tai nguyen khoang san 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Mineral Resources
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• Backbone of modern societies• Availability of mineral resources as a measure of
the wealth of a society• Important in people’s daily life as well as in
overall economy• Processed materials from minerals account for 5%
of the U.S. GDP• Mineral resources are nonrenewable
Mineral Resources
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Mineral Value• Direct value
– Raw, recycles– Import, export
• Indirect value– Processes
• Value added– E.g., agriculture
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Common Use of Mineral Products
METALLICHYDROCARBONNON-METALLIC
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Mineral Resources and Reserves
• Mineral resources: Usable economic commodity extracted from naturally formed material (elements, compounds, minerals, or rocks)
• Reserve: Portion of a resource that is identified and currently available to be extracted legally and profitably
• Defining factors: Geologic, technological, economic, and legal factors
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Reserves vs. Resources
• Reserves– Natural resources that
have been discovereddiscovered && can be exploited exploited profitablyprofitably with existing technology
– Oil – 700 billion barrels
• Resources– Deposits that we know
or believe to exist, but that are not exploitable today because of technological, economical, or political reasons
– Oil – 2 trillion barrels
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Mineral Resources Problems• Nonrenewable resources
– Finite amount of mineral resources and growing demands for the resources
• Supply shortage due to global industrialization– More developed countries consuming disproportionate share of
mineral resources
• Erratic distribution of the resources and uneven consumption of the resources. – Highly developed countries use most of the resources; supply
varies
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Major Import Sources (Table 14.2)
• Friends– Canada: Metals– United Kingdom: platinum, rare earths
• Other– China: graphite, tin, tungsten…– South Africa : platinum, fluorspar– Chile: arsenic, iodine
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Responses to Limited Availability
• Find more sources
• Find a substitute
• Recycle
• Use less and make more efficient use of what is available
• Do without
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Figure 14.3
Responses to Limited Availability
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Geology of Mineral Resources
• Metallic ore: Useful metallic minerals that can be mined for a profit
• Technology, economics, and politics
• Concentration factor: Concentration necessary for profitable mining– Variable with types of metals– Variable over time
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Genesis of Mineral Resources
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Some Important Minerals and there Uses• Galena [PbS] – source of lead – car batteries
• Magnetite, Hematite [FexOy] – iron ore
• Bauxite [Al2O3*2H2O] – aluminum ore
• Chalcopyrite [CuFeS2] – copper ore
• Quartz [SiO2] – glass and electronic components
• Gypsum [CaSO4*2H2O] – sheetrock, plater of paris
• Sphalerite [ZnS] – zinc ore
• Calcite [CaCO3] – portland cement, soil conditioner, antacids
• Garnet [Al2(SiO4)3+other metals] – abrasives
• Olivine [(Fe,Mg)2SiO4] – silicon chips for computers
• Sulfur [S] – insecticides, rubber tires, paints, papermaking, etc.
• Halite [NaCl] – Table salt• Graphite [C] – lubricant, pencil lead• Feldspars [K,Ca,Na,Al, silicates] – porcelain, source of K• Any other element that is not a major component of a mineral• Gold [Au], Silver [Ag], Platinum [Pt], Titanium [ Ti], Tin [Sn], etc.
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Plate Tectonics and Mineral Resources
• Plate boundaries are related to the origins of many ore deposits
• Plate tectonic processes (high temperature, high pressure, and partial melting) promote release and enrichment of metals along plate boundaries
• Common metal ores along plate boundaries are Fe, Au, Cu, and Hg, etc.
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Daily Questions
• Within your groups, identify one task you all have completed today. Collectively think about the task and brainstorm. Produce a list of all of the mineral resources that were used in that task.
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• Elements comprise > 0.1% (by weight) of the crust
• Form as principal component in minerals within common rocks – i.e. iron (Fe) Fe2O3
• Form very large deposits
• Form rock deposits
Geochemically Abundant Elements (GAE)
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Geochemically Scarce Elements (GSE)
• Elements that comprise < 0.1% (by weight) of the crust
• Do not form as principal component in minerals within common rocks, usually occur as a substitute in rock forming minerals
• Form small deposits• Ore minerals include sulfides, native elements,
etc.
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Mineral Deposits
• Elements need to be concentrated• Minimum Grade - minimum amount of element
necessary to economically mine element• Minimum Concentration Factor (MCF) –
Minimum Grade divided by the Crustal Abundance – GAE have MCF < 100
– GSE have MCF > 100
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Comparison of Concentrations of Elements in the Earth’s Crust with Concentrations needed to operate
a Commercial Mine
Element Natural Concentration in Crust (% by Weight)
Concentration Required to Operate a commercial mine (% by Weight)
Enrichment Factor
Aluminum 8 24-32 3-4
Iron 5.8 40 6-7
Copper 0.0058 0.46-0.58 80-100
Nickel 0.0072 1.08 150
Zinc 0.0082 2.46 300
Uranium 0.00016 0.19 1200
Lead 0.00010 0.2 2000
Gold 0.0000002 0.0008 4000
Mercury 0.000002 0.2 100,000
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Process that concentrate elements
• Igneous Processes– Hydrothermal– Magmatic
• Sedimentary Processes– Mechanical– Chemical
• Metamorphism Processes• Groundwater Processes
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• Precipitation of metallic ions from hot, ion-rich fluid
• Fluid could be– Magmatic– Groundwater– Oceanic water
• Magmas heat up the water• Water flows into fractures,
faults, joints, etc. where it cools and precipitates (deposits) the metals
Hydrothermal Processes
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Magmatic Processes• Gravity Settling
– Dense, early-crystallizing minerals sink to the bottom of the magma chamber
• Filter Pressing– Tectonic force compress a
magma chamber and force the still-liquid portion into fractures, creating large crystals
• These processes have produced large bodies of iron, chromium, titanium, and nickel
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Sedimentary Processes• Clastic
– Weathering of rock also weathers out elements of interest
– Generally, the elements are heavy and are deposited when a streams competence is low.
– Placer deposits, i.e. gold
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Placer Gold
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Sedimentary Processes• Chemical
Precipitates– Water with high
concentrations of elements is evaporated
– Evaporation of water leaves the elements
– Ex. Salts, Iron, etc.
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Metamorphism
• Alteration of rock concentrates the elements
• The heat and pressure force out the GSE (“impurities”)
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• Chemical weathering removes soluble material.
• Ore material (elements of interest) are left behind in a concentrated residue.
Weathering
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Groundwater• Secondary enrichment• Groundwater dissolves and carries elements in
solution• Chemical conditions change and the elements are
precipitated (deposited) out.• Ex. Lead
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Groundwater• Secondary enrichment• Groundwater dissolves and carries
insignificant elements in solution• Insoluble elements of interest remain.• Ex. Aluminum
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Ore Mineral
• Ability to separate and readily process the metal (element) from the ore material.
• Need to look at– The energy to process the material– The cost to process the material– The value of the metal
• Basically, is it profitable to mine the metal?
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Mineralogical Barrier
• Increase in energy and cost associated with the production of GSE
Energy and Costper mass of
metal
$
Grade of metal (element) in rock HighLow
GAEGSE
Mineralogical Barrier
FixedCosts
Metals trapped in minerals (silicates)
Metals the have been concentrated
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Ways to overcome the mineralogical barrier
• Improve technology
• Recycle
• Come up with cheap energy to break silicate bonds
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Daily Assignment
Place the following on the Venn Diagram
1.Gold
2.Oil
3.Coal
4.Iron
5.Copper
6.Gravel
15
2, 3, 6
4
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Plate Tectonics and Resources