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  • TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews
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_'!"I!I ___ TABLEOF CONTENTS ON JOURNALISTIC ETHICS Eugene Goodwin. Groping for Ethics in Journalism................. 5 Government and Media in Conflict. ........ 117 Henry Schulte. Stanly Rothman. Television and the New Presidential Politics ................................................. ••· .. 157 Journalists and Historians........................ 166 Paul Johnson. Radio Liberty More on Journalistic Ethics..................... 182 Program. Janet Cooke.............................................. 189 Ben Bradlee. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews. The Press.........................................······ .. • 213 Michael Schudson. Inventing the Interview............................ 255 Stephen Bates. To Fix the Press ......................................• 263 RUSSIAN MEDIA TODAY "Glasnost" As a State's Institution.......... 269 Gleb Pavlovski. 4 o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE /OOJICUH rY06UH B DOHCKAX IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3Tmm* DOHCK crAII,[(APTOB ECJIH BbI CTYKHYJIB rum IIOn;apanru:m: aBTOMOOH1Ib Ha CTOSIHKe, OCTaBrum JIB BbI IIO;n: ";n:sOPHHKOM" 3aIIHCKY ;n:IDI ero x035lHHa co CBOHM HMeHeM, a;n:pecOM H HOMepoM CTpaxOB- KH? ECJIH KaccHp OIIIHOcH co c;n:aqeii B Barny IIOJIb3Y, BepHeTe JIB BbI JmIIIHee? EcJIB He OJmCTaroIIJ;Hii YMOM 3HaKOMbm IIOIIpOCHT y Bac peKOMeH;n:an;HIO ;n:.rrH ycrpoiicTBa Ha paOOTY, HanmneTe JIB BM o HeM BCIO IIpaB;n:y? Bce :no - IIpHMepbI 3TftqeCKHX IIpOOJIeM, C KOTOPbIMH KruK;n:bm H3 Hac He pa3 CTaJIKHBaeTCH Ha IIponDKeHHH BCeD: }KH3HH. Bce 3TO BOIIpOCbI COBceM HHoro po;n:a, qeM "BbIJI JIB IIpaB IIpe3H;n:eHT TpYM3H, OT;n:aB IIpHKa3 0 H;n:epHoii oOMOap;n:H- pOBKe XHPOCHMbI H HaracaKH?"; "KaK On;eHHTb ;n:eiiCTBHH Pu- qap;n:a HHKcoHa, pacIIopH;n:HBmerOCH CKpbITb IIpaB;n:y 0 B3JIOMe B OTeJIe "YoTepreiiT"?; "BepHo JIB, eCJIB }l{emn;mm ;n:yMaeT 00 aoopTe, HHKTO He BIIpaBe IIOBJlBSITb Ha ee pemeHHe, 3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM pa3Be Bpaqa?". Or Toro, KaK Mhl pa3pe- maeM 3THqeCKHe IIpOOJIeMbI, Oy;ll;b OHH quCTO }KHTeiicKOro rum KOCMHqeCKOrO MaCIDTaOa, 3aBHCHT H Harna JlBqnaH MOPaJIb, H ypOBeHb I.{HBrum30BaHHOCTH Hamero OOIl.{eCTBa. HHor;n:a Hama 3THKa OIIpe;n:eJISIeTCH 3KOHOMHqeCKHMH <paKTOpaMH. BCIIOMHHM ;n:JIH IIpHMepa MycOpll.{HKa 3JI<ppH;n:a ,!J.YJIHTJIa,o;n:Horo H3 IIepCOHa}l{eii "IIHrMaJIHoHa" BepHap;n:a '"r Jla6bl U3 ::ilUfU H. Eugene Goodwin. Groping/or Ethics in Journalism. Iowa State University PresS/Ames, 1987. 5

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Page 1: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

_II ___ lY~~

TABLEOF CONTENTS

ON JOURNALISTIC ETHICS

Eugene Goodwin Groping for Ethics in Journalism 5

Government and Media in Conflict 117Henry Schulte

Stanly Rothman Television and the New Presidential Politics bullbullmiddot 157

Journalists and Historians 166Paul Johnson

Radio Liberty More on Journalistic Ethics 182Program

Janet Cooke 189Ben Bradlee

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS

Peter Andrews The Press middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bull213

Michael Schudson Inventing the Interview 255

Stephen Bates To Fix the Press bull263

RUSSIAN MEDIA TODAY

Glasnost As a States Institution 269Gleb Pavlovski

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11

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12

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13

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14

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15

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16

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17

aMepHKaHCKHH reHeparr H KaKHe Orrepa~HH rrpe~pHHRITH B

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18

BaTb MeTO)lbI eCTeCTBeHHbIX HaYK KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIITO rrOCTeshy

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npeBpaTHrr npeccy B CBOIO HeBOITbHYIO C006~H~y no pacshy

19

npOCTpaHemUO cpaHTaCTWleCKHX H3MblmJIeHHH 0 MaCCOBOM

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cTYIIJIeHHti BCTpelJ C ~HaJIHCTaMH H npeCC-peJIH30B lJT06bI

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cpe~CTBa MaCCOBOH HHCPOPM~HH B C06CTBeHHbIX ~eJISlx B HTOshy

re pa60THHKH cpe~CTB MaCCOBOH HHCPOPMaIJHH CTaJIH nOCTeshy

neHHO TepSlTb ~OBepHe K IIpe)KHeMY Y3KOMY onpe~eJIeHHIO

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npeBpamaJIO npeccy B HrpynIKY B PYKax reHepaJIOB IIpe3~eHshy

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6ecnpHCTpaCTHOCTb He TOJIbKO HeB03MO)KHOH HO ~a)Ke He)KeJIaTeJThHoH Co BpeMeHeM 3TH ynpeKH CTaJIH eme CHJThHee

Co CTOPOHhI )KyPHaJIHCTOB rJIyno H HelJeCTHO IIpO~OJIshy)KaTh HaCTaHBaTh Ha TOM ITO OHH He HMeIOT HHKaKHX C06CTshy

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6hI 3HaTh KaK H nOlJeMY OHH Bce 3T0 norepSIJIH H K~a npH 3TOM

20

CMOTpeJIH lJISI MeHSI rJIaBHbIH Bonpoc He B TOM MO)KeT JIH

~HaJIHCT 6hITh HeHTpaJThHhIM a B TOM KaK OH MO)KeT ~eJIaTh

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C pyrOH CTOPOHbI Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOCTH KPHTIfKOshy

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MY nOIm npHMHTHBHOMY CTHJIIO no~alJH MaTepHaJIa KOma Bce

qaKTbI H Bce TOlJKH 3peHHSI npe~CTaBJISlIOTCSI HaCTOJIbKO

paBHOnpaBHbIMH H O~aKOBO 3HalJHTeJThHbIMH ITO B C03Hashy

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IIpOTHBOBec 3TOMY YTBep~aeTCSI ITO CJIO)KHbIe peaJIHH COBshy

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H HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb TO 0 lJeM OHH IIHIIIYT C ~eCSlTbIX rO~OB Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOra OIIHCaHHSI

C06hITHH no~epraeTCSI CTOJTh CHJThHbIM Han~aM ITO H ceshy

ro~S1 ~aJIeKO He Bce ~HaJIHCThI PYKOBO~CTByroTCSI HM BOJThshy

maS lJaCTh pa6OTH1IKOB cero~x cpenCTB MaccoBoH HHshy

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naM BJIHSlTh Ha OCBemeHHe C06hITHH TaKHM 06pa30M Bce

C006meHHSI 0 CMepm 06beKTHBHOCTH SlBHO npeyseJIHIeHbI B

TO )Ke BpeMSl HeJTh3S1 He IIpH3HaTh ITO B npOIIIJIOM 06beKshy

THBHOCThIO 3JI0ynOTpe6JISlJIH HaCTOJThKO lJTO ceronHSI MHorne

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H Ha nOJTh3Y H BO Bpe~ aYroITopHH IIepBoe HMeJIO MeCTO Korna

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KOTOPhIX HenOCTaTOlJHO pa36HpaIOTCSI H nOTOMY CTapaJIHCh

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060 Bcex TOlJKax 3peHHSI B non06HbIX CHTyaIJHSIX lJHTaTeJIH H

3pHTeJIH BepoSITHo H B CaMOM ~eJIe BhmrphmaIOT nOCKOJThKY

21

nOJIYIaJOT roJIbIe ltpaKTbI He OTsIIomeHHbIe ~ CYxqJeHHshy

SIMH

B TO )Ke BpeMH HHIero xopornero He nOJIYIaeTCH eCJm

penopTepbI B noroHe 3a o6beKTHBHOCTblO Bb~31OT nOBepXHOCTshy

HbIecooomeHIDI COCTOSImHe B OCHOBHOMH3 CCbDIOKHa)1epraHHbIX

H3 pa3HbIX HCTOlflmKOB T01JHO TaK xe aY~TopHH npOHrpbmashy

eT eCJIH aBTopbI penOpTa)KeH OTcrynaJOT OT KaHOHOB CTpOroH

OObeKTHBHOCTH npH paCCKMe 0 TaKHX CJIO)KHbIX H oecnOKOshy

SImHX oomeCTBO Bemax KaK BoitHa BO BbeTHaMe H Bocnpmrme

ee aMepHKa~aMH nOCKOJIbKYnOUOOHbIe HBJIeHHH npOCTO B3bmashy

lOT K OObHCHeHHHM H ryMaHHCTHtleCKOH HHTepnpeTauHH

B KOHTeKCTe UaHHOH KHHrn ocoooe 3HaleHHe npHoopeTaeT

aTHtleCKOe H3MepeHHe TpeOOBaHHH ypHaJIHCTCKOH aKKYpaTshy

HOCTH H leCTHOCTH T01JHOCTb nOCKOJIbKY OHa 03HalaeT UOOpOshy

COBeCTHbIH nou6op H OCBemeHHe ltpaKTOB OKa3bmaeTCH Ba)KHbIM

aTHtleCKHM CTaHuapTOM aHaJIOrHtIHbIM 3anpery Ha JIO)Kb ITO

OOJIbIIIHHCTBO ypHaJIHCTOB H c06JI1OuaeT B CBoeH e)KeuHeBHOH

paOOTe iHaJIOrHtIHOe aTHtIeCKOe H3MepeHHe npHoopeTaeT H

TpeOOBaHHe UOopOCOBeCTHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH HCTOlHHKOB H

HenpeuyoexqJeHHOCTH penOpTa)Ka eCJIH nOHHMaTb ero KaK

TpeOOBaHHe K )KypHaJIHCTaM B03uep)KHBaTbCH OT npe)Kueshy

BpeMeHHbIX Cy)IfJeHHit H o~eHOK B PMYMHOH Mepe npOHBJIHTb

leJIOBeleCKHe qynCTBaH aMO~HH paCCKa3bmaTb nyOJIHKe 0 TOM

ITO HM YUaJIOCb Y3HaTb oe3 HCKa)KeHHit H npeyneJIHtleHHit AmI o6beKTHBHOCTH Obmo npHuyMaHO HeMaJIO pa3HbIX onpeueJIeshy

HHH HO Bce OHH TaK)Ke HMeJIH BbIXOrJbI B aTHKY KOTopble BJIHshy

HJIH Ha pa60ry MHO)KeCTBa YPHaJIHCTOB HueH OObeKTHBHOro

OCBemeHHH COObrmH npH BceM ee HeCOBepmeHCTBe Bce )Ke

CTaJIa rJJIH aMepHKaHCKHX ypHaJIHCTOB CBoero poua aTHtlecshy

KHM HMIIepaTHBOM

B03BHKHOBEIllIE II 7MHOJKEIllIE IKYPHAJllICfCKIIX KOL(EKCOB

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Obma UOCTHrHYTa lepe3 ueHTeJIbHOCTb nOHBHBIIIHXCH ye B Hashy

22

rneM CTOJIeTHH npOltpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX OOberJHHeHHit paOOTHHKOB

cpeuCTB MaCCOBOH HHltpOPMauHH HanpHMep AMepHKaHCKOrO

oomeCTBa ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB yqpexqJeHHoro B 1923 rw

4gtaKTHtIeCKH aTO oomeCTBo HalaJIO CBOIO pa60ry C noprOTOBKH

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JIHCTCKHX OOberJHHeHHH B HeKOTopbIX IIITaTax ye YTBep~JIH

COOCTBeHHble KoueKCbI TaK Ha3bmaeMblH KaHOH ypHaJIHCshy

THKH npHHHTbIH AMepHKaHCKHM oomeCTBOM ra3eTHbIX peUaKshy

TOPOB OKa3aJICH nepBbIM oomeaMepHKaHcKHM C60PHHKOM

npoltpeccHOHaJIbHbIX aTHtleCKHX npHH~noB pa3pa60TaHHbIM

rJJIH paoOTHHKoB npeccbl ll03uHee nOHBHJIHCb H upyrne nouooshy

HbIe U0KYMeHTbI B laCTHOCTH KoueKCbI 06meCTBa npoltpec-

CHOHaJIbHbIX ypHaJIHCToB---OirMa lleJIbTa XH H iccO~auHH )JHpeKTopoB OTUeJIOB HOBocTeH Pa)1HO H TeJIeBHueHIDI B 1975 r AMepHKaHCKOe oomecTBo ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB nOJIHOCTblO

3aHOBO nepenHCaJIO CBOH KoueKC Ha3BaB ero Ha aTOT pa3

llepe1JHeM npH~nOB AMepHKaHCKOrO 06meCTBa ra3eTHbIX

peUaKTOpOB

llepBbIH KoueKC AMepHKaHCKOrO 06meCTBa ra3eTHbIX peshy

uaKTOpOB BCKope nOCJIe yrnepxqJeHHH nouneprCH HeJIerKOMY

HCnbITaHHIO HeCKOJIbKO MeCTHbIX OTueJIeHHH 06meCTBa nposhy

rOJIOCOBaJIH 3a HCKJIIOleHHe H3 CBOHX pHUOB H3uaTeJIH ueHBepcshy

KOH ra3eTbI lloCT BOHltPHJICa YJIHtleHHoro B nOJIYIeHHH MHJIshy

JIHOHHOH B3HTKH 3a COKpbrme OT nyOJIHKH HHltpOPMauHH 0 Heshy

3aKOHHOH npOUa)Ke B laCTHbIe PyKH rocyuapCTBeHHbIX HeltpTH-

HbIX MeCTOpO)KrJeHHH B IIITaTe BaitOMHHr XOTH EOHltpHJIC Hapyshy

Ilnm npaKTHtIeCKH Bce nyHKTbI ypHaJIHCTCKOro KoueKca AMeshy

pHKaHCKoro oomeCTBa ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB ~CKYCCHH 0

npHMeHeHHH K HeMY CaHKJJHH HH K leMY He npHBeJIH H B 1929 r OomeCTBo nOCTaHOBHJIO ITO COOJIlOueHHe KoueKca MO)KeT ObITb

TOJIbKO UOOPOBOJIbHbIM Ha aTO perneHHe CHJIbHO nOBJIHHJIO 06eshy

maHHe BOHltpHJICa nOuaTb Ha iMepHKaHCKOe 06meCTBo ra3eTshy

HbIX peUaKTOpOB B cYU eCJIH npOTHB Hero OYUYT npHHHTbI

KaKHe-JIHOO MepbI21

Yrp03a cyueoHbIX HCKOB BHCeJIa H Ha)1 PYKOBOUCTBOM 00shy

meCTBa npoltigteccHOHaJIbHbIX YPHaJIHCTOB-CHrMa lleJIbTa XH

23

Korna OHO BhlCKaSaJIOCb B 1985 r npOTlIB npHHY)KJJeHHSI OTshy

neJIbHbIX ~eHOB cBoeit OpraHHSaUmr coomonaTb ee 3TlrQeCKHe

HOpMbI IOpunwlecKHit KOHCYJIbTaHT OOlIJeCTBa BplOc DHltjJOpn

SaBepIIJI COBeT JJHpeKTopOB ~ITO eCJIH KTO-TO HS ~eHOBOOlIJeCTshy

Ba oyneT HaKaSaH sa HapyrrreHHe KoneKca TO OH CMOKeT ycshy

nelllHo onpOTeCTOBaTb 3TO pemeHHe B cyne ComaCHO Tornamshy

HeMY npeSHneHTY OOlIJeCTBa ltlgtp3HKY CasepJIeHnY qneHbI COshy

BeTa PYKOBOnCTBOBaJIHCb elIJe JJBYMSI MOTHBaMH Bo-nepBbIX OHM

OlIaCaJIHCb ~O HaBSlSbffiaHHe coomoneHMSI KoneKca MOKeT nposhy

THBope~Tb IIepBoit nonpaBKe K KOHCT~ H BO-BTOPbIX

OHM He ObIJIH YBepeHbI B CIIOCOOHOCTH COIpYJJHHKOB MeCTHbIX

OTneJIeHHit OOlIJeCTBa npoltjJeCCHOHaJIbHbIX KypHaJIHCTOBshy

CHrMa )JeJIbTa XlI npHIlliMaTb BSBemeHHble pemeHHSl OT KOTOshy

pbIX SaBHCeJIa BCSI nOCJIenyrolIJaSI Kapbepa ~HaJIHCTa22 HH O)Ha HS ~HaJIHCTCKHX opraHHsauuH He HMeJIa H no

CHX nop He HMeeT neitCTBeHHbIX cnOCOOOB ooecne~ BbmOJIHeshy

HMe npoltjJeCCHOHaJIbHOrO KoneKca BCeMH qneHaMH TaKHe KOshy

neKCbI ObIJIH H OCTaIOTCSI B OCHOBHOM neKJIapaIJHSIMH npoltjJecshy

CHOHaJIbHbIX HJJeaJIOB H nplIHIJHIIOB ACCOIJHauus JJHpeKTOpOB

OT)leJIOB HOBoCTeit Pa)lHO H TeJIeBHJJeHMSI yrnepJJHJIa CBOit KOshy

neKC B 1966 r H MOJJHltjJHIJHpOBaJIa B 1973 OOlIJeCTBO nposhy

ltjJeccHOHaJIbHbIX ~HaJIHCTOB OnOOPHJIO KoneKC AMepHKaHCshy

Koro 06lIJeCTBa ra3eTHbIX penaKTOpOB B 1926 r B 1973 shyYTBepJJHJIO CBOit COOCTBeHHbm a B 1984 r BHeCJIO B Hero

nonOJIHeHHSI oCYKnaIOIIJHe nJIarHaT ACCOUHaUHSI penaKshy

TOpOB-anMHHHCTpaTopOB areHCTBa AccomH3itTen IIpecc B

1975 r npHHSlJIa CBOH COOCTBeHHbm 3TWleCKHH KoneKC

B CeMHneCSITble-BOCbMHr(eCSIThle rOr(bI BnepBble nOSIBHJlHCb

HJIH ObIJIH MOnHltjJHUHpoBaHbI npoltjJeccHOHaJIbHbIe KoneKCbI

HeCKOJIbKHX ~HaJIHCTCKHX OpraHHSaUHit MeHbmero KaJIHOpa

TaKHX KaK HaUHOHaJIbHaSI KOHltjJepeHIJHSI aBTOPOB nepenOBHIJ

OOlIJeCTBO aBTOPOB OTneJIOB IIYTemeCTBHH AccoIJHaIJHSI cnopshy

TlIBHbIX penaKTOpOB areHTCTBa AccoIllll3itTen IIpecc H OOlIJeshy

CTBO aMepHKaHCKHX 3KOHOMHqeCKHX ooOSpeBaTeJIeit bull

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24

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38

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110

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611HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 HIOH51 1981 r

7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

15l1HTepSbIO aSTopa 5 HIOHSl 1981 r

16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

17l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 8 OKTSlfipSl 1981 r

18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

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26l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 14 MapTa 1986 r

27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

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35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

36l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 7 OKTSlfipfl 1981 r

37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

40l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 10 qespaJIfI 1986 r

41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

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4711HTepBbIO aBTopa 23 OKTHOPH 1981 r

48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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70l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 OKTHOPH 1981 r

7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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117

Page 2: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

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15

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16

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17

aMepHKaHCKHH reHeparr H KaKHe Orrepa~HH rrpe~pHHRITH B

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gtKYPHarrHCTOB B03HHKllieM YgtKe B HameM CTOrreTHH HMHTHpOshy

18

BaTb MeTO)lbI eCTeCTBeHHbIX HaYK KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIITO rrOCTeshy

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mo aYuHT0pHH

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npano cpaKTJlqeCKH HrparrH Ha PYKY TaKHM OTDHBrreHHbIM ueshy

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npeBpaTHrr npeccy B CBOIO HeBOITbHYIO C006~H~y no pacshy

19

npOCTpaHemUO cpaHTaCTWleCKHX H3MblmJIeHHH 0 MaCCOBOM

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nSITH~eCSlTble rO~hI KOr~a no~ Ka~OH KpOBaThIO tJY~HJICSI

KOMMYHHCT MaKKapTH TaK paCClJHThmaJI BpeMSI CBOHX BhIshy

cTYIIJIeHHti BCTpelJ C ~HaJIHCTaMH H npeCC-peJIH30B lJT06bI

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HbIMH nporpaMMaMH HOBOCTeH la)Ke eCJIH 6bI ~HaJIHCThI H

3axOTeJIH npOBepHTh ero 06BHHeHHSI Y HHX H1IKoma He XBaTHJIO

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HYJI B 1954 KOma CeHaT ocylHJl era nOBe~eHHe 67 rOJIocaMH

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cpe~CTBa MaCCOBOH HHCPOPM~HH B C06CTBeHHbIX ~eJISlx B HTOshy

re pa60THHKH cpe~CTB MaCCOBOH HHCPOPMaIJHH CTaJIH nOCTeshy

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06beKTHBHOcm18

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npeBpamaJIO npeccy B HrpynIKY B PYKax reHepaJIOB IIpe3~eHshy

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6ecnpHCTpaCTHOCTb He TOJIbKO HeB03MO)KHOH HO ~a)Ke He)KeJIaTeJThHoH Co BpeMeHeM 3TH ynpeKH CTaJIH eme CHJThHee

Co CTOPOHhI )KyPHaJIHCTOB rJIyno H HelJeCTHO IIpO~OJIshy)KaTh HaCTaHBaTh Ha TOM ITO OHH He HMeIOT HHKaKHX C06CTshy

BeHHbIX B033peHHH nOJIHTHlJeCKHX y6e)l)JeHHH npHCTpaCTHH H

TOMY no~06Hoe - yTBep~aeT P06epT IllHp H3 JIoc-AH~eshyJIec TatiMc A eCJIH OHH H BIIpaB~ He ~eMepSIT $I XOTeJI

6hI 3HaTh KaK H nOlJeMY OHH Bce 3T0 norepSIJIH H K~a npH 3TOM

20

CMOTpeJIH lJISI MeHSI rJIaBHbIH Bonpoc He B TOM MO)KeT JIH

~HaJIHCT 6hITh HeHTpaJThHhIM a B TOM KaK OH MO)KeT ~eJIaTh

CBOIO pa60Ty coxpamLSllJeCTHOCTh H 06beKmBHoCTb19

C pyrOH CTOPOHbI Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOCTH KPHTIfKOshy

BaJIH H 3a TO ITO OHO SlK06bI IIpHBOroIT K lJpe3MepHO MSIrKOshy

MY nOIm npHMHTHBHOMY CTHJIIO no~alJH MaTepHaJIa KOma Bce

qaKTbI H Bce TOlJKH 3peHHSI npe~CTaBJISlIOTCSI HaCTOJIbKO

paBHOnpaBHbIMH H O~aKOBO 3HalJHTeJThHbIMH ITO B C03Hashy

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IIpOTHBOBec 3TOMY YTBep~aeTCSI ITO CJIO)KHbIe peaJIHH COBshy

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H HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb TO 0 lJeM OHH IIHIIIYT C ~eCSlTbIX rO~OB Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOra OIIHCaHHSI

C06hITHH no~epraeTCSI CTOJTh CHJThHbIM Han~aM ITO H ceshy

ro~S1 ~aJIeKO He Bce ~HaJIHCThI PYKOBO~CTByroTCSI HM BOJThshy

maS lJaCTh pa6OTH1IKOB cero~x cpenCTB MaccoBoH HHshy

qopMa~HH B TOM lJHCJIe H Te KTO IIponOBe~eT Bepy B o6heKshy

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TO )Ke BpeMSl HeJTh3S1 He IIpH3HaTh ITO B npOIIIJIOM 06beKshy

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H Ha nOJTh3Y H BO Bpe~ aYroITopHH IIepBoe HMeJIO MeCTO Korna

penopTephI-YHHBepCaJThI nOHHMaJIH lJTO IIHillYT 0 Bemax B

KOTOPhIX HenOCTaTOlJHO pa36HpaIOTCSI H nOTOMY CTapaJIHCh

npOSIBHTh MaKCHMaJThHyro 6eCIIpHCTpaCTHOCTh H HHCPOpMHpOshy

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060 Bcex TOlJKax 3peHHSI B non06HbIX CHTyaIJHSIX lJHTaTeJIH H

3pHTeJIH BepoSITHo H B CaMOM ~eJIe BhmrphmaIOT nOCKOJThKY

21

nOJIYIaJOT roJIbIe ltpaKTbI He OTsIIomeHHbIe ~ CYxqJeHHshy

SIMH

B TO )Ke BpeMH HHIero xopornero He nOJIYIaeTCH eCJm

penopTepbI B noroHe 3a o6beKTHBHOCTblO Bb~31OT nOBepXHOCTshy

HbIecooomeHIDI COCTOSImHe B OCHOBHOMH3 CCbDIOKHa)1epraHHbIX

H3 pa3HbIX HCTOlflmKOB T01JHO TaK xe aY~TopHH npOHrpbmashy

eT eCJIH aBTopbI penOpTa)KeH OTcrynaJOT OT KaHOHOB CTpOroH

OObeKTHBHOCTH npH paCCKMe 0 TaKHX CJIO)KHbIX H oecnOKOshy

SImHX oomeCTBO Bemax KaK BoitHa BO BbeTHaMe H Bocnpmrme

ee aMepHKa~aMH nOCKOJIbKYnOUOOHbIe HBJIeHHH npOCTO B3bmashy

lOT K OObHCHeHHHM H ryMaHHCTHtleCKOH HHTepnpeTauHH

B KOHTeKCTe UaHHOH KHHrn ocoooe 3HaleHHe npHoopeTaeT

aTHtleCKOe H3MepeHHe TpeOOBaHHH ypHaJIHCTCKOH aKKYpaTshy

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

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41

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97

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98 99

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100 101

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~~

Groping for Ethics

bullIn i Journalisme

i ~

r

H EUGENE GOODWIN

l_~

110

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1 5epHapa llIoy nHrMaJIHOH 1130paHHble npoH3seaeHH51 MOcKsa naHopaMa 1993 CTp 277

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511HTepBbIO aBTopa 24 CeHT510p511981 r

611HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 HIOH51 1981 r

7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

15l1HTepSbIO aSTopa 5 HIOHSl 1981 r

16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

17l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 8 OKTSlfipSl 1981 r

18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

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27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

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35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

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37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

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41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

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48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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rlUlBa 113 K-lUZU Henry H Shulte Reporting Public Affairs Mcmillan Publishing Co Inc New York 1981

117

Page 3: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

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18

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19

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21

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22

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23

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24

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25

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26

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27

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34

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35

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

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ClIaCTHblX CJIYllaeB CJIYlIaeTCSI liTO JKypHaJIHCTbI 3JIoynoshy

96

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nOJIaralOTCSI Ha 3aKOHbI H cyne6Hble npe~eneHTbI HeJKeJIH Ha

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nOBepXHOCTHa 3 B xynmeM cepbe3HO HCKaJKaeT nellCTBHTeJIbshy

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97

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98 99

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~~

Groping for Ethics

bullIn i Journalisme

i ~

r

H EUGENE GOODWIN

l_~

110

nPHMEQAHHH

1 5epHapa llIoy nHrMaJIHOH 1130paHHble npoH3seaeHH51 MOcKsa naHopaMa 1993 CTp 277

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511HTepBbIO aBTopa 24 CeHT510p511981 r

611HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 HIOH51 1981 r

7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

15l1HTepSbIO aSTopa 5 HIOHSl 1981 r

16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

17l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 8 OKTSlfipSl 1981 r

18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

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26l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 14 MapTa 1986 r

27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

29l1HTepBhlO aSTopa 19 OKTSlfipfl 1981 r

30l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 14 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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112

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34 aOKJIa~HaSl 3anHCKa HCnOJIHHTeJIbHOrO ceKpeTapSl KOshyMHTeTa no KOHTpaKTaM ra3eTHoR rHJIb~HH PHqap~a P3MCH pyKOBo~HTeJIfIM rHJIb~HH 13 anpeJIfI 1976 r

35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

36l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 7 OKTSlfipfl 1981 r

37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

40l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 10 qespaJIfI 1986 r

41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

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4711HTepBbIO aBTopa 23 OKTHOPH 1981 r

48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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6911HTepBbIO aBTopa 28 OKTHOPH 1981 r

70l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 OKTHOPH 1981 r

7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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117

Page 4: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

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15

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gtKYPHaJIHCTbI IaCTO paCXOr(BTCB BO B3rJIBr(ax Ha MHorne rrp06JIeshy

16

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TOlHO npOHHqopMIfpOBaTb ayr(HTOpHIO ITO 3aBBBJI TaKOH-TO

17

aMepHKaHCKHH reHeparr H KaKHe Orrepa~HH rrpe~pHHRITH B

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HarrHCTaMH TeM aueKBaTHeH OHH MOryr rrpeucTaBHTb ee ny6JIHKe

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npOCTO He B COCTOHHHH YUOBrreTBOpHTb H C03uaeT Y IlHPOKOH

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CKa3aHHoe HH B KoeH Mepe He 03HaqaeT ~O gtKypHarrHCTbI

He 06H3aHbI rrpanHITbHO H3rraraTb CPaKTbI HITH qTO OHH He CTapashy

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aKKypaTHocTH rrpH3HaH BceM gtKypHaITHCTCKHM C006meCTBOM

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rrraBHbrH Huearr aMepHKaHCKOH gtKYPHarrHCTHKH KpHTepHH

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KaHCKOli rrpeccbI npOCrregtKHBaIOT KOpHH 061gteKTHBHOHgtKypshy

HarrHCTHKH ITH60 B B03HHKHOBeHHH B npomrrOM BeKe CHHuHKaTOB

HOBOCTeli Bpoue AccomH3HTeu ITpecc rrH60 B cTpeMrreHHH

gtKYPHarrHCTOB B03HHKllieM YgtKe B HameM CTOrreTHH HMHTHpOshy

18

BaTb MeTO)lbI eCTeCTBeHHbIX HaYK KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIITO rrOCTeshy

neHHO Bce rrpH3HarrH qTO HOBOCTH UOrrKHbI 6bITb ~IeCTHbIMlI

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TH 6bIITH BbI3BaHbI HHTeprrpeTa~HeH H ocymecTBrreHHeM

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6eHHO B KpyrrHbIX areHTCTBax H ra3embIX CHHuHKaTax MHorne

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mo aYuHT0pHH

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Ke 1950 Ha quKarCKHX 60llHHX ITpOCPCOI03 3aHBHIT ~o xoshy

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HHX OHelirrJIWIHo HacquTarr 125 KoeK O~aKo peUaKTOp He

nponyCTHIT MarepHarr B neqaTb 3aHBHB ~ ero HeITb3H HCshy

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~ u06bIBaeMoli gtKypHarrHCTaMH TaKOBa ~o HHKTO He 3axOshy

qeT rrpH3HaTb ee ocpH~arrnHoliY )KYPHaITHCTbI KOTOPbIe HaCTaHBarrH ~o HOBOCTH TOITbKO

Torua HOBOCTH eCITH HX npH3HaIOT TaKOBbIMlI HMeIO~e Ha TO

npano cpaKTJlqeCKH HrparrH Ha PYKY TaKHM OTDHBrreHHbIM ueshy

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npeBpaTHrr npeccy B CBOIO HeBOITbHYIO C006~H~y no pacshy

19

npOCTpaHemUO cpaHTaCTWleCKHX H3MblmJIeHHH 0 MaCCOBOM

IIpOHHKBOBeHHH KOMMHHCTOB B npaBHTeJThCTBeHHhle yqpe)l)Jeshy

HHSI H ~a)Ke B Boopy)KeHHhle CHJIbI 3TO npOHCXO~HJIO B

nSITH~eCSlTble rO~hI KOr~a no~ Ka~OH KpOBaThIO tJY~HJICSI

KOMMYHHCT MaKKapTH TaK paCClJHThmaJI BpeMSI CBOHX BhIshy

cTYIIJIeHHti BCTpelJ C ~HaJIHCTaMH H npeCC-peJIH30B lJT06bI

C006meHHSI 0 HlIX pe~aK~ nOJIYlHJIH KaK pa3 nepe~ OCHOBshy

HbIMH nporpaMMaMH HOBOCTeH la)Ke eCJIH 6bI ~HaJIHCThI H

3axOTeJIH npOBepHTh ero 06BHHeHHSI Y HHX H1IKoma He XBaTHJIO

6bI Ha 3TO BpeMeHH nOCKOJThKY npHillJlOCb 6bI 3a~ep)KaTh HOshy

BOCTH ~O 3aBTpanmera ~S1 MbIJThHbIH nY3bIpb MaKKapTH JIonshy

HYJI B 1954 KOma CeHaT ocylHJl era nOBe~eHHe 67 rOJIocaMH

IIpOTHB 22 MHorne ~HaJIHCThI CHJThHO npH3~aJIHCh Ha~ TeM KaKHM 06pa30M 3TOT HCKYCHbIH MaHHnyJISlTOP HCnOJTh30BaJI

cpe~CTBa MaCCOBOH HHCPOPM~HH B C06CTBeHHbIX ~eJISlx B HTOshy

re pa60THHKH cpe~CTB MaCCOBOH HHCPOPMaIJHH CTaJIH nOCTeshy

neHHO TepSlTb ~OBepHe K IIpe)KHeMY Y3KOMY onpe~eJIeHHIO

06beKTHBHOcm18

KOH~en~HSI )KYPHaJIHCTCKOH 06beKTHBHocm HCnbITaJIa

~aJIhHeHmHe nepTyp6a~HH B meCTH~eCSlThle H B HalJaJIe

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npeBpamaJIO npeccy B HrpynIKY B PYKax reHepaJIOB IIpe3~eHshy

TOB H MHomx ~pyrHX KOHTPOJIHpyromHX )KH3Hb aMepHKaHshy

~eB H npenSlTCTBOBaJIO pacnpocTpaHeHHIO npaB~HBoH

HHcpopMa~HH Te )Ke KpyrH ClJHTaJIH )KypHaJIHCTcKYIO

6ecnpHCTpaCTHOCTb He TOJIbKO HeB03MO)KHOH HO ~a)Ke He)KeJIaTeJThHoH Co BpeMeHeM 3TH ynpeKH CTaJIH eme CHJThHee

Co CTOPOHhI )KyPHaJIHCTOB rJIyno H HelJeCTHO IIpO~OJIshy)KaTh HaCTaHBaTh Ha TOM ITO OHH He HMeIOT HHKaKHX C06CTshy

BeHHbIX B033peHHH nOJIHTHlJeCKHX y6e)l)JeHHH npHCTpaCTHH H

TOMY no~06Hoe - yTBep~aeT P06epT IllHp H3 JIoc-AH~eshyJIec TatiMc A eCJIH OHH H BIIpaB~ He ~eMepSIT $I XOTeJI

6hI 3HaTh KaK H nOlJeMY OHH Bce 3T0 norepSIJIH H K~a npH 3TOM

20

CMOTpeJIH lJISI MeHSI rJIaBHbIH Bonpoc He B TOM MO)KeT JIH

~HaJIHCT 6hITh HeHTpaJThHhIM a B TOM KaK OH MO)KeT ~eJIaTh

CBOIO pa60Ty coxpamLSllJeCTHOCTh H 06beKmBHoCTb19

C pyrOH CTOPOHbI Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOCTH KPHTIfKOshy

BaJIH H 3a TO ITO OHO SlK06bI IIpHBOroIT K lJpe3MepHO MSIrKOshy

MY nOIm npHMHTHBHOMY CTHJIIO no~alJH MaTepHaJIa KOma Bce

qaKTbI H Bce TOlJKH 3peHHSI npe~CTaBJISlIOTCSI HaCTOJIbKO

paBHOnpaBHbIMH H O~aKOBO 3HalJHTeJThHbIMH ITO B C03Hashy

HHH lJHTaTeJISI B03HHKaeT HCKa)KeHHaSl KapmHa C06hITHH B

IIpOTHBOBec 3TOMY YTBep~aeTCSI ITO CJIO)KHbIe peaJIHH COBshy

peMeHHoro MHpa Tpe6yroT He HetiTpaJThHhIX Ha6JIIO~aTeJIeH a

KOMIIeTeHTHhIX H 3HaIOmHX )KypHaJIHCTOB cnoc06HhIX nOHSlTh

H HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb TO 0 lJeM OHH IIHIIIYT C ~eCSlTbIX rO~OB Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOra OIIHCaHHSI

C06hITHH no~epraeTCSI CTOJTh CHJThHbIM Han~aM ITO H ceshy

ro~S1 ~aJIeKO He Bce ~HaJIHCThI PYKOBO~CTByroTCSI HM BOJThshy

maS lJaCTh pa6OTH1IKOB cero~x cpenCTB MaccoBoH HHshy

qopMa~HH B TOM lJHCJIe H Te KTO IIponOBe~eT Bepy B o6heKshy

THBHOCTb Ha nepBoe MeCTO CTaBSlT lJeCTHOCTh H Henpeshy

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pa3yMHbIH HetiTpaJIHTeT H He n03BOJISlTh C06CTBeHHhIM B3rJISlshy

naM BJIHSlTh Ha OCBemeHHe C06hITHH TaKHM 06pa30M Bce

C006meHHSI 0 CMepm 06beKTHBHOCTH SlBHO npeyseJIHIeHbI B

TO )Ke BpeMSl HeJTh3S1 He IIpH3HaTh ITO B npOIIIJIOM 06beKshy

THBHOCThIO 3JI0ynOTpe6JISlJIH HaCTOJThKO lJTO ceronHSI MHorne

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Tpe60BaHHSIM Henpe~6e)l)JeHHOCTH H lJeCTHOCTH

KaK nOKa3aJI OnhIT 06beKTHBHaS ~HaJIHCmKa cJIY)KHJIa

H Ha nOJTh3Y H BO Bpe~ aYroITopHH IIepBoe HMeJIO MeCTO Korna

penopTephI-YHHBepCaJThI nOHHMaJIH lJTO IIHillYT 0 Bemax B

KOTOPhIX HenOCTaTOlJHO pa36HpaIOTCSI H nOTOMY CTapaJIHCh

npOSIBHTh MaKCHMaJThHyro 6eCIIpHCTpaCTHOCTh H HHCPOpMHpOshy

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060 Bcex TOlJKax 3peHHSI B non06HbIX CHTyaIJHSIX lJHTaTeJIH H

3pHTeJIH BepoSITHo H B CaMOM ~eJIe BhmrphmaIOT nOCKOJThKY

21

nOJIYIaJOT roJIbIe ltpaKTbI He OTsIIomeHHbIe ~ CYxqJeHHshy

SIMH

B TO )Ke BpeMH HHIero xopornero He nOJIYIaeTCH eCJm

penopTepbI B noroHe 3a o6beKTHBHOCTblO Bb~31OT nOBepXHOCTshy

HbIecooomeHIDI COCTOSImHe B OCHOBHOMH3 CCbDIOKHa)1epraHHbIX

H3 pa3HbIX HCTOlflmKOB T01JHO TaK xe aY~TopHH npOHrpbmashy

eT eCJIH aBTopbI penOpTa)KeH OTcrynaJOT OT KaHOHOB CTpOroH

OObeKTHBHOCTH npH paCCKMe 0 TaKHX CJIO)KHbIX H oecnOKOshy

SImHX oomeCTBO Bemax KaK BoitHa BO BbeTHaMe H Bocnpmrme

ee aMepHKa~aMH nOCKOJIbKYnOUOOHbIe HBJIeHHH npOCTO B3bmashy

lOT K OObHCHeHHHM H ryMaHHCTHtleCKOH HHTepnpeTauHH

B KOHTeKCTe UaHHOH KHHrn ocoooe 3HaleHHe npHoopeTaeT

aTHtleCKOe H3MepeHHe TpeOOBaHHH ypHaJIHCTCKOH aKKYpaTshy

HOCTH H leCTHOCTH T01JHOCTb nOCKOJIbKY OHa 03HalaeT UOOpOshy

COBeCTHbIH nou6op H OCBemeHHe ltpaKTOB OKa3bmaeTCH Ba)KHbIM

aTHtleCKHM CTaHuapTOM aHaJIOrHtIHbIM 3anpery Ha JIO)Kb ITO

OOJIbIIIHHCTBO ypHaJIHCTOB H c06JI1OuaeT B CBoeH e)KeuHeBHOH

paOOTe iHaJIOrHtIHOe aTHtIeCKOe H3MepeHHe npHoopeTaeT H

TpeOOBaHHe UOopOCOBeCTHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH HCTOlHHKOB H

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

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41

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97

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98 99

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100 101

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~~

Groping for Ethics

bullIn i Journalisme

i ~

r

H EUGENE GOODWIN

l_~

110

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1 5epHapa llIoy nHrMaJIHOH 1130paHHble npoH3seaeHH51 MOcKsa naHopaMa 1993 CTp 277

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511HTepBbIO aBTopa 24 CeHT510p511981 r

611HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 HIOH51 1981 r

7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

15l1HTepSbIO aSTopa 5 HIOHSl 1981 r

16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

17l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 8 OKTSlfipSl 1981 r

18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

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27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

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35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

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37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

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41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

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48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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HeIHO SrOHCTHIHbIe nOJIHTHKH H rocYDapCTBeHHbIe qHHOBshy

rlUlBa 113 K-lUZU Henry H Shulte Reporting Public Affairs Mcmillan Publishing Co Inc New York 1981

117

Page 5: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

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17

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18

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19

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20

CMOTpeJIH lJISI MeHSI rJIaBHbIH Bonpoc He B TOM MO)KeT JIH

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21

nOJIYIaJOT roJIbIe ltpaKTbI He OTsIIomeHHbIe ~ CYxqJeHHshy

SIMH

B TO )Ke BpeMH HHIero xopornero He nOJIYIaeTCH eCJm

penopTepbI B noroHe 3a o6beKTHBHOCTblO Bb~31OT nOBepXHOCTshy

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lOT K OObHCHeHHHM H ryMaHHCTHtleCKOH HHTepnpeTauHH

B KOHTeKCTe UaHHOH KHHrn ocoooe 3HaleHHe npHoopeTaeT

aTHtleCKOe H3MepeHHe TpeOOBaHHH ypHaJIHCTCKOH aKKYpaTshy

HOCTH H leCTHOCTH T01JHOCTb nOCKOJIbKY OHa 03HalaeT UOOpOshy

COBeCTHbIH nou6op H OCBemeHHe ltpaKTOB OKa3bmaeTCH Ba)KHbIM

aTHtleCKHM CTaHuapTOM aHaJIOrHtIHbIM 3anpery Ha JIO)Kb ITO

OOJIbIIIHHCTBO ypHaJIHCTOB H c06JI1OuaeT B CBoeH e)KeuHeBHOH

paOOTe iHaJIOrHtIHOe aTHtIeCKOe H3MepeHHe npHoopeTaeT H

TpeOOBaHHe UOopOCOBeCTHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH HCTOlHHKOB H

HenpeuyoexqJeHHOCTH penOpTa)Ka eCJIH nOHHMaTb ero KaK

TpeOOBaHHe K )KypHaJIHCTaM B03uep)KHBaTbCH OT npe)Kueshy

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leJIOBeleCKHe qynCTBaH aMO~HH paCCKa3bmaTb nyOJIHKe 0 TOM

ITO HM YUaJIOCb Y3HaTb oe3 HCKa)KeHHit H npeyneJIHtleHHit AmI o6beKTHBHOCTH Obmo npHuyMaHO HeMaJIO pa3HbIX onpeueJIeshy

HHH HO Bce OHH TaK)Ke HMeJIH BbIXOrJbI B aTHKY KOTopble BJIHshy

HJIH Ha pa60ry MHO)KeCTBa YPHaJIHCTOB HueH OObeKTHBHOro

OCBemeHHH COObrmH npH BceM ee HeCOBepmeHCTBe Bce )Ke

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KHM HMIIepaTHBOM

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Obma UOCTHrHYTa lepe3 ueHTeJIbHOCTb nOHBHBIIIHXCH ye B Hashy

22

rneM CTOJIeTHH npOltpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX OOberJHHeHHit paOOTHHKOB

cpeuCTB MaCCOBOH HHltpOPMauHH HanpHMep AMepHKaHCKOrO

oomeCTBa ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB yqpexqJeHHoro B 1923 rw

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COOCTBeHHble KoueKCbI TaK Ha3bmaeMblH KaHOH ypHaJIHCshy

THKH npHHHTbIH AMepHKaHCKHM oomeCTBOM ra3eTHbIX peUaKshy

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npoltpeccHOHaJIbHbIX aTHtleCKHX npHH~noB pa3pa60TaHHbIM

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CHOHaJIbHbIX ypHaJIHCToB---OirMa lleJIbTa XH H iccO~auHH )JHpeKTopoB OTUeJIOB HOBocTeH Pa)1HO H TeJIeBHueHIDI B 1975 r AMepHKaHCKOe oomecTBo ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB nOJIHOCTblO

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peUaKTOpOB

llepBbIH KoueKC AMepHKaHCKOrO 06meCTBa ra3eTHbIX peshy

uaKTOpOB BCKope nOCJIe yrnepxqJeHHH nouneprCH HeJIerKOMY

HCnbITaHHIO HeCKOJIbKO MeCTHbIX OTueJIeHHH 06meCTBa nposhy

rOJIOCOBaJIH 3a HCKJIIOleHHe H3 CBOHX pHUOB H3uaTeJIH ueHBepcshy

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JIHOHHOH B3HTKH 3a COKpbrme OT nyOJIHKH HHltpOPMauHH 0 Heshy

3aKOHHOH npOUa)Ke B laCTHbIe PyKH rocyuapCTBeHHbIX HeltpTH-

HbIX MeCTOpO)KrJeHHH B IIITaTe BaitOMHHr XOTH EOHltpHJIC Hapyshy

Ilnm npaKTHtIeCKH Bce nyHKTbI ypHaJIHCTCKOro KoueKca AMeshy

pHKaHCKoro oomeCTBa ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB ~CKYCCHH 0

npHMeHeHHH K HeMY CaHKJJHH HH K leMY He npHBeJIH H B 1929 r OomeCTBo nOCTaHOBHJIO ITO COOJIlOueHHe KoueKca MO)KeT ObITb

TOJIbKO UOOPOBOJIbHbIM Ha aTO perneHHe CHJIbHO nOBJIHHJIO 06eshy

maHHe BOHltpHJICa nOuaTb Ha iMepHKaHCKOe 06meCTBo ra3eTshy

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meCTBa npoltigteccHOHaJIbHbIX YPHaJIHCTOB-CHrMa lleJIbTa XH

23

Korna OHO BhlCKaSaJIOCb B 1985 r npOTlIB npHHY)KJJeHHSI OTshy

neJIbHbIX ~eHOB cBoeit OpraHHSaUmr coomonaTb ee 3TlrQeCKHe

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Ba oyneT HaKaSaH sa HapyrrreHHe KoneKca TO OH CMOKeT ycshy

nelllHo onpOTeCTOBaTb 3TO pemeHHe B cyne ComaCHO Tornamshy

HeMY npeSHneHTY OOlIJeCTBa ltlgtp3HKY CasepJIeHnY qneHbI COshy

BeTa PYKOBOnCTBOBaJIHCb elIJe JJBYMSI MOTHBaMH Bo-nepBbIX OHM

OlIaCaJIHCb ~O HaBSlSbffiaHHe coomoneHMSI KoneKca MOKeT nposhy

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OHM He ObIJIH YBepeHbI B CIIOCOOHOCTH COIpYJJHHKOB MeCTHbIX

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pbIX SaBHCeJIa BCSI nOCJIenyrolIJaSI Kapbepa ~HaJIHCTa22 HH O)Ha HS ~HaJIHCTCKHX opraHHsauuH He HMeJIa H no

CHX nop He HMeeT neitCTBeHHbIX cnOCOOOB ooecne~ BbmOJIHeshy

HMe npoltjJeCCHOHaJIbHOrO KoneKca BCeMH qneHaMH TaKHe KOshy

neKCbI ObIJIH H OCTaIOTCSI B OCHOBHOM neKJIapaIJHSIMH npoltjJecshy

CHOHaJIbHbIX HJJeaJIOB H nplIHIJHIIOB ACCOIJHauus JJHpeKTOpOB

OT)leJIOB HOBoCTeit Pa)lHO H TeJIeBHJJeHMSI yrnepJJHJIa CBOit KOshy

neKC B 1966 r H MOJJHltjJHIJHpOBaJIa B 1973 OOlIJeCTBO nposhy

ltjJeccHOHaJIbHbIX ~HaJIHCTOB OnOOPHJIO KoneKC AMepHKaHCshy

Koro 06lIJeCTBa ra3eTHbIX penaKTOpOB B 1926 r B 1973 shyYTBepJJHJIO CBOit COOCTBeHHbm a B 1984 r BHeCJIO B Hero

nonOJIHeHHSI oCYKnaIOIIJHe nJIarHaT ACCOUHaUHSI penaKshy

TOpOB-anMHHHCTpaTopOB areHCTBa AccomH3itTen IIpecc B

1975 r npHHSlJIa CBOH COOCTBeHHbm 3TWleCKHH KoneKC

B CeMHneCSITble-BOCbMHr(eCSIThle rOr(bI BnepBble nOSIBHJlHCb

HJIH ObIJIH MOnHltjJHUHpoBaHbI npoltjJeccHOHaJIbHbIe KoneKCbI

HeCKOJIbKHX ~HaJIHCTCKHX OpraHHSaUHit MeHbmero KaJIHOpa

TaKHX KaK HaUHOHaJIbHaSI KOHltjJepeHIJHSI aBTOPOB nepenOBHIJ

OOlIJeCTBO aBTOPOB OTneJIOB IIYTemeCTBHH AccoIJHaIJHSI cnopshy

TlIBHbIX penaKTOpOB areHTCTBa AccoIllll3itTen IIpecc H OOlIJeshy

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KeitcH BYKPo OCHOBHOit aBTOP KOr(eKca OOlIJecTBa nposhy

24

ltjJeCCHOHaJIbHbIX ~HaJIHCTOB-CHrMa IJeJIbTa XlI penaKshy

THpyrolIJHH B raseTe lJHKaro TPHOIOH CTaTbH no 3KOJIOrmr

CQHTaeT QTO 3TOT nOKyMeHT B KaKOH-TO Mepe OSnOpOBIIJI

~PHaJIHCTHKy HO COKaJIeeT ~o OOlIJeCTBO He HaIIIJIO cnocoshy

OOB npOBecrn ero B KH3Hb IIOCJIe yrnep)KJJeHHSl 3TOro KoneKca

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Ba npoltjJeCCHOHaJThHbIX ~HaJIHCTOB a saTeM BOSrJIaBJISIJI

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Tax OH CTapaJICSI n06HTbCSI ~06bI MeCTHble OTneJIeHMSI 00shylIJeCTBa npoltjJeccHOHaJIbHbIX ~HaJIHCTOB YQpenHJIH cneshy

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94 95

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96

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110

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511HTepBbIO aBTopa 24 CeHT510p511981 r

611HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 HIOH51 1981 r

7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

15l1HTepSbIO aSTopa 5 HIOHSl 1981 r

16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

17l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 8 OKTSlfipSl 1981 r

18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

22l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

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26l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 14 MapTa 1986 r

27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

29l1HTepBhlO aSTopa 19 OKTSlfipfl 1981 r

30l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 14 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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112

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35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

36l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 7 OKTSlfipfl 1981 r

37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

40l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 10 qespaJIfI 1986 r

41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

42l1HTepBhlO aBTopa 4 HOflfipfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

4611HTepBbIO aBTopa 28 MaH 1981 r

4711HTepBbIO aBTopa 23 OKTHOPH 1981 r

48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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6911HTepBbIO aBTopa 28 OKTHOPH 1981 r

70l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 OKTHOPH 1981 r

7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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117

Page 6: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

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16

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TOlHO npOHHqopMIfpOBaTb ayr(HTOpHIO ITO 3aBBBJI TaKOH-TO

17

aMepHKaHCKHH reHeparr H KaKHe Orrepa~HH rrpe~pHHRITH B

TaKOH-TO ~eHb aMepHKaHCKHe H IOKHOBbeTHaMCKHe BOHCKa HJIH

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HarrHCTaMH TeM aueKBaTHeH OHH MOryr rrpeucTaBHTb ee ny6JIHKe

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npOCTO He B COCTOHHHH YUOBrreTBOpHTb H C03uaeT Y IlHPOKOH

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B aMepHKaHCKOM 06mecTBe

CKa3aHHoe HH B KoeH Mepe He 03HaqaeT ~O gtKypHarrHCTbI

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rrraBHbrH Huearr aMepHKaHCKOH gtKYPHarrHCTHKH KpHTepHH

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KaHCKOli rrpeccbI npOCrregtKHBaIOT KOpHH 061gteKTHBHOHgtKypshy

HarrHCTHKH ITH60 B B03HHKHOBeHHH B npomrrOM BeKe CHHuHKaTOB

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gtKYPHarrHCTOB B03HHKllieM YgtKe B HameM CTOrreTHH HMHTHpOshy

18

BaTb MeTO)lbI eCTeCTBeHHbIX HaYK KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIITO rrOCTeshy

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TH 6bIITH BbI3BaHbI HHTeprrpeTa~HeH H ocymecTBrreHHeM

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6eHHO B KpyrrHbIX areHTCTBax H ra3embIX CHHuHKaTax MHorne

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mo aYuHT0pHH

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~ u06bIBaeMoli gtKypHarrHCTaMH TaKOBa ~o HHKTO He 3axOshy

qeT rrpH3HaTb ee ocpH~arrnHoliY )KYPHaITHCTbI KOTOPbIe HaCTaHBarrH ~o HOBOCTH TOITbKO

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npano cpaKTJlqeCKH HrparrH Ha PYKY TaKHM OTDHBrreHHbIM ueshy

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npeBpaTHrr npeccy B CBOIO HeBOITbHYIO C006~H~y no pacshy

19

npOCTpaHemUO cpaHTaCTWleCKHX H3MblmJIeHHH 0 MaCCOBOM

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HHSI H ~a)Ke B Boopy)KeHHhle CHJIbI 3TO npOHCXO~HJIO B

nSITH~eCSlTble rO~hI KOr~a no~ Ka~OH KpOBaThIO tJY~HJICSI

KOMMYHHCT MaKKapTH TaK paCClJHThmaJI BpeMSI CBOHX BhIshy

cTYIIJIeHHti BCTpelJ C ~HaJIHCTaMH H npeCC-peJIH30B lJT06bI

C006meHHSI 0 HlIX pe~aK~ nOJIYlHJIH KaK pa3 nepe~ OCHOBshy

HbIMH nporpaMMaMH HOBOCTeH la)Ke eCJIH 6bI ~HaJIHCThI H

3axOTeJIH npOBepHTh ero 06BHHeHHSI Y HHX H1IKoma He XBaTHJIO

6bI Ha 3TO BpeMeHH nOCKOJThKY npHillJlOCb 6bI 3a~ep)KaTh HOshy

BOCTH ~O 3aBTpanmera ~S1 MbIJThHbIH nY3bIpb MaKKapTH JIonshy

HYJI B 1954 KOma CeHaT ocylHJl era nOBe~eHHe 67 rOJIocaMH

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cpe~CTBa MaCCOBOH HHCPOPM~HH B C06CTBeHHbIX ~eJISlx B HTOshy

re pa60THHKH cpe~CTB MaCCOBOH HHCPOPMaIJHH CTaJIH nOCTeshy

neHHO TepSlTb ~OBepHe K IIpe)KHeMY Y3KOMY onpe~eJIeHHIO

06beKTHBHOcm18

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npeBpamaJIO npeccy B HrpynIKY B PYKax reHepaJIOB IIpe3~eHshy

TOB H MHomx ~pyrHX KOHTPOJIHpyromHX )KH3Hb aMepHKaHshy

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6ecnpHCTpaCTHOCTb He TOJIbKO HeB03MO)KHOH HO ~a)Ke He)KeJIaTeJThHoH Co BpeMeHeM 3TH ynpeKH CTaJIH eme CHJThHee

Co CTOPOHhI )KyPHaJIHCTOB rJIyno H HelJeCTHO IIpO~OJIshy)KaTh HaCTaHBaTh Ha TOM ITO OHH He HMeIOT HHKaKHX C06CTshy

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TOMY no~06Hoe - yTBep~aeT P06epT IllHp H3 JIoc-AH~eshyJIec TatiMc A eCJIH OHH H BIIpaB~ He ~eMepSIT $I XOTeJI

6hI 3HaTh KaK H nOlJeMY OHH Bce 3T0 norepSIJIH H K~a npH 3TOM

20

CMOTpeJIH lJISI MeHSI rJIaBHbIH Bonpoc He B TOM MO)KeT JIH

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C pyrOH CTOPOHbI Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOCTH KPHTIfKOshy

BaJIH H 3a TO ITO OHO SlK06bI IIpHBOroIT K lJpe3MepHO MSIrKOshy

MY nOIm npHMHTHBHOMY CTHJIIO no~alJH MaTepHaJIa KOma Bce

qaKTbI H Bce TOlJKH 3peHHSI npe~CTaBJISlIOTCSI HaCTOJIbKO

paBHOnpaBHbIMH H O~aKOBO 3HalJHTeJThHbIMH ITO B C03Hashy

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IIpOTHBOBec 3TOMY YTBep~aeTCSI ITO CJIO)KHbIe peaJIHH COBshy

peMeHHoro MHpa Tpe6yroT He HetiTpaJThHhIX Ha6JIIO~aTeJIeH a

KOMIIeTeHTHhIX H 3HaIOmHX )KypHaJIHCTOB cnoc06HhIX nOHSlTh

H HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb TO 0 lJeM OHH IIHIIIYT C ~eCSlTbIX rO~OB Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOra OIIHCaHHSI

C06hITHH no~epraeTCSI CTOJTh CHJThHbIM Han~aM ITO H ceshy

ro~S1 ~aJIeKO He Bce ~HaJIHCThI PYKOBO~CTByroTCSI HM BOJThshy

maS lJaCTh pa6OTH1IKOB cero~x cpenCTB MaccoBoH HHshy

qopMa~HH B TOM lJHCJIe H Te KTO IIponOBe~eT Bepy B o6heKshy

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pa3yMHbIH HetiTpaJIHTeT H He n03BOJISlTh C06CTBeHHhIM B3rJISlshy

naM BJIHSlTh Ha OCBemeHHe C06hITHH TaKHM 06pa30M Bce

C006meHHSI 0 CMepm 06beKTHBHOCTH SlBHO npeyseJIHIeHbI B

TO )Ke BpeMSl HeJTh3S1 He IIpH3HaTh ITO B npOIIIJIOM 06beKshy

THBHOCThIO 3JI0ynOTpe6JISlJIH HaCTOJThKO lJTO ceronHSI MHorne

)KypHaJIHCThI npennOlJHTaIOT CJIenOBaTb 60JIee npOCThIM

Tpe60BaHHSIM Henpe~6e)l)JeHHOCTH H lJeCTHOCTH

KaK nOKa3aJI OnhIT 06beKTHBHaS ~HaJIHCmKa cJIY)KHJIa

H Ha nOJTh3Y H BO Bpe~ aYroITopHH IIepBoe HMeJIO MeCTO Korna

penopTephI-YHHBepCaJThI nOHHMaJIH lJTO IIHillYT 0 Bemax B

KOTOPhIX HenOCTaTOlJHO pa36HpaIOTCSI H nOTOMY CTapaJIHCh

npOSIBHTh MaKCHMaJThHyro 6eCIIpHCTpaCTHOCTh H HHCPOpMHpOshy

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060 Bcex TOlJKax 3peHHSI B non06HbIX CHTyaIJHSIX lJHTaTeJIH H

3pHTeJIH BepoSITHo H B CaMOM ~eJIe BhmrphmaIOT nOCKOJThKY

21

nOJIYIaJOT roJIbIe ltpaKTbI He OTsIIomeHHbIe ~ CYxqJeHHshy

SIMH

B TO )Ke BpeMH HHIero xopornero He nOJIYIaeTCH eCJm

penopTepbI B noroHe 3a o6beKTHBHOCTblO Bb~31OT nOBepXHOCTshy

HbIecooomeHIDI COCTOSImHe B OCHOBHOMH3 CCbDIOKHa)1epraHHbIX

H3 pa3HbIX HCTOlflmKOB T01JHO TaK xe aY~TopHH npOHrpbmashy

eT eCJIH aBTopbI penOpTa)KeH OTcrynaJOT OT KaHOHOB CTpOroH

OObeKTHBHOCTH npH paCCKMe 0 TaKHX CJIO)KHbIX H oecnOKOshy

SImHX oomeCTBO Bemax KaK BoitHa BO BbeTHaMe H Bocnpmrme

ee aMepHKa~aMH nOCKOJIbKYnOUOOHbIe HBJIeHHH npOCTO B3bmashy

lOT K OObHCHeHHHM H ryMaHHCTHtleCKOH HHTepnpeTauHH

B KOHTeKCTe UaHHOH KHHrn ocoooe 3HaleHHe npHoopeTaeT

aTHtleCKOe H3MepeHHe TpeOOBaHHH ypHaJIHCTCKOH aKKYpaTshy

HOCTH H leCTHOCTH T01JHOCTb nOCKOJIbKY OHa 03HalaeT UOOpOshy

COBeCTHbIH nou6op H OCBemeHHe ltpaKTOB OKa3bmaeTCH Ba)KHbIM

aTHtleCKHM CTaHuapTOM aHaJIOrHtIHbIM 3anpery Ha JIO)Kb ITO

OOJIbIIIHHCTBO ypHaJIHCTOB H c06JI1OuaeT B CBoeH e)KeuHeBHOH

paOOTe iHaJIOrHtIHOe aTHtIeCKOe H3MepeHHe npHoopeTaeT H

TpeOOBaHHe UOopOCOBeCTHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH HCTOlHHKOB H

HenpeuyoexqJeHHOCTH penOpTa)Ka eCJIH nOHHMaTb ero KaK

TpeOOBaHHe K )KypHaJIHCTaM B03uep)KHBaTbCH OT npe)Kueshy

BpeMeHHbIX Cy)IfJeHHit H o~eHOK B PMYMHOH Mepe npOHBJIHTb

leJIOBeleCKHe qynCTBaH aMO~HH paCCKa3bmaTb nyOJIHKe 0 TOM

ITO HM YUaJIOCb Y3HaTb oe3 HCKa)KeHHit H npeyneJIHtleHHit AmI o6beKTHBHOCTH Obmo npHuyMaHO HeMaJIO pa3HbIX onpeueJIeshy

HHH HO Bce OHH TaK)Ke HMeJIH BbIXOrJbI B aTHKY KOTopble BJIHshy

HJIH Ha pa60ry MHO)KeCTBa YPHaJIHCTOB HueH OObeKTHBHOro

OCBemeHHH COObrmH npH BceM ee HeCOBepmeHCTBe Bce )Ke

CTaJIa rJJIH aMepHKaHCKHX ypHaJIHCTOB CBoero poua aTHtlecshy

KHM HMIIepaTHBOM

B03BHKHOBEIllIE II 7MHOJKEIllIE IKYPHAJllICfCKIIX KOL(EKCOB

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Obma UOCTHrHYTa lepe3 ueHTeJIbHOCTb nOHBHBIIIHXCH ye B Hashy

22

rneM CTOJIeTHH npOltpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX OOberJHHeHHit paOOTHHKOB

cpeuCTB MaCCOBOH HHltpOPMauHH HanpHMep AMepHKaHCKOrO

oomeCTBa ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB yqpexqJeHHoro B 1923 rw

4gtaKTHtIeCKH aTO oomeCTBo HalaJIO CBOIO pa60ry C noprOTOBKH

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JIHCTCKHX OOberJHHeHHH B HeKOTopbIX IIITaTax ye YTBep~JIH

COOCTBeHHble KoueKCbI TaK Ha3bmaeMblH KaHOH ypHaJIHCshy

THKH npHHHTbIH AMepHKaHCKHM oomeCTBOM ra3eTHbIX peUaKshy

TOPOB OKa3aJICH nepBbIM oomeaMepHKaHcKHM C60PHHKOM

npoltpeccHOHaJIbHbIX aTHtleCKHX npHH~noB pa3pa60TaHHbIM

rJJIH paoOTHHKoB npeccbl ll03uHee nOHBHJIHCb H upyrne nouooshy

HbIe U0KYMeHTbI B laCTHOCTH KoueKCbI 06meCTBa npoltpec-

CHOHaJIbHbIX ypHaJIHCToB---OirMa lleJIbTa XH H iccO~auHH )JHpeKTopoB OTUeJIOB HOBocTeH Pa)1HO H TeJIeBHueHIDI B 1975 r AMepHKaHCKOe oomecTBo ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB nOJIHOCTblO

3aHOBO nepenHCaJIO CBOH KoueKC Ha3BaB ero Ha aTOT pa3

llepe1JHeM npH~nOB AMepHKaHCKOrO 06meCTBa ra3eTHbIX

peUaKTOpOB

llepBbIH KoueKC AMepHKaHCKOrO 06meCTBa ra3eTHbIX peshy

uaKTOpOB BCKope nOCJIe yrnepxqJeHHH nouneprCH HeJIerKOMY

HCnbITaHHIO HeCKOJIbKO MeCTHbIX OTueJIeHHH 06meCTBa nposhy

rOJIOCOBaJIH 3a HCKJIIOleHHe H3 CBOHX pHUOB H3uaTeJIH ueHBepcshy

KOH ra3eTbI lloCT BOHltPHJICa YJIHtleHHoro B nOJIYIeHHH MHJIshy

JIHOHHOH B3HTKH 3a COKpbrme OT nyOJIHKH HHltpOPMauHH 0 Heshy

3aKOHHOH npOUa)Ke B laCTHbIe PyKH rocyuapCTBeHHbIX HeltpTH-

HbIX MeCTOpO)KrJeHHH B IIITaTe BaitOMHHr XOTH EOHltpHJIC Hapyshy

Ilnm npaKTHtIeCKH Bce nyHKTbI ypHaJIHCTCKOro KoueKca AMeshy

pHKaHCKoro oomeCTBa ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB ~CKYCCHH 0

npHMeHeHHH K HeMY CaHKJJHH HH K leMY He npHBeJIH H B 1929 r OomeCTBo nOCTaHOBHJIO ITO COOJIlOueHHe KoueKca MO)KeT ObITb

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37

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38

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39

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43

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TyaQHSIX ECJIH ~pHaJIHCTbI rpOMomaCHO Tpe6yroT IT06bI

CYl1bI HJIH npyme opraHbI BJIaCTH OCB060nHJIH HX OT BbmOJIshy

HeHHSI 06hIKHOBeHHbIX rpanaHCKHX 06SI3aHHOCTeH ny6JIHKa

BHnHT B HHX HCKaTeJIeH He3aCJIYKeHHbIX JIhrOT H IIpHBHJIeshy

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TH H 6e3KaJIOCTHOCTH CHJIhHO BpenHT penYTaQHH Hashy

rneH npocpeccHH H MernaeT ee lJIeHaM nJIonOTBoPHO BhmOJIshy

HRTb CBOH 06R3aHOCTH

KOMueTeHTHOCTL Bcex 3THleCKHX KoneKCOB H nHCKyccD

erqe HenOCTaTOIHO IT06bI rapaHTHpoBaTh xopomyro pa60ry

~pHaJIHCTa eCJIH OH He 06JIanaeT 3HaHHRMH H MaCTepCTBOM

TI03TOMy npocpeCCHOHaJIbHyro KOMneTeHTHOCTb HYKHO ClHshy

TaTh BaKHeHnrnM 3THleCKHM Tpe60BaHHeM ~pHaJIHCTHKH

B03MOKHO He CJIenyeT npenbSIBJISITh KypHaJIHCTaM

Ipe3MepHhIe Tpe60BaHHSI no IaCTH caMo06pa30BaHHR - B

KOHQe KOHQOB OHH H TaK YlHJIHCb Kyna nOJIhrne IeM cpenHmt

IeJIOBeK C YJIHQbI Ho B TO Ke BpeMR BaKHO nOMHHTb ITO

HMeHHO KypHaJIHCThI HHCPOPMHpySI 06rqeCTBO BhICTyrraIOT B

KaIeCTBe ero HaCTaBHHKOB A Bel1b YlJHTeJISI 06SI3aHbI 3HaTh

60J1hme YleHHKOB He TaK JIH

KOHelHO ensa JIH He BO Bcex cnyK6ax HOBocTeH eCTh CBOH

HeBeK)1bI CeHIaC KaK H B IIpOIIIJIOM onrn6KH H HeTOIHOCshy

TH - cepbe3HaSI np06JIeMa ~pHaJIHCTCKOro neJIa KpoMe

Toro JIHAepOB npocpeccHH 6ecnoKoHT HenOCTaTOIHaSI nowoshy

TOBKa PYKOBOAHTeJIeH cpencTB MacCOBOH HHCPOpMaQmI KOTOshy

pbIe HepenKO nOJIYlaIOT 3TH nOJIKHOCTH JIHillh nOTOMy ITO

6hIJIH XOP0nrnMH penOpTepaMH a 3TO erqe He neJIaeT HX Hashy

CTORIqHMH penaKTopaMH

)]JISI nOBbIrneHMJI KypHaJIHCTCKOfi KOMneTeHTHOCTH Heshy

OXOUIMO ITO-TO IIpennPHHRTh SICHO ITO 60JIee 06pa30BaHshy

HbIe KYPHaJIHCThI pa60TaIOT JIY-Ille IeM MeHee 06pa30BaHshy

HbIe CTOHJIO 6bI TaK Ke YBeJIHlHTb CJIHllIKOM HH3KHe Hashy

tIaJIhHbIe 3apnJIaThI KOTophIe TOJIbKO OTnyrHBaIOT cnoc06HbIX

monefi OT ~HaJIHCTCKOfi pa60TbI BaKHo BCeMH cnoc06ashy

MH ynepKHBaTh B penaKQHSIx TaJIaHTJIHBbIX COTPYAHHKOB

IT06bI OHH He npennOlHTaJIH 60JIee npeCTHKHbIe H neHeKshy

HhIe ccpepbI neSITeJIhHOCTH TaKHe KaK peKJIaMa nOJIHTHKa HJIH

06pa30BaHHe BercTBo KOMlleTeHTHbIX ~HaJIHCTOB npHBeJIO K

TOMy ITO BO MHOrHX cnyK6ax HOBoCTefi npe06JIapaIOT pa6OTshy

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HMeTb COTpynHHKOB pa3JIHIHbIX B03paCTOB H npocpeCCHOshy

HaJIbHbIX ypOBHefi KpOMe Toro erqe HellJIOXO nOYlJHBaTh peshy

nopTepOB B caMHX penaKUHSIX H nOIarqe nOCbIJIaTb HX Ha

nepenOWOTOBKY B xoponrne YHHBepCHTeThI

HaKoHeu He06xonHMO npHBJIeKaTb K pa60Te npHHshy

QHnHaJIbHbIX JIIOnefi C CHJIhHbIM XapaKTepOM KOHelHO 3TO

JIefle CKa3aTh IeM C)leJIaTh KaK npHKaeTe 3apaHee onpeneshy

JIHTb 06JIanaeT JIH KaHAHAaT 3THMH KaIeCTBaMH HeTpynHO

npOBepHTh xopomo JIH OH BJIapeeT JIHTepaTypHbIM SI3bIKOM

HO erqe HHKTO He npHAYMaJI 6bICTphIX TeCTOB AJISI onpeneJIeshy

HHSI xapaKTepa Be3 COMHeHHSI He HapO 6bIJIO 6bl 3a60THThshy

CSI 0 C06JIIOneHHH 3THIeCKHX KoneKcoB eCJIH 6bI penaKQHH

98 99

COCTOSIJIH JIHI[[b 03 qeCTHbIX 0 BblCOKOHPaBCTBeHHbIX COTpypshy

HOKOB KOHellHO npeaJI HepOCTO)KUM HO OCKaTb TaKOX mopeii

He06xopnMO

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qOpMauOO B OC06eHHOCTO ra3eTbI BCepbe3 CTapaIOTCSI OCshy

npaBJISITb CBOO Onm6KO Ho B ueJIOM pa6OTHOKD neqaTU pashy

pn0 0 TeJIeBnpeHOSI BCe elQe He rrpnpaIOT pOJDKHoro 3HaqeHOSI

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTD nepep 06IQeCTBOM

Bo-rrepBbIX HeKOTopble BJIapeJIbQbI cpepCTB MaccoBoII DHshy

qOPMaQHU ysepeHbI lITO OHO nOpOTqeTHbI pa3Be lITO CBOOM

aKUOOHepaM eCJIO TaKOBble OMeIOTCSI OHO BnpSIT B CBoeM

peJIe Bcero JIHllb 06b1IHbIII 603Hec rrOJIHOCTbIO ornopopySI

Ty OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb nepep 06IQeCTBOM KOTopaSI 06YCJIOBJIeshy

Ha KOHCTOTYUOOHHbIMO rapaHTOSIMH CB060PbI neqaTO K

CqaCTbIO TaKHX OTCTaJIbIX JIHllHOCTell CTaHOBHTCSI Bce MeHbshy

lleOMeHblle

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HepOCTaTOqHO OCrrOJIb3YIOT COUOaJIbHbIe MexaH03MbI KOTOshy

pbIe MorJIH 6bI nOBblCOTb ox OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb K MOMeHT)

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1984 r npeKpaTUJI CBoe C~eCTBOBaHHe HaQHOHaJIbHbIII coshy

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HO 60JIbnmHCTBO aMepOKaHCKHX pepaKTOpOB aTy opeIO elQe

He nODIJep)KaJIH HaKOHeu MO)KHO no naJIbuaM nepeqeCTb KOPshy

peCnOHpeHTOB qbSI CneUHaJIH3auOSI --- KpOTOKa KOJIJIer no

npoqeccoo B cTpaHe eCTb psa KpynHbIX ~HaJIa nOCBSIlQeHshy

HbIX np06JIeMaM ~HaJIHCTUKD 0 HeCKOJIbKO MaJIbIX KpOMe

TOro KpHTUKa ~HaJIHCTDKD allH30pnqeCKD npDBJIeKaeT BHDshy

MaHHe HeKOTOpbIX YHHBepCDTeTCKHX OCCJIepOBaTeJIell ECTb 0

llHCTO npeOJIOrnqeCKaSI KpDTHKa KOTOPOII 3aHHMaIOTCSI pa3JIHqshy

HbIe opraHH3aunn HanpOMep AltIgtT-KI1IT OJIH ToprOBaSI naJIashy

Ta 3Ta KpOTHKa MO)KeT 6bITb BrrOJIHe oCKpeHHell HO )KypHashy

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KPDTOKD npOCTpaCTHbI H rrpepCTaBJISIIOT He nmpOKYIO ny6shy

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BceM nOnbITKaM KOHTpOJISI OCXOPSIIQDM He OT ox rrpoqeCCHshy

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Bce )Ke HepOCTaTOllHO ny6JIHKa He poJDKHa COMHeBaTbCSI lITO

)KypHaJIHCTbl BbllOJIHSIIOT CBOO npoqeCCOOHaJIbHble 3apashy

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3THKA BLmrPLmAET OT KAqECTBA

EOJIbillHHCTBO npDBepeHHbIX B aToll KHHre npOMepOB aTUshy

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pa60Te CaMbIX 03BeCTHhIX H ysa)KaeMbIX opraHOB MaccoBoII

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6bl nO)Kanyii pa)Ke penmTb lITO y TaKHX pepaKIJHII Kypa 60JIbshy

KpynHeuUlee npotjicolO3Hoe omeOUHeHue AMepWCaHC1CaF tjieiJepal1llR mpyoa - KOHzpecc npou36oocm6eHHblX npotjicolO306

100 101

me rrpOOJIeM C rrpocpeccHoHaJIbHOIl aTHKOll lJeM Y HX MeHee

KpynHDIX coOpaTbeB OTlJacTH 3TO CB)l3aHO C TeM lT0 KpynHeifshy

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TSIMH H IIOTOMY lJaCTO rrorra)laIOT B HerrpOCTble CHTYaqHH Te

pe)laKIUfH KOTopble He JIIOOSlT pHCKa H IIpelWOlJHTaIOT oe30rracshy

Hble HCTOlJHHKH HarrpHMep HHCPOPMRQHOHHbIe areHTCTBa

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OHH Brra)laIOT B COBceM )( HerrpOCTHTeJIbHbIll rpex H3MeHSI)I

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MO)lmOIl TOlJHOCTbIO H rrOJIHOToH

ABTop rrpHllIeJI K BbIBO)ly lJTO B nyqrnHX pe)laKQHSIX OOJIbshy

me COTpY)lHHKOB C ClIJIbHO pa3BHTbIM lCIYSCTBOM OTBeTCTBeHHshy

HOCTH B QeJIOM YMeHHe H MOPaJIb H)lyT PYKa 00 PYKY K CO)Kashy

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MeCTOM paOOTbI He Y Koro HaYlJHTbCSI HH rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbshy

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BaJIH HarrOMHHaTb KOJIJIeraM KaK BruKHO COOJIIO)laTb IIpocpecshy

CHOHaJIbHYID 3THKy HeJIb3S1 YKJIOHSlTbCSI OT lJeCTHOrO OOC)(shy

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pa3YMeeTCSI lJHTaTeJIH CJIYllIaTemI H 3pHTemI

B TO )Ke BpeMSl PYKOBO)lHTemI CJIY)KO HOBOCTeH )lOJI)KHbI

CMeJIee OCYIQeCTBJISlTb rrepeMeHbI crrOCOOHbIe rrOBbICHTb H rrposhy

cpeCCHOHaJIbHOe KalJeCTBO H MOPaJIbHbIH ypOBeHb PecpOPMbI

He TOJIbKO He rrperrSITCTBYIOT )leoaTaM HO H cpaKTHlJeCKH HX CTHshy

MYmIPYT MITome 3THlJeCKHe rrpOOJIeMbI )KYPHaJIHCTHKH He pa3shy

pemaIOTCSI C rrOMOIQbIO MeXaHHlJeCKOrO rrpHMeHeHHSI rOTOBbIX

IIpaBHJI H TpeoYIOT HOBbIX H HOBbIX )lHCKYCCHH - Ba)KHO TOJIbshy

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cBoell paOOTbI CJIepyeT rrpeKpaTHTb )lOOHBaTbCSI crreQHaJIbHbIX

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ObITb HH rpa)K)laHaMH cBoell CTpaHbI HH IIpOCTO JIIO)lbMH ECmI

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CHbIll rrOHCK HHCPOPMaQHH 000 BceM lJTO rrpOHCXO)lHT B MHpe

H 3aTparHBaeT HHTepeCbI OOIQeCTBa KOTOPOMY H 00)l3aHbI

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pble C)leJIaIOT 3TH CBe)leHH)I rrOHSlTHbIMH llIHpOKOH rryOmIKe I1 Ha 3TOM MO)KHO rrOCTaBHTb TOlJKY

102 103

HPHJ10JKEHHE

3mQECKHH KOnEKC 06IDECTBA DPO$ECCHOHAHbHL~~YPHAHHCTOB

OOmeCTBO llpOcpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX )KYPHaJIHCTOB CqHTaeT

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OHHbIM MaHAaTOM H CBOOOAoit H3bICKHBaTb H IIYOJIHKOBaTb

HHcpopMaQHIO

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104 105

TOQHOCTb H OObeKTHBHOCTb IIoBepHe 06~eCTBa - OCshy

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1 Harna BblcmaSl QeJIb - HCTHHa

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H EUGENE GOODWIN

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110

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1 5epHapa llIoy nHrMaJIHOH 1130paHHble npoH3seaeHH51 MOcKsa naHopaMa 1993 CTp 277

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611HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 HIOH51 1981 r

7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

15l1HTepSbIO aSTopa 5 HIOHSl 1981 r

16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

17l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 8 OKTSlfipSl 1981 r

18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

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26l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 14 MapTa 1986 r

27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

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112

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35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

36l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 7 OKTSlfipfl 1981 r

37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

40l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 10 qespaJIfI 1986 r

41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

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4711HTepBbIO aBTopa 23 OKTHOPH 1981 r

48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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6911HTepBbIO aBTopa 28 OKTHOPH 1981 r

70l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 OKTHOPH 1981 r

7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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117

Page 7: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

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rrpOTHB03aKOHHOe HJIII XOTB 6bI HeamlHOe nOBer(eHHe JIlO60shy

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16

MhI IIpaKTHleCKH Bce OHH ))ICe r(aBHO ClHTalOT BIDKHeitmHMH

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)KlITbCBB orrper(eJIeHHble CPOKH rrOr(1Iac BeCbMagtKeCTKHe HOBOCshy

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TOlHO npOHHqopMIfpOBaTb ayr(HTOpHIO ITO 3aBBBJI TaKOH-TO

17

aMepHKaHCKHH reHeparr H KaKHe Orrepa~HH rrpe~pHHRITH B

TaKOH-TO ~eHb aMepHKaHCKHe H IOKHOBbeTHaMCKHe BOHCKa HJIH

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HarrHCTaMH TeM aueKBaTHeH OHH MOryr rrpeucTaBHTb ee ny6JIHKe

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npOCTO He B COCTOHHHH YUOBrreTBOpHTb H C03uaeT Y IlHPOKOH

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B aMepHKaHCKOM 06mecTBe

CKa3aHHoe HH B KoeH Mepe He 03HaqaeT ~O gtKypHarrHCTbI

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aKKypaTHocTH rrpH3HaH BceM gtKypHaITHCTCKHM C006meCTBOM

Ho TO~OCTb - aTO eme He Bce rrOCKOITbKY OHa BnOITHe MOgtKeT

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rrraBHbrH Huearr aMepHKaHCKOH gtKYPHarrHCTHKH KpHTepHH

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eKTHBHOH rrouaqu CPaKTOB ABTOPbI KHHr rro HCTOpHH aMepHshy

KaHCKOli rrpeccbI npOCrregtKHBaIOT KOpHH 061gteKTHBHOHgtKypshy

HarrHCTHKH ITH60 B B03HHKHOBeHHH B npomrrOM BeKe CHHuHKaTOB

HOBOCTeli Bpoue AccomH3HTeu ITpecc rrH60 B cTpeMrreHHH

gtKYPHarrHCTOB B03HHKllieM YgtKe B HameM CTOrreTHH HMHTHpOshy

18

BaTb MeTO)lbI eCTeCTBeHHbIX HaYK KaK 6bI TO HH 6bIITO rrOCTeshy

neHHO Bce rrpH3HarrH qTO HOBOCTH UOrrKHbI 6bITb ~IeCTHbIMlI

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061gteKTHBHOCTH rropOuHrro HeMarro cnopOB KOTopble o~acshy

TH 6bIITH BbI3BaHbI HHTeprrpeTa~HeH H ocymecTBrreHHeM

3Toro Tpe60BaHHH PYKOBOuHTerrHMH OTuerrOB HOBOCTeli OCOshy

6eHHO B KpyrrHbIX areHTCTBax H ra3embIX CHHuHKaTax MHorne

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mo aYuHT0pHH

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Ke 1950 Ha quKarCKHX 60llHHX ITpOCPCOI03 3aHBHIT ~o xoshy

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nponyCTHIT MarepHarr B neqaTb 3aHBHB ~ ero HeITb3H HCshy

nOITb30BaTb 6e3 CCbIITOK Ha npeUCTaBHTerrH auMHHHCTPa~HH

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~ u06bIBaeMoli gtKypHarrHCTaMH TaKOBa ~o HHKTO He 3axOshy

qeT rrpH3HaTb ee ocpH~arrnHoliY )KYPHaITHCTbI KOTOPbIe HaCTaHBarrH ~o HOBOCTH TOITbKO

Torua HOBOCTH eCITH HX npH3HaIOT TaKOBbIMlI HMeIO~e Ha TO

npano cpaKTJlqeCKH HrparrH Ha PYKY TaKHM OTDHBrreHHbIM ueshy

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npeBpaTHrr npeccy B CBOIO HeBOITbHYIO C006~H~y no pacshy

19

npOCTpaHemUO cpaHTaCTWleCKHX H3MblmJIeHHH 0 MaCCOBOM

IIpOHHKBOBeHHH KOMMHHCTOB B npaBHTeJThCTBeHHhle yqpe)l)Jeshy

HHSI H ~a)Ke B Boopy)KeHHhle CHJIbI 3TO npOHCXO~HJIO B

nSITH~eCSlTble rO~hI KOr~a no~ Ka~OH KpOBaThIO tJY~HJICSI

KOMMYHHCT MaKKapTH TaK paCClJHThmaJI BpeMSI CBOHX BhIshy

cTYIIJIeHHti BCTpelJ C ~HaJIHCTaMH H npeCC-peJIH30B lJT06bI

C006meHHSI 0 HlIX pe~aK~ nOJIYlHJIH KaK pa3 nepe~ OCHOBshy

HbIMH nporpaMMaMH HOBOCTeH la)Ke eCJIH 6bI ~HaJIHCThI H

3axOTeJIH npOBepHTh ero 06BHHeHHSI Y HHX H1IKoma He XBaTHJIO

6bI Ha 3TO BpeMeHH nOCKOJThKY npHillJlOCb 6bI 3a~ep)KaTh HOshy

BOCTH ~O 3aBTpanmera ~S1 MbIJThHbIH nY3bIpb MaKKapTH JIonshy

HYJI B 1954 KOma CeHaT ocylHJl era nOBe~eHHe 67 rOJIocaMH

IIpOTHB 22 MHorne ~HaJIHCThI CHJThHO npH3~aJIHCh Ha~ TeM KaKHM 06pa30M 3TOT HCKYCHbIH MaHHnyJISlTOP HCnOJTh30BaJI

cpe~CTBa MaCCOBOH HHCPOPM~HH B C06CTBeHHbIX ~eJISlx B HTOshy

re pa60THHKH cpe~CTB MaCCOBOH HHCPOPMaIJHH CTaJIH nOCTeshy

neHHO TepSlTb ~OBepHe K IIpe)KHeMY Y3KOMY onpe~eJIeHHIO

06beKTHBHOcm18

KOH~en~HSI )KYPHaJIHCTCKOH 06beKTHBHocm HCnbITaJIa

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npeBpamaJIO npeccy B HrpynIKY B PYKax reHepaJIOB IIpe3~eHshy

TOB H MHomx ~pyrHX KOHTPOJIHpyromHX )KH3Hb aMepHKaHshy

~eB H npenSlTCTBOBaJIO pacnpocTpaHeHHIO npaB~HBoH

HHcpopMa~HH Te )Ke KpyrH ClJHTaJIH )KypHaJIHCTcKYIO

6ecnpHCTpaCTHOCTb He TOJIbKO HeB03MO)KHOH HO ~a)Ke He)KeJIaTeJThHoH Co BpeMeHeM 3TH ynpeKH CTaJIH eme CHJThHee

Co CTOPOHhI )KyPHaJIHCTOB rJIyno H HelJeCTHO IIpO~OJIshy)KaTh HaCTaHBaTh Ha TOM ITO OHH He HMeIOT HHKaKHX C06CTshy

BeHHbIX B033peHHH nOJIHTHlJeCKHX y6e)l)JeHHH npHCTpaCTHH H

TOMY no~06Hoe - yTBep~aeT P06epT IllHp H3 JIoc-AH~eshyJIec TatiMc A eCJIH OHH H BIIpaB~ He ~eMepSIT $I XOTeJI

6hI 3HaTh KaK H nOlJeMY OHH Bce 3T0 norepSIJIH H K~a npH 3TOM

20

CMOTpeJIH lJISI MeHSI rJIaBHbIH Bonpoc He B TOM MO)KeT JIH

~HaJIHCT 6hITh HeHTpaJThHhIM a B TOM KaK OH MO)KeT ~eJIaTh

CBOIO pa60Ty coxpamLSllJeCTHOCTh H 06beKmBHoCTb19

C pyrOH CTOPOHbI Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOCTH KPHTIfKOshy

BaJIH H 3a TO ITO OHO SlK06bI IIpHBOroIT K lJpe3MepHO MSIrKOshy

MY nOIm npHMHTHBHOMY CTHJIIO no~alJH MaTepHaJIa KOma Bce

qaKTbI H Bce TOlJKH 3peHHSI npe~CTaBJISlIOTCSI HaCTOJIbKO

paBHOnpaBHbIMH H O~aKOBO 3HalJHTeJThHbIMH ITO B C03Hashy

HHH lJHTaTeJISI B03HHKaeT HCKa)KeHHaSl KapmHa C06hITHH B

IIpOTHBOBec 3TOMY YTBep~aeTCSI ITO CJIO)KHbIe peaJIHH COBshy

peMeHHoro MHpa Tpe6yroT He HetiTpaJThHhIX Ha6JIIO~aTeJIeH a

KOMIIeTeHTHhIX H 3HaIOmHX )KypHaJIHCTOB cnoc06HhIX nOHSlTh

H HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb TO 0 lJeM OHH IIHIIIYT C ~eCSlTbIX rO~OB Tpe60BaH1Ie 06beKTHBHOra OIIHCaHHSI

C06hITHH no~epraeTCSI CTOJTh CHJThHbIM Han~aM ITO H ceshy

ro~S1 ~aJIeKO He Bce ~HaJIHCThI PYKOBO~CTByroTCSI HM BOJThshy

maS lJaCTh pa6OTH1IKOB cero~x cpenCTB MaccoBoH HHshy

qopMa~HH B TOM lJHCJIe H Te KTO IIponOBe~eT Bepy B o6heKshy

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)KypHaJIHCTbI MoryT H na)Ke nOJI)KHbI CTapaThCSI npOSlBJISlTh

pa3yMHbIH HetiTpaJIHTeT H He n03BOJISlTh C06CTBeHHhIM B3rJISlshy

naM BJIHSlTh Ha OCBemeHHe C06hITHH TaKHM 06pa30M Bce

C006meHHSI 0 CMepm 06beKTHBHOCTH SlBHO npeyseJIHIeHbI B

TO )Ke BpeMSl HeJTh3S1 He IIpH3HaTh ITO B npOIIIJIOM 06beKshy

THBHOCThIO 3JI0ynOTpe6JISlJIH HaCTOJThKO lJTO ceronHSI MHorne

)KypHaJIHCThI npennOlJHTaIOT CJIenOBaTb 60JIee npOCThIM

Tpe60BaHHSIM Henpe~6e)l)JeHHOCTH H lJeCTHOCTH

KaK nOKa3aJI OnhIT 06beKTHBHaS ~HaJIHCmKa cJIY)KHJIa

H Ha nOJTh3Y H BO Bpe~ aYroITopHH IIepBoe HMeJIO MeCTO Korna

penopTephI-YHHBepCaJThI nOHHMaJIH lJTO IIHillYT 0 Bemax B

KOTOPhIX HenOCTaTOlJHO pa36HpaIOTCSI H nOTOMY CTapaJIHCh

npOSIBHTh MaKCHMaJThHyro 6eCIIpHCTpaCTHOCTh H HHCPOpMHpOshy

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060 Bcex TOlJKax 3peHHSI B non06HbIX CHTyaIJHSIX lJHTaTeJIH H

3pHTeJIH BepoSITHo H B CaMOM ~eJIe BhmrphmaIOT nOCKOJThKY

21

nOJIYIaJOT roJIbIe ltpaKTbI He OTsIIomeHHbIe ~ CYxqJeHHshy

SIMH

B TO )Ke BpeMH HHIero xopornero He nOJIYIaeTCH eCJm

penopTepbI B noroHe 3a o6beKTHBHOCTblO Bb~31OT nOBepXHOCTshy

HbIecooomeHIDI COCTOSImHe B OCHOBHOMH3 CCbDIOKHa)1epraHHbIX

H3 pa3HbIX HCTOlflmKOB T01JHO TaK xe aY~TopHH npOHrpbmashy

eT eCJIH aBTopbI penOpTa)KeH OTcrynaJOT OT KaHOHOB CTpOroH

OObeKTHBHOCTH npH paCCKMe 0 TaKHX CJIO)KHbIX H oecnOKOshy

SImHX oomeCTBO Bemax KaK BoitHa BO BbeTHaMe H Bocnpmrme

ee aMepHKa~aMH nOCKOJIbKYnOUOOHbIe HBJIeHHH npOCTO B3bmashy

lOT K OObHCHeHHHM H ryMaHHCTHtleCKOH HHTepnpeTauHH

B KOHTeKCTe UaHHOH KHHrn ocoooe 3HaleHHe npHoopeTaeT

aTHtleCKOe H3MepeHHe TpeOOBaHHH ypHaJIHCTCKOH aKKYpaTshy

HOCTH H leCTHOCTH T01JHOCTb nOCKOJIbKY OHa 03HalaeT UOOpOshy

COBeCTHbIH nou6op H OCBemeHHe ltpaKTOB OKa3bmaeTCH Ba)KHbIM

aTHtleCKHM CTaHuapTOM aHaJIOrHtIHbIM 3anpery Ha JIO)Kb ITO

OOJIbIIIHHCTBO ypHaJIHCTOB H c06JI1OuaeT B CBoeH e)KeuHeBHOH

paOOTe iHaJIOrHtIHOe aTHtIeCKOe H3MepeHHe npHoopeTaeT H

TpeOOBaHHe UOopOCOBeCTHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH HCTOlHHKOB H

HenpeuyoexqJeHHOCTH penOpTa)Ka eCJIH nOHHMaTb ero KaK

TpeOOBaHHe K )KypHaJIHCTaM B03uep)KHBaTbCH OT npe)Kueshy

BpeMeHHbIX Cy)IfJeHHit H o~eHOK B PMYMHOH Mepe npOHBJIHTb

leJIOBeleCKHe qynCTBaH aMO~HH paCCKa3bmaTb nyOJIHKe 0 TOM

ITO HM YUaJIOCb Y3HaTb oe3 HCKa)KeHHit H npeyneJIHtleHHit AmI o6beKTHBHOCTH Obmo npHuyMaHO HeMaJIO pa3HbIX onpeueJIeshy

HHH HO Bce OHH TaK)Ke HMeJIH BbIXOrJbI B aTHKY KOTopble BJIHshy

HJIH Ha pa60ry MHO)KeCTBa YPHaJIHCTOB HueH OObeKTHBHOro

OCBemeHHH COObrmH npH BceM ee HeCOBepmeHCTBe Bce )Ke

CTaJIa rJJIH aMepHKaHCKHX ypHaJIHCTOB CBoero poua aTHtlecshy

KHM HMIIepaTHBOM

B03BHKHOBEIllIE II 7MHOJKEIllIE IKYPHAJllICfCKIIX KOL(EKCOB

4gtopMaJIH3a~HH aTHleCKHX CTaHuapTOB )KypHaJIHCTHKH

Obma UOCTHrHYTa lepe3 ueHTeJIbHOCTb nOHBHBIIIHXCH ye B Hashy

22

rneM CTOJIeTHH npOltpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX OOberJHHeHHit paOOTHHKOB

cpeuCTB MaCCOBOH HHltpOPMauHH HanpHMep AMepHKaHCKOrO

oomeCTBa ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB yqpexqJeHHoro B 1923 rw

4gtaKTHtIeCKH aTO oomeCTBo HalaJIO CBOIO pa60ry C noprOTOBKH

TaKOrO KoueKca XOTH K aTOMY BpeMeHH HeCKOJIbKO ypHashy

JIHCTCKHX OOberJHHeHHH B HeKOTopbIX IIITaTax ye YTBep~JIH

COOCTBeHHble KoueKCbI TaK Ha3bmaeMblH KaHOH ypHaJIHCshy

THKH npHHHTbIH AMepHKaHCKHM oomeCTBOM ra3eTHbIX peUaKshy

TOPOB OKa3aJICH nepBbIM oomeaMepHKaHcKHM C60PHHKOM

npoltpeccHOHaJIbHbIX aTHtleCKHX npHH~noB pa3pa60TaHHbIM

rJJIH paoOTHHKoB npeccbl ll03uHee nOHBHJIHCb H upyrne nouooshy

HbIe U0KYMeHTbI B laCTHOCTH KoueKCbI 06meCTBa npoltpec-

CHOHaJIbHbIX ypHaJIHCToB---OirMa lleJIbTa XH H iccO~auHH )JHpeKTopoB OTUeJIOB HOBocTeH Pa)1HO H TeJIeBHueHIDI B 1975 r AMepHKaHCKOe oomecTBo ra3eTHbIX peUaKTOpOB nOJIHOCTblO

3aHOBO nepenHCaJIO CBOH KoueKC Ha3BaB ero Ha aTOT pa3

llepe1JHeM npH~nOB AMepHKaHCKOrO 06meCTBa ra3eTHbIX

peUaKTOpOB

llepBbIH KoueKC AMepHKaHCKOrO 06meCTBa ra3eTHbIX peshy

uaKTOpOB BCKope nOCJIe yrnepxqJeHHH nouneprCH HeJIerKOMY

HCnbITaHHIO HeCKOJIbKO MeCTHbIX OTueJIeHHH 06meCTBa nposhy

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37

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38

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39

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40

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41

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42

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43

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TyaQHSIX ECJIH ~pHaJIHCTbI rpOMomaCHO Tpe6yroT IT06bI

CYl1bI HJIH npyme opraHbI BJIaCTH OCB060nHJIH HX OT BbmOJIshy

HeHHSI 06hIKHOBeHHbIX rpanaHCKHX 06SI3aHHOCTeH ny6JIHKa

BHnHT B HHX HCKaTeJIeH He3aCJIYKeHHbIX JIhrOT H IIpHBHJIeshy

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TH H 6e3KaJIOCTHOCTH CHJIhHO BpenHT penYTaQHH Hashy

rneH npocpeccHH H MernaeT ee lJIeHaM nJIonOTBoPHO BhmOJIshy

HRTb CBOH 06R3aHOCTH

KOMueTeHTHOCTL Bcex 3THleCKHX KoneKCOB H nHCKyccD

erqe HenOCTaTOIHO IT06bI rapaHTHpoBaTh xopomyro pa60ry

~pHaJIHCTa eCJIH OH He 06JIanaeT 3HaHHRMH H MaCTepCTBOM

TI03TOMy npocpeCCHOHaJIbHyro KOMneTeHTHOCTb HYKHO ClHshy

TaTh BaKHeHnrnM 3THleCKHM Tpe60BaHHeM ~pHaJIHCTHKH

B03MOKHO He CJIenyeT npenbSIBJISITh KypHaJIHCTaM

Ipe3MepHhIe Tpe60BaHHSI no IaCTH caMo06pa30BaHHR - B

KOHQe KOHQOB OHH H TaK YlHJIHCb Kyna nOJIhrne IeM cpenHmt

IeJIOBeK C YJIHQbI Ho B TO Ke BpeMR BaKHO nOMHHTb ITO

HMeHHO KypHaJIHCThI HHCPOPMHpySI 06rqeCTBO BhICTyrraIOT B

KaIeCTBe ero HaCTaBHHKOB A Bel1b YlJHTeJISI 06SI3aHbI 3HaTh

60J1hme YleHHKOB He TaK JIH

KOHelHO ensa JIH He BO Bcex cnyK6ax HOBocTeH eCTh CBOH

HeBeK)1bI CeHIaC KaK H B IIpOIIIJIOM onrn6KH H HeTOIHOCshy

TH - cepbe3HaSI np06JIeMa ~pHaJIHCTCKOro neJIa KpoMe

Toro JIHAepOB npocpeccHH 6ecnoKoHT HenOCTaTOIHaSI nowoshy

TOBKa PYKOBOAHTeJIeH cpencTB MacCOBOH HHCPOpMaQmI KOTOshy

pbIe HepenKO nOJIYlaIOT 3TH nOJIKHOCTH JIHillh nOTOMy ITO

6hIJIH XOP0nrnMH penOpTepaMH a 3TO erqe He neJIaeT HX Hashy

CTORIqHMH penaKTopaMH

)]JISI nOBbIrneHMJI KypHaJIHCTCKOfi KOMneTeHTHOCTH Heshy

OXOUIMO ITO-TO IIpennPHHRTh SICHO ITO 60JIee 06pa30BaHshy

HbIe KYPHaJIHCThI pa60TaIOT JIY-Ille IeM MeHee 06pa30BaHshy

HbIe CTOHJIO 6bI TaK Ke YBeJIHlHTb CJIHllIKOM HH3KHe Hashy

tIaJIhHbIe 3apnJIaThI KOTophIe TOJIbKO OTnyrHBaIOT cnoc06HbIX

monefi OT ~HaJIHCTCKOfi pa60TbI BaKHo BCeMH cnoc06ashy

MH ynepKHBaTh B penaKQHSIx TaJIaHTJIHBbIX COTPYAHHKOB

IT06bI OHH He npennOlHTaJIH 60JIee npeCTHKHbIe H neHeKshy

HhIe ccpepbI neSITeJIhHOCTH TaKHe KaK peKJIaMa nOJIHTHKa HJIH

06pa30BaHHe BercTBo KOMlleTeHTHbIX ~HaJIHCTOB npHBeJIO K

TOMy ITO BO MHOrHX cnyK6ax HOBoCTefi npe06JIapaIOT pa6OTshy

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HMeTb COTpynHHKOB pa3JIHIHbIX B03paCTOB H npocpeCCHOshy

HaJIbHbIX ypOBHefi KpOMe Toro erqe HellJIOXO nOYlJHBaTh peshy

nopTepOB B caMHX penaKUHSIX H nOIarqe nOCbIJIaTb HX Ha

nepenOWOTOBKY B xoponrne YHHBepCHTeThI

HaKoHeu He06xonHMO npHBJIeKaTb K pa60Te npHHshy

QHnHaJIbHbIX JIIOnefi C CHJIhHbIM XapaKTepOM KOHelHO 3TO

JIefle CKa3aTh IeM C)leJIaTh KaK npHKaeTe 3apaHee onpeneshy

JIHTb 06JIanaeT JIH KaHAHAaT 3THMH KaIeCTBaMH HeTpynHO

npOBepHTh xopomo JIH OH BJIapeeT JIHTepaTypHbIM SI3bIKOM

HO erqe HHKTO He npHAYMaJI 6bICTphIX TeCTOB AJISI onpeneJIeshy

HHSI xapaKTepa Be3 COMHeHHSI He HapO 6bIJIO 6bl 3a60THThshy

CSI 0 C06JIIOneHHH 3THIeCKHX KoneKcoB eCJIH 6bI penaKQHH

98 99

COCTOSIJIH JIHI[[b 03 qeCTHbIX 0 BblCOKOHPaBCTBeHHbIX COTpypshy

HOKOB KOHellHO npeaJI HepOCTO)KUM HO OCKaTb TaKOX mopeii

He06xopnMO

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qOpMauOO B OC06eHHOCTO ra3eTbI BCepbe3 CTapaIOTCSI OCshy

npaBJISITb CBOO Onm6KO Ho B ueJIOM pa6OTHOKD neqaTU pashy

pn0 0 TeJIeBnpeHOSI BCe elQe He rrpnpaIOT pOJDKHoro 3HaqeHOSI

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTD nepep 06IQeCTBOM

Bo-rrepBbIX HeKOTopble BJIapeJIbQbI cpepCTB MaccoBoII DHshy

qOPMaQHU ysepeHbI lITO OHO nOpOTqeTHbI pa3Be lITO CBOOM

aKUOOHepaM eCJIO TaKOBble OMeIOTCSI OHO BnpSIT B CBoeM

peJIe Bcero JIHllb 06b1IHbIII 603Hec rrOJIHOCTbIO ornopopySI

Ty OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb nepep 06IQeCTBOM KOTopaSI 06YCJIOBJIeshy

Ha KOHCTOTYUOOHHbIMO rapaHTOSIMH CB060PbI neqaTO K

CqaCTbIO TaKHX OTCTaJIbIX JIHllHOCTell CTaHOBHTCSI Bce MeHbshy

lleOMeHblle

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HepOCTaTOqHO OCrrOJIb3YIOT COUOaJIbHbIe MexaH03MbI KOTOshy

pbIe MorJIH 6bI nOBblCOTb ox OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb K MOMeHT)

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1984 r npeKpaTUJI CBoe C~eCTBOBaHHe HaQHOHaJIbHbIII coshy

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HO 60JIbnmHCTBO aMepOKaHCKHX pepaKTOpOB aTy opeIO elQe

He nODIJep)KaJIH HaKOHeu MO)KHO no naJIbuaM nepeqeCTb KOPshy

peCnOHpeHTOB qbSI CneUHaJIH3auOSI --- KpOTOKa KOJIJIer no

npoqeccoo B cTpaHe eCTb psa KpynHbIX ~HaJIa nOCBSIlQeHshy

HbIX np06JIeMaM ~HaJIHCTUKD 0 HeCKOJIbKO MaJIbIX KpOMe

TOro KpHTUKa ~HaJIHCTDKD allH30pnqeCKD npDBJIeKaeT BHDshy

MaHHe HeKOTOpbIX YHHBepCDTeTCKHX OCCJIepOBaTeJIell ECTb 0

llHCTO npeOJIOrnqeCKaSI KpDTHKa KOTOPOII 3aHHMaIOTCSI pa3JIHqshy

HbIe opraHH3aunn HanpOMep AltIgtT-KI1IT OJIH ToprOBaSI naJIashy

Ta 3Ta KpOTHKa MO)KeT 6bITb BrrOJIHe oCKpeHHell HO )KypHashy

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KPDTOKD npOCTpaCTHbI H rrpepCTaBJISIIOT He nmpOKYIO ny6shy

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BceM nOnbITKaM KOHTpOJISI OCXOPSIIQDM He OT ox rrpoqeCCHshy

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Bce )Ke HepOCTaTOllHO ny6JIHKa He poJDKHa COMHeBaTbCSI lITO

)KypHaJIHCTbl BbllOJIHSIIOT CBOO npoqeCCOOHaJIbHble 3apashy

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3THKA BLmrPLmAET OT KAqECTBA

EOJIbillHHCTBO npDBepeHHbIX B aToll KHHre npOMepOB aTUshy

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pa60Te CaMbIX 03BeCTHhIX H ysa)KaeMbIX opraHOB MaccoBoII

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6bl nO)Kanyii pa)Ke penmTb lITO y TaKHX pepaKIJHII Kypa 60JIbshy

KpynHeuUlee npotjicolO3Hoe omeOUHeHue AMepWCaHC1CaF tjieiJepal1llR mpyoa - KOHzpecc npou36oocm6eHHblX npotjicolO306

100 101

me rrpOOJIeM C rrpocpeccHoHaJIbHOIl aTHKOll lJeM Y HX MeHee

KpynHDIX coOpaTbeB OTlJacTH 3TO CB)l3aHO C TeM lT0 KpynHeifshy

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TSIMH H IIOTOMY lJaCTO rrorra)laIOT B HerrpOCTble CHTYaqHH Te

pe)laKIUfH KOTopble He JIIOOSlT pHCKa H IIpelWOlJHTaIOT oe30rracshy

Hble HCTOlJHHKH HarrpHMep HHCPOPMRQHOHHbIe areHTCTBa

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OHH Brra)laIOT B COBceM )( HerrpOCTHTeJIbHbIll rpex H3MeHSI)I

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MO)lmOIl TOlJHOCTbIO H rrOJIHOToH

ABTop rrpHllIeJI K BbIBO)ly lJTO B nyqrnHX pe)laKQHSIX OOJIbshy

me COTpY)lHHKOB C ClIJIbHO pa3BHTbIM lCIYSCTBOM OTBeTCTBeHHshy

HOCTH B QeJIOM YMeHHe H MOPaJIb H)lyT PYKa 00 PYKY K CO)Kashy

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MeCTOM paOOTbI He Y Koro HaYlJHTbCSI HH rrpocpeCCHOHaJIbshy

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BaJIH HarrOMHHaTb KOJIJIeraM KaK BruKHO COOJIIO)laTb IIpocpecshy

CHOHaJIbHYID 3THKy HeJIb3S1 YKJIOHSlTbCSI OT lJeCTHOrO OOC)(shy

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pa3YMeeTCSI lJHTaTeJIH CJIYllIaTemI H 3pHTemI

B TO )Ke BpeMSl PYKOBO)lHTemI CJIY)KO HOBOCTeH )lOJI)KHbI

CMeJIee OCYIQeCTBJISlTb rrepeMeHbI crrOCOOHbIe rrOBbICHTb H rrposhy

cpeCCHOHaJIbHOe KalJeCTBO H MOPaJIbHbIH ypOBeHb PecpOPMbI

He TOJIbKO He rrperrSITCTBYIOT )leoaTaM HO H cpaKTHlJeCKH HX CTHshy

MYmIPYT MITome 3THlJeCKHe rrpOOJIeMbI )KYPHaJIHCTHKH He pa3shy

pemaIOTCSI C rrOMOIQbIO MeXaHHlJeCKOrO rrpHMeHeHHSI rOTOBbIX

IIpaBHJI H TpeoYIOT HOBbIX H HOBbIX )lHCKYCCHH - Ba)KHO TOJIbshy

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cBoell paOOTbI CJIepyeT rrpeKpaTHTb )lOOHBaTbCSI crreQHaJIbHbIX

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ObITb HH rpa)K)laHaMH cBoell CTpaHbI HH IIpOCTO JIIO)lbMH ECmI

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CHbIll rrOHCK HHCPOPMaQHH 000 BceM lJTO rrpOHCXO)lHT B MHpe

H 3aTparHBaeT HHTepeCbI OOIQeCTBa KOTOPOMY H 00)l3aHbI

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pble C)leJIaIOT 3TH CBe)leHH)I rrOHSlTHbIMH llIHpOKOH rryOmIKe I1 Ha 3TOM MO)KHO rrOCTaBHTb TOlJKY

102 103

HPHJ10JKEHHE

3mQECKHH KOnEKC 06IDECTBA DPO$ECCHOHAHbHL~~YPHAHHCTOB

OOmeCTBO llpOcpeCCHOHaJIbHbIX )KYPHaJIHCTOB CqHTaeT

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OHHbIM MaHAaTOM H CBOOOAoit H3bICKHBaTb H IIYOJIHKOBaTb

HHcpopMaQHIO

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104 105

TOQHOCTb H OObeKTHBHOCTb IIoBepHe 06~eCTBa - OCshy

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1 Harna BblcmaSl QeJIb - HCTHHa

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Groping for Ethics

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i ~

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H EUGENE GOODWIN

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110

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1 5epHapa llIoy nHrMaJIHOH 1130paHHble npoH3seaeHH51 MOcKsa naHopaMa 1993 CTp 277

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511HTepBbIO aBTopa 24 CeHT510p511981 r

611HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 HIOH51 1981 r

7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

15l1HTepSbIO aSTopa 5 HIOHSl 1981 r

16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

17l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 8 OKTSlfipSl 1981 r

18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

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26l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 14 MapTa 1986 r

27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

29l1HTepBhlO aSTopa 19 OKTSlfipfl 1981 r

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112

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35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

36l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 7 OKTSlfipfl 1981 r

37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

40l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 10 qespaJIfI 1986 r

41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

42l1HTepBhlO aBTopa 4 HOflfipfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

4611HTepBbIO aBTopa 28 MaH 1981 r

4711HTepBbIO aBTopa 23 OKTHOPH 1981 r

48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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6911HTepBbIO aBTopa 28 OKTHOPH 1981 r

70l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 OKTHOPH 1981 r

7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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117

Page 8: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

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18

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19

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20

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21

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SIMH

B TO )Ke BpeMH HHIero xopornero He nOJIYIaeTCH eCJm

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HHH HO Bce OHH TaK)Ke HMeJIH BbIXOrJbI B aTHKY KOTopble BJIHshy

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22

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uaKTOpOB BCKope nOCJIe yrnepxqJeHHH nouneprCH HeJIerKOMY

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npHMeHeHHH K HeMY CaHKJJHH HH K leMY He npHBeJIH H B 1929 r OomeCTBo nOCTaHOBHJIO ITO COOJIlOueHHe KoueKca MO)KeT ObITb

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meCTBa npoltigteccHOHaJIbHbIX YPHaJIHCTOB-CHrMa lleJIbTa XH

23

Korna OHO BhlCKaSaJIOCb B 1985 r npOTlIB npHHY)KJJeHHSI OTshy

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pbIX SaBHCeJIa BCSI nOCJIenyrolIJaSI Kapbepa ~HaJIHCTa22 HH O)Ha HS ~HaJIHCTCKHX opraHHsauuH He HMeJIa H no

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nonOJIHeHHSI oCYKnaIOIIJHe nJIarHaT ACCOUHaUHSI penaKshy

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1975 r npHHSlJIa CBOH COOCTBeHHbm 3TWleCKHH KoneKC

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KeitcH BYKPo OCHOBHOit aBTOP KOr(eKca OOlIJecTBa nposhy

24

ltjJeCCHOHaJIbHbIX ~HaJIHCTOB-CHrMa IJeJIbTa XlI penaKshy

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34

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35

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36

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37

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38

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110

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611HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 HIOH51 1981 r

7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

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16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

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18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

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27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

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35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

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37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

40l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 10 qespaJIfI 1986 r

41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

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4711HTepBbIO aBTopa 23 OKTHOPH 1981 r

48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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70l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 OKTHOPH 1981 r

7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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117

Page 9: TABLEOF CONTENTS o IKYPHAJIHcrCKOH 3THKE...Program. More on Journalistic Ethics ..... 182. Ben Bradlee. Janet Cooke ..... 189. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PRESS Peter Andrews

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36

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37

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38

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39

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94 95

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96

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97

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H EUGENE GOODWIN

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110

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1 5epHapa llIoy nHrMaJIHOH 1130paHHble npoH3seaeHH51 MOcKsa naHopaMa 1993 CTp 277

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7 Paul Janensch Journalistic Ethics Public Discussion and Private Soul-Searching Louisville Courier-Journal Oct 41981

8l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 anpeJI51 1981 r

9 A Free and Responsible Press Report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press Robert M Hutchins Chair (Chicago Univ of Chicago Press 1947) Fred S Siebert Theodore Peterson Wilbur Schramm Four Theories of the Press (Urbana Univ of Illinois Press 1956)74-78

10 Siebert et aI Four Theories p77

11I1HTepBbIO aSTopa 3 CeHT510p51 1981 r

12 Clifford G Christians Fifty Years of Scholarship in Media Ethics Journal of Communication 27 no 4 (Autumn 1977)

13 John L Hulteng The Messengers Motives Ethical Problems of the News Media 2d ed (Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall 1985)12

14 Harold L Cross The Peoples Right to Know (New York Coshylumbia University Press 1953)

111

15l1HTepSbIO aSTopa 5 HIOHSl 1981 r

16 Walter Lippman Public Opinion (New York Macmillan Free Press Paperback 1965) 226

17l1HTepsbIO aBTopa 8 OKTSlfipSl 1981 r

18 Edwin R Bayley Joe McCarthy and the Press theon 1982) 212

19 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 HOflfipfl 1980 r

20 Problems of Journalism Proceedings of the ASNE 1923 (Washington DC ASNE 1923) 39-52118-125

21 Clifford Christians Enforcing Media Codes Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 nol (FalIlWinter 1985-1986) 14-21

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26l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 14 MapTa 1986 r

27 Newsroom Ethics How Tough is Enforcement ASNE Ethics Committee Report 1986

28 I1HTepsblO aSTopa 28 MaSl 1981 r

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35 Norman E Isaacs Journalism Ethics - 1975-2000 ()KypHashyJIHCTCKafl 3THKa-1975-2000) JIeKUHfI S salIlHHrTOHCKOM yHHsepcHTeTe nepeneqaTaHa S Social Responsibility Journalism Law Medicine (Lexington V 1975)

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37 Daniel J Leab A Union of Individuals The Formation of the American Newspaper Guild 1933-1936 (New York Columbia University Press 1970)

38 Charles Perlik Te3HCbI no~rOTOBJIeHHhle ~JIfI V pemOHaJIbshyHoro Cbe3lla Muncie Ind 9 Apr 1976

39l1HTepsbIO aSTopa 17 anpeJIfI 1981 r

40l1HTepBbIO aSTopa 10 qespaJIfI 1986 r

41 The High Cost of Foreign Freebies Washington Journalism Review 4 no 9 (Nov 1982) 9-11 HHTepSblO aSTOpa 29 OKTfIOpfl 1981 r

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45 OTqeT KOMHTeTa no npoqeccHOHaJIbHbIM cTaHllapTaM 3a 1979 r

113

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4711HTepBbIO aBTopa 23 OKTHOPH 1981 r

48 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 24 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r - Cliff Brown The Publics Right to Know Can Kill You HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaJi CTaTbH KOTOpylO aBTop HMeeT B CBoeM paCnOpHgtKeHHH

49 The American Did Not Take Part in Hoax Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

50 Duane McAllister Publisher Goes on Donahue Show to Defend a Tough Ethics Decision Gannetteer March 1985 6-7

51 Janet Braswell Police Stage Hoax to Stop Contract Hit Hattiesburg (Miss) American Dec 11 1984

52 Frank Sutherland A Man Threatens Murder in Hattiesburg shyAnd Debate Rages on Using False Stories Editorially Speaking section of Gannetteer 40 no 7 (August 1986) 4-8

53 I1HTepBblO aBTopa 19 MapTa 1986 r

54 Sutherland in Gannetteer 8

55 Peter Braestrup Duty Honor Country Quill 73 no8 (Sept 1985) 15-21

5611HTepBbIO aBTopa 10 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

5711HTepBbIO aBTopa 21 l)JeBpaJlH 1986 r

58 Phillip Knightly The First Casualty From the Crimea to Vietshynam - The War Correspondent as Hero Propagandist and Myth Maker (New York Harvest Book Harcourt Brace Ivanovich 1975)

59 Michael Schudson Discovering the News A Social History of American Newspapers (New York Basic Books 1978) 171-172

60 Charles W Bailey Conflict of Interest A Matter of Journalistic Ethics 1IOKJIa1l HallHOHaJlbHoMY HOBOCTHOMY cOBeTY 1984 George F WilI A Journalist Is a Citizen Also ASNE Bulletin Nov 1983 NY Daily News Drops Will Co]umn Editor amp Pubshylisher July 16 1983

61 Schultz Calls for Crackdown on Disc]osure of Classified Data New York Times March 16 1985 State Department Bureau Is Inshystructed Not to Speak to a Times Reporter New York Times Feb 28 1985 Laura Rehrmann Should Watchdogs Go Inside Dec 10 1984 HeonYOJlHKOBaHHaH CTaTbH HaXOllHmaHCH B pacnopHshygtKeHHH aBTopa

62 Rehrmann Should Watchdogs

63 Could the Media Have Prevented Shuttle Disaster Editor amp Publisher July 12 1986 11 35

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70l1HTepBbIO aBTopa 8 OKTHOPH 1981 r

7111HTepBbIO aBTopa 5 OKTHOPH 1981 r

72I1HTepBblO aBTopa 25 ceHTHopH 1981 r

73 Sissela Bok Secrets On the Ethics of Concealment and Reveshylation (New York Vintage Books 1984) 177

114 115

74 Howard Simons Government and National Security OTpblBOk H3 ~OKna~a Ha Cbe3~e AMepHKaHcKoro o6~ecTBa pe~aKTOshypos ra3eT ony6nHKosaHHbla B Editor amp Publisher Apr 26 1986

75 Bok Secrets p 208

76 CIA Weighs Action on Washington Post Article New York Times May 22 1986 CIA Director Urges Inquiry on NBC Broadcast New York Times May 20 1986 The Casey Offensive Columbia Journalism Review 25 no 2 (JulyAug 1986)

77 Columbia Journalism Review 19

78 Jim Anderson The Pot Calls the Kettle Black Washington Post May 11 1986

79 Administration is Accused of Deceiving Press on Libya Schultz Justifies Scaring Qaddafi By Us of Press News Execushytives Express Outrage New York Times Oct 3 1986 Spokesman Quits State Department Post on Deception Issue New York Times Oct 9 1986

80 Lesson on Flacking for GovernmentNew York Times Aug 30 1984

81 Mike Royko Blowing the Whistle on a Loud Silence at NASA Orlando Sentinel March 11 1986

82 Anthony Marro When the Government Tells Lies Columbia Journalism Review 23 no 6 (March-April 1985) Drew Middleton Barring Reporters from the Battlefield New York Times Magazine Feb 5 1984 36-37 61 69 92 Coverage Efforts Thwarted News Media and the Law JanFeb 1984

83 Pentagon Activates Press Pool to Cover Libya Bombing Presstime May 1986 69

84 Christopher H Little Newspaper Law and Fairness 16-18

116

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117

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