tanah, pertanian & pangan masa depan

TANAH, PERTANIAN &

PANGAN MASA DEPAN

Rekayasa biotik

SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN

KETAHANAN PANGAN

diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13

Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH

Manipulating and engineering genetic material in the lab may represent the best hope for increasing agricultural production

further without destroying more natural lands.But many people remain uneasy about genetically engineering

crop plants and other organisms.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……

20/12/2012

MODIFIKASI GENETIK PANGAN

Genetically modified foods (GM foods, or biotech foods) are foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs),

specifically, genetically modified crops. GMOs have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by

genetic engineering techniques.

These techniques are much more precise than mutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or

chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change.

Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal breeding,

and somaclonal variation.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food…… 22/12/2012

Genetic engineering (GE) = directly manipulating an organism’s genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of

its DNAGenetically modified (GM) organisms = genetically engineered using

recombinant DNA technologyRecombinant DNA = DNA patched together from DNA of multiple organisms (e.g., adding disease-resistance genes from one plant to the

genes of another)Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……

20/12/2012

REKAYASA GENETIK MENGGUNAKAN

DNA - REKOMBINAN

Diunduh dari: http://www.nobelkepu.org.cn/english/life/136898.shtml …… 22/12/2012

What is transgenic food?Transgenic food are those directly made from or processed from the species (animals, plants and microorganisms, etc.) which can produce substances possessing highly effective expressions, such

as polypeptide and protein, after one or several types of exogenous genes are transferred into it through the means of genetic

engineering.The first category----transgenic plant food

productThere are various kinds of transgenic plant foods, such as high protein wheat used to bake breads. To reverse the situation that wheat in the current market contains low rate of protein, protein

genes possessing highly effective expressions are transferred into wheat, so that bread made from the wheat can be of more

nutritious value.

Genes moved between organisms are transgenes, and the organisms are transgenic.

These efforts are one type of biotechnology, the material application of biological science to create

products derived from organisms.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……

20/12/2012

TRANSGENE & BIOTEKNOLOGI

Transgenosis technology is a kind of modern technology in molecular biology, which is used to transfer genes from one species into another so as to reconstruct the genetic materials of the

receiving species for the improvement of its properties, quality of nutrition in line with the

need of human beings. The transgenic species as immediate food and

food processed from transgenic species are called transgenic food.

Diunduh dari: http://www.nobelkepu.org.cn/english/life/136898.shtml…… 22/12/2012

They are similar:We have been altering crop genes (by artificial

selection) for thousands of years.There is no fundamental difference: both approaches

modify organisms genetically.

They are different:

GE can mix genes of very different species.

GE is in vitro lab work, not with whole organisms.GE uses novel gene combinations that didn’t come together

on their own.

Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

REKAYASA GENETIK vs. PEMULIAAN TRADISIONAL

Some GM foods

Golden rice:

Enriched with

vitamin A.

But too much hype?

Bt crops: Widely used

on U.S. crops.But

ecological concerns?

Ice-minus strawberries: Frost-resistant bacteria

sprayed on.Images alarmed public.

FlavrSavr tomato: Better taste?

But pulled from market.


Some GM foods

Bt sunflowers: Insect resistant.

But could hybridize with wild relatives to create “superweeds”?

Terminator seeds: Plants kill their own

seeds. Farmers forced

to buy seeds each year.

Roundup-Ready crops: Resistant to Monsanto’s

herbicide. But encourages more herbicide use?

StarLink corn: Bt corn variety.

Genes spread to non-GM corn; pulled from market.


Click to view animation.

Transferring genes into plants.


TRANSFER KE DALAM TANAMAN

Although many early GM crops ran into bad publicity or other problems, biotechnology is already transforming the U.S. food

supply.

Two-thirds of U.S. soybeans, corn, and cotton are now genetically modified strains.

Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm…… 22/12/2012

PREVALENSI PANGAN TRANSGENIK

Health concerns and potential food hazards

Health risks associated with genetically modified foods are concerned with toxins, allergens, or genetic hazards. The

mechanisms of food hazards fall into three main categories (Conner et al., 1999):

1. Inserted genes and their expression products2. Secondary and pleiotropic effects of gene expression3. Insertional mutagenesis resulting from gene

integration


For example, bean plants that were genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly

allergenic. (Butler et al., 1999)

Nearly 6 million farmers in 16 nations plant GM crops.

But most are grown by 4 nations.The U.S. grows 66% of the world’s GM crops.

number of plantings have grown >10%/year


PREVALENSI PANGAN TRANSGENIK

1. Are there health risks for people?2. Can transgenes escape into wild plants, pollute ecosystems,

harm organisms?3. Can pests evolve resistance to GM crops just as they can to

pesticides?4. Can transgenes jump from crops to weeds and make them

into “superweeds”?5. Can transgenes get into traditional native crop races and ruin

their integrity?

ORGANISME TRANSGENIK


Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm…… 22/12/2012

The potential risks accompanied by disease resistant plants deal mostly with viral

resistance. It is possible that viral resistance can lead to the formation of new viruses, and therefore

new diseases. It has been reported that naturally occurring viruses can recombine with viral fragments

that are introduced to create transgenic plants, forming new viruses.

Additionally, there can be many variations of this newly formed virus. (Steinbrecher,

1996)

These questions are not fully answered yet.

In the meantime…

Should we not worry, because so many U.S. crops are already GM and little drastic

harm is apparent?

Or should we adopt the precautionary principle, the idea

that one should take no new action until its

ramifications are understood?


ORGANISME TRANSGENIK

Should scientists and corporations be “tinkering with” our food supply?

Are biotech corporations testing their products adequately, and is outside oversight adequate?

Should large multinational corporations exercise power over global agriculture and small farmers?

Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm …… 20/12/2012

PRODUK-PRODUKTRANSGENIK


RISKS AND CONTROVERSY

With all this new technology comes question and fear. What are the risks of "tampering with Mother Nature"?

What effects will this have on the environment? Are there health concerns consumers should be aware of?

Is recombinant technology really beneficial?

The following section will address some major concerns about the risks involved with genetically modified foods and recombinant technology, touching up environmental

risks as well as health risks.

ProjectedDisadvantages

Need less fertilizer

Need less water

More resistant to insects,plant disease, frost, anddrought

Faster growth

Can grow in slightly saltysoils

Less spoilage

Better flavor

Less use of conventionalpesticides

Tolerate higher levels ofpesticide use

Higher yields

ProjectedAdvantages

Trade-OffsGenetically Modified Food and Crops

Irreversible andunpredictable genetic and ecological effects

Harmful toxins in foodFrom possible plant cellMutations

New allergens in food

Lower nutrition

Increased evolution ofPesticide-resistantInsects and plant disease

Creation of herbicide-Resistant weeds

Harm beneficial insects

Lower genetic diversity


Viewpoints: Genetically modified foodsIndra Vasil Ignacio Chapela

“We should expect fundamental alterations in ecosystems with the release of transgenic

crops… We are experiencing a global experiment without

controls.”

“Biotech crops are already helping to conserve valuable natural resources, reduce the use of

harmful agro-chemicals, produce

more nutritious foods, and promote economic

development.”


Native cultivars of crops are important to preserve, in case we need their genes to overcome future pests or pathogens.

Diversity of cultivars has been rapidly disappearing from all crops throughout the world.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_diversity …… 22/12/2012

MELESTARIKAN KEANEKA-RAGAMAN TANAMAN

Crop diversity is the variance in genetic and phenotypic characteristics of plants used in agriculture.

Crops may vary in seed size, branching pattern, in height, flower color, fruiting time, or flavor.

They may also vary in less obvious characteristics such as their response to heat, cold or drought, or their ability

to resist specific diseases and pests. It is possible to discover variation in almost every conceivable trait, including nutritional qualities,

preparation and cooking techniques, and of course how a crop tastes. And if a trait cannot be found in the crop

itself, it can often be found in a wild relative of the crop; a plant that has similar species that have not been farmed

or used in agriculture, but exist in the wild.


Seed banks preserve seeds, crop varieties

Seed banks are living museums of crop diversity, saving collections of seeds and growing them into plants every few years to renew the collection.

Careful hand pollination helps ensure plants of one type do not interbreed with plants of another.


Animal agriculture: Livestock and poultry

Consumption of meat has risen faster than population over the past several decades.


Increased meat consumption has led to animals being raised in feedlots (factory farms), huge pens that

deliver energy-rich food to animals housed at extremely high densities.


PERTANIAN-TERNAK DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA

Immense amount of waste produced, polluting air and water nearby

Intense usage of chemicals (antibiotics, steroids, hormones), some of which persist in environment

However, if all these animals were grazing on rangeland, how much more natural land would be converted for agriculture?

Diunduh dari: http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/about-agriculture/newsletters-and-updates/newsletters/milking-the-weather/june/seasonal-preparation ……..……

22/12/2012

PERTANIAN-TERNAK DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA


Energy is lost at each trophic level.When we eat meat from a cow fed on grain, most of the grain’s

energy has already been spent on the cow’s metabolism.Eating meat is therefore very energy inefficient.

Diunduh dari: http://www.the-food-pyramid.com/healthy-diet/food-pyramid/ …..…… 22/12/2012

PILIHAN PANGAN = PILIHAN ENERGI


The FOOD PYRAMID is a nutrition guide that is shaped like a pyramid.

It is separated in parts, with each segment depicting the suggested intake of a particular food group.

http://www.the-food-pyramid.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/harvard_food_pyramid.png

Grain feed input for animal output

Some animal food products can be produced with less input of grain feed than others.


LAHAN DAN AIR UNTUK TERNAK

Some animal food products can be produced with less input of land and water than others.


The raising of aquatic organisms for food in controlled environments

Provides 1/3 of world’s fish for consumption220 species being farmed

The fastest growing type of food production

Diunduh dari: http://intecsciwri.wikidot.com/aquaculture …… 22/12/2012

AQUACULTURE


AquacultureThe cultivation of aquatic organisms. Some of the most common

organisms that are cultivated are salmon, trout, oysters, and clams.

AQUACULTURE

Fish make up half of aquacultural

production. Molluscs and

plants each make up nearly 1/4.

Global aquaculture has been doubling about every 7

years.


1. Provides reliable protein source for people, increases food security2. Can be small-scale, local, and sustainable3. Reduces fishing pressure on wild stocks, and eliminates bycatch4. Uses fewer fossil fuels than fishing5. Can be very energy efficient


MANFAAT AKUAKULUR

Budidaya Ikan Lele di Gemolong Sragen Lele merupakan jenis ikan yang digemari masyarakat, dengan rasa yang lezat, daging empuk, duri teratur dan dapat disajikan dalam berbagai macam menu

masakan. PT. NATURAL NUSANTARA dengan prinsip K-3 (Kuantitas, Kualitas dan Kesehatan) membantu petani lele dengan paket produk dan teknologi.

Diunduh dari: http://merubahmimpi.blogspot.com/2011/01/budidaya-ikan-lele-di-gemolong-sragen.html …… 20/12/2012

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FNLVkNsZImI/TTsjnteEaKI/AAAAAAAAADk/QkYvzLOnQv0/s1600/71978379_4-KOEBUL-KOMONITAS-BUDIDAYA-IKAN-LELE-Dijual.jpg

DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKIBAT AKUAKULTUR

1. Density of animals leads to disease, antibiotic use, risks to food security.

2. It can generate large amounts of waste.3. Often animals are fed grain, which is not energy efficient.4. Sometimes animals are fed fish meal from wild-caught fish.5. Farmed animals may escape into the wild and interbreed with,

compete with, or spread disease to wild animals.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5098e/y5098e02.htm …… 22/12/2012


Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the World with annual growth in excess of 10 percent over the last two decades. Much of this

development has occurred in Asia, which also has the greatest variety of cultured species and systems. Asia is also perceived as the ‘home’ of aquaculture, as

aquaculture has a long history in several areas of the region and knowledge of traditional systems is most widespread.

Transgenic salmon (top) can compete with or spread disease to wild salmon (bottom) when they escape from

fish farms.


DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKUAKULTUR

Highly efficient

High yield in smallvolume of water

Increased yieldsthrough cross-breeding and genetic engineering

Can reduce over-harvesting of conventional fisheries

Little use of fuel

Profit not tied to price of oil

High profits

Advantages

Large inputs of land, feed, And water needed

Produces large and concentrated outputs of waste

Destroys mangrove forests

Increased grain productionneeded to feed some species

Fish can be killed by pesticide runoff from nearby cropland

Dense populations vulnerable to disease

Tanks too contaminated touse after about 5 years

Disadvantages

Trade-Offs

Aquaculture


• Reduce use of fishmeal as a feed to reduce depletion of other fish

• Improve pollution management of aquaculture wastes

• Reduce escape of aquaculture species into the wild

• Restrict location of fish farms to reduce loss of mangrove forests and other threatened areas

• Farm some aquaculture species (such as salmon and cobia) in deeply submerged cages to protect them from wave action and predators and allow dilution of wastes into the ocean

• Set up a system for certifying sustainable forms of aquaculture

Solutions

More Sustainable Aquaculture


Agriculture that can practiced the same way far into the futureDoes not deplete soils faster than they form

Does not reduce healthy soil, clean water, and genetic diversity essential for long-term crop and

livestock productionLow-input agriculture = small amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, water, growth

hormones, fossil fuel energy, etc.Organic agriculture = no synthetic chemicals used. Instead, biocontrol,

composting, etc.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1 …… 23/12/2012

PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN


Components of a Sustainable Soil Management System

PERTANIANORGANIK

Small percent of market, but is growing fast1% of U.S. market, but growing 20%/yr

3–5% of European market, but growing 30%/yr

Organic produce:Advantages for consumers: healthier; environmentally better

Disadvantages for consumers: less uniform and appealing-looking; more expensive

Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012


Principles in Organic Farming

PERTANIANORGANIK

PRINSIP KESEHATANOrganic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.This principle points out that the health of individuals and

communities cannot be separated from the health of ecosystems - healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of

animals and people.

Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. Immunity, resilience

and regeneration are key characteristics of health.

The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health

of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organic agriculture is intended to

produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to preventive health care and well-being.

In view of this it should avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health

effects.


PERTANIANORGANIK

PRINSIP EKOLOGI

Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.

This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems. It states that production is to be based on ecological processes, and recycling. Nourishment and well-being are achieved through the

ecology of the specific production environment. For example, in the case of crops this is the living soil; for animals it is the farm ecosystem;

for fish and marine organisms, the aquatic environment.

Organic farming, pastoral and wild harvest systems should fit the cycles and ecological balances in nature. These cycles are universal but their

operation is site-specific. Organic management must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by

reuse, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve

resources.

Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of

genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and benefit the common

environment including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water.


PERTANIANORGANIK

PRINSIP KEADILANOrganic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness

with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of

the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings.

This principle emphasizes that those involved in organic agriculture should conduct human relationships in a manner that ensures fairness at all levels and to all parties - farmers, workers, processors, distributors,

traders and consumers. Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good quality of life, and contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of

poverty. It aims to produce a sufficient supply of good quality food and other products.

This principle insists that animals should be provided with the conditions and opportunities of life that accord with their physiology,

natural behavior and well-being.

Natural and environmental resources that are used for production and consumption should be managed in a way that is socially and

ecologically just and should be held in trust for future generations. Fairness requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are open and equitable and account for real environmental and social costs.


PERTANIANORGANIK

PRINCIPLE OF CAREOrganic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and

responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.

Organic agriculture is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this

should not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being. Consequently, new technologies need to be assessed and existing

methods reviewed. Given the incomplete understanding of ecosystems and agriculture, care must be taken.

This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in

organic agriculture.

Science is necessary to ensure that organic agriculture is healthy, safe and ecologically sound. However, scientific knowledge alone is not

sufficient. Practical experience, accumulated wisdom and traditional and indigenous knowledge offer valid solutions, tested by time. Organic agriculture should prevent significant risks by adopting appropriate

technologies and rejecting unpredictable ones, such as genetic engineering.

Decisions should reflect the values and needs of all who might be affected, through transparent and participatory processes.


1. Chemical pesticides pollute, and kill pollinators, and pests evolve resistance.

2. GM crops show promise for social and environmental benefits, but questions linger about their impacts.

3. Much of the world’s crop diversity has vanished.4. Feedlot agriculture and aquaculture pose benefits and harm for the

environment and human health.

Diunduh dari: http://www.thefutureoffarming.org/home.html …… 23/12/2012

TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN


Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is a global network working to eliminate the human and environmental harm caused by pesticides and to promote biodiversity based ecological agriculture. We are dedicated to protect the safety and health of people, and the environment from pesticide use and

genetic engineering.

1. Organic farming remains a small portion of agriculture.2. Human population continues to grow, requiring more food

production. 3. Soil erosion is a problem worldwide.4. Salinization, waterlogging, and other soil degradation problems

are leading to desertification.5. Grazing and logging, as well as cropland agriculture, contribute to

soil degradation.

Diunduh dari: http://www.adas.co.uk/Home/Sustainablecropmanagement/tabid/245/Default.aspx ……

23/12/2012



SUSTAINABLE CROP MANAGEMENTOne of the most significant challenges facing Mankind is the adequate provision of food from sustainable and profitable production systems within a context of high energy costs.

1. Biocontrol and IPM offer alternatives to pesticides.

2. Further research and experience with GM crops may eventually resolve questions about impacts, and allow us to maximize benefits while minimizing harm.

3. More funding for seed banks can rebuild crop diversity.

4. Ways are being developed to make feedlot agriculture and aquaculture safer and cleaner.



1. Organic farming is popular and growing fast.2. Green revolution advances have kept up with food demand so far.

Improved distribution and slowed population growth would help further.

3. Farming strategies like no-till farming, contour farming, terracing, etc., help control erosion.

4. Government laws, and government extension agents working with farmers, have helped improve farming practices and control soil degradation.

5. Better grazing and logging practices exist that have far less impact on soils.

Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012

SOLUSI PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN


An Assets-Based Model for Sustainability

Agricultural systems at all levels rely for their success on the value of services flowing from the total stock of assets

that they control. Five types of capital, natural, social, human, physical and financial, are now being addressed in

the literature :1. Natural capital2. Social capital 3. Human capital 4. Physical capital5. Financial capital.


AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY

1. Natural capital produces nature’s goods and services, and comprises food (both farmed and harvested or caught from the wild), wood and fibre; water supply and regulation; treatment, assimilation and decomposition of wastes; nutrient cycling and fixation; soil formation; biological control of pests; climate regulation; wildlife habitats; storm protection and flood control; carbon sequestration; pollination; and recreation and leisure.

2. Social capital yields a flow of mutually beneficial collective action, contributing to the cohesiveness of people in their societies. The social assets comprising social capital include norms, values and attitudes that predispose people to cooperate; relations of trust, reciprocity and obligations; and common rules and sanctions mutually-agreed or handed-down. These are connected and structured in networks and groups.

3. Human capital is the total capability residing in individuals, based on their stock of knowledge skills, health and nutrition. It is enhanced by their access to services that provide these, such as schools, medical services, and adult training. People’s productivity is increased by their capacity to interact with productive technologies and with other people. Leadership and organisational skills are particularly important in making other resources more valuable.

4. Physical capital is the store of human-made material resources, and comprises buildings (housing, factories), market infrastructure, irrigation works, roads and bridges, tools and tractors, communications, and energy and transportation systems, that make labour more productive.

5. Financial capital is accumulated claims on goods and services, built up through financial systems that gather savings and issue credit, such as pensions, remittances, welfare payments, grants and subsidies.



The basic premise is that sustainable systems, whether farms, firms, communities, or economies, accumulate stocks of these five assets, thereby increasing the per capita endowments of all forms of capital over time. But unsustainable systems

deplete or run down these various forms, spending assets as if they were income, and so leaving less for future generations.



The assets-based model shows how farms and rural livelihoods take inputs of various types, including renewable assets, and transform these

to produce food and other desirable outputs.

These can be processed for home consumption, transformed through value-added processes for sale, or sold directly as raw product.

The inputs are shown as:1. Renewable natural capital – soil, water, air, biodiversity etc;2. Social and participatory processes – including both locally

embedded and externally-induced social capital, and partnerships and linkages between external organisations;

3. New technologies, knowledge and skills – both regenerative (eg legumes, natural enemies) and non-renewable (eg hybrid seeds, machinery);

4. Non-renewable or fossil-fuel derived inputs (eg fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics);

5. Finance – credit, remittances, income from sales and grants.

Availability and access to these five inputs is shaped by a wide range of contextual factors (on the far left). These include unchanging ones (at least over the short-term), such as climate, agro-ecology, soils, culture;

and dynamic economic, social, political and legal factors shaped by external institutions and policies.

These contextual factors are an important entry point for shaping and influencing agricultural systems (such as national policies, markets,

trade).


AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITYThe Modernisation of Agriculture

The process of agricultural modernisation during the 20th century has produced three distinct types of agriculture: industrialised, `Green Revolution’, and all that remains - the pre-modern, `traditional’ or `unimproved'. The first two types have

been able to respond to modern technological packages, producing highly productive systems of agriculture.


AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITYSustainable Agriculture

A more sustainable farming seeks to make the best use of nature’s goods and services whilst not damaging the environment. It does this by integrating natural

processes such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, soil regeneration and natural enemies of pests into food production processes. It also minimises the use of non-renewable inputs (pesticides and fertilizers) that damage the environment or harm

the health of farmers and consumers. It makes better use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, so improving their self-reliance. And it seeks to make

productive use of social capital - people’s capacities to work together to solve common management problems, such as pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and

credit management

High-yield polyculture

Organic fertilizers

Biological pest control

Integrated pestmanagement

Irrigation efficiency

Perennial crops

Crop rotation

Use of more water-efficient crops

Soil conservation

Subsidies for more sustainable farming

and fishing

Increase

Soil erosion

Soil salinization

Aquifer depletion

Overgrazing

Overfishing

Loss of biodiversity

Loss of primecropland

Food waste

Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing

Population growth

Poverty

Decrease

Sustainable Agriculture


Pangan minim limbahMengurangi konsumsi daging

Feed pets balanced grain foods instead of meat

Use organic farming to grow some of your food

Membeli bahan pangan organik

Komposting limbah makanan

Apa yang dapat dilakukan ?

Sustainable Agriculture


tanah, pertanian & pangan masa depan

Documents

food organisms

transgenic food

organisms genetic material

gm organisms

dna of multiple organisms

modified organisms gmos

protein genes

transgenic species