestofouterspace.

·Newspeedoftransportation.

·Improvementsincommunications.

·Social(#48)

·Insuranceandsocialsecurity.

·Improvementsineducation.

·Increasedsocialmobility.

·Pronouncedimbalancesbetweenmoredevelopedandlessdevelopedareas.

·Political(#49)

·Increasedparticipation.

·Lesscolonization.

·Morepublicintervention.

DevelopmentofSocialTeaching

·PrivateInitiative

·Firstprioritytoprivateinitiative(#51).

·Supportsprincipleof“subsidiarity”(#53).

·Publicauthoritiescanintervenetoreduceeconomicimbalances(#54).

·Balancebetweenpublicandprivateinitiative(#55).

·“Socialization”:interdependentsocialrelationshipswithpositiveandnegative

consequencescreatedbynewdevelopments(#s59-67).

·JustRemunerationforWork

·Familiesneedappropriatewagetoliveindignity(#68).

·Worldimbalance:toomuchmoneyspentonnationalprestigeandarmaments(#69).

·Economicdevelopmentmustcorrespondtosocialdevelopment(#73).

·Economicprosperity:thejustandproperdistributionofgoods(#74).

·Workersshouldshareinrunningofcompanies(management,profits,ownership)(#75).

·Requirementsforcommongoodfornations(#79):

·createemployment;

·careforlessprivileged;

·provideforthefuture.

·JusticeandProductiveInstitutions

·Fostersmallandintermediaryholdings(#84).

·Encouragefamily-typeownership(#85).

·Alleviateimbalances(#84).

·Allshouldworkforthecommongood(#96).

·PrivateProperty

·Confirmsrightstoprivateproperty(#109).

·Encourageswidespreadownership(#115).

·Statecanownmeansofproduction(butaffirmssubsidiarity)(#117).

·Socialresponsibility:afunctionofprivateproperty(#119).

NewAspectsoftheSocialQuestion

·Agriculture

·Agricultureisadepressedsector;imbalancesbetweenitandindustryexist(#123).

·Churchcallsforservicesforruralareasandorderlyeconomicdevelopment(#127).

·Appropriateeconomicpolicyincludescapitalatsuitableprices,priceprotection,socialsecurity,andstrengtheningfarmincome(#s131-143).

·Principalagentforimprovementshouldberuralworkers,whohavedignityfromGod(#144).

·AidtoLessDevelopedAreas

·Needforcompetentadministrationandeconomicpolicies(#150).

·Citizensinlessdevelopedareasarechieflyresponsiblefortheirowndevelopmentandneedtorespectdignityandsubsidiarity(#151)

·JusticebetweenNationsDifferinginDevelopment

·Peaceismoredifficultasimbalancespersist(#157).

·Dutyofcountriestohelpthepoorandunfortunate(#157).

·Needtoestablishaneffectiveprogramofemergencyassistance(#161).

·Privateenterprisesandsocietiesneedtobemoregenerousincooperation(#165).

·Industrialcountriesneedtorespectthecultureofdevelopingcountries;aidshouldbeofferedwithouttheintenttodominate(#s170,172).

·RoleoftheChurch

·IndividualChristiansmustadvancecivilinstitutionsandhumandignityandfosteraunitybetweenpeoples(#179).

·ManyCatholicsarealreadyinvolvedintheseefforts(#182).

·PopulationIncreaseandDevelopment

·Humankindhasaninexhaustibleproductivecapacity(#189).

·Humansshouldnotresorttomeansofpopulationcontrolbeneathhumandignity(#199).

·InternationalCooperation

·Relationshipsareinterdependent;cooperationandmutualassistanceareneeded(#200).

·Causeofdistrustisfailuretoagreeonlawsofjustice;armamentsarea

symptomofthisdistrust(#203).

ReconstructionofSocialRelationships

·IncompletePhilosophiesofLife

·Manyphilosophiesdonotencompasstheentirehumanpersonorrespecthumandignity(#s213-214).

·ItisfollytoestablishatemporalorderwithoutGodasafoundation(#217).

·CatholicSocialTeaching(CST)

·Individualsarethefoundation,cause,andendofallsocialinstitutions(#219).

·CSTcannotbeseparatedfromChurchteachingsonlifeandshouldbetaughtatalllevelsandinthemedia(#s222-223).

·CatholicsshouldberearedonCSTandconformtheirsocialandeconomicbehaviortoCSTprinciples(#228).

·ApplyingCSTintheworldisdifficult(#229).

·HowtoapplyCST(taskforlaity)(#s236-241):

·examinesituation(observe);

·evaluateitwithrespecttoCST(judge);

·decidehowtoact(act).

·Conclusion

·Industriallifecandeformvaluesanddepartfromhumandignity(#242).

·ChurchneedstorenewitsdedicationinseekingtoestablishtheKingdomintemporalaffairs(#254).

DiscussionQuestions

Thisdocumentnotesthenewdevelopmentsbetween1931and1961.

What,inyourview,arethesignificantdevelopmentsthathaveoccurredintheworldsincethen?Namewaysin

whichthesenewdevelopmentsaffectyourlifeandthelifeofourcommunity.

HowdoyoudefineyourroleasaChristianintheworld?

PaceminTerris,PopeJohnXXIII1963-PeaceonEarth

PopeJohnXXIII,April11,1963




OVERVIEW

InPeaceonEarth,PopeJohnXXIIIcontendsthatpeacecanbeestablishedonlyifthesocialordersetdownbyGodisfullyobserved.

Relyingextensivelyonreasonandthenaturallawtradition,JohnXXIIIsketchesalistofrightsanddutiestobefollowedbyindividuals,publicauthorities,nationalgovernments,andtheworldcommunity.Peaceneedstobebasedonanorder“foundedontruth,builtaccordingtojustice,vivifiedandintegratedbycharity,andputintopracticeinfreedom.”

DOCUMENTOUTLINE

HISTORICALNOTE

WrittenduringthefirstyearofVaticanII,PeaceonEarthwasthefirstencyclicaladdressedto“allpeopleofgoodwill.”IssuedshortlyaftertheCubanMissileCrisisin1962andtheerectionoftheBerlinWall,thisdocumentspoketoaworldawareofthedangersofnuclearwar.ItsoptimistictoneanddevelopmentofaphilosophyofrightsmadeasignificantimpressiononCatholicsandnon-Catholicsalike.


OrderBetweenpeople

Everyhumanisaperson,endowedwithintelligenceandfreewill,whohasuniversalandinviolablerightsandduties(#9).

Rights

·Rightstolifeandworthystandardofliving,includingrightstoproperdevelopmentoflifeandtobasicsecurity(#11).

·Rightsofculturalandmoralvalues,includingfreedomtosearchforandexpressopinions,freedomofinformation,andrighttoeducation(#s12-13).

·Rightstoreligionandconscience(#14).

·Rightstochooseone’sstateinlife,includingrightstoestablishafamilyandpursueareligiousvocation(#s15-16).

·Economicrights,includingrighttowork,toajustandsufficientwage,

andtoholdprivateproperty(#s18-22).

·Rightsofmeetingandassociation(#23).

·Righttoemigrateandimmigrate(#25).

·Politicalrights,includingrighttoparticipateinpublicaffairsandjuridicalprotectionofrights(#s26-27).

Duties

·Toacknowledgeandrespectrightsofothers(#30).

·Tocollaboratemutually(#31).

·Toactforothersresponsibly(#39).

·Topreservelifeandliveitbecomingly(#42).

SignsoftheTimes

·Workingclasseshavegraduallygainedgroundineconomicandsocialaffairs(#40).

·Womenareparticipatinginpubliclife(#41).

·Allnationsarebecomingindependent(#42).

II.RelationsbetweenIndividualsandPublicAuthoritiesinaSingleStateNatureofAuthority

·Authorityisnecessaryfortheproperfunctioningofsociety(#46).

·ItderivesitsforcefromthemoralorderwhichhasGodforitsend(#47).

·Astatewhichuses,asitschiefmeans,punishmentsandrewardscannoteffectivelypromotethecommongood(#48).

·Astatecannotobligeinmattersofconscience(#49).

·AcommandcontrarytoGod’swillisnotbinding(#51).

CharacteristicsofCommonGood

·Humanpersonmustbeconsidered(#55).

·Allmembersofthestateshareincommongood(#56).

·Moreattentionmustbegiventothelessfortunatemembersofsociety(#56).

·Statemustpromotematerialandspiritualwelfareofcitizens(#57).

CivilAuthority

·Chiefconcernshouldbetoensurethecommongood(#59).

·Coordinatessocialrelationsinawaythatallowspeopletoexercisetheirrightsanddutiespeacefully(#60).

·Athree-folddivisionofpowers—legislative,executive,andjudicial—

isrecommendedforpublicauthorities(#68).

·Oftenaprudentandthoughtfuljuridicalsystemseemsinadequateforsociety’sneeds(#71).

·Threerequisitesforgoodgovernment:

·charterofhumanrights(#75);

·writtenconstitution(#76);

·relationsbetweengovernedandgovernmentintermsofrightsandduties(#77).

III.RelationsBetweenStates

InTruth

·Eliminationofracism(#86).

·Righttoself-development(#86).

·Obligationofmutualassistance(#87).

·Objectiveuseofmedia(#90).

InJustice

·Recognitionofmutualrightsandduties(#91).

·Improvementofthesituationofethnicminorities(#96).

ActiveSolidarity

·Promotebycivilauthoritythecommongoodoftheentirehumanfamily(#98).

·Fosteringoffriendlyrelationsinallfields(#100).

·Reductioninimbalancesofgoodsandcapitalintheworld(#101).

·Rightofpoliticalrefugeestomigrate(#106).

·Armsrace:

·depriveslessdevelopedcountriesofsocialandeconomicprogress(#109);

·createsaclimateoffear(#111);

·“Justice,then,rightreason,andconsiderationforhumandignityandlifedemandthatthearmsracecease”(#112);

·peaceconsistsinmutualtrust(#114).

InLiberty

·Relationsbasedonfreedom;responsibilityandenterpriseencouraged(#120).

·Respectbythewealthynationsofthevalueingivingaidwithoutseekingdominance(#125).

III.RelationsofPeopleandofPoliticalCommunitieswiththeWorldCommunity

·Individualcountriescannotseektheirowninterestsanddevelopinisolationgivenmodernconditionsofinterdependence(#131).

·Underpresentcircumstances,thestructuresandformsofnationalgovernmentsareinadequatetopromotetheuniversalcommongood(#135).

·Publicauthoritymusthavethemeanstopromotethecommongood(#136).

·Needpublicauthoritytooperateinaneffectivematteronaworldwidematter(#137).

·TheUnitedNationsshouldbefostered(#145).

V.PastoralExhortations

·Peopleshouldtakeanactiveroleinpubliclifeandorganizationsandinfluencethemfromwithin(#147).

·Humansshouldcarryontemporalactivities“asactswithinthemoralorder”(#150).

·Aunitybetweenfaithandactionisneeded;solidChristianeducationwillhelpachievethisunity(#s152-153).

·Distinguishbetweenfalsephilosophicalideasandmovementsderivingfromthem(#159).

·Christiansneedprudenceindeterminingwhentocollaboratewithnon-Christiansinsocialandeconomicaffairs(#160).

·“Peacewillbebutanemptysoundingwordunlessitisfoundedon

theorderwhichthepresentdocumenthasoutlinedinconfidenthope:anorderfoundedontruth,builtaccordingtojustice,vivifiedandintegratedbycharity,andputintopracticeinfreedom”(#167).

DiscussionQuestions

In1963,PopeJohnXXIIIlistedsignificant“signsofthetimes.”

Whichotherswouldyouaddto(orsubtractfrom)thatlisttoday?

In2003theVaticandecidedtorepublishPeaceonEarth.WhydoyouthinktheVaticanthoughtthisdocumentwasrelevanttotoday’sworldissues?

Foryouandyourcommunity,whatarethemostimportantrightswhichPopeJohnXXIIIlisted?Explain.

Analyzethepeaceeffortsofyourcommunityfromtheperspec¬tiveofthisencyclical.

GaudiumetSpes,SecondVaticanCouncil,1965-TheChurchintheModernWorld

SecondVaticanCouncil,1965




OVERVIEW

GaudiumetSpes,SecondVaticanCouncil,1965

VaticanII’sTheChurchintheModernWorldisseenbymanytobethemostimportantdocumentintheChurch’ssocialtradition.ItannouncesthedutyofthePeopleofGodtoscrutinizethe“signsofthetimes”inlightoftheGospel.Indoingso,itfindsthatchangecharacterizestheworld.

ThesetechnologicalandsocialchangesprovidebothwonderfulopportunitiesandworrisomedifficultiesforthespreadoftheGospel.TheChurch’sdutyintheworldistoworkfortheenhancementofhumandignityandthecommongood.

HISTORICALNOTE

Thisdocumentrepresentstheopinionoftheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheworld’sBishops.Originally,thematerialcontainedherewasnotscheduledtobeconsideredseparatelybytheCouncil.CardinalJosephSuenensofBelgium,however,intervenedattheendofthefirstsessiontourgeconsiderationofissuesmore“external”totheChurchthantheroleofBishopsortheuseofvernacu¬lar


intheliturgy.Thedocumentistheproductofacom¬missionandwasalteredbya2,300memberdeliberativeassembly.Infinalform,itrepresentsasignificantbreakfromtherigidtraditionalismoftheCouncil’spreparatorycommission.

Introduction

·The“joysandhopes,sorrowsandanxieties”ofthepeopleoftheworldaretheconcernsofthePeopleofGod(#1).

·Church’sduty:toscrutinizethe“signsofthetimes”(#4).

·Technologicalchangeshavecausedsocialchanges(#5).

·Thesechangeshaveaffectedeverybody—individuals,families,communities,andnations—withbothgoodandbadresults(#’s6-7).

·Conflictingforceshaveensued:tremendouswealthandabject

poverty,greatfreedomandpsychologicalslavery(#9).

·Convictionhasgrownthathumanitycanestablishapoliticalorderthatwillservehumandignity(#9).

PartOne:TheChurchandHumanity’sCallingHumanDignity

·NatureofHuman

·CreatedinGod’simage(freeandintelligent),andasasocialbeing(#12).

·Splitwithinself:inclinationtowardgoodandevil(#13).

·Dignitydependsonfreedomtoobeyone’sconscience(#16).

·ChristianityandAtheism

·Atheism:aseriousconcern,impedingtheliberationofthecompletepersonandantagonistictowardreligion(#19).

·ButrecognitionofGodisinnowayhostiletohumandignity(#21).

·Alivingfaith,activatingpeopletojusticeandlove,isneededtoovercomesuspicionofreligion(#21).

·Churchcallsalltoworktobettertheworld;thisworkcorrespondstotheworkofthehumanheart(#21).

·HumanCommunity

·Technologicalchangeshavecreatedinterdependencewithoutfosteringinterpersonalrelationships(#23).

·Advancementofindividualsandsocietydependsoneveryone(#25).

·Allmustworkforthecommongood(#26).

·Everythingnecessaryforatrulyhumanlifemustbemadeavailableforus(#26).

·Scripturemandatesloveofneighbor;everypersonisourneighbor;activeloveisnecessary(#28).

·JesuscallsusGod’schildrensoweshouldtreateachotherassistersandbrothers(#32).

·TheChurchintheModernWorld

·TheChurchandhumanityexperiencethesameearthlysituation(#40).

·History,science,andculturerevealthetruenatureofthehumanperson(#41).

·TheChurchisnotboundtoanyparticularpolitical,economic,orsocialsystem(#42).

·TheChurchneedstopurifyitselfcontinually(#43).

·IndividualChristiansneedtopenetratetheworldwithaChristianspiritandwitnesstoJesusinthemidstofhumansociety(#43).

·TheChurchcanbehelpedbytheworldinpreparingthegroundfortheGospel(#44).

·TheChurch’smission,partsavingandparteschatological,beginsinthisworld;JesusisLordofhistory(#45).

PartTwo:SpecialAreasofConcern

·MarriageandtheFamily

·Familiesarethefoundationofsociety(#47).

·Destructivetomarriageare:divorce,freelove,excessiveself-love,polygamy,worshipofpleasure,certainmoderneconomic-social-politicalconditions,overpopulation(#47).

·Marriageisintendedfortheprocreationandeducationofchildrenandawholemannerandcommunionoflife(#50).

·Responsibleparenthoodisadvocated(#50).

·Fromthemomentofconception,lifemustberegardedwithsacredcare(#51).

·Thehealthyconditionofindividualsandsocietydependsonstablefamilies(#52).

·TheDevelopmentofCulture

·CircumstancesofCulture

·Changesintechnologyhavecreatedfreshavenuesforthediffusionofculture(#54).

·Anewhumanismhasdawnedandanindividualisdefinedbyhis/herresponsibilitiestotheworld(#55).

·Culturemustevolvesoastofosterthedevelopmentofthewholeperson(#56).

·PrinciplesofCulturalDevelopment

·ThequestforheavenshouldinspireChristianstobuildamorehumanworldonearth(#57).

·Dangerexiststhathumansmayrelyonmoderndiscoveriesandstopsearchingforhigherrealities(#57).

·Godspeakstothevariouscultures(#58).

·Church,inwaysthatrespectitsowntradition,shouldusemodesofculturetospreadtheGospel(#58).

·TheGoodNewsrenewsandadvancesculture(#58).

·Cultureneedsfreedominwhichtodevelop(#59).

·CulturalDutiesofChristians

·Strenuousworkisneededineconomicandpoliticalfieldstoliberatepeoplefromignorance(#60).

·Everyonehasarighttoculture,thought,andexpression(#60).

·Womenshouldparticipateinculturallife(#60).

·Developmentofthewholepersonshouldbefostered(#61).

·Christianthinkingshouldbeexpressedinwaysconsistentwithculture(#62).

·Socio-EconomicLife

·BasicPrinciples

·Humanbeingsare“thesource,thecenter,andthepurposeofallsocio-economiclife”(#63).

·Fundamentalimbalancesbetweenwealthandpovertyexistintoday’sworld(#63).

·EconomicDevelopment

·Technologicalprogresswhichservesthewholepersonmustbefostered(#64).

·Progressmustbecontrolledbyhumanity(#65).

·Justicenecessitatesaquickremovalofeconomicinequities(#66).

·EconomicLife

·Humanlaborissuperiortootherelementsofeconomiclife;economicactivitydetrimentaltotheworkeriswrongandinhuman(#67).

·Workersshouldparticipateinrunninganenterprise(#67).

·Godintendedtheearthforeveryone;privatepropertyshouldbenefitall(#67).

·Allhavearighttogoodssufficientforthemselvesandtheirfamilies(#69).

·Distributionofgoodsshouldbedirectedtowardemployment(#70).

·Publicauthoritiescanguardagainstthosemisusesofprivatepropertywhichhurtthecommongood(#71).

·Genuinesharingofgoodsiscalledfor(#71).

·PoliticalCommunity

·Modernchangeshaveincreasedtheawarenessofhumandignityandthedesiretoestablishajustpolitical-juridicalorder(#73).

·Publicauthorities(andindividualcitizens)shouldworkforthecommongood(#74).

·Churchandpoliticalcommunity(#76):

·bothservethevocationofhumans;

·Churchhastherighttopassmoraljudgmentswhenhumanrightsareatstake;

·ChurchshouldusethemeansoftheGospeltofulfillitsmission.

·Peace

·BasicPrinciples

·Withmodernweapons,humanityisinacrisissituation(#77).

·Mostnoblemeaningof“peace”—basedonlove,harmony,trust,andjustice—shouldbefostered(#78).

·AvoidanceofWar

·Non-violenceandconscientiousobjectionarelegitimate(#79).

·Justdefenseispermissible,butnotwarsofsubjugation(#79).

·Participationinarmedservicesisallowed,butnotblindobediencetoorders(#79).

·Withnewweapons,anewevaluationofwarisneeded(#80).

·Armsraceisnotthewaytobuildpeace;itcanactuallyfosterwarsanditinjuresthepoor(#81).

·Noactofwaratpopulationcentersispermissible(#81).

·Deterrence“isnotasafewaytopreservesteadypeace”(#81).

·Everyonehasresponsibilitytoworkfordisarmament(#82).

·BuildingUptheInternationalCommunity

·Causesofdissension,especiallyinjustices,needtobeeliminated(#83).

·Greaterinternationalcooperationdemandstheestablishmentofaninternationalorganizationcorrespondingtomodernobligations(#’s84-85).

·Developmentofwholepersonistobefostered(#86).

·Ecumenicalcooperationisneededtoachievejustice(#88).

·Churchmustbepresenttoinjustice(#89).

DiscussionQuestions

Whatarethemostimportant“joysandhopes,sorrowsandanxieties”ofourcontemporaryworld?Whichonesaffectyouandyourchurchcommunitythemost?

Freudreferredtoreligion’sfunctionas“illusion”;Marxas“ideology.”Inwhatwaydoyouthinkreligionshouldfunctioninthehumancommunity?

ShouldtheChurchrespondtotheagendaoftheworld?Whatdoesthismeaninpracticalterms?

Listwhatyoubelievearethemajorthingsthatpeopleneedinordertorealizetheirdignity.Whatfactorsinyourcommunitycontributeto,orhinder,theachievementofthisdignity?

PopulorumProgressio,PaulVI1967

PaulVI(March1967)

byGeraldDarring

OVERVIEW

PaulVInotesthattodaythesocialquestionhasbecomeglobal(a.3)andthatsocialconflictshavetakenonglobaldimensions(a.9).Itsinternationalconcernsaremultiple.Itsinternationalconcernsaremultiple.Itisdisturbedbythecapitalistsystemthataccompaniesindustrialization,asystemthatcontainsabusessuchasprofitbeingtheprincipalmotiveforeconomicprogress,competitionthesupremelawoftheeconomy,andprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionanabsoluteandunlimitedright(s.26).Hefearsthatthedestitutionofentirepopulationswilltemptpeopletoresorttoviolence(s.30),althougharevolutionaryuprisingwillproducenewinjusticesunlessanestablishedtyrannyviolateshumanrightsandthecommongood(s.31).Henoteswithdisapprovalthatwithsomanyhungryanddestitutepeoplewithouteducationandhealthcare,moneyiswastedonnationalorpersonalostentationandthearmsrace(s.53).

HISTORICALNOTE

ThePopehadhaddirectexperienceoftheproblemofdevelopmentduringhistravelstoLatinAmerica,Africa,theMiddleEastandAsia(a.

4),andheseekstoconveytheseriousnessoftheproblem.

Whatwemustaimforiscompletehumanism:theintegraldevelopmentofthewholepersonandofallmen.ItmustbeahumanismopentothevaluesofthespiritandtoGodwhoisitssource(s.42).Thewiseareinsearchofanewhumanism(s.20),andthesupremegoalofpersonaldevelopmentisatranscendenthumanismrealizedthroughunionwithChrist(s.16).

ThedevelopmentofwhichPaulspeaksrequiresthesimultaneousdevelopmentofallhumanityinaspiritofsolidarity(s.43).

Hesaysthattheworldissick,hisdiseaseconsistingintheabsenceoffamilytiesbetweenindividualsandpeoples(s.66).

Countlesspeopleonentirecontinentssufferfromhunger,childmortality,retardedmentaldevelopmentanddepressingdiscouragement(a.45).Heinsiststhatnoonecanremainindifferenttothefateofthosewhoarestillburiedinpoverty,victimsofinsecurityandslavesofignorance(s.74).

Peoplemustgrasptheirseriousprobleminallitsdimensions(a.1).Thepresentsituationmustbefacedwithcourageandtheinjusticesassociatedwithitmustbefoughtandovercome(s.32).Thepresentmomentiscrucial,andtheworkisurgent(s.80).Wemusthurry:too

manypeoplearesuffering(s.29).

Afteridentifyingthenegativeandpositiveaspectsoftheworldproblemofunderdevelopment,thePopechallengesrichpeopleandrichcountries,stressingthatpeoplewhosufferfromhungermakeadramaticappealtopeoplewhoareluckyenoughtoliveinabundance(a.3).Therichshouldrealizethatthepoorarestandingoutsidetheirdoorswaitingtoreceiveremainsoftheirbanquets(s.83).

DOCUMENTPRESENTATION

PaulVInotesthattodaythesocialquestionhasbecomeworld-wide(a.

3),andsocialconflictshavetakenonworlddimensions(a.9).Hisinternationalconcernsareseveral.Heisdisturbedbythecapitalistsystemaccompanyingindustrialization,asystemwhichcontainssuchabusesasprofitbeingthekeymotiveforeconomicprogress,competitionthesupremelawofeconomics,andprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionanabsoluteandunlimitedright(a.26).Heworriesthatthedestitutionofwholepopulationstemptspeopletohaverecoursetoviolence(a.30),althougharevolutionaryuprisingproducesnewinjusticesunlessthereisanestablishedtyrannydamaginghumanrightsandharmingthecommongood(a.31).Henoteswithdisapprovalthatwithsomanypeoplehungryanddestitute,lackingeducationandhealthcare,moneyissquanderedonnationalorpersonalostentationandthearmsrace(a.53).

Oneofhismajorconcernsisthegapbetweentherichandthepoor:glaringinequalitiesexistnotonlyinpossessionsbutalsoinpower(a.9).

Thehardrealityofmoderneconomicsworkstowidendifferences:richpeoplesenjoyrapidgrowthwhilethepoordevelopslowly(a.8).Thedistanceisgrowing

thatseparatestheprogressofsomeandthestagnationandregressionofothers(a.29),andasaresultofuneventraderelations,thepoornationsremaineverpoorwhiletherichonesbecomestillricher(a.57).Thepopewarnsthatinpromotingdevelopment,wemustavoidtheriskofaddingtothewealthoftherich,themiseryofthepoor,andtheservitudeoftheoppressed(a.33),andheinsiststhatprogramstoincreaseproductionshouldreduceinequalities(a.34).

ThereexistsinthisthetraditionalChristianconcernforthepoor,andPaulremindsusthatChristcitedthepreachingoftheGospeltothepoorasasignofhismission(a.12).Heteachesthatourgoalisnotjusttoeliminatehungerorreducepoverty:thegoalistobuildaworldinwhichthepoormanLazaruscansitdownatthesametablewiththerichperson(a.47).Butthereisinadditionastrongconcernforproblemsindevelopingcountries.Thepopeworriesthatindustrializationisbreakingdowntraditionalstructureswhichdonotadaptthemselvestothenewconditions(a.10).Henotesthatthereissomeevidenceofaneo-colonialism,intheformofpoliticalandeconomicpressuresaimedat

completedominance(a.52).Withintheunderdevelopedcountries,hecallsattentiontotwoproblems:nationalismandracism.AssertingthattheChurchofferspeoplewhatishercharacteristicattribute:aglobalvisionofhumanity(a.13),hesaysthatlegitimatefeelingsofconcernfornationalunityandprideinculturalheritageshouldnotbedemeanedbyanisolatingnationalism(a.62),andthatracismisanobstacletocollaborationamongdisadvantagednationsandacauseofdivisionandhatredwithincountries(a.63).

Thepopehadexperiencedfirst-handtheproblemofdevelopmentduringtravelstoLatinAmerica,Africa,theMiddleEast,andAsia(a.4),andheseekstoconveyasenseoftheseriousnessoftheproblem.Hesaysthattheworldissick,itsillnessconsistingofthelackofkinshipamongindividualsandpeoples(a.66).Moreandmorepeopleseektodomore,knowmoreandhavemoreinordertobemore,buttheirlivingconditionspreventthem(a.6).Inwholecontinentscountlesspeopleexperiencehunger,infantmortality,retardedmentaldevelopment,anddepressingdespondency(a.45).Heinsiststhatnoonecanremainindifferenttothelotofthosestillburiedinwretchedness,thevictimsofinsecurityandtheslavesofignorance(a.74).Peopleneedtograsptheirseriousprobleminallitsdimensions(a.1).Thepresentsituationmustbefacedwithcourageandtheinjusticeslinkedwithitmustbefoughtagainstandovercome(a.32).Thepresentmomentiscrucial,andtheworktobedoneisurgent(a.80).Wemustmakehaste:toomanyaresuffering(a.

29).

Paul'sresponsetothedemandsofthiscrucialmomentiscontainedintheconceptofdevelopment,andhesaysthathisencyclicalisasolemnappealforconcreteactiontowardspeople'scompletedevelopmentandthedevelopmentofallpeople(a.5).HenotesthattheChurch'sinterestindevelopmentfocusesprimarilyonthehungryandmiserable,thediseasedandignorant,thosewhosharelessinthebenefitsofcivilization(a.1).Heteachesthatdevelopmentmust

beintegral,promotingthegoodofeverypersonandofthewholeperson(a.14),andthatauthenticdevelopmentinvolvesatransitionfromlesshumantomorehumanconditions(a.20),fromthelesshumanconditionsofpoverty,selfishness,oppressionandexploitationtothemorehumanconditionsoffaithandunityintheloveofChrist(a.21).Developmentshouldmeansocialprogressaswellaseconomicgrowth(a.34),andinfacteconomicgrowthdependsinthefirstplaceonsocialprogress,suchaseducation(a.35).Heassertsthatdevelopmentisnotassuredbyprivateinitiativeandcompetition(a.33),andthatitcallsformoretechnicalworkaswellasmorereflectiononhighervalues(a.20).

Thepopemakessureweunderstandthatthesolutionisnotmerelyeconomic,buthumandevelopment(a.73),andamajorthemeofhisencyclicalisthefullyhuman,thetrulyhuman.Hespeaksoftheconstructionofamorehumanworld(a.54),ofbeingontheroadtowardsagreaterhumanity(a.79).Timeandagainhereturnstothistheme:theChurchfostersthehumanprogressofnations(a.12);throughtheuseof

intellectandwillapersoncangrowinhumanity(a.15);newlyindependentnationsseektoassuretheircitizensafullhumanenhancement(a.6);technologyalonecannotrendertheworldamorehumanplaceinwhichtolive(a.34);peoplearetrulyhumanonlywhentheyaretheauthorsoftheirownadvancement(a.34);better-offnationsshouldworktobringaboutaworldthatismorehumantowardseveryone(a.44);thegoalisnotjusttoeliminatehungerorreducepoverty:thegoalistobuildaworldinwhicheveryonecanliveafullyhumanlife(a.47).

Thepopetranslatesthisintoacallforhumanism:whatmustbeaimedatiscompletehumanism:thefully-roundeddevelopmentofthewholepersonandofallpeople.ItmustbeahumanismopentothevaluesofthespiritandtoGodwhoistheirsource(a.42).Wisepeopleareinsearchofanewhumanism(a.20),andthehighestgoalofpersonaldevelopmentisatranscendenthumanismachievedthroughunionwithChrist(a.16).

ThedevelopmentofwhichPaulspeaksdemandsthesimultaneousdevelopmentofallhumanityinthespiritofsolidarity(a.43),andtheencyclicalreferstotheformationofaworldwhichisbetterorganizedtowardauniversalsolidarity(a.62)andthedesiretobuildacivilizationfoundedonworldsolidarity(a.73).Therealityofhumansolidaritymeansthatwehaveobligationstowardseveryone,eventhosewhowillcomeafterus(a.17),andbetter-offnationshaveobligationsthatreflectthedutyofhumansolidarity(a.44).

Thesignofhumansolidarityispeace,anditisnowonderthatPopePaulVI,writingattheheightofboththeColdWarandtheVietnamWar,wouldhavepeaceintheforefrontofhisthoughts.Thepopenotesthatinthestrugglefordevelopment,civilpeaceindevelopingcountriesandworldpeaceitselfareatstake(a.55).Excessiveeconomic,socialandculturalinequalitiesamongpeoplesarousetensionsandconflicts,andareadangertopeace(a.76).Paul

expressesthehopethattheviolencewhichoftencharacterizedinternationalrelationshipswillbereplacedwithmutualrespectandfriendshipaswellasinterdependenceincollaboration(a.65).Heteachesthatpeaceisnotthemereabsenceofwar:itisbuiltupdayafterdayinpursuitofamorejustorderamongpeople(a.76),aninternationalmoralitybasedonjusticeandequity(a.81).Heexpresseshisconvictionthatthewaytopeaceliesintheareaofdevelopment(a.

83);thatthenewnameforpeaceisdevelopment(a.87);andthatthepersonwhostrugglesagainstunderdevelopmentisacreatorofpeace(a.

75).

Inthecourseofpresentinghisthoughtsondevelopment,solidarity,andpeace,PaulVItouchesonseveraleconomicissueswhichimpactonthepursuitofdevelopment.Aid.Humansolidarityobligatesthebetter-offnationstoaidthedevelopingcountries(a.44).Thereneedstobeadialoguebetweenthedonornationsandthereceivingcountriestoinsurepropertermsofloanswithoutpoliticalstringsattached(a.54).

Trade.Unfavorabletraderelationsbetweenrichandpoorcountriescannotbeallowedtonullifyanyaidthatmightbegiven(a.56).The

industrializednationshaveanadvantage,becausetheirexports--forthemostpartmanufacturedgoods--havesteadilyrisingprices,whiletheunder-developedcountries'exports--mostlyfoodandrawmaterials--areunder-pricedandsubjecttowildfluctuations(a.57).Socialjusticeobligatesthebetter-offnationstorectifyinequitabletraderelations(a.

44).Theruleoffreetrade,takenbyitself,isnolongerabletogoverninternationalrelationsbecauseeconomicconditionsdiffertoomuchfromcountrytocountry(a.58);freedomoftradeisfaironlyifitissubjecttothedemandsofsocialjustice(a.59).Withoutabolishingtheinternationalcompetitivemarket,itshouldbekeptwithinthelimitswhichmakeitjustandmoral,andthereforehuman(a.61).

Property.Thedesirefornecessitiesislegitimate,butacquiringpropertycanleadtogreed(a.18),whichisthemostevidentformofmoralunderdevelopment(a.19).Everyonehastherighttoobtainwhatisnecessary,andallotherrightsaresubordinatetothisright,includingtherightsofpropertyandfreetrade(a.22).Inotherwords,privatepropertyisnotanabsoluteandunconditionedright,andoneisnotjustifiedinkeepingforoneselfwhatonedoesnotneed,whenotherslacknecessities(a.23).Sometimesthecommongoodmayevendemandtheexpropriationoflandedestates(a.24).

Work.WorkiswilledandblessedbyGod,butitcanbegivenexaggeratedsignificance(a.27).Everyonewhoworksisacreator,andworkwithothersunitespeopleasbrothersandsisters(a.27).Workishumanonlyifitremainsintelligentandfree,andsometimesitproducesundesirableeffectsinpeople(a.

28).

Unions.Allsocialactioninvolvesanideology(a.39).Manyprofessionalorganizationsandtradeunionsareacceptable,butonlythosewhoseideologyisnotmaterialisticandatheistic(a.39).

Immigrants,migrantworkers.HumansolidarityandChristiancharityobligeustowelcomeimmigrants(a.67),andthissamewelcomeshouldbeextendedtomigrantworkers(a.69).

Family.Rigidfamilyframeworksaregraduallyrelaxingtheirholdonthepeopleindevelopingnations,butitisimportantthatthenaturalfamilyremainaswilledbyGod:monogamousandstable(a.36).Populationincreasescancreateproblems,butparentsshouldbefreetodecideonthenumberofchildrentheywillhave,followingtheirconsciencesenlightenedbyGod'slawauthenticallyinterpreted(a.37).

EarlierwenotedthenegativeinternationalindicatorswhichcausedPaulVItobesoconcerned.Therewerealsosomepositiveinternationalcircumstancesandactivitieswhichseemedtopleasethepopeandgivehimsomehope.Amongthesepositiveindicators:privateindividuals,publicauthorities,andinternationalorganizationsaredoinggoodworkinpromotingliteracy(a.35);theFoodandAgricultureOrganizationisbeingsupported,andCaritasInternationalisisatworkeverywhere(a.46);expertsarebeingsentondevelopmentmissionsbyinstitutionsandprivateorganizations(a.71);youngpeopleareundertakingsocialserviceindevelopingnations(a.74).Buoyedbytheseactivities,PaulVI

concludesthatinspiteofitsignorance,itsmistakesandevenitssins,itsrelapsesintobarbarismanditswanderingsfromtheroadofsalvation,theworldistakingslowbutsurestepstowardsitsCreator(a.79).

Havingidentifiedthenegativeandpositiveaspectsoftheworldproblemofunderdevelopment,thepopeissuessomechallengestorichpeopleandrichcountries,pointingoutthatpeoplesinhungeraremakingadramaticappealtopeoplesblessedwithabundance(a.3).Thewealthyshouldcometorealizethatthepoorstandoutsidetheirdoorswaitingtoreceivesomeleft-oversfromtheirbanquets(a.83).Thosewitheducation,positionandopportunitiesforactionshouldrespondwithgenerosityandgiveoftheirownpossessions(a.32).Letallexaminetheirconsciences:aretheyreadytopay,throughcharitabledonations,highertaxes,andhighertariffsinordertohelpthedestitute(a.47)?

Better-offnationshaveobligationsthatreflectthedutiesofhumansolidarity,socialjustice,anduniversalcharity(a.44).Adevelopednationshoulddevoteapartofitsproductiontomeettheneedsofunderdevelopednations(a.48);thesuperfluouswealthofrichcountriesshouldbeplacedattheserviceofpoornations(a.49).Industrialistsenteringlessdevelopedcountriesshoulddisplaythesamesocialsensitivityinthosecountriesastheydointheirowncountry(a.70).

PaulVIalsoissueschallengestodevelopingcountries.Hesaysthatdevelopingnationsmustknowhowtoassesscriticallyandeliminatethosethingswhichwouldlowerthehumanideal,andtoacceptthosevaluesthataresoundandbeneficial(a.41).Peopleinthesecountriesmustbehelpedandpersuadedtoworkfortheirownbetterment(a.55).

Theyshouldorganizeamongthemselvesareasforconcerteddevelopment(a.64),establishingregionalagreementsamongthemselvesformutualsupport(a.77)

Intheend,thepopetellseveryonethattheworldsituationdemandsactionbasedonaclearvisionofalleconomic,social,cultural,andspiritualaspects(a.13).Thepresentsituationcallsforconcertedplanning(a.50),especiallyintheformofaworldwidecollaborationintheestablishmentofadevelopmentfund(a.51)andintheestablishmentofequalityindiscussionsandnegotiationsbetweenrichandpoorcountries(a.61).Thegoalisnotjusttoeliminatehungerorreducepoverty:thegoalistobuildaworldinwhicheveryonecanliveafullyhumanlife,inwhichfreedomisnotanemptywordandthepoormanLazaruscansitdownatthesametablewiththerichperson(a.47).

QUOTATIONS

Privatepropertydoesnotconstituteforanyoneanabsoluteorunconditionedright.Nooneisjustifiedinkeepingforhisexclusiveusewhathedoesnotneed,whenotherslacknecessities….Therighttopropertymustneverbeexercisedtothedetrimentofthecommongood.

(#23)

“Ifsomeonewhohastherichesofthisworldseeshisbrotherinneedandcloseshishearttohim,howdoestheloveofGodabideinhim?”(1Jn3:17).ItiswellknownhowstrongwerethewordsusedbytheFathersoftheChurchtodescribetheproperattitudeofpersonswhopossessanythingtowardspersonsinneed.ToquoteSaintAmbrose:

“Youarenotmakingagiftofyourpossessionstothepoorperson.Youarehandingovertohimwhatishis.Forwhathasbeengivenincommonfortheuseofall,youhavearrogatedtoyourself.Theworldisgiventoall,andnotonlytotherich.”(#23)

Itisunfortunatethatonthesenewconditionsofsocietyasystemhasbeenconstructedwhichconsidersprofitasthekeymotiveforeconomicprogress,competitionasthesupremelawofeconomics,andprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionasanabsoluterightthathasnolimitsandcarriesnocorrespondingsocialobligation.

ThisuncheckedliberalismleadstodictatorshiprightlydenouncedbyPiusXIasproducing“theinternationalimperialismofmoney”.Onecannotcondemnsuchabusestoostronglybysolemnlyrecallingonceagainthattheeconomyisattheserviceofman.(#26)

Thestruggleagainstdestitution,thoughurgentandnecessary,isnotenough.Itisaquestion,rather,ofbuildingaworldwhereeveryman,nomatterwhathisrace,religionornationality,canliveafullyhumanlife,freedfromservitudeimposedonhimbyothermenorbynaturalforcesoverwhichhehasnotsufficientcontrol;aworldwherefreedomisnotanemptywordandwherethepoormanLazaruscansitdownatthesametablewiththerichman.Thisdemandsgreatgenerosity,muchsacrificeandunceasingeffortonthepartoftherichman.

Leteachoneexaminehisconscience,aconsciencethatconveysanewmessageforourtimes.Ishepreparedtosupportoutofhisownpocketworksandundertakingsorganizedinfavorofthemostdestitute?Ishereadytopayhighertaxessothatthepublicauthoritiescanintensifytheireffortsinfavorofdevelopment?Ishereadytopayahigherpriceforimportedgoodssothattheproducermaybemorejustlyrewarded?(#47)Bothfornationsandforindividualmen,avariceisthemostevidentformofmoralunderdevelopment.(#19)

Todaytheprincipalfactthatwemustallrecognizeisthatthesocialquestionhasbecomeworld-wide.(#3)

Thepresentsituationmustbefacedwithcourageandtheinjusticeslinkedwithitmustbefoughtagainstandovercome.Developmentdemandsboldtransformations,innovationsthatgodeep.Urgentreformsshouldbeundertakenwithoutdelay.Itisforeachonetotakehisshareinthemwithgenerosity,particularlythosewhoseeducation,positionandopportunitiesaffordthemwidescopeforaction.(#32)Increasedpossessionisnottheultimategoalofnationsnorofindividuals.Allgrowthisambivalent.Itisessentialifpeopleareto

developashumanbeings,butinawayitimprisonsthemiftheyconsidersitthesupremegood,anditrestrictstheirvision.(#19)Individualinitiativealoneandthemerefreeplayofcompetitioncouldneverassuresuccessfuldevelopment.Onemustavoidtheriskofincreasingstillmorethewealthoftherichandthedominionofthestrong,whilstleavingthepoorintheirmiseryandaddingtotheservitudeoftheoppressed.(#33)

Toseektodomore,knowmoreandhavemoreinordertobemore:thatiswhatpeopleaspiretonowwhenagreaternumberofthemarecondemnedtoliveinconditionsthatmakethislawfuldesireillusory(#6)Thesuperfluouswealthofrichcountriesshouldbeplacedattheserviceofpoornations.Therulewhichuptonowheldgoodforthebenefitofthosenearesttous,musttodaybeappliedtoalltheneedyofthisworld.

Besides,therichwillbethefirsttobenefitasaresult.OtherwisetheircontinuedgreedwillcertainlycalldownuponthemthejudgementofGodandthewrathofthepoor,withconsequencesnoonecanforetell.(#49)Economicsandtechnologyhavenomeaningexceptfromthehumanpersonwhomtheyshouldserve.Andthehumanpersonisonlytrulyhumaninasfaras,masterofone’sownactsandjudgeoftheirworth,oneisauthorofone’sownadvancement,inkeepingwiththenaturewhichwasgiventohumanbeingsbytheCreator.(#34)Thedesirefornecessitiesislegitimate,andworkundertakentoobtainthemisaduty:Ifpeoplewillnotwork,neitherletthemeat.Buttheacquiringoftemporalgoodscanleadtogreed,totheinsatiabledesireformore,andcanmakeincreasedpoweratemptingobjective.Individuals,families,andnationscanbeovercomebyavarice,betheypoororrich,

andallcanfallvictimtoastiflingmaterialism.(#19)Peacecannotbelimitedtoamereabsenceofwar,theresultofaneverprecariousbalanceofforces.No,peaceissomethingthatisbuiltupdayafterday,inthepursuitofanorderintendedbyGod,whichimpliesamoreperfectformofjusticeamongpeople.(#76)Developmentcannotbelimitedtomereeconomicgrowth.Inordertobeauthentic,itmustbecomplete:integral,thatis,ithastopromotethegoodofeverypersonandofallhumanity.(#14)

Individualinitiativealoneandthemerefreeplayofcompetitioncouldneverassuresuccessfuldevelopment.Onemustavoidtheriskofincreasingstillmorethewealthoftherichandthedominionofthestrong,whilstleavingthepoorintheirmiseryandaddingtotheservitudeoftheoppressed.(#33)

Noonecanremainindifferenttothelotofhisbrothersandsisterswhoarestillburiedinwretchedness,andvictimsofinsecurity,slavesofignorance.LiketheheartofChrist,theheartoftheChristianmustsympathizewiththismisery:“Ihavepityonthismultitude”.(#74)Wehaveinheritedfrompastgenerations,andwehavebenefitedfromtheworkofourcontemporaries:forthisreasonwehaveobligationstowardsall,andwecannotrefusetointerestourselvesinthosewhowillcomeafterustoenlargethehumanfamily.Therealityofhumansolidarity,whichisabenefitforus,alsoimposesaduty.(#17)Ifcertainlandedestatesimpedethe,generalprosperitybecausetheyareextensive,unusedorpoorlyused,orbecausetheybringhardshiptopeoplesoraredetrimentaltotheinterestsofthecountry,thecommongoodsometimesdemandstheirexpropriation.(#24)Excessiveeconomic,socialandculturalinequalitiesamongpeoplesarousetensionsandconflicts,andareadangertopeace.(#76)Everyprogrammadetoincreaseproductionhas,inthelastanalysis,nootherraisond’etrethantheserviceofhumanity.Suchprogramsshouldreduceinequalities,fightdiscriminations,freepeoplefromvarioustypes

ofservitudeandenablethemtobetheinstrumentoftheirownmaterialbetterment,oftheirmoralprogressandoftheirspiritualgrowth.(#34)Therecanbenoprogresstowardsthecompletedevelopmentofindividualswithoutthesimultaneousdevelopmentofallhumanityinthespiritofsolidarity.(#43)

Experiencedinhumanaffairs,theChurch…“seeksbutasolitarygoal:tocarryforwardtheworkofChristHimselfundertheleadofthebefriendingSpirit.”…But,sincetheChurchlivesinhistory,sheoughtto“scrutinizethesignsofthetimesandinterprettheminthelightoftheGospel.”

Sharingthenoblestaspirationsofmenandwomenandsufferingwhensheseesthemnotsatisfied,shewishestohelpthemattaintheirfullflowing,andthatiswhysheoffersallpeoplewhatshepossessesashercharacteristicattribute:aglobalvisionofmanandofthehumanrace.

(#13)

OctogesimaAdveniens,ApostolicLetterofPopePaulVI,1971-ACalltoAction

ApostolicLetterofPopePaulVI,1971




OVERVIEW

PopePaulVIbeginsthisletterbyurginggreatereffortsforjusticeandnotingthedutiesoflocalchurchestore-spondtospecificsituations.ThePopethendiscussesawidevarietyofnewsocialproblemswhichstemfromur¬banization.Theseissuesincludewomen,youth,andthe“newpoor.”PaulVInexttreatsmodernaspirationsandideas,especiallyliberalismandMarxism.Hestressestheneedtoensureequalityandtherightofalltoparticipateinsociety.HeconcludesthisletterbyencouragingallChristianstoreflectontheircontemporarysituations,applyGospelprinciples,andtakepoliticalactionwhenappropri¬ate.

DOCUMENTOUTLINE

HISTORICALNOTE

ACalltoActionisanopen,apostolicletterfromPopePaulVItoCardinalMauriceRoy,presidentofthePontificalCommissiononJusticeandPeace,tocommemoratetheeightiethanniversaryofthepublicationofPopeLeoXIII’sTheConditionofLabor.Itbreaksnewgroundbydevel¬opingatheoryoftheroleofindividualChristiansandlocalchurchesinrespondingtosituationsof


injustices.

Introduction

·Greatereffortsforjusticeareneeded(#2).

·Giventhewidediversityofsituationsintheworld,eachlocalchurchhasresponsibilitytodiscernandact(#4).

·Agreatvarietyofchangesaretakingplaceintheworld(#7).

NewSocialProblems

·Urbanizationcreatesanewlonelinessandthepossibilitythathumansmaybecomeslavestotheirowncreation(#10).

·Youthfinddialogueincreasinglydifficult(#13).

·Womenpossessanequalrighttoparticipateinsocial,cultural,economic,andpoliticallife(#13).

·Workershavetherighttoformunions(#14).

·The“NewPoor,”createdbyurbanization,includethehandicapped,elderly,andthemarginalized(#15).

·Discriminationalonglinesofrace,origin,color,culture,sex,andreligionstillexists(#17).

·Emigrationisaright(#17).

·Thereisgreatneedtocreateemploymentthrougheffectivepoliciesofinvestment,education,andorganizationofmeansofproduction(#18).

·Themediahavebothpositiveandnegativepotential(#20).

·Peoplehavearesponsibilitytoprotecttheenvironment(#21).

FundamentalAspirationsandIdeas

·Equalityandparticipationneedtobeensured(#22).

·Legislationforjusticeisnecessarybutnotenough;lovesparkingactionforthepoorisneeded(#23).

·Preferentialrespectforthepoorisimportant(#23)

·Politicalactivityforademocraticsocietyisconsistentwiththetotalvocationofhumankind;humanscannolongerrelyonlyoneconomicactivity(#25)

·BothMarxistandliberalideologiesalienatehumanbeings(#26).

·Historicalmovementscontainpositiveelementswhichmustbediscerned(#30).

·CertainfeaturesofsocialismareattractivebutChristiansmustcritiqueitsappeal(#31).

·AvarietyofinterpretationsofMarxismexistbuthistoricallyithasledtototalitarianismandviolence(#’s32-34).

·Liberalismpromoteseconomicefficiencybutdistortshumannature(#35).

·Christiansneedtodiscerncarefullytheoptionsbetweendifferentideologies(#36).

·Utopiasaregenerallyineffectivebuttheyprovoketheimaginationandactivityforabetterworld(#37).

·Humanshavebecometheobjectofscience;sciencelacksatotalpictureofhumanity(#39).

·Natureofprogressisambiguous;qualityofhumanrelationsanddegreeofparticipationandresponsibil¬ityarejustasimportantasamountofgoodsproduced(#41).

ChristiansFaceNewProblems

·CatholicsocialteachingstatestheimportanceofreflectingonthechangingsituationoftheworldandapplyingGospelprinciplestoit(#42).

·Nationsneedtorevisetheirrelationshipstoworkforgreaterjustice(#43).

·Liberationrequireschangedattitudesandstructures(#45).

·ThetaskofChristiansistocreateconditionsforthecompletegoodofhumanity(#46).

·Christiansneedtoconcentratemoreonpoliticalratherthan

economicactivityasasolutionforcontem-poraryproblems(#46).

·Involvementinbuildinghumansolidarityisanendoffreedom(#47).

CalltoAction

·EachChristianhasapersonalresponsibilityforbuildingupthetemporalorder

(#48).

·TheLordworkingwithusisagreatreasonforChristianhope(#48).

·Apluralityofoptionsforactionexists(#49).

·Christianshavethetaskofinspiringandinnovatinginworkingforjustice(#50).

DiscussionQuestions

ACalltoActionwaswrittentocommemoratetheeightiethanniversaryofthepublicationofPopeLeoXIII’sTheConditionofLabor.WhatnewissueswasPopePaulVIdealingwithin1971thatmaynothaveexistedwhenTheConditionofLaborwaswritten?HowdidPaulVIaddressthesenewconcerns?

WhatdoesPopePaulVImeanwhenhesaysthatliberalism(e.g.freetrade),thougheconomicallyefficient,distortshumannature?Considerfreetradeagreements,liberalizingsocialservicesandnaturalresourcessuchaswater,lesseningrestrictionsonpollution,etc.HowmighttheseexamplesillustratewhatPaulVIissaying?

PopePaulVIsaysinthisdocumentthateachChristianhasapersonalresponsibilityforbuildingupthetemporalorder,orrenew¬ingtheworldtooneofjusticeandpeace.Asanindividual,howareyouworkingtorenewtheearth?Whatmorecouldyoubedoing?

JusticiainMundo,JusticeintheWorldStatementoftheSynodofBishops,1971




OVERVIEW

The1971SynodofBishops,intheirreflectionon“themissionofthePeopleofGodtofurtherjusticeintheworld,”affirmstherighttoaculturally-sensitive,personal¬izeddevelopment.TheBishopsteachthatGospelprin-ciplesmandatejusticefortheliberationofallhumanityasanessentialexpressionofChristianlove.TheChurchmustwitnessforjusticethroughitsownlifestyle,educationalactivities,andinternationalaction.Structuralsinisdis¬cussed.

HISTORICALNOTE

ThisdocumentillustratesthepowerfulinfluenceofnativeleadershipoftheChurchesofAfrica,Asia,andLatinAmerica.Itisthefirstmajorexampleofpost-VaticanIIepiscopalcollegialityandreflectsaforceful,concrete,andrealisticrefinementofpreviouspapalpronouncements.

Introduction

·Structuralinjusticesoppresshumanityandstiflefreedomtooperateintheworld(#3).


·ThedynamismoftheGospelandthehopesofthepeopleoftodayaretogether(#5).

·“ActiononbehalfofjusticeandparticipationinthetransformationoftheworldfullyappeartousasaconstitutivedimensionofthepreachingoftheGospel,orinotherwords,oftheChurch’smissionfortheredemptionofthehumanraceanditsliberationfromeveryoppressivesituation”(#6).

JusticeandWorldSociety

·Amodernparadox:

·forcesforachievinghumandignityseemstrong(#7);

·butsodoforcesofdivision(armsrace,economicinjustices,lackofparticipation)(#9).

·Affirmstherighttodevelopmentasabasichumanright(#15).

·Callsforpersonalizationandaculturally-sensitivemodernization(#’s17-19).

·Manywhosufferinjusticearevoiceless;theChurchshouldspeakontheirbehalf(#20).

·Injusticeslisted:thosetomigrants,refugees;religiouspersecution;humanrightsviolations;torture;politicalprisoners;anti-life;war;dishonestmedia;anti-familyactivity(#’s21-26).

·Dialoguewiththeparticipationofall,especiallyyouth,isneededtocorrecttheseinjustices(#28).

GospelMessageandMissionofChrist

·ScripturalSources

·PeopleneedtolistentotheWordofGodtorespondeffectivelytoinjustices(#29).

·OldTestamentviewsGodasa“liberatoroftheoppressedandthedefenderofthepoor”(#30).

·Jesusgavehimselfforthesalvationandliberationofallandassociatedhimselfwiththe“least”(#31).

·St.Paul:Christianlifeisthefaithwhichsparksloveandserviceofneighbors(#33).

·JusticeandLove

·“Christianloveofneighborandjusticecannotbeseparated”(#34).

·PreachingtheGospelrequiresadedicationtotheliberationofhumanityinthisworld(#35).

·RoleoftheChurch

·TheGospelmessagegivestheChurchtherightanddutytoproclaimjusticeonalllevelsandtodenounceinstancesofinjustice(#36).

·TheroleofthehierarchicalChurchisnottoofferconcretesolutionstospecificproblems,buttopromotethedignityandrightsofeachhumanbeing(#37).

PracticeofJustice

·WitnessoftheChurch

·Anyonewhoventurestopreachjusticeshouldbeperceivedasbeingjust(#40).

·RightswithintheChurchmustberespectedforall,especiallywomenandlaypeople(#43).

·Rightsinclude:decentwage,security,promotion,freedomofthoughtandexpression,properjudicialprocedures,participationindecision-makingprocess(#’s45-46).

·ThelifestyleoftheinstitutionalChurchandallitsmembersmustallowittopreachthegoodnewstothepoor(#48).

·EducationtoJustice

·Indevelopingcountries,theaimistoawakenawarenessoftheconcretesituationandstrategiesandalternativesforchange(#51).

·Familyistheprincipalagentforthiseducation,acontinuingone(#54).

·Catholicsocialteaching,thebasicprinciplesoftheGospelsapplied,isthemajorsourceforjusticeeducation(#56).

·Liturgyandthesacramentscanservejusticeeducation(#58).

·CooperationbetweenChurchesinRichandPoorNationsIsEssentialforEconomicandSpiritualProgress(#59).

·EcumenicalCollaborationforJusticeIsStronglySupported(#61).

·InternationalAction

·CallfortheUNDeclarationofHumanRightstoberatifiedbyallnations(#64).

·SupportUNeffortstohaltarmsrace,weaponstrade,andreachpeaceful

conflictresolution(#65).

·FosteraimsoftheSecondDevelopmentDecade,includingfairpricesforrawmaterials,openingofmarkets,taxationonworldwidebasis(#66).

·Concentrationofpowershouldbechanged;moreparticipationisneeded(#67).

·EmphasizestheimportanceofUNspecializedagenciesinpromotingjustice(#68).

·Callsforfundingforresponsibledevelopment(#69).

·Wealthynationsneedtobelessmaterialisticandconsumeless(#70).

·Righttodevelopmentandrespectfulcooperationwithwealthynationsareurged(#71).

AWordofHope

·ChristianswillfindtheKingdomasthefruitoftheirnatureandefforts;GodisnowpreparingtheKingdom(#75).

DiscussionQuestions

Namethemajorreasonsthatpromptyoutoworkforjustice.

Listfactorsinyourcountrythatfosterworkforjusticeandfactorsthathinderit.

DiscusshowyourfaithinJesusencouragesyoutodomoreforjusticeandpeace.

LaboremExercens,PopeJohnPaulII1981-OnHumanWork

PopeJohnPaulII,September14,1981




OVERVIEW

LaboremExercens,PopeJohnPaulII’sencyclical,commemoratestheninetiethanniversaryofPopeLeoXIII’sRerumNovarum.JohnPaulIIaffirmsthedignityofworkandplacesworkatthecenterofthesocialquestion.Theencyclicalstatesthathumanbeingsarethepropersubjectofwork.Workexpressesandincreaseshumandignity.ThePopestressesthepriorityoflaboroverthingswhilecriticizingsystemswhichdonotembodytheseprinciples.Hesupportstherightsofworkersandunions.JohnPaulIIconcludesbyoutliningaspiritualityofwork.

DOCUMENTOUTLINE

HISTORICALNOTE

LaboremExercensrepresentsaclearandsuccinctstatementofJohnPaulII’sthoughtsonthesocialquestion.WrittenalmostentirelybythePopehimself,theencyclicalreflectsstatementsmadewhilehewasaPolishprelateandthosemadeduringthefirstyearsofhispontificate.


LaboremExercensdevelopsandrefinestheChurch’steachingsonpropertyanditscriticismofcapitalismandMarxism.

Introduction

·Humansderivedignityfromworkeventhoughitinvolvessufferingandtoil(#1).

·Recentchangesintherealmofwork(#1):

·automation;

·increaseinpriceofenergyandrawmaterials;

·environmentalawarenessandrespect;

·peopleclaimingrighttoparticipate.

·RoleoftheChurch(#1):

·callattentiontodignityofworkers;

·condemnviolationsofdignity;

·guidechangestoensureprogress.

·Workisatthecenterofthesocialquestion,thekeytomakinglifemorehuman(#2).

·Catholicsocialteachinghasevolvedandnowconsidersthe“world”

aswellasthe“class”perspective;theChurchcallsforstructuraltransformationonamoreuniversalscale(#2).

WorkandHumanBeings

·PerspectiveonWork

·GenesisstatesGod’scommandtosubduetheearth;workisthemeanstodoso(#4).

·Humanbeingsarethepropersubjectofwork(#5).

·Aspectsoftechnology(#5):

·positive:facilitateswork;

·negative:cansupplantorcontrolhumans.

·Workmustserveanindividual’shumanity(#6).

·MaterialismandEconomism

·Materialisticthoughttreatshumansasinstrumentsofproductionratherthanassubjectsofwork(#7).

·Workersareconsideredasmerchandise(#7).

·JusticeandWork

·LeoXIII’scalltosolidaritywasareactionagainstthedegradationofpeopleassubjectsofwork(#8).

·Withinunemploymentofintellectuals,anew“proletarianization”ofworkersisoccurring(#8).

·Churchiscommittedtojusticeforworkers;itwantstobea“Churchofthepoor”(#8).

·NatureofWork

·Peopleachievedominionovertheearthandfulfillmentashumanbeings(#9).

·Workandfamilylife(#10):

·workmakesfamilylifepossible;

·workmakespossibletheachievementofpurposesofthefamily;

·itincreasescommongoodofhumanfamilyConflictBetweenLaborandCapital

·TheConflict

·Conflicthaschangedfromonebetweencapitalandlabortoanideologicalstruggleandnowtoapoliticalstruggle(#11).

·Fundamentalprinciples(#12):

·priorityoflaborovercapital;

·primacyofpeopleoverthings.

·Humanityhastwoinheritances:nature,andtheresourcespeoplehavedeveloped(#12).

·Needtodevelopasystemthatwillreconcilecapitalandlabor(#13).

·Property

·Onownership,CatholicsocialteachingdiffersfrombothMarxism(collectivism)andcapitalism(#13).

·Rightofprivatepropertyissubordinatedtotherightofcommonuse

(#14).

·Propertyisacquiredthroughworktoservelabor(#14).

·Socializationofcertainmeansofproductioncannotbeexcluded(#14).

·Churchfavorsajoint-ownershipofmeansofproduction(#14).

RightsofWorkers-Workisanobligation/duty(#16)

·IndirectEmployers

·Indirectemployers(persons,institutions,setsofprinciples,states,socio-economicsystems)determineoneormorefacetsofthelaborrelationship(#17).

·Policiesneedtorespecttheobjectiverightsofworkers—thecriterionforshapingtheworldeconomy(#17).

·Employment

·Suitableemploymentforallisneeded(#18).

·Indirectemployersneedtoactagainstunemploymentthrough(#18):

·unemploymentbenefits(springingfromprincipleofcommonuseofgoods);

·asystemofoverallplanningoneconomicandculturallevels;

·internationalcollaborationtolessenimbalancesinthestandardofliving.

·Resourcesmustbeusedtocreateemployment(#18).

·Workers

·Justremunerationsofworkersisthekey(#19).

·Wagesareapracticalmeanswherebypeoplecanhaveaccesstogoodsintendedforthecommonuse(#19).

·Churchcallsfor(#19):

·wagessufficienttosupportafamily;

·allowancestomothersraisingafamily;

·reevaluationofthemother’sroletoensureproperloveforchildrenandfairopportunitiesforwomen.

·Othersocialbenefitsforworkersareneeded,includinghealthcare,righttoleisure,pensionandaccidentinsurance,andadecentworkenvironment(#19).

·RighttoFormUnions

·Indispensableelementofsociallife(#20).

·Originatedwithstrugglesofworkers(#20).

·Mouthpieceofthestruggleforjustice(#20).

·Constructivefactorofsocialorder(#20).

·Canenterpoliticalordertosecurerightsandthecommongood(#20).

·Strikesarelegitimatebutextraordinary(#20).

·Twocautions(#20):

·demandscanbecome“classegoism”;

·canstrayfromspecificroles.

·Other

·Agriculturalworkisthebasisofhealthyeconomies(#21).

·Disabledpeopleshouldparticipateinwork(#22).

·Peoplehavearighttoleavetheirnativecountriesinsearchofbetterconditions(#23).

·ElementsofaSpiritualityofWork

·HumansshareintheactivityoftheirGod(#25).

·WorkimitatesGod’sactivityandgivesdignity(#25).

·Jesuswasapersonofwork(#26).

·TherearemanyreferencestoworkintheBible(#26).

·VaticanII:workallowspeopletofulfilltheirtotalvocation(#26).

·WorkissharingintheCrossandResurrection(#27).

·WorkisnecessaryforearthlyprogressandthedevelopmentoftheKingdom(#27).

DiscussionQuestions

Illustrate,bywayofexamplesfromyourownworksituationorothers,whatthe“priorityoflaborovercapital”meanstoyou.

Inwhatwaysdoesyourownworkgiveyouasenseofdignity?

Whataspectsofyourdailyworkaffirmyourdignity?Whicharedehumanizing?

Thecomplexityoftoday’sworldinhibitssomepeoplefromsocialinvolvement.Howdoyoudealwithsuchcomplexity?

Howdoothersyouknow,orknowof,dealwithit?

SollicitudoReiSocialis,PopeJohnPaulII1987-TheSocialConcernsoftheChurch

PopeJohnPaulII,December30,1987




OVERVIEW

PopeJohnPaulIIpaintsasomberpictureofthestateofglobaldevelopmentinTheSocialConcernsoftheChurch.HecitestheoriginalityofPopePaulVI’sTheDevelopmentofPeoplesandemphasizesthemoral/ethicaldimensionofdevelopment.Aftersurveyingthedifficultstateofthepoorcountries,thePopelaysstrongblameontheconfrontationbetweenthetwoglobalblocs,liberalcapitalismoftheWest,andMarxistcollectivismoftheEast.Hereferstotheobstacleshinderingdevelopmentasthe“structuresofsin”andcallsforconversiontowardsolidarityandtheoptionforthepoor.Whilehedoesspeakoftheresponsibilitiesofthepoorcountries,byfarhisstrongestchallengeistotheaffluentworld.

DOCUMENTOUTLINE

HISTORICALNOTE

TwentyyearsafterTheDevelopmentofPeoples,PopeJohnPaulIIcelebratesthatencyclicalofPaulVIwithastrongstatementupdatingtheChurch’steachingoninternationaldevelopment.Thedocumentreflectstheseverityof


globaleconomiesattheendofthe1980s,withdebt,unemployment,andrecessionseriouslyaffectingthelivesofmillionsnotonlyinthedevelopingcountriesbutalsointhemoreaffluentcountries.Itechoesseveralofthejustice-relatedthemesaddressedbythePopeinhisworldwidetravels.

Introduction

·Socialdoctrineseekstoleadpeopletorespondtotheirvocationasresponsiblebuildersofearthlysociety(#1).

·Itismarkedbycontinuityandrenewal(#3).

·CurrentencyclicalcelebratestwentiethanniversaryofTheDevelopmentofPeoples,andemphasizesneedforfullerconceptof

development(#4).

OriginalityofTheDevelopmentofPeoples

·ApplicationofVaticanII

·ItrespondedtocallofTheChurchintheModernWorld(#6).

·ItappliedCouncil’steachingstospecificproblemsofdevelopmentandunderdevelopment(#7).

·OriginalityofMessage

·Itemphasizedethicalandculturalcharacterofproblemsconnectedwithdevelopment,andthelegitimacyandnecessityofChurch’sinterventioninthisfield(#8).

·Itaffirmedworldwidedimensionofsocialquestion,andhencethedutyofsolidaritybetweenrichandpoor(#9).

·Itassertedthat“developmentisthenewnameforpeace,”

challengingthearmsraceandlinkingpeaceandjustice(#10).

SurveyofContemporaryWorld

·UnfulfilledHopesforDevelopment

·Twentyyearsagotherewaswidespreadoptimismaboutpossibilityofovercomingpovertyandpromotingdevelopment(#12).

·Butingeneralthepresentsituationisnegative(#13):

·innumerablemultitudessufferintolerableburdenofpoverty;

·manymillionshavelosthope,seeingtheirsituationworsened.

·WidenedGapbetweenNorthandSouth

·Developingcountriesarefallingbehinddevelopedintermsofproductionanddistributionofbasics(#14).

·Unityofworldiscompromised,withdivisionintoFirst,Second,Third,FourthWorlds(#14).

·Culturalunderdevelopmentshownin:illiteracy,lackofparticipation,exploitation,religiousoppression,racialdiscrimination,etc.(#15).

·Rightofeconomicinitiative,forserviceofthecommongood,isoftensuppressed,frustratingpeople’screativity(#15).

·Totalitarianismmakespeople“objects”(#15).

·Otherformsofpovertyexist,e.g.,denialofhumanrightssuchasrighttoreligiousfreedom(#15).

·Causesofworsenedsituationinclude(#16):

·omissionsonpartofdevelopingcountries;

·lackofresponsebyaffluentworld;

·mechanisms(economic,political,social)manipulatedtobenefitsomeattheexpenseofothers.

·Interdependenceseparatedfromethicalrequirementsisdisastrousforbothrichandpoorcountries(#17).

·SpecificSignsofUnderdevelopment

·Housingcrisis,experienceduniversally,isduelargelytoincreasingurbanization(#17).

·Unemploymentandunderemploymentgrow,raisingseriousquestionsaboutthetypeofdevel¬opmentpursued(#18).

·Globaldebt,forcingdebtornationstoexportcapital,isaggravating

underdevelopment(#19).

·PoliticalReasonsforUnderdevelopment

·Existenceoftwoopposingblocs,EastandWest,hasconsiderableimpactondevelopmentofpeople(#20).

·Politicaloppositionrestsondeeperideologicalopposition(#20):

·liberalcapitalismoftheWest;

·MarxistcollectivismoftheEast.

·Militaryoppositionresults,withtensionsof“coldwar,”“warsbyproxy”(#21).

·Church’ssocialdoctrineiscriticaltowardbothliberalcapitalismandMarxistcollectivism(#21).

·Recentlyindependentcountriesbecomeinvolvedin,sometimesoverwhelmedby,ideologicalconflict,astwoblocstendtowardimperialismandneo-colonialism(#’s21-22).

·Exaggeratedconcernforsecurityblockscooperation(#22).

·Competitionbetweentwoblocspreventsleadershipandsolidarity(#23).

·Westabandonsselftogrowingandselfishisolation(#23).

·Eastignoresdutytoalleviatehumanmisery(#23).

·Armstradeflourishes,refugeesarecreated,andterrorismincreases(#24).

·Demographicproblemisoftenmetwithoutrespectforpersons(#25).

·PositiveAspectsofContemporaryWorld

·Awarenessgrowsofdignityandhumanrights,asexpressedinUN’sDeclarationofHumanRights(#26).

·Convictionincreasesregardingradicalinterdependenceandsolidarity(#26).

·Peaceisseenasindivisible;itisforall,anddemandsjustice(#26).

·Ecologicalconcerngrows,withrecognitionoflimitedresourcesandneedtorespectnature(#26).

·Generouspersonssacrificeforpeace,andinternationalorganizationscontributetomoreeffectiveaction(#26).

·SomeThirdWorldcountrieshavereachedfoodself-sufficiency(#26).

AuthenticHumanDevelopment

·ChallengestoDevelopment

·Developmentisnotstraightforward“progress”inEnlightenmentsense(#27).

·Afterworldwarsandwithatomicperil,“naivemechanisticoptimism”

hasbeenreplacedby“well-foundedanxiety”(#27).

·Narroweconomicemphasisisquestioned(#28).

·Side-by-sidewithmiseriesofunderdevelopmentisinadmissiblesuperdevelopmentwhichinvolvesconsumerismandwaste(#28).

·“Having”doesnotcontributetohumanperfectionunlessitcontributestomaturingandenrich¬ingof“being”(#28).

·Oneofthegreatestinjusticesincontemporaryworld:“poordistributionofthegoodsandservicesoriginallyintendedforall”(#28).

·“Having”candetractfrom“being”ifonedisregardsthequalityandorderedhierarchyofthegoodsonehas(#28).

·DevelopmentandHumanNature

·Truedevelopmentcallsforrecognitionofspiritual,transcendentnatureofhumanbeings(#29).

·Biblicalstoryshowshumansdeveloping(#30):

·havingdominionovercreationbutobedienttoCreator;

·fallingintosinbutrespondingtodivinecall.

·FaithinChristrevealsplanforreconciliationofalltohim(#31).

·Churchthereforehaspastoraldutytoconcernitselfwithproblemsofdevelopment(#31).

·EarlyteachersofChurchhadoptimisticvisionofhistoryandwork(#31).

·Churchcannotignoreneedsofthepoorinfavorof“superfluouschurchornamentsandcostlyfurnishingsfordivineworship”(#31).

·CooperationforDevelopment

·Thistaskisnotindividualistic;thereisanobligationtocollaboratewithallothersinthisfield(#32).

·Peopleandnationshavearighttotheirowndevelopment(#32).

·Moralcharacterofdevelopmentrequiresrecognitionofrights(#33):

·atinternallevel,respectinglife,family,employment,politicalcommunity,religion;

·atinternationallevel,respectingpeoples,culture,equalityofall;

·withinframeworkofsolidarityandfreedom.

·RespectforNaturalWorld

·Thereisgrowingawarenessofthe“cosmos”—thenaturalorderofallbeings,livingandinanimate(#34).

·Naturalresourcesarelimitedandcannotbeusedwithabsolutedominion(#34).

·Pollutionoftheenvironmentthreatensthehealthofall(#34).

TheologicalReadingofModernProblems

·SituationofSin

·InyearssinceTheDevelopmentofPeoples,“therehasbeennodevelopment—orverylittle,irregular,orevencontradictorydevelopment”

(#35).

·Mainobstacletodevelopmentisnotpoliticalbutmoral(#35).

·Worlddividedintoblocs,sustainedbyideologies,anddominatedbyimperialismisaworld“subjecttostructuresofsin”(#36).

·Individualactionsagainstneighborintroduceintoworldinfluencesandobstaclesthatgobeyondindividuals,interferingwiththedevelopmentofpeoples(#36).

·Twotypicalstructuresofsinare(#37):

·all-consumingdesireforprofit;

·thirstforpower,imposingone’swillonothers.

·PathofConversion

·Profoundattitudeswhichdefinerelationshipswithself,neighbor,andnaturemustbechanged(#38).

·“Conversion”isneeded,towardinterdependency,solidarity,commitmenttocommongood(#38).

·Solidarityrequires(#39):

·onpartofinfluential,aresponsibilityandwillingnesstoshare;

·onpartofweaker,anactiveclaimingofrights.

·Churchhasevangelicaldutytostandbythepoor(#39).

·Solidarityhelpsusseethe“other”as“neighbor,”“helper,”andisthepathtopeaceanddevelopment(#39).

·AsChristianvirtue,solidarityisrootedinvisionofhumanbeingsinrelationshiptoTrinity(#40).

SomeParticularGuidelines

·Church’sSocialDoctrine

·Churchoffersnortechnicalsolutionsbut“setofprinciplesforreflection,criteriaforjudgment,anddirectivesforaction”(#41).

·Itisnota“thirdway”betweenliberalcapitalismandMarxistcollectivism(#42):

·notanideologybutatheologicalinterpretation;

·acondemnation/proclamationaspartofpropheticrole.

·Todayespeciallyitmustbeopentointernationaloutlook(#42).

·OptionforthePoor

·WholetraditionofChurchbearswitnessto“loveofpreferenceforthepoor,”aspecialformofprimacyinexerciseofChristiancharity(#42).

·Thisaffectsindividualactionandappliesequallytosocialresponsibilities(#42).

·Growingnumbersofpoor,indesperatesituations,mustbeapriorityinalldevelopmentplans(#42).

·Thegoodsoftheworldareoriginallymeantforall,andhenceprivatepropertyhasa“socialmortgage”(#42).

·Specialformofpovertyincludesbeingdeprivedofrights,particularlyrighttoreligiousfreedomandrighttofreedomofeconomicinitiative(#42).

·ImbalanceofInternationalSystem

·Internationaltradesystemdiscriminatesagainstdevelopingcountries,andinternationaldivisionoflaborexploitsworkersforprofit(#43).

·Worldmonetaryandfinancialsystemcompoundspoorercountries’

problemsofbalanceofpaymentsanddebt(#43).

·Technologytransferisunfairtopoorercountries(#43).

·Internationalorganizationsneedreform,withoutbeingmanipulatedbypoliticalrivalries(#43).

·ResponsibilitiesofDevelopingCountries

·Developingcountriesmusttakeuptheirownresponsibilities(#44).

·Theyshouldpromoteself-affirmationoftheirowncitizensthroughprogramsofliteracyandbasiceducation(#44).

·Theyneedtosetpriorities(#44):

·foodproduction;

·reformofpoliticalstructures;

·promotionofhumanrights.

·Solidarityamongdevelopingcountrieswillcallforgreatercooperationandestablishmentof

effectiveregionalorganizations(#45).

Conclusion

·TrueLiberation

·Thereisanintimateconnectionbetweenliberationanddevelopment,overcomingobstaclestoa“morehumanlife”(#46).

·Churchaffirmspossibilityofovercomingtheobstacles,withconfidenceinthegoodnessofhumans(#47).

·UrgentAppeal

·Everyonemustbeconvincedofseriousnessofmomentandofresponsibilitytotakesteps“inspiredbysolidarityandloveofpreferenceforthepoor”(#47).

·Asagentsofpeaceandjustice,laityhavepreeminentroleinanimatingtemporalrealitieswithChristiancommitment(#47).

·SpecialcooperationurgedwithotherChristians,withJews,andwithfollowersofworld’sgreatreligions(#47).

·ThefactthattheKingdomofGodisnotidentifiedwithanytemporalachievementcannotexcuseusfromlackofconcernforconcretesituationsoftoday(#48).

·Eucharistisspecialcalltocommitmenttodevelopmentandpeace(#48).

·InMarianYear,weaskMary’sintercessioninthisdifficultmomentofthemodernworld(#49).

DiscussionQuestions

WhyisPopeJohnPaulIIcriticalofbothliberalcapitalismandMarxistcollectivism?

Hasthesocio-economiclifeofpeopleintherichcountriesoftheworldimprovedinthepasttwentyyears?Ofpeopleinthepoorcountries?

Whyis“development”morethansimplyeconomicprogress?Whatis

“authentichumandevelopment”?

What“structuresofsin”couldyounameinthepresentglobalsituation?

CentesimusAnnus,PopeJohnPaulII1991-OneHundredYears-DIGNITYOFTHEWORKER

PopeJohnPaulII,May1,1991




OVERVIEW

CentesimusAnnusbeginswitharestatementandacurrentapplicationofthemajorprinciplesofRerumNovarum.PopeJohnPaulIIthenaddressestherelation¬shipoftheChurch’ssocialteachingtomajortrendsandeventsinthepastonehundredyearswithaspecialemphasisontheeventsinEasternEuropein1989.Hemissesnoopportunitytoaffirmhumandignityandhumanrights.Theencyclicalnotesthefallof

“RealSocialism,”butcautionsagainstthinkingthatthisfallsignifiesavictoryforcapitalism.

DOCUMENTOUTLINE

HISTORICALNOTE

CentesimusAnnuswaspromulgatedinMay1991,afterthecollapseofsocialisminmostofEasternEuropeandtheconclusionofthePersianGulfWar,butbeforethecollapseoftheCommunistPartyintheSovietUnion.Theencyclical,theninthofJohnPaulII’spontificate,com¬memoratestheonehundredth


anniversaryofRerumNovarum.

Introduction

·RerumNovarumisof“greatimportance”fortheChurch;the“vitalenergies”itunleashedcontinuetoincrease(#1).

·RerumNovarumcanbeusedtohelplookbackatfundamentalprinciples,“lookaround”atnewevents,andlooktothefuture(#3).

·AnanalysisofhistoryandcurrenteventsisessentialtotheChurch’smissionofevangelization(#3).

CharacteristicsofRerumNovarum

·RerumNovarumattemptedtorespondtotheconflictbetweencapitalandlabor(#5).

·LeoXIIIgavetheChurchaparadigmandacorpustoanalyze,judge,

andindicatedirectionsforsocialrealities(#5).

·ToteachandspreadhersocialdoctrineisanessentialpartoftheChurch’sevangelizingmission(#5).

·Therecanbenogenuinesolutiontothe“socialquestion”apartfromtheGospel(#5).

·RerumNovarumstronglyaffirmsthedignityofworkandtherightstoprivateproperty,privateassocia¬tions,ajustwage,andtodischargefreelyreligiousduties(#6-9).

·RerumNovarum’scriticismofsocialismandliberalismisstillrelevanttoday(#10).

·RerumNovarum’semphasisontherightsofthepoorandthedefenselessgivestestimonytothecontinuityoftheoptionforthepoor(#11).

·TheguidinglightofRerumNovarumisitsviewofhumandignity(#11).

Towardthe“NewThings”ofToday

·Thefundamentalerrorofsocialismisitsmisunderstandingofthehumanpersonassimplyanelement(#13).

·Thiserrorspringsfromatheismandresultsinadistortionoflawandhuman

freedom(#13).

·Atheismandcontemptforthehumanpersoncauseclassstruggleandmilitarism(#14)

·TheState,respectfuloftheprincipleofsubsidiarity,hasapositiveroletoplayindeterminingthejuridicalframeworkofeconomicaffairs(#15).

·Theroleoftheworkers’movementineconomicreformhasbeenanimportantone(#16).

·RerumNovarumopposedideologiesofhatredandshowedhowviolencecouldbeovercomebyjustice(#17).

·Since1945,inEurope,therehasbeenasituationofnon-warbutnotgenuinepeace:

·manypeoplelosttheabilitytocontroltheirowndestiny;

·an“insane”armsraceswallowedupvitalresources;

·violentextremistgroupsfoundreadysupport;

·theatomicthreatoppressedtheworld(#18).

·AfterWorldWarII,decolonizationoccurred.Genuineindependenceofdevelopingnationsisimpededbyforeigneconomicandpoliticalcontrolandthelackofacompetentprofessionalclass(#20).

·Since1945,theawarenessofhumanrights—withtheUnitedNationsasafocalpoint—hasgrown(#21).

·TheUNhasnotyetsucceededinestablishingacontinuouslyfavorabledevelopmentaidpolicyoraneffectivesystemofconflictresolutionasanalternativetowar(#21).

TheYear1989

·In1989:

·inEasternEurope,oppressiveregimesfell;

·someThirdWorldcountriesbeganatransitiontomorejustand

participatorystructures(#22).

·TheChurch’scommitmenttodefendandpromotehumanrightswasanimportantcontributiontotheeventsof1989(#22).

·Factorsthatcontributedtothefallofoppressiveregimes:

·violationofworkers’rights(#23);

·inefficiencyoftheeconomicsystem(#24);

·spiritualvoidbroughtaboutbyatheism(#24).

·Non-violent,peacefulprotestaccomplishedalmostallofthechangesinEasternEurope(#23).

·Theeventsof1989wouldbeunthinkablewithoutprayerandtrustinGod(#25).

·Theeventsof1989illustrateopportunitiesforhumanfreedomtocooperatewiththeplanofGodwhoactsinhistory(#26).

·Insomecountries,theeventsof1989resultedfromanencounterbetweentheChurchandtheworkers’movement(#26).

·Theeventsof1989illustratedthattheChurch’ssocialdoctrineof(aswellasconcretecommitmentto)integralhumanliberationdoesnotnecessitatean“impossible”compromisebetweenChristianityandMarxism(#26).

·Internationalstructuresthatcanhelprebuild,economicallyandmorally,thecountriesthathaveabandonedcommunismareneeded(#27).

·Marxism’sfallhashighlightedhumaninterdependence(#27).

·Peaceandprosperityaregoodsthatbelongtothewholehumanrace(#27).

·AidforEasternEurope,withoutaslackeningofaidfortheThirdWorld,isneeded(#28).

·Theremustbeachangeinprioritiesandvaluesonwhicheconomicandpoliticalchoicesaremade(#28).

·Theadvancementofthepoorisanopportunityforthemoral,cultural,andeconomicgrowthofallhumanity(#28).

·Developmentmustbeseeninfullyhuman,andnotmerelyeconomic,terms(#29).

PrivatePropertyandtheUniversalityofMaterialGoods

·Catholicsocialteachingaffirmsarighttoprivatepropertythatislimitedbythecommonpurposeofgoods(#30).

·Work,whichisinourdayworkwithandforothers,isthehumanresponsetoGod’sgifts(#31).

·Thepossessionofknow-how,technology,andskillissurpassinglandasthedecisivefactorofproduc¬tion(#32).

·Themajorityofpeopletodaydonothavethemeansorthepossibilityofacquiringthebasicknowledgetoentertheworldoftechnologyandintercommunication.Theyarethusexploitedormarginalized(#33).

·Thehumaninadequaciesofcapitalismarefarfromdisappearing(#33).

·Manyhumanneedsarenotsatisfiedinafreemarketeconomy

(#34).

·Itisa“strictdutyofjusticeandtruth”andarequirementofdignitytohelpneedypeopleacquireexpertiseanddeveloptheskilltoenterthemoderneconomy(#34).

·TheStateneedstocontrolthemarkettoguaranteethatthebasicneedsofsocietyaresatisfied(#35).

·Abusinessfirmisacommunityofpersons,endeavoringtomeettheirbasicneeds,whoformagroupattheserviceofsociety(#35).

·Humanandmoralfactorsarejustasimportantasprofittothelifeofabusiness(#35).

·Thedefeatof“RealSocialism”doesnotleavecapitalismastheonlymodelofeconomicorganization(#35).

·Strongernationsmustofferweakernationstheopportunitytotaketheirplaceintheinternationalorder(#35).

·Theforeigndebtofpoorercountriesneedstobehandledinawaythatrespectstherightsofpeoplestosubsistenceandprogress(#35).

·Consumerismhascreatedattitudesandlifestyleswhichdamagethephysicalandspiritualhealthofhumanbeings(#36).

·Itisnecessarytocreatelifestylesinwhichthequestfortruth,beauty,goodness,andthecommongooddeterminechoices(#36).

·Themassmediahasaspecialroletoplayinfosteringasenseofgeneralresponsibility(#36).

·Theecologicalquestionemphasizeshumanresponsibilitytofuturegenerations(#37).

·Socialstructurescancreateenvironmentsconducivetosinwhichimpedefullhumanrealization(#38).

·Thefamily,foundedonmarriage,isthesanctuaryoflife(#39).

·Truehumanalienationhappenswhenapersonrefusestotranscendtheselfandliveaself-givinglifeinanauthentichumancommunitythatisorientedtowardGod(#41).

·TheMarxistsolutionhasfailed,butmarginalization,exploitation,andalienationstillexistintheThirdWorld(#42).

·TheChurch’ssocialteachingshouldserveasanorientation,ratherthanasamodel,towardsolvingproblems(#43).

StateandCulture

·Therootofmodemtotalitarianismisfoundinitsdenialofthetranscendentaldignityofthehumanperson(#44).

·Indefendingherownfreedom,theChurchdefendsthedignityofthehumanperson(#45).

·TheChurchvaluesanydemocraticsystemthatensuresitscitizens’

abilitytoparticipateinit(#46).

·Democraticsystemsneedtosolidifytheirfoundationsbyexplicitlyrecognizingcertainrights,especiallytherightstolife,towork,andtoestablishafamily(#47).

·Somedemocracieshavelosttheabilitytomakedecisionsforthecommongood(#48).

·States,respectingsubsidiarity,needtoguaranteefreedom,security,

andhumanrights(#48).

·The“SocialAssistance”Stateleadstoalossofhumanenergies;aninordinateincreaseinbureaucraticpublicagenciesisnotthebestwaytosolvetheseproblems(#48).

·TheChurch—throughcharity,solidarity,andvolunteerwork—hasalwaysbeenamongtheneedy(#49).

·Acultureachievesitscharacterthroughthesearchfortruth(#50).

·TheChurch’scontributiontocultureistoformhumanheartsforpeaceandjustice(#51).

·Acultureofpeaceneedstopromotedevelopmentandprovidethepoorwithrealisticopportunities(#52).

·Thistaskmaynecessitatechangesinlifestylethatreducethewasteofresources(#52).

HumansastheWayoftheChurch

·TheChurch’spurposeisthecareandresponsibilitynotonlyforhumankind,butalsoforeachindividual(#53).

·TheChurch’ssocialteachingisaninstrumentofevangelizationforsalvation(#54).

·TheChurchreceivesthe“meaningofhumankind”fromDivineRevelation(#55).

·TheWesterncountriesruntheriskofseeingthecollapseof“RealSocialism”asavictoryfortheirownsystemsandmayfailtomakenecessarychangesinthosesystems(#56).

·ThesocialbasisoftheGospelmustfunctionasabasisandmotivationforactionbecausewitnessingforjusticeandpeaceismorecrediblethanlogicalarguments(#57).

·Theoptionforthepoorisnotlimitedtomaterialpovertybutencompassesculturalandmaterialpovertyaswell(#57).

·Loveismadeconcreteinthepromotionofjusticewhichrequireschangesinlifestyles,modelsofproductionandconsumption,andstructuresofpower(#58).

·Graceisneededforthedemandsofjusticetobemet(#59).

·TheChurch’ssocialteachingentersintodialoguewiththeotherdisciplinesconcernedwithhumankind(#59).

·Peoplewhoprofessnoreligiousbeliefscancontributetoprovidingthesocialquestionanethicalfoundation(#60).

·TheChurchfeelsobligedtodenouncepovertyandinjusticealthoughhercallwillnotfindfavorwithall(#61).

DiscussionQuestions

WhydidPopeJohnPaulIIthinkthatthefallofMarxisminEasternEuropewasnotavictoryforthemarketeconomies?

WhataresomeoftheresponsibilitiesthePopebelievestherichernationshave

towardthepoorerones?

Whataresomewaysyournationcandealwitheconomicinjusticesinothercountries?

Whataresomethingsyourparishorschoolcoulddotohelpformhumanmindsandheartsforjusticeandpeace?

OutlineandReflectionsonDeusCaritasEst(GodisLove)PopeBenedictXVI2006

January,2006,EncyclicalbyPopeBenedictXVI


OVERVIEW

Christianityembraced,thendeepenedandbroadenedtheJewishfaith.

SeekpeopleoffaithforrenewedenergyandcommitmentinresponsetoGod'slove.

Thedoctrineisasetoffundamentalguidelinesofferingapproachesthatarevalid"evenbeyondthelimitsofthechurch.

Theyshouldbeaddressedinadialoguewithallthoseseriouslyconcernedabouttheworld.

TheroleoftheChurchistoteachnaturallaw,toformconsciences,tostimulateabetterunderstandingofthedemandsofjusticeandthewilltoactaccordingly-helpingpeopletounderstandandengageinpoliticalstruggle.Hecannotremainonthemargins,butitisnothisroletomakethisteachingprevail.

Loveisauniquerealitywithdifferentdimensions[erosandagape];eitherwithouttheotherisacaricature.

Loveisauniquerealitywithdifferentdimensions[erosandagape];eitherwithouttheotherisacaricature.

Thissacramentalmysticismissocial-Christisonewithallcommunicants;worshipmustleadtolove.

LoveofneighboristhepathtoGod'slove.

Intoday'scomplexsituation,particularlybecauseofthegrowthofaglobalizedeconomy,theChurch'ssocialdoctrinehasbecomeasetoffundamentalguidelinesofferingvalidapproachesevenbeyondthelimitsoftheChurch:inthefaceofcontinuousdevelopment,theseguidelinesmustbeapproachedinthecontextofdialoguewithallthoseseriouslyconcernedforhumanityandfortheworldinwhichwelive.


Introduction:Godislove.

1.Christianityembraced,andthendeepenedandexpandedJewishfaith.LookingtopeopleoffaithforrenewedenergyandcommitmentinresponsetoGod’slove.

PartI:TheUnityofLoveinCreationandinSalvationHistory2.Reviewofdifferentpopularusesoftheterm“love.”Lovebetweenmanandwomanistheepitomeoflove.

3.Eros/Agape:Christianlovenewanddistinct.AdiscipliningandpurificationofEros,leadingtoAgape,anewvisionofunifyinglove.

4.Pre-Christianworld:promotedanerosthatwasnot“divinemadness”butdegradation.

5.Lovepromiseseternity,infinity,butneedsdiscipline:integratingsexualityintooverallexistentialfreedom.

6.SongofSongsreflectstwotypesoflove–oneinsecureandsearching;theotherinvolvingarealdiscoveryoftheother,seekingthegoodofthebeloved,exclusiveandforever.

7.ErosandAgapeareconnected,stagesonadevelopmentalpath.

8.Loveisasinglerealitywithdifferentdimensions[erosandagape];eitherwithouttheotherisacaricature.

TheNewnessofBiblicalFaith

9.ImageofGod:One,Sourceofallcreationwholoveshumanswithapersonallovethatelectssomeforthehealingofall;givesTorahtounderstandhumannatureandhowtolive.

10.God’serosforhumanityistotallyagape–gratuitousandforgiving:GodturnsagainstSelf,God’sloveagainstGod’sjustice;reconcilesloveandjusticethroughChrist’sdeath.

11.Imageofhumans:seekingwholenessintheother,complementarity.Onlyincommunionwiththeoppositesexcanhebecomecomplete:Erosseekingmarriage.ThismonogamousloveisiconofrelationbetweenGodandthepeople.

JesusChrist–theincarnateloveofGod

12.Startingpoint:contemplationofpiercedsideofChrist,God’sloveseekingusout.

13.EnduringpresenceofthissacrificialofferinginEucharist:Logosgivesself

asfood.

14.Thissacramentalmysticismissocial–Christisonewithallcommunicants;worshipmustleadtolove.

15.Anyonewhoneedsme,whomIcanhelpismyneighbor:neighborisuniversalized.LoveofGodandofhumansisone.

LoveofGodandLoveofNeighbor

16.LoveofneighboristhepathtoloveofGod.

17.LoveofGodgrowstocommitmentofthoughtandsentiment.

18.Giveeveryotherpersonthelovetheycrave.OnlyreadinesstoencountertheneighborandshowlovemakesonesensitivetoGodtoo.

RenewthatcapacitytoloveattheEucharist,whichleadstoloveofneighbor.

PartII:Caritas:ThePracticeofLovebytheChurchasa“CommunityofLove”

19.Church’scharitableactivity:Trinitarianlove;Christ’sSpiritmovesustoloveoneanother,becomeonehumanfamily.

20.Acts2&4:noroominthefaithcommunityforapovertythatdeniesanythingessentialforadignifiedlife.

21.Diaconateisfirstorganizedstructureinchurchforcarryingoutministryofcharity.

22.EssentialactivitiesoftheChurch:charity,sacraments,proclaimingtheWord.

23.Diaconia:Lawrencedeclaredthepoorastherealtreasureofthechurch.

24.JuliantheApostatedeclaredcharityasdistinguishingfeatureoftheChristiancommunity.

25.Twoessentialfacts:a.Church’sdeepestnature:proclaimWord,sacraments,charity.

b.ChurchisGod’sfamilyinworldsonooneshouldgowithoutthenecessitiesoflife.Wehavea

specialresponsibilitytothosewithinthechurch,buttoallpeoplealso.

JusticeandCharity

26.RejectsMarxistcritiqueofcharityassustainingunjustsystem;pursuitofjusticemustbeafundamentalnormoftheStateandtheaimofajustsocialorderistoguaranteetoeachpersonaccordingtotheprincipleofsubsidiarity,hisshareofthecommunity’sgoods.

27.CSTisasetoffundamentalguidelinesofferingapproachesthatarevalid“evenbeyondtheconfinesofthechurch.”Theyshouldbeaddressedindialoguewithallwhoareseriouslyconcernedwiththeworld.Thissectionstates:“In1891,thepapalmagisteriumintervenedwiththeEncyclicalRerumNovarumofLeoXIII.Thiswasfol¬lowedin1931byPiusXI’sEncyclicalQuadragesimoAnno.In1961BlessedJohnXXIIIpublishedtheEncyclicalMateretMagistra,whilePaulVI,intheEncyclicalPopulorumProgressio(1967)andintheApostolicLetterOctogesimaAdveniens(1971),insistentlyaddressedthesocialproblem,whichhadmean-whilebecomeespeciallyacuteinLatinAmerica.MygreatpredecessorJohnPaulIIleftusatrilogyofsocialEncyclicals:LaboremExercens(1981),SollicitudoReiSocialis(1987)andfinallyCentesimusAnnus(1991).Facedwithnewsituationsandissues,Catholicsocialteachingthusgraduallydeveloped,andhasnowfoundacomprehensivepresentationintheCompendiumoftheSocialDoctrineoftheChurchpublishedin2004bythePontificalCouncilIustitiaetPax...

Intoday’scomplexsituation,notleastbecauseofthegrowthofaglobalizedeconomy,theChurch’ssocialdoctrinehasbecomeasetoffundamentalguidelinesofferingapproachesthatarevalidevenbeyondtheconfinesoftheChurch:inthefaceofongoingdevelopmenttheseguidelinesneedtobeaddressedinthecontextofdialoguewithallthoseseriouslyconcernedforhumanityandfortheworldinwhichwelive.”

28.Relationbetweencommitmenttojusticeandcharitya.Justorderingofsocietyandstateisacentralresponsibilityofpolitics(autonomyofthetemporalsphere;rendertoCaesar,etc.;religiousfreedomandharmony);StatemustrecognizetheChurchasthesocialexpres¬sionoftheChristianfaith.Justiceistheaimandintrinsiccriterionofallpolitics.

Faithpurifiespracticalreasonfromblindnessescausedbypowerandspecialinterests(FaithasanencounterwiththelivingGodthatopensusandpurifiesourreason).

Theroleofthechurchistoteachnaturallaw,formconsciences,stimulategreaterinsightintotherequire¬mentsofjusticeandreadinesstoactaccordingly–helpingpeopleunderstandandtakeonthepoliticalbattle.Itcan’tstayonthesidelines,butitisnotitsroletomakethisteachingprevail.

b.Love,caritas,willalwaysbeneeded;nosocietycanbesojustthatitdoesn’tneedit.Closelovingpersonalconcernvs.bureacracy.

29.FormationofjuststructuresnotdirectlythedutyoftheChurch,butofpolitics–thesphereoftheautonomoususeofreason.Theindirectdutyofthe

Churchistocontributetopurificationofreasonandreawakeningofmoralforcesleadingtoestablishmentofjuststructures.

WhiletheChurchguidessocietyinthisway,“Thedirectdutytoworkforajustorderingofsociety,ontheotherhand,ispropertothelayfaithful.AscitizensoftheState,theyarecalledtotakepartinpubliclifeinapersonalcapacity.Sotheycannotrelinquishtheirparticipation“inthemanydifferenteconomic,social,legislative,administrativeandculturalareas,whichareintendedtopromoteorganicallyandinstitutionallythecommongood.”Themissionofthelayfaithfulisthereforetoconfiguresociallifecorrectly,respectingitslegitimateautonomyandcooperatingwithothercitizensaccordingtotheirrespectivecompetencesandfulfillingtheirownresponsibility.EvenifthespecificexpressionsofecclesialcharitycanneverbeconfusedwiththeactivityoftheState,itstillremainstruethatcharitymustanimatetheentirelivesofthelayfaithfulandthereforealsotheirpoliticalactivity,livedas“socialcharity.”

Themultiplestructuresofcharitableserviceinthesocialcontexttoday30.Struggleforjusticeandlovetoday:

a.Instantglobalcommunicationscreateatypeofglobalsolidarity–asignofourtimes.Statesrespondmainlythroughsubsidiesortaxrelief;humanitarianassociationsthroughresources.Thesolidarityofcivilsocietysurpassesthatofindividuals.

b.Theycooperatefruitfullyandthechurchagenciesbringingtransparencyandwitnesstolove.Volunteerpro¬gramsprovideformationinself-giving.Churchcooperateswithotherfaithcommunitieswithsamegoals.

Distinctivenessofthechurch’scharitableactivity31.Church’scharacterasawitnesstoallwiththesparkoflovewithin.

EssentialelementsofChristiancharity:

a.Simpleresponsetoimmediateneedsandspecificsituations;requiresprofessionaltrainingandlovingconcern,formationoftheheart.

b.Independentofpartiesandideologies:notameansofchangingtheworldideologically;rejectionofMarxisttheorythatcharitysupportsthestatusquoofunjustsystems.Bymakinglovepresent;wecontributetoabetterworldonlybypersonallydoinggoodnowwithfullcommitmentwhereveropportunityarises,independentofpartisanstrategiesandprograms:weshouldcultivateaheartthatseeswhereloveisneededandactsaccordingly.

c.Charitymustnotbeusedforconvertingothers.

Thoseresponsibleforthechurch’scharitableactivity32.TheChurchatalllevelsfromparishestouniversalchurchissubjectofcharity.Bishopshaveprimaryresponsibilityassuccessorstoapostles.

33.Personnelcarryingoutcharitymustnotbeinspiredbyideologiesaimedatimprovingtheworld,butmustbegroundedbyfaithworkingthroughlove:peoplewitharealrelationshipwithChrist.WhoeverlovesChristlovesthechurchandwantsittobeaneverbetterinstrumentandimageofChrist’slove.

34.Summarymessage:Lovevs.clangingsymbol:Wemustgiveofourselvesintheservice.

35.Withhumility:thehelperisnotbetterthantheonebeinghelped.ItisGod’sworldandGod’swork;wearenotpersonallyresponsibleforitall.

34.Donotgiveintotemptationstoideologyorinertiaorresignation;prayerneededassourceofenergyforservice.

37.ReaffirmprayerratherthanjudgingGodorfanaticismorterrorism.

38.Job–faithkeepsusgoingevenwhenGodissilent.

39.Faith,hopeandcharitygotogether:Faith:GodgaveusSon;Godlovesusandislove–seeGod’sloveinpiercedheartofChristonthecross:thatloveisGod’slightfortheworld.Hope:patienceandhumility.

Conclusion

40.Saints:MartinofTours–irreplaceablevalueofindividualtestimonytocharity;monasticwitness,activeorders.

41.Mary:visitationasserviceofcharity/magnificatashumility.

42.MaryistheMotherofallbelievers,andto“herweentrusttheChurchandhermissionintheserviceoflove.”

PrayerofBenedictXVI

HolyMary,MotherofGod,

youhavegiventheworlditstruelight,

Jesus,yourSon–theSonofGod.

Youabandonedyourselfcompletely

toGod’scallandthusbecameawellspring

ofthegoodnesswhichflowsforthfromhim.

ShowusJesus.Leadustohim.

Teachustoknowandlovehim,

sothatwetoocanbecomecapableoftruelove

andbefountainsoflivingwaterinthemidstofathirstingworld.Amen.

ReflectionQuestions:

Why,atthistimeinhistory,isBenedictXVIstressingthatourGodisaGodoflove?

Whyarewecalledtoresponsedwithbothloveandjusticetohumanneeds?

WhatistheroleoflaypeopleintheChurchinpromotingsocialjustice?

(Seesection29.)

ThePopedeclaresthat,withoutspiritualenergyjusticecannotprevailandprosper.Howdoesthepracticeofloveandopenessgeneratespiritualenergy?

CARITASinVERITATEPopeBenedictXVI2009

CaritasinVeritate,CharityinTruthPopeBenedictXVI,June29,2009




OVERVIEW

CaritasinVeritateaddressesthesocialthemesvitaltothewell-beingofhumanityandremindsusthatauthenticrenewalofbothindividualsandsocietyrequireslivingbyChrist’struthinlove.TruthinloveistheheartoftheChurch’ssocialteaching.Inthisencyclical,PopeBenedictdoesnotoffertechnicalsolutionstosocialproblems,butratherfocusesontheprinciplesindispensableforauthentichumandevelopment.ThedocumentdrawsonthepasttraditionofCatholicsocialthoughtandprovidesanethicalfoundationthatmustbothincludeandtranscendpoliticsinaddressingthecurrentcrisesandemergingsignsofthetimes.

Introduction:[Thebasictheologicalframework]

1.Charityintruthistheprincipledrivingforcebehindtheauthenticdevelopmentofeverypersonandofallhumanity.

a.Lovemovespeopletoengageinjusticeandpeaceb.IthasitsorigininGod,EternalLove,AbsoluteTruthc.Godhasaplanforeachperson;initwefindourowntruthandgood

d.Theimpulsefortruthandloveineachpersonisourvocation;e.Thesearch


forloveandtrutharepurifiedandliberatedbyJesusChrist(revelation)

2.CharityisattheheartoftheChurch’ssocialdoctrine:a.Everyresponsibilityinpersonalandsocialrelationshipsflowsfromit

b.GodisLove;LoveisGod’sgreatestgifttousc.Charity/Lovemustgivedirectiontomoralresponsibilityinallareas;i.Ourcharity/lovegivescredibilitytoourtruthinasocialandculturalcontextwhich

relativizestruth.

3.Charity/lovecloselylinkedwithtruthistheauthenticexpressionofhumanityinallrelationsprivateand

public.

a.Withouttruth,charity/lovebecomessentimentality.

4.Truth(logos)enablesdia-logue,communication,communion.

a.“Inthepresentsocialandculturalcontextwherethereisawidespreadtendencytorelativizetruth,practicingcharityintruthhelpspeopletounderstandthatadheringtothevaluesofChris¬tianityisnotmerelyusefulbutessentialforbuildingagoodsocietyandfortrueintegralhumandevelopment.”

[NB.Itisthe“values”–itdoesn’tsaytheChristian/Catholicfaithisnecessary.]

5.“Charityislovereceivedandgiven.”ReceivedfromGod,giventoothersinnetworksofcharity.

a.Thechurch’ssocialteachingandtradition:thetruthoffaithandofreasonlovedanddemon¬stratedintheeverchangingeventsofhistory–

insearchofsolutionstothegravesocio-eco¬nomicproblemsbesettinghumanityinthisglobalizedsociety.

6.Caritasinveritateistheprinciplethattakespracticalformincriteriathatgovernmoralaction

a.E.g.Justice–Justiceis“inseparablefromcharity,”“intrinsictoit.”

Justiceis“theprimarywayofcharity,”“theminimummeasureofit”-butcharitygoes“beyondjusticeandcompletesitinthelogicofgivingandforgiving.”

7.E.g.CommonGood–thegoodlinkedtolivinginsociety,thecomplexofinstitutionsthatstructurethelifeofsocietyjuridically,civilly,politicallyandculturally,makingitpossibleforpeopletoeffectivelypursuetheirgoodwithinit.

a.Strivingtosecureacommongoodcorrespondingtotherealneedsofourneighborsisthevocationofallaccordingtotheirdegreeofinfluence.

b.Thisisthepoliticalpathofcharity,nolessexcellentandeffectivethanthekindofcharitywhichencounterstheneighbordirectly.

c.Inanincreasinglyglobalizedsociety,thecommongoodweworkformustbeglobal,thecommu-nityofpeoplesandnationsinunityandpeace.

8.PaulVIinPopulorumProgressiourgedustoworkfordevelopmentwiththeardorofcharityandthewisdomoftruth:thegiftofGod’sloveenablesustohopefordevelopmentforall.

a.FollowingJohnPaulIIinSolicitudoReiSocialis,thisencyclicalcommemoratesandrevisitsthoseteachingsonintegralhumandevelopmentandappliesthemtotoday.

9.Theriskofourtime:theinterdependenceofpeopleandnationsisnotmatchedbyethicalinteractionofconsciencesandmindsthatcouldgiverisetotrulyhumandevelopment.

a.Technicalprogressandrelationshipsofutilitycan’tachievethat.

b.Thechurch’smissionistosearchfortruthfromallsources,integrateitandmediateitwithintheconstantlychanginglife-patternsofpeoplesandnations–aservicetothetruththatsetsusfreeandmakes

authentichumandevelopmentpossible.

ChapterOne:TheMessageofPopulorumProgressio10.WewilllookatPopulorumProgressiointhefullcontextofPaul’steachingandthechurch’ssocialdoctrine.

11.Paultaught2importanttruths:

a.Thewholechurchinallitisanddoesispromotingintegralhumandevelopment.

b.Authentichumandevelopmentconcernsthewholeofthepersonineverysingledimension(includingthetranscendent).

i.Progressmustn’tbereducedtomerelymaterialaccumulation.

ii.Noristhecreationofinstitutionssufficienttoguaranteetherighttodevelopment.

iii.“integralhumandevelopmentisprimarilyavocation,andthereforeitinvolvesafreeassumptionofresponsibilityinsolidarityonthepartofeveryone.”

iv.ReceivingGod’sloveenablesustoseeothersasimagesofGodandmotivateconcernandcare.

12.Thechurch’ssocialteachingisoneintegral,coherentbodythatremainsopentochangingtimesandgivesusguidanceforrespondingtoourtimes.

13.Paul’ssocialteachingfocusedonbuildingasocietyaccordingtofreedomandjustice,acivilizationanimatedbylove.

a.HeunderstoodthesocialquestionhadbecomeworldwideandsawChristiancharityasadrivingforceinserviceofdevelopment.

14.InOctogesimaAdveniens,hespokeoutagainstidealizingtechnologyortechnicalprogress–andagainstareturntonature.

15.InHumanaeVitae,heforcefullymaintainsthelinkbetweenlifeethicsandsocialethics.

a.InEvangeliiNuntiandi,hehighlightedthelinksbetweenevangelizationanddevelopment:thatwork

forjustice,peaceanddevelopmentproclaimChrist’sloveforthewholeperson.

16.InPopulorumProgressio,heteachesthateverypersoniscalledtodevelopandfulfillhimself/herself–itisavocationfromGod;soprogressindevelopmentmustbeopentothetranscendent.

17.Integralhumandevelopmentpresupposesresponsiblefreedom.

a.Herecognizedtheimportanceofeconomicstructuresandinstitutions,

b.butsawthemasinstrumentsofhumanfreedom.Eachoneistheprincipalagentofhis/herowndevelopment.

18.Besidesfreedom,integralhumandevelopmentdemandsrespectforitstruth.Itmustpromotethedevel-opmentofeachandall–developmentofthewholeperson.Christistherevelationofthatauthenticdevelopment.

19.Thecausesofunderdevelopmentarenotprimarilymaterial.Theyarealackofsolidarityandsenseofcommunity.

a.RecognizingGodlovedusandcallsustoloveenablesustoseethe

interdependenceofpeoplesasacalltocommunityinonefamily.

20.Thatlovecreatesasenseofurgencyincreatingaglobalcommunityoflove.

ChapterTwo:HumanDevelopmentinourTime

21.BenedictembracesPaulVI’svisionofdevelopment:a.Goal:rescuing

peoplesfromhunger,deprivation,endemicdiseases,illiteracy

i.Economically:theiractiveparticipationasequalsintheinternationaleconomy

ii.Socially:theirevolutionintoeducatedsocietiesmarkedbysolidarityiii.Politically:theconsolidationofdemocraticregimescapableifensuringfreedom,peace.

iv.Result:realgrowth,ofbenefittoeveryone,genuinelysustainable.

b.Themodelofdevelopmentinrecentdecades:i.Atechnologicalapproachdrivenbyprofitii.Growth,butproblematic:

1.financialspeculationdamagingtherealeconomyinthecurrentcrisis

2.migration

3.unregulatedexploitationofearth’sresourcesc.Weneedanewholisticunderstandingandhumanisticsynthesis;profoundculturalrenewal.

d.Thecrisisisanopportunityfordiscernment.

22.Developmenttodayhasmanyoverlappinglayerswithmanydifferentcauses:

a.Wealthincreasing,butglaringinequalitiesaregrowinginpoorandwealthynations

b.Corruptionandillegality

c.Failuretorespecttherightsofworkersd.Aiddivertedthroughirresponsibleactionsofdonors/recipientse.Samepatternsinimmaterialorculturalcausesofdevelopment/underdevelopment:

i.Richnations:excessiveprotectionofintellectualproperty(especiallyinHealth)

ii.Poornations:culturalpatternswhichhinderdevelopment23.Somenationshavemadetechnologicalandeconomicprogressandbecomeglobalpowers,butthatisn’tenough.

a.JohnPaulIIcalledforacomprehensivenewplanofdevelopmentin1991;butthathasbeenachievedonlyinpartandisstillneeded.

24.Theworldismuchmoreintegratedtodayeconomicallyandpolitically.

a.Nationalsovereigntyislimitedbytradeandfinanceagreementsb.Weneedtoreevaluateandremodeltherolesandpowersofpublicofficialstoenablethemtodealwithtoday’schallenges.

c.Oncetheirrolesaremoreclearlydefined,wecouldforeseeagreaterrolefor

civilsociety.

25.Systemsofsocialprotectionandwelfareareweakeneda.Outsourcinghasledtoanewcompetitionamongstatestoattract

investmentwithtaxbreaksandlaborrestrictions,leadingtoadownsizingofsocialsecuritysystems.

b.Socialcutbacksoftendemandedbyinternationalfinancialinstitutions

c.Dangerfortherightsofworkersandtheeconomicsecurityofthepeople

d.Aggravatedbytheweakeningoftradeunions.

e.Thereisanurgentneedfornewformsofcooperationatinternationalandlocallevels.

f.Themobilityoflaborplusderegulationcanstimulatewealthproductionandculturalexchange,buttendstocreatepsychologicalinstability,wastesocialresources,createnewformsofeconomicmarginalization.

g.Remember:theprimarycapitaltobesafeguardedandvaluedisthehumanperson.

26.Culturally,thechangeisevengreater.Increasedcommercializationleadsto2dangers:

a.Culturaleclecticism–leadingtorelativismb.Culturalleveling–leadingtolossofculturalidentity27.Insecurityduetofoodshortages.

a.Endinghungerisessentialforsafeguardingpeaceandstabilityb.Needed:

i.Anetworkofeconomicinstitutionstoguaranteeregularaccesstosufficientfoodandwater

ii.Structuralcausesoffoodinsecurityneedtobeaddressedwiththeinvolvementoflocalcommunities

1.Ruralinfrastructures

2.Irrigationsystems

3.Transport

4.Organizationofmarkets

5.Developmentanddisseminationofagriculturaltechnologyiii.Equitableagrarianreform

iv.Recognitionoftherightstofoodandwaterv.Solidaritywithpoorcountries

financiallysotheycanhelptheircitizenssatisfytheseneeds.Thiscanhelpprotecttheproductivecapacitiesofrichcountries.

28.Respectforlifeisanimportantdevelopmentquestiontoday:a.Povertyprovokeshighinfantmortalityratesb.Demographiccontrolandlawsthatpromoteabortion,birthcontrol,contraception,sterilization,euthanasia

c.Opennesstolifeisimportanttomotivatethedrivetodevelopment;itisessentialtopromotingproductionthatis“morallysoundandmarkedbysolidarity,respectingthefundamentalrighttolifeofeverypeopleandeveryindividual.”

29.Denialoftherighttoreligiousfreedom(killing,terrorismmotivatedbyfundamentalism,etc.)andthepromotionofreligiousindifferenceorpracticalatheismbothunderminethemoralandspiritualstrengthneeded

forattainingintegralhumandevelopment.

30.Authentichumandevelopmentrequiresdialogueandengagementatalllevelsofhumanknowledge;itisn’tenoughtojustworktogetheronpracticalimplementation.Anyoneanimatedbytruecharity/loveworksskillfullytodiscoverthecausesofmisery,findthemeanstocombatitandovercomeit.Charity/loveengagesvariousdisciplinesofknowledge.

31.Moralevaluationandscientificresearchmustgohandinhandwithcharityanimatingboth.

a.Excessivesegmentationofknowledge,therejectionofmetaphysicsbythesciences,difficultiesindialoguebetweenscienceandtheologydamagedevelopmentbymakingithardertoseetheintegralgoodofpersons.

b.Thebroadeningofourconceptofreasonanditsapplicationisindispensable.

32.Thenewchallengestodevelopmenttodaydemandnewsolutions:a.Foundtogether

b.Throughrespectfuldialogue

c.Contemplatedthroughalenspurifiedbycharity.

d.Thedignityoftheindividualandthedemandsofjusticetoday(aswellaseconomiclogicandcivilcoexistence)require:i.thateconomicchoicesdonotcausedisparitiesinwealthtoincreaseexcessively

ii.thatweprioritizethegoalofaccesstosteadyemploymentforeveryone.

e.Economicscienceandmoralevaluationconvergeonthisjudgment.

f.Reductionofculturestothetechnologicaldimensionwithitsfocusonthe

shorttermimpedeslong-termcooperationandenrichment.

i.Reducingprotectionoftherightsofworkersorabandoningmethodsofwealthredistri-butiontocompeteinternationallyforinvestmenthinderslastingdevelopment.

ii.Thecurrentmodelofdevelopment’stendenciestowardshort-termeconomymustberethoughtandrevised.Itisdemandedbythestateoftheecologyandbytheculturalandmoralcrisisofhumanity.

33.Thecurrenteconomicandfinancialcrisesmakethethemeofprogressmoreacuteandurgent.

a.Somenationshaveemergedfrompoverty,butsomeremainasinPaulVI’sdayorhavedeterio-rated.

b.Causes:

i.Hightariffsimposedbydevelopedcountriesii.Thedifficultiesofthetransitionfromdecolonizationc.Theprincipalnewfeature:Globalization,theexplosionofworldwideinterdependence.

i.Itisanewchallengetocharityintruth:broadeningthescopeofreasontoknowanddirecttheforcesofglobalizationtowardcreatingthecivilizationoflovewhoseseedsGodplantedineverypeopleandculture.

ChapterThree:Fraternity,EconomicDevelopmentandCivilSociety34.“Gift”isthekeyexperienceofourlives;itrevealsourtranscendent

dimension.

a.Thosewhothinktheyareself-madeareselfishlyturnedinonthemselvesbecauseoforiginalsin.

i.Originalsinisseeninsocialconditionsandthestructuresofsociety,includingtheeconomy.

ii.Thesenseofhumanselfsufficiencyleadstoidentifyinghappinessandsalvationwithmaterialprosperityandsocialaction.

iii.Thisleadstotryingtokeepquestionsofmoralityoutoftheeconomy.

iv.ThelossofthesenseoftranscendencemeansthelossofChristianhope,apowerfulsocialresourceservingintegralhumandevelopment.

v.Hope,truth,loveareallgifts;theyarereceivedbyallandsoareagiftthatbuildsuniversalcommunity.

b.Theprincipleofgratuity–ofgiftgiventhatinspiresgiving–hasanimportant

placeineconomic,socialandpoliticaldevelopmentthatisauthenticallyhuman.

35.Themarketistheeconomicinstitutionforexchangeofgoodsandservices.

a.Itisgovernedbycommutative(contract)justice.

b.CSTalsohighlightstheimportanceofdistributivejusticeandsocialjusticebecause

i.themarketbelongswithinalargersocialandpoliticalcontextii.andoperateswithinawidernetworkofrelationsc.“Withoutinternalformsofsolidarityandmutualtrust,themarketcannotcompletelyfulfillitspropereconomicfunction.Andtodayitisthistrustwhichhasceasedtoexist....'

d.Itisnottruethemarketsystemrequiresaquotaofpovertyandunderdevelopment.

i.Itisintheinterestsofthemarkettopromoteemancipation.

ii.Todothatitneedsthemoralenergiesitcannotprovideitself.

36.Thepoliticalcommunitymustdirecteconomicactivitytowardsthecommongood.

a.Economicactionseenmerelyasanengineforwealthcreationproducesgraveinjustices.

b.Politicalactionmustpursuejusticethroughredistribution.

c.Economicactivityisnotintrinsicallyevil;i.howitisshapedbycultureandusedbyindividualsmakesitgoodorevil

ii.itmustbestructuredandgovernedinanethicalmanner,integratingauthenticallyhumansocialrelationshipsoffriendship,solidarityandreciprocity.

iii.Thismeansnotmerelytraditionalethicalprinciplesliketransparency,honestyandresponsibility,butalsotheprincipleofgratuitousnessandthelogicofgiftasanexpressionofcommunityhavetheirplacewithinnormaleconomicactivity.

37.Justicemustbeappliedtoeveryphaseofeconomicactivity.

a.Itiswrongtosayeconomicactivityisjusttocreatewealth,which

canthenbedistributedlater.

b.Spacemustbecreatedinthemarketforeconomicactivitynotdirectedprimarilytowardprofit.

c.Intheglobalera,competitivemodelsindifferentculturesdiffer.

i.Commutativejusticewillbethemainformofregulatingexchangesbetweenthem.

ii.Butjustformsofredistributionandthespiritofgiftarealsoneeded.

38.JohnPaulIIsawcivilsocietyasthenaturalsettingforaneconomyofgratuitousnessandcommunity.

a.“Intheglobalera,economicactivitycannotprescindfromgratuitousness,whichfostersanddisseminatessolidarityandresponsibilityforjusticeandthecommongoodamongthedifferenteconomicplayers.'

i.Solidarityisfirstandforemostasenseofresponsibilityonthepartofeveryonewithregardtoeveryone,anditcannotthereforebemerelydelegatedtotheState.

ii.Todayitisclearthatwithoutgratuitousness,therecanbenojusticeinthefirstplace.

b.Weneedamarketwithroomforcommercialentitiesbasedonmutualistprinciplesandpursuingsocialendstotakeroot.Thenhybridformsofcommercializationcouldemerge.

i.Shapeandstructuremustbegiventothosetypesofeconomicinitiativewhich,withoutrejectingprofit,aimatahighergoalthanprofitasanendinitself.

39.PaulVIcalledforcreationofamodelofmarketeconomycapableofincludingallpeoplesandnotjustthebetteroff.

a.Whenthemarketandgovernmentarekeptinseparaterealms,solidarityinrelationsbetweencitizens,participation,andactionsofgratuitousnessarelost.

b.Todefeatunderdevelopment,weneednotonlyjustexchange-basedtransactions(commutativejustice)andpublicwelfarestructures(distributivejustice),butalsoincreasingopennessworld¬widetoformsofeconomicactivitymarkedbygratuitousnessandcommunion.

40.Today’sinternationaleconomicscenerequiresaprofoundlynewwayofunderstandingbusinessenter-prise.

a.Itisadangertoberesponsibleonlytoinvestors:i.theneedforcapitaldrivesshort-termthinkingii.outsourcingproductionweakensthesenseofresponsibilitytolocalregionsandstake¬holders

b.Awarenessisgrowingthatmanagementmustassumeresponsibilityforallstakeholderswho

contributetothelifeofthebusiness:workers,clients,suppliers,communityofreference.

c.Investorsalsoneedtolookatthemoralsignificanceoftheirinvestments–theimpactonthestakeholders

i.Speculativefinancialinvestmentseekingonlyshort-termprofitwithoutconcernforlong-termsustainabilitymustbeavoided.

ii.Outsourcingproductionandjobssimplytogaineconomicadvantageortoexploitwith¬outmakingarealcontributiontolocalsocietybyhelpingtobringaboutarobustproduc¬tiveandsocialsystemiswrong.

41.Businessenterpriseinvolvesawideandwideningrangeofvaluesbecauseitisahumanactivityinre-sponsetotheneedsanddignityoftheworkerandtheneedsofsociety.

a.Thereneedstobecrossfertilizationbetweenfor-profitandnon-profit,etc.ifwearetoconstructaneconomythatwillservethenationalandglobalcommongood.

b.Politicalauthorityalsoinvolvesawiderangeofvaluesthatneedtobenotedinconstructinganeworderofsociallyresponsible,humaneconomicproductivity.

c.TheStateisnotobsoleteintheglobalage.ItmustcollaboratewithotherStatesmore.

i.Thefocusofinternationalaidwithinasolidarity-basedplanfortheglobaleconomyshouldconsolidateconstitutional,juridicalandadministrativesystemswhereneeded.

ii.Thearticulation(diversification)ofpoliticalauthorityatthelocal,nationalandinterna-tionallevelsisoneofthebestwaysofdirectingtheprocessofeconomicglobalization.

42.Globalizationisnotadeterministicsocio-economicprocesswithnowaytoevaluateordirectit.

a.Humanityisincreasinglyinterconnected;thereisanencounterofcultures.

b.Itistheproductofdiverseculturaltendencieswhichmustbediscerned.

c.Thetruthofglobalizationisgivenintheunityofthehumanfamilydevelopingtowardthegood.

d.Weneedasustainedcommitmentto“promoteaperson-basedandcommunity-orientedculturalprocessofworld-wideintegrationthatisopentotranscendence.”

i.Weshouldn’tbesimplyanti-globalization;weshouldbeprotagonists.

ii.Suitablyunderstoodanddirected,globalizationcouldopenupunprecedentedlarge-scaleredistributionofwealthonaworld-widescale.

iii.Badlydirected,itcanleadtoincreasedpoverty,inequalityandglobalcrisis.

iv.Wemustappropriatetheethicalspiritthatdrivesglobalizationtowardsolidarityif

wearetoavoidtherisksanddangers.

ChapterFour:TheDevelopmentofPeople,RightsandDuties,theEnvironment

43.Humansolidarityimposesduties.

a.Toomuchfocusonrightscanleadtotheclaimofarbitraryandnon-essentialrightsinwealthycountries.

b.Theunrealizedfundamentalrightstofood,wateretc.amongpeople

inpovertygloballyimplydutiesinsolidarityinthedevelopedworldthatsetalimittoquestionablerightsclaims.

c.Rightsaregroundedinhumannature,notconstitutions;thisistheguarantorofauthorityatalllevels.

44.PopulationGrowth

a.Itisnotthecauseofunderdevelopment

i.Developednationshavelessinfantmortalityii.SeriousDeclineinbirthratesbringssignsofcrisisb.Responsibleprocreationdoesnotreducesexualitytopleasureorentertainment;nordoesitregulateitthroughmandatorybirthcontrol.

c.Thefamilyshouldbetheprimarycompetenceindealingwithprocreation.

d.Morallyresponsibleopennesstoliferepresentsarichsocialandeconomicresource.

i.Statesarecalledtoenactpoliciespromotingthecentralityandintegrityofthefamily.

45.Theeconomyneedspeople-centeredethicstofunctioncorrectly.

a.“ethical”isusedinmanywaysandneedstobediscerned.

b.CSTisbasedonthecreationoftheperson“intheimageofGod”

whichimplies

i.Theinviolabledignityofthehumanpersonii.Thetranscendenceofnaturalmoralnorms.

c.Wedon’tjustneedethicalsectorsoftheeconomy;weneedtoensurethatthewholeeconomyisethical.

46.Withallbusinessrequiredtobeethical,thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenfor-profitandnon-profitorganizationsnolongdoesfulljusticetoreality;norcanitdirectthefuture.

a.Thisisabroadnewsectorwhichdoesn’texcludeprofitbutconsidersitameansforachieving

humanandsocialends,amorehumanemarketandsocietyi.Theyassumemorecompletelythedutiesofeconomicsubjectstoallstakeholders.

b.Theseneedtofindjuridicalandfiscalstructurestosupportandprotecttheminallcountries.

47.Thestrengtheningofthesedifferenttypesofbusinessisimportantinpoornationsaswell.

a.Developmentprogramsmuststayfocusedonthecentralityofthehumanperson,promotesubsidiarityandresponsibility,involvethepeopletheywillaffectinplanningthem,beflexibleandfittheircircumstances,andbenefittheirdailylives.

b.Internationalcooperationrequiresthesolidarityofpresence,supervision,trainingandrespect.

i.Theymustevaluatetheirbureaucraticstructuresii.Andcommitthemselvestotransparency.

48.Dutiesarisingfromourrelationshiptothenaturalenvironmenta.TheenvironmentisagiftofGodtoall;inusingitwehavearesponsibilitytoallhumanitythroughtime.

b.Godgaveitanin-builtorderfromwhichwecandrawprinciplesforuse/careofitandforguidingusinshapingcultureandinteracting.

c.Itisnotmoreimportantthanpeople;normayweaimattotaltechnicaldominationofit.

d.Projectsforintegralhumandevelopmentneedtobemarkedbysolidarityandintergenerationaljusticewhiletakingintoaccountmanycontexts:ecological,juridical,economic,politicalandcul-tural.

49.Theenergyproblem

a.Somehoardenergyresources.

b.Poornationscannotaffordaccesstoavailablenon-renewableenergysourcesortofinanceresearchintoalternatives.

c.Thesegiverisetoexploitationandconflicts.

d.Theinternationalcommunityhasanurgentdutytofindinstitutionalwaystoregulatetheexploi-tationofnon-renewableresources,workingwiththepoorcountriestoplantogetherforthefuture.

e.Thereisapressingneedforrenewedsolidarityi.Technologicallyadvancedsocietiescanandmustlowertheirenergyconsumption.

ii.Aworld-wideredistributionofenergyresourcesisneeded;iii.Everyonemustresponsiblyrecognizetheirimpactonfuturegenerations.

50.Thisresponsibilityisglobal.

a.Responsiblestewardshipusingadvancedtechnologieswillenabletheearthtoaccommodateandfeedtheworld’spopulation.

b.Authoritiesmustensurethattheeconomicandsocialcostsofusingupsharedenvironmentalresourcesarerecognizedwithtransparencyandbornefullybythosewhoincurthem,notothersorfuturegenerations.

51.Thewayhumanitytreatstheenvironmentinfluencesthewayittreatsitselfandvice-versa.

a.Thiscallsforreviewandrenewaloflife-stylesso“thequestfortruth,beauty,goodnessandcommunionwithothersforthesakeofcommongrowtharethefactorswhichdeterminecon-sumerchoices,savingsandinvestments.”

b.Violationsofsolidarityandcivicfriendshipharmtheenvironmentandviceversa.

i.Warssquanderresources;peaceprovidesthemgreaterprotection.

ii.Hoardingofresources(especiallywater)cangenerateseriousconflicts.

c.Thechurchhasaresponsibilitytocreationandmustassertit.

i.Thedeteriorationofnatureiscloselyconnectedtotheculturethatshapeshumanlife.

ii.Respectforlifeandrespectforenvironmentgohandinhand.

52.TruthandlovecanonlybereceivedasagiftfromGod.

a.Thevocationgivenusisintrinsictoaplanpriortouswhichconstitutesa

duty:itshowsusthe

roadtotruedevelopment.

ChapterFive:TheCooperationoftheHumanFamily

53.Oneofthedeepestformsofpovertyisisolation;asaspiritualbeing,thehumancreatureisdefinedthroughinterpersonalrelations.Identitymaturesbylivingtheserelationsauthentically.

a.Theunityofthehumanfamilydoesn’tsubmergetheidentitiesofindividuals,peoples,andcultures,butrelatesandlinksthemmoretransparentlyintheirdiversity.

54.Development:theinclusion-in-relationofallindividualsandpeopleswithinonecommunityofthehumanfamily,builtinsolidarityonthebasisofjusticeandpeace.

a.LikelifeintheTrinityorthesacramentalloveofspouses.

55.Christianityteachesrelationalityisessential.

a.Otherfaithsthatpromoteitarevaluableforauthentichumandevelopment.

b.Faithswhichdivideorossifysocietyinrigidsocialgroupingsimpedeit.

c.Discernmentbythosewithpoliticalpowerisneededtopromoteemancipationandinclusivityinthecontextoftrulyuniversalhumancommunity.

56.FaithscanoffertheircontributiontodevelopmentonlyifGodandreligionhaveaplaceinthepublicsquare.

a.Exclusionofreligionandreligiousfundamentalismbothhinderanencounterbetweenpersonsandtheircollaborationfortheprogressofhumanity.

b.Reasonalwaysneedspurificationbyfaithandreligionalwaysneedstobepurifiedbyreason.

57.Forbelievers,theworldderivesfromGod’splan,givingrisetothedutytounitewithallofgoodwillofwhateverfaithtomaketheworldcorrespondtoGod’splan:livingasonefamilybeforeGod.

a.Subsidiarityistheguidingcriterionforcooperation:i.Itisassistancetohumanpersonstohelpthemaccomplishwhattheycan’tontheirown

throughautonomousintermediatebodies.

1.Itisinstitutionalassistancethatfreespeopletoassumeresponsibility.

2.Itprotectsagainstanall-encompassingwelfarestate.

3.Ithelpstocoordinatemanifoldplans.

b.Thegovernanceofglobalizationmustbemarkedbysubsidiarity,articulatedintoseverallayers,helpingdifferentlevelsworktogether.

58.TheprinciplesofSubsidiarityandSolidaritymustremaincloselylinkedtoresistsocialprivatismorpater-nalisticsocialassistance.

a.Concerninginternationaldevelopmentaid:

i.Mustnotlockpeopleindependenceorpursuesecondaryobjectivesii.Mustbedistributedwiththeinvolvementofgovernmentsandlocaleconomicagentsandbearersofcultureincivilsocietyinthereceivingcountries

iii.Mustinvolveparticipationofthelocalpeopleb.Theprincipalneedforassistancemaybetheopeningofmarketsfor

theirproducts.

i.Internationaltraderegulationsandfinancefordevelopmenttosupportthisareneeded.

59.Cooperationfordevelopmentisnotsimplyeconomic;itinvolvesanencounterofcultures.

a.Technologicallyadvancedsocietiesshouldnotpresumeculturalsuperiority

b.Inallculturestherearesignsofethicalconvergenceasanexpressionoftheonehumannature–naturallaw.

c.Groundedinthecommonquestfortruthandlove,thisuniversalmorallawisthefoundationofalldialogue.

60.Developmentaidisavalidmeansofcreatingwealthforall.

a.GreaterpercentagesofGDPofeconomicallydevelopednationsshouldgotointernational

developmentaid.

i.Theycanfinddomesticsavingsbyapplyingtheprincipleofsubsidiaritytocreatebetterintegrateddomesticwelfaresystemswiththeactiveparticipationofprivatecitizensandcivilsociety.

ii.Oneapproachcouldbefiscalsubsidiarityordonordesignationofaportionoftheirtaxes(butbecarefulagainstthepromotionofspecialinterests).

61.Greaterinternationalsolidarityisseeninpromotinggreateraccesstoeducation.

a.Itmustbebasedonthenatureofthehumanpersonandnotpromoterelativism.

b.Internationaltourismmustbedesignedtopromotegenuinemutualunderstandinginacontextofrestandhealthrecreation–avoidingtheevilsofsextourismorconsumeristandhedonisticpatterns.

62.Migrationismassiveandrequiresboldpoliciesofinternationalcooperation.

a.Theyshouldbeginfromclosecollaborationbetweenthecountriesoforiginanddestination.

b.Theyrequireinternationalnormstocoordinatedifferentlegislativesystemstosafeguardtherightsandneedsofmigrantsandtheirfamiliesandthoseofthehostcountries.

c.Foreignworkersmakesignificantcontributionstotheeconomicdevelopmentofthehostcoun¬tryandoftheirhomecountry(throughremittances).

i.Theycannotbeconsideredjustacommodity,afactorofproduction.

ii.Eachisahumanpersonwithfundamentalinalienablerightsthatmustberespectedbyall.

63.Povertyandunemploymentaredirectlylinkeda.Thedignityofhumanworkisviolatedwhenworkopportunitiesarelimitedoralowvalueisputonitandtherelatedrighttoajustwageandpersonalsecurityfortheworkerandfamily.

b.JohnPaulIIsupportedtheILOstrategyofaglobalcoalitioninfavorof“decentwork”

i.Workthatexpressestheessentialdignityoftheworkerintheirsociety

ii.Workthatisfreelychosen,effectivelyassociatingworkerswiththedevelopmentoftheircommunity

iii.Workthatenablestheworkertoberespectedandfreefromdiscrimination

iv.Workthatmakesitpossibleforfamiliestomeettheirneedsandeducatedtheirchildrenwithoutchildlabor

v.Workthatpermitsworkerstoorganizefreelyandmaketheirvoicesheard

vi.Workthatleavesroomforrediscoveringone’spersonal,familialandspiritualroots

vii.Workthatguaranteesretirementwithadecentstandardofliving64.Laborunionsmustbeopentothenewperspectivesopeninginwork:a.Conflictbetweenworkerandconsumer

b.Theneedsofworkersoutsidetheirmembership,especiallyindevelopingcountrieswheresocialrightsareoftenviolated.

c.Civilsocietyisthepropersettingforunionstodefendandpromotelabor,especiallytheexploitedandunrepresentedworkers.

65.Financemustgobacktobeinganinstrumentdirectedtowardimprovedwealthcreationanddevelop¬ment.

a.Theentirefinancialsystemhastobeaimedatsustainingtruedevelopment.

b.Thisistheethicalfoundationoffinance;rightintention,transparencyandthesearchforpositiveresultsmustnotbeseparated.

E.g.creditunions

c.Regulationofthefinancialsectortoprotecttheweakandnewformsoffinancetosupportdevelopmentshouldbeencouraged,highlightingtheresponsibilityoftheinvestor.

d.Micro-financeshouldbestrengthenedandfine-tuned.

66.Globalinterconnectednesshasledtotheemergenceofthenewpoliticalpowerofconsumersandtheirassociations.

a.Purchasingisalwaysamoralact;consumershaveasocialresponsibility.

b.Indifficulteconomictimes,itisnecessarytoexploreformsofcooperativepurchasingliketheconsumercoops.

c.Fairtradepracticestoguaranteeproducersfromdeprivedareasofmorejustreturnsarehelpful;theymustbetransparent,provideformationofproducers.

67.Withtheunrelentinggrowthofglobalinterdependence,thereisanurgentneedforreformoftheUNandtheeconomicinstitutionsandinternationalfinance.

a.Thereisalsourgentneedtoimplementtheprincipleoftheresponsibilitytoprotect.

b.Andgivingpoorernationsaneffectivevoiceinshareddecision-makingc.Thereisurgentneedofatrueworldpoliticalauthority,regulatedbylaw,observingtheprinciplesofsubsidiarityandsolidaritytoseekto

establishthecommongood,tocommittosecuringauthenticintegralhumandevelopmentinspiredbythevaluesofcharityintruth,to:

i.Managetheglobaleconomy,

ii.Reviveeconomieshitbythecrisis,

iii.Avoidanydeteriorationofthepresentcrisisandthegreaterimbalancesthatwouldoccur,

iv.Bringaboutintegralandtimelydisarmament,foodsecurityandpeace,

v.Guaranteetheprotectionoftheenvironmentandregulatemigration.

d.Itmustbeuniversallyrecognizedandvestedwitheffectivepowertoensuresecurityforall,regardforjustice,andrespectforrightse.Theintegraldevelopmentofpeoplesandinternationalcooperationrequiretheestablishmentofagreaterdegreeofinternationalordering,markedbysubsidiarity,forthemanagementofglobaliza-tion.

ChapterSix:TheDevelopmentofPeoplesandTechnology68.Developmentinvolvesthepersonandhumanfreedom;itcannotbeachievedsimplythroughtechnology.

69.Technologyisanexpressionofhumanfreedom.

a.Itcanbeusedtogivedominionovermatter,reducerisks,savelabor,improveconditionsoflife.

b.Technologyrevealsthehumanaspirationtowarddevelopment,thedrivetoovercomelimitations.

c.SoitmustreinforcethecovenantbetweenhumanbeingsandtheenvironmentmirroringGod’screativelove.

70.Weneedtoavoidfascinationwithtechnologybecominganideologicalmindsetthatlimitsoursenseoftruthandrealitytothetechnologicallypossibleanduseful.

a.Technologymustbeseenasahumancreationtobeusedinserviceofresponsiblefreedomwhichisaresponsetothecallofbeing.

71.Thismindsetispresentwhendevelopmentisconsideredapurelytechnicalmatter–economic,financial,etc.

a.Developmentcanneverbefullyguaranteedbyimpersonaleconomicorpoliticalforces.

b.Itrequiresuprightpeoplewhoseconsciencesarefinelyattunedtothecommongood.

72.Peace-buildingisnotsimplyatechnicalprocesseither.Thevoicesofthepeopleaffectedmustbeheardandattendedto;theymustbebroughttogetherandtheirdevelopmentservedonthebasisofloveandmutualunderstanding.

73.Themeansofsocialcommunicationarepervasiveandinfluentialinengineeringchangesinattitudetowardrealityandthehumanperson.

a.Whenthestrictlytechnicalnatureofthemediaisstressed,peopletendtooverlookitsusetopromoteeconomicinterestsandideologicaleffortstoimposeculturalmodels.

b.Theirtechnologicaladvancescanhaveacivilizingeffectwhentheyaregearedtowardavisionofthepersonandthecommongoodthatreflectstrulyuniversalvalues.

c.Theirmostimportantcontributionistocontributetogrowthinthecommunionofthehumanfamilyandtheethosofsocietybypromotinguniversalparticipationinthecommonsearchforwhatisjust.

74.Bioethicsissoadvancedtodaythatitfacesthetemptationofdecidingscienceexplainseverything,Godisnotnecessary.Thatisintheendirrational.

75.Asitcomestounderstandmoreofthemysteriesoflife,wefacethedangerof:

a.Systematiceugenicprogrammingofbirthsononeextremeandapro-euthanasiamindsetontheother

b.Theseimplyaculturalmindsetthatdenieshumandignity;theyfosteramaterialisticandmechanis¬ticunderstandingofhumanlife.

i.Thisleadstoindifferencetosituationsofhumandegradation,arbitraryandselectivedeterminationofwhatisworthyofrespect1.Insignificantmattersareconsideredshocking.

2.Thepooroftheworldandtheirgreatneedsareignored.

76.Developmentmustincludespiritualgrowthaswellasmaterialgrowtha.Spiritualgrowthmustnotbereducedtopsychologicalgrowth.

b.“Aprosperoussociety,highlydevelopedinmaterialtermsbutweighingheavilyonthesoul,isnotofitselfconducivetoauthenticdevelopment.”

c.“Therecannotbeholisticdevelopmentanduniversalcommongoodunlesspeople’sspiritualandmoralwelfareistakenintoaccount,consideredintheirtotalityasbodyandsoul.”

77.Thereisalwaysa‘somethingmore’beyondempiricaldataorthelovewereceivethatcallsustoknowandlovemore.

a.Theyareexperiencedasgift.

b.Glimpsingadevelopmentbeyondwhattechnologycangiveinvitespursuingtheintegralhumandevelopmentthattakesitsdirectionfromthedrivingforceofcharityintruth.

Conclusion

78.“OpennesstoGodmakesusopentowardsourbrothersandsistersandtowardsanunderstandingoflifeasajoyfultasktobeaccomplishedinsolidarity.”

a.OnlyahumanismopentotheAbsolutecanguideusinpromotingandbuildingstructures,institu¬tions,cultureandethosinserviceoftheuniversalcommongood.

b.Itgivesusthecouragetokeepworkingforthebenefitofallevenwhenitcan’tbeachievedimmediatelyorcompletely.

79.DevelopmentneedsChristiansmovedbytheknowledgethattruth-filledlovefromwhichauthenticdevelopmentproceedsisnotproducedbyusbutisgivenasgift.

a.ChristianslongfortheentirehumanfamilytobeoneinGod,toglorifyGodbylivingaccordingtoGod’swill,“toreceivethedailybreadweneed,

tobeunderstandingandgeneroustowardsourdebtors,nottobetemptedbeyondourlimits,andtobedeliveredfromevil.”

LAUDATOSI2015PopeFrancis2015-Thesafeguardingofthecommonhouse

ByKevinCotteroffocusoncampus.org



OVERVIEW

WHATPASSESINOURHOUSE:water,destructionofbiodiversity,socialdegradation,inequality,weakreactionsTHEGospelofCreation:Thelightoffaith,thewisdomoftheBible,thecommondestinationofgoods,thegazeofJesusTHEHUMANROOTOFECOLOGICALCRISIS:Technology(creativityandpower),globalizationofthetechnocraticparadigm,crisisandconsequences

ANINTEGRALECOLOGY:economicandsocial,cultural,ofdailylife,includingthecommongoodandjusticebetweengenerationsGUIDELINESANDACTION:OtherLifestyle,Education,EcologicalConversion,JoyandPeace,CivilandPoliticalLove,Sacraments,TrinityandCreatureRelationship,QueenofCreation

Summary

PopeFrancis’EncyclicalLaudatoSi(“Praisebetoyou”)isaworldwidewakeupcalltohelphumanityunderstandthedestructionthatmanisrenderingtotheenvironmentandhisfellowman.Whileaddressingtheenvironmentdirectly,thedocument’sscopeisbroaderinmanywaysasitlooksatnotonlyman’seffectontheenvironment,butalsothemanyphilosophical,theological,andculturalcausesthatthreatentherelationshipsofmantonatureandmantoeachotherinvariouscircumstances.ThisdocumentisinmanywaystheepitomeofPopeFrancis.Itisanunexpectedtopic.ItpresentsGospeltruths.And,itprovidesachallengeforeverybeliever(andnon-believerstoo).Fromtheoutset,PopeFrancisstatesthegoalofthedocument:“InthisEncyclical,Iwouldliketoenterintodialoguewithallpeopleaboutourcommonhome”(#3).

Normally,papaldocumentsareaddressedtothebishopsoftheChurchorthelayfaithful.But,similartoPopeSaintJohnXXIII’sPaceminTerris,PopeFrancisaddresshismessagetoallpeople.

Thegoalofthedialogue:“Iurgentlyappeal,then,foranewdialogueabouthowweareshapingthefutureofourplanet.Weneedaconversationthatincludeseveryone,sincetheenvironmentchallengeweareundergoing,anditshumanroots,concernandaffectusall”(#14).Theaboveisattheheartofthedocument,butPopeFrancisalsohasaverystrikingcalltoconversionforthoseintheChurchaswell.

“Theecologicalcrisisisalsoasummonstoprofoundinteriorconversion.

ItmustbesaidthatsomecommittedandprayerfulChristians,withtheexcuseofrealismandpragmatism,tendtoridiculeexpressionsofconcernfortheenvironment.Othersarepassive;theychoosenottochangetheirhabitsandthusbecomeinconsistent.Sowhattheyallneedisan‘ecologicalconversion’,wherebytheeffectsoftheirencounterwithJesusChristbecomeevidentintheirrelationshipwiththeworldaroundthem.LivingourvocationtobeprotectorsofGod’shandiworkisessentialtoalifeofvirtue;itisnotanoptionalorasecondaryaspectofourChristianexperience”(#217)ChapterSummariesandQuotes

CHAPTERONE–WHATISHAPPENINGTOOURCOMMONHOME

Goal:“Theologicalandphilosophicalreflectionsonthesituationofhumanityandtheworldcansoundtiresomeandabstract,unlesstheyaregroundedinafreshanalysisofourpresentsituation,whichisinmanywaysunprecedentedinthehistoryofhumanity.So,beforeconsideringhowfaithbringsnewincentivesandrequirementswithregardtotheworldofwhichweareapart,Iwillbrieflyturntowhatishappeningtoourcommonhome”(#17).

Message:“Butasoberlookatourworldshowsthatthedegreeofhumanintervention,oftenintheserviceofbusinessinterestsandconsumerism,isactuallymakingourearthlessrichandbeautiful,

evermorelimitedandgrey,evenastechnologicaladvancesandconsumergoodscontinuetoaboundlimitlessly.Weseemtothinkthatwecansubstituteanirreplaceableandirretrievablebeautywithsomethingwhichwehavecreatedourselves”(#34).

CHAPTERTWO–THEGOSPELOFCREATION

Goal:“Whyshouldthisdocument,addressedtoallpeopleofgoodwill,includeachapterdealingwiththeconvictionsofbelievers?IamwellawarethatintheareasofpoliticsandphilosophytherearethosewhofirmlyrejecttheideaofaCreator,orconsideritirrelevant…Nonetheless,scienceandreligion,withtheirdistinctiveapproachestounderstandingreality,canenterintoanintense

dialoguefruitfulforboth”(#62).

Message:“WearenotGod.Theearthwasherebeforeusandithasbeengiventous….AlthoughitistruethatweChristianshaveattimesincorrectlyinterpretedtheScriptures,nowadayswemustforcefullyrejectthenotionthatourbeingcreatedinGod’simageandgivendominionovertheearthjustifiesabsolutedominationoverothercreatures.

Thebiblicaltextsaretobereadintheircontext,withanappropriatehermeneutic,recognizingthattheytellusto‘tillandkeep’thegardenoftheworld(cf.Gen2:15).’Tilling’referstocultivating,ploughingorworking,while‘keeping’meanscaring,protecting,overseeingandpreserving.Thisimpliesarelationshipofmutualresponsibilitybetweenhumanbeingsandnature.Eachcommunitycantakefromthebountyoftheearthwhateveritneedsforsubsistence,butitalsohasthedutytoprotecttheearthandtoensureitsfruitfulnessforcominggenerations”(#67)

CHAPTERTHREE–THEHUMANROOTSOFTHE

ECOLOGICALCRISIS

Goal:“Itwouldhardlybehelpfultodescribesymptomswithoutacknowledgingthehumanoriginsoftheecologicalcrisis.Acertainwayofunderstandinghumanlifeandactivityhasgoneawry,totheseriousdetrimentoftheworldaroundus.Shouldwenotpauseandconsiderthis?Atthisstage,Iproposethatwefocusonthedominanttechnocratic(efficiency,production,andwealthaccumulation)paradigmandtheplaceofhumanbeingsandofhumanactionintheworld”(#101).

Message:“Itcanbesaidthatmanyproblemsoftoday’sworldstemfromthetendency,attimesunconscious,tomakethemethodandaimsofscienceandtechnologyanepistemologicalparadigmwhichshapesthelivesofindividualsandtheworkingsofsociety.Theeffectsofimposingthismodelonrealityasawhole,humanandsocial,areseeninthedeteriorationoftheenvironment,butthisisjustonesignofareductionismwhichaffectseveryaspectofhumanandsociallife.

Wehavetoacceptthattechnologicalproductsarenotneutral,fortheycreateaframeworkwhichendsupconditioninglifestylesandshapingsocialpossibilitiesalongthelinesdictatedbytheinterests

ofcertainpowerfulgroups”(#107).

CHAPTERFOUR–INTEGRALECOLOGY

Goal:“Sinceeverythingiscloselyinterrelated,andtoday’sproblemscallforavisioncapableoftakingintoaccounteveryaspectoftheglobalcrisis,Isuggestthatwenowconsidersomeelementsofanintegralecology,one

whichclearlyrespectsitshumanandsocialdimensions”(#137).

Message:“Weurgentlyneedahumanismcapableofbringingtogetherthedifferentfieldsofknowledge,includingeconomics,intheserviceofamoreintegralandintegratingvision.Today,theanalysisofenvironmentalproblemscannotbeseparatedfromtheanalysisofhuman,family,workrelatedandurbancontexts,norfromhowindividualsrelatetothemselves,whichleadsinturntohowtheyrelatetoothersandtotheenvironment”(#141).

CHAPTERFIVE–LINESOFAPPROACHAND

ACTION

Goal:“SofarIhaveattemptedtotakestockofourpresentsituation,pointingtothecracksintheplanetthatweinhabitaswellastotheprofoundlyhumancausesofenvironmentaldegradation.Althoughthecontemplationofthisrealityinitselfhasalreadyshowntheneedforachangeofdirectionandothercoursesofaction,nowweshalltrytooutlinethemajorpathsofdialoguewhichcanhelpusescapethespiralofself-destructionwhichcurrentlyengulfsus”(#163).

Message:“Interdependenceobligesustothinkofoneworldwithacommonplan.Yetthesameingenuitywhichhasbroughtaboutenormoustechnologicalprogresshassofarprovedincapableoffindingeffectivewaysofdealingwithgraveenvironmentalandsocialproblemsworldwide.Aglobalconsensusisessentialforconfrontingthedeeperproblems,whichcannotberesolvedbyunilateralactionsonthepartofindividualcountries.”(#164)

CHAPTERSIX–ECOLOGICALEDUCATIONAND

SPIRITUALITY

Goal:“Manythingshavetochangecourse,butitiswehumanbeingsaboveallwhoneedtochange.Welackanawarenessofourcommonorigin,ofourmutualbelonging,andofafuturetobesharedwitheveryone.Thisbasicawarenesswouldenablethedevelopmentofnewconvictions,attitudesandformsoflife.Agreatcultural,spiritualandeducationalchallengestandsbeforeus,anditwilldemandthatwesetoutonthelongpathofrenewal”(#202).

Message:“IncallingtomindthefigureofSaintFrancisofAssisi,wecometorealizethatahealthyrelationshipwithcreationisonedimensionofoverallpersonalconversion,whichentailstherecognitionofourerrors,sins,faultsandfailures,andleadstoheartfeltrepentance

anddesiretochange”(#218).

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