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Taking age equality seriously Protection against age discrimination in employment Comparison between Norway and Germany Melanie Regine Hack

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Page 1: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

Taking age equalityseriously

Protection against age discrimination in employmentComparison between Norway and Germany

Melanie Regine Hack

Page 2: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 2

A. IntroductionB. International and European legal background

C. Analysis of age discrimination in employment -selected problems1. ... in the hiring process2. ... in the course of employment3. ... termination of employment

D. Results and conclusion

Avhandlingens struktur

Page 3: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 3

B. The international and European legal backgroundC. Analysis of age discrimination in employment -

selected problemsD. Results and Conclusion

AIntroduction

Page 4: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 4

Rettskomparativt analyse- Hva betyr det?

„What the comparatist is seeking to do is toevaluate the efficacy of a given solution orapproach to a legal problem in terms of thatparticular jurisdiction’s cultural, economic,political and legal background. ...

Given a set of priorities, the task is to assess theeffectiveness of a solution in terms of achievingthese aims and objectives.“

(de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224)

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 5

Aldersdiskriminering sett fra andreperspektiver

socio-demographic aspects

gerontopsychological aspects

situation at the labour market

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 6

Demografisk endring

Source: Norsk selskap for aldersforskning (NSA)

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 7

Aldersstruktur av Tysklands befolkningi 1910

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, 11. Koordinierte Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung

Classic pyramid/Christmas-tree

men women

31.12.1910age [years]

population [in 1000] population [in 1000]

Page 8: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 8

Forventet aldersstruktur i 2050/2060

Source: SSB Norway, 2009

Population by age and sex31.12.2007 compared to 2050

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB

Population by age and sex2060

men women

Norge Tyskland

Page 9: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 9

Gerontopsykologiske forskningsresultater

‘deficit model of ageing’ er foreldet

aldring er en individuell prosess

interindividuell variabilitet

mulitikausalitet

Behov for fleksible løsninger

Page 10: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 10

Situasjon på arbeidsmarkedet

- unemployment rates of younger employees

- consequences of early retirement policies

- labour participation rates amongst the elderly

Viktig å se på for eksempel:

Page 11: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 11

A. Introduction

C. Analysis of age discrimination-selected problems

D. Results and Conclusion

BThe international and Europeanlegal background

Page 12: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 12

Implementering av Dir. 2000/78/EF

Norge Germany

Allgemeines

Gleichbehandlungsgesetz

(AGG)

Arbeidsmiljøloven

sjømannsloven

Tyskland

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 13

P: Norges forhold til rammedirektivet

“Norge er uansett ikke rettslig bundet av eventuelle reglerom aldersdiskriminering i EU-retten, da dette faller utenforEØS-avtalen. Norge deltok imidlertid i EUs handlings-program om ikke-diskriminering... . Da Norge i 2004tiltrådte handlingsprogrammet ble det fra norsk sideerklært at det er ønskelig at norsk lovgivning er ioverensstemmelse med direktivene. Det kan derforanføres at Norge er politisk bundet til å «skygge» EUslovgivning på dette området.

(NOU 2009: 14, p. 198)

Etter utvalgets vurdering innebærer imidlertid det atvi ikke er rettslig bundet, at vi kan velge å stille ossnoe friere ved gjennomføringen av forbudet motaldersdiskriminering også på arbeidslivets område.”

Page 14: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 14Source: LDN 2009

Rammedirektivet 2000/78/EF

er tyngdepunkten i del B, med hovedfokus på

“Justification requirements” for aldersdiskriminering

Sammenlikningsparameter

for

Del C

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 15

Art. 6 Justificationof differences of treatment on grounds of age

(1) Notwithstanding Article 2(2), Member States mayprovide that differences of treatment on grounds of ageshall not constitute discrimination, if, within the contextof national law,

they are objectively and reasonably justifiedby a legitimate aim,including legitimate employment policy, labour marketand vocational training objectives, andif the means of achieving that aim are appropriateand necessary.

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 16

Aldersdiskrimineringsforbudet i arbeidsmiljøloven

Se dessuten §§ 33, 33B (2) sjømannsloven

§ 13-1. 1 Forbud mot diskriminering “(1) Direkte og indirekte diskriminering på grunn av ...alder er forbudt. …”

§ 13-3. Unntak fra forbudet mot diskriminering “(2) Forskjellsbehandling som er nødvendig

for å oppnå et saklig formål

og som ikke er uforholdsmessig inngripende

overfor den eller de som forskjellsbehandles

er ikke i strid med forbudet mot ... diskriminering på grunn av alder ...”

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 17

Aldersdiskrimineringsforbudet i den tyske AGG

§ 10 Permissible difference of treatment on grounds of age

“...a difference of treatment on grounds of age shall likewise not constitute discrimination if

it is objectively and reasonably justified by a legitimate aim.

The means of achieving that aim must be appropriate

and necessary.

Such differences of treatment may include, among others:...”

Page 18: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 18

Proporsjonalitetstesten somsammenlikningsparameter

aml,sjømannslov

Dir. 2000/78/EC

legitimate aim

egnethet

nødvendighet

proporsjonalitetstrictu sensu

AGG

Norge Dir. 2000/78/EF Tyskland

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 19

A. Introduction

B. The international and European legal background

D. Results and conclusions

CThe analysis of age discriminationin employment -Selected problems

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 20

Age discrimination in the hiring process

Age discrimination in the course ofemployment

Termination of employment and agediscrimination

1

2

3

Selected problems of

Page 21: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 21

Hiring processinteressante problemstillinger

Proporsjonal?

Proporsjonal?

Bruk av alderskriterier i stillingsannonser

Fastsettelse av en maksimalalder for ansettelsen

Page 22: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 22

Course of employmentinteressante problemstillinger

Proporsjonal?

Proporsjonal?

Fastsetting av lønn i avhengighet av alder

Fastsetting av arbeidstid, ferietidi avhengighet av alder

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 23

Termination of employmentinteressante problemstillinger

Proporsjonal?

Proporsjonal?

Proporsjonal?

Særaldersgrenser

sikkerhetsrelevante yrkesgrupper

helsepersonell

...

Bestemmelser rund oppsigelsesvern

Tarifrettslig regulerte (pensjons-) aldersgrenser

⇒Tvangsmessig opphør av arbeidsforholdet

Page 24: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 24

A. Introduction

B. The international and European legal background

C. The analysis of age discrimination in employment -selected problems

DResults and Conclusions

Page 25: Taking age equality seriously - Det juridiske fakultet (UiO) · (de Cruz (2007), Comparative Law, p. 224) ... Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 2006, graphics BiB Population by age

FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 25

Spørsmål til diskusjon

Samsvar mellom EF-rettslige aldersdiskrimineringsforbudet og nasjonal rett (lovog tariffavtaler)?

Når det gjelder avsluttning av arbeidslivet:Er det rettslig sett rom for lov-/tariffavtalebaserte aldersgrenser?

Hvor går grensen for aldersgrenser for eks. i tariffavtaler?

Kan tvangsmessig opphør av arbeidsforholdet rettferdiggjøres i lys avden demografiske utviklingen og den gerontopsykologiske forskningen?

Hvorvidt gjenspeiles behovet for flexible løsninger for avslutningen avarbeidslivet i lov og tariffavtaler?

Trenger vi overhodet aldersgrenser i arbeidslivet?

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FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 26

Takk for meg!

Melanie Regine Hack

Department of Private LawUniversity of OsloPB 6706, St. Olavs Plass0130 OsloNorway

Phone: +47 228-59733Fax: +47 228-59720Email: [email protected]

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