tanah, pertanian & pangan masa depan

TANAH, PERTANIAN &

PANGAN MASA DEPAN

SUMBERDAYA AIRDAN

KETAHANAN PANGAN

diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13

Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH

IRRIGATIONThe artificial provision of water to support agriculture

70% of all freshwater used by humans is used for irrigation.Irrigation has boosted productivity in many places

… but too much can cause problems.

Diunduh dari: http://rezaslash.blogspot.com/2012/03/irigasi-pengenalan.html …… 21/12/2012

Fungsi Irigasi1. memasok kebutuhan air tanaman2. menjamin ketersediaan air apabila terjadi betatan3. menurunkan suhu tanah4. mengurangi kerusakan akibat frost5. melunakkan lapis keras pada saat pengolahan tanah

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iN5ZEz4BzvM/T1ai3ALa51I/AAAAAAAAAJ4/ZXnI0ot33Qk/s1600/irigasi-sawah-4.jpg

Diunduh dari: http://pertanianbojonegoro.net/bojonegoro-tetapkan-sawah-irigasi-jadi-sawah-abadi/69/ …… 21/12/2012

SAWAH IRIGASIBojonegoro tetapkan sawah irigasi jadi sawah

abadiPemerintah Kabupaten Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur, menetapkan

sawah irigasi teknis yang memperoleh air irigasi kontinyu sebagai sawah abadi yang dilarang dimanfaatkan sebagai

kawasan industri dan permukiman.Kepala Dinas Pertanian Bojonegoro Subekti, Rabu mengatakan, pihaknya sudah menentukan sawah abadi yang menjadi sentra penghasil tanaman pangan, berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah

(PP) No. 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Penetapan dan Alih Fungsi Lahan Pertanian Berkelanjutan.

IMPROVED IRRIGATION

In conventional irrigation, only 40% of the water reaches plants.

Efficient drip irrigation

targeted to plants conserves water, saves money, and reduces problems like salinization.

Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

Reduce irrigation

Switch to salt-tolerant crops(such as barley, cotton, sugar beet)

Prevention

Flushing soil(expensive andwastes water)

Not growing crops for 2-5 years

Installing under- ground drainagesystems (expensive)

Cleanup

Solutions

Soil Salinization


Supply nutrients to cropsInorganic fertilizers = mined or synthetically manufactured mineral

supplementsOrganic fertilizers = animal manure, crop residues, compost, etc.

Diunduh dari: http://paretmesjed.blogspot.com/2011/04/pemberian-pupuk-berimbang.html …… 21/12/2012

PUPUK & PEMUPUKAN

Pemberian pupuk berimbang dalam kajian ini bukan berarti memberikan pupuk N, P dan K dalam jumlah seimbang untuk tanaman padi. Yang dimaksud

pemupukan berimbang dalam kajian ini adalah pemberian pupuk N, P dan K disesuaikan dengan target hasil gabah yang ingin dicapai, sumbangan hara N, P

dan K berasal dari tanah serta kekurangan hara untuk mencapai target hasil tersebut dengan penambahan pupuk anorganik dalam bentuk pupuk urea, SP-36

dan KCl. Berdasar teori dikatakan bahwa hasil gabah ditentukan oleh faktor tanah, tanaman dan lingkungan.

GLOBAL FERTILIZER USAGES

Fertilizer use has risen dramatically in the past 50 years.


Trade-OffsInorganic Commercial Fertilizers

Advantages Disadvantages

Do not add humus to soil

Reduce organic matter in soil

Reduce ability of soil to hold water

Lower oxygen content of soil

Require large amounts ofenergy to produce,transport, and apply

Release the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O)

Runoff can overfertilizenearby lakes and kill fish

Easy to transport

Easy to store

Easy to apply

Inexpensive to produce

Help feed one of every three people in theworld

Without commercialinorganic fertilizers,world food output coulddrop by 40%


Overgrazing

When livestock eat too much plant cover on rangelands, impeding plant regrowth

The contrast between ungrazed and overgrazed land on either side of a fenceline can be striking.


OVERGRAZING

Overgrazing can set in motion a series of positive feedback loops.


World agricultural production has risen faster than human population.


PRODUKSI PANGAN DUNIA

However, the world still has 800 million hungry people, largely due to inadequate distribution.

And considering soil degradation, can we count on food production continuing to rise?

Global food security is a goal of scientists and policymakers worldwide.

Diunduh dari: http://kominfo.jatimprov.go.id/watch/31604 …… 21/12/2012

KETAHANAN PANGAN DUNIA

Pada 2012, produksi padi jatim diperkirakan 11,69 juta tonKepala Badaan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Jatim Irlan Indrocahyo SE MSi di kantornya Jl Kendangsari Industri, Surabaya,Selasa (3/7) mengatakan, kenaikan produksi padi terjadi karena naiknya luas panen padi seluas

32,81 ribu hektare atau 1,70 persen dan produktivitasnya juga mengalami kenaikan 4,78 kuintal/hektare atau 8,71 persen.

http://kominfo.jatimprov.go.id/files_upload/wysiwyg_imgs/berita/foto_juni_2012/Sawah.jpg

GIZI = NUTRITIONUndernourishment = too few calories (especially developing world)Overnutrition = too many calories (especially developed world)Malnutrition = lack of nutritional requirements(causes numerous diseases, esp. in developing world)


An intensification of industrialization of agriculture, which has produced large yield increases since 1950

Increased yield per unit of land farmedBegun in U.S. and other developed nations; exported to

developing nations like India and those in Africaare more productive for plant life.

Diunduh dari: http://casdiraku.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/potret-pertanian-indramayu-paradoks-lumbung-padi-jawa-barat/ …… 21/12/2012

REVOLUSI HIJAU

Tingginya produksi padi Indramayu ini disebabkan oleh luasnya lahan sawah yang ada. Dari luas wilayah

Indramayu yang mencapai 204 ribu ha, 114 ribu ha (55%) di antaranya adalah lahan sawah. Dengan luas sebesar itu,

Indramayu menempati urutan pertama di Jawa Barat.

http://casdiraku.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/ilustrasi_100820161839.jpg

Intensified agriculture meant monocultures, vast spreads of a single crop.

This is economically efficient, but increases risk of catastrophic failure (“all eggs in one basket”).


SISTEM MONOKULTUR

The Costs of Modern Agriculture

The process of agricultural modernisation has had an important influence on farm productivity and improved living standards for many farmers. However, farmers need access to: modern seeds,

water, labour, capital or credit, fertilisers and pesticides.

Many poorer farming households simply cannot adopt the whole package. If one element is missing, the seed delivery system fails

or the fertiliser arrives late, or there is insufficient irrigation water, then yields may not be much better that those for

traditional varieties.

Even if farmers want to use external resources, very often delivery systems are unable to supply them on time.

Diunduh dari: http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/mod15t01s02.html……

23/12/2012

Monocultures also have reduced crop diversity.90% of all human food now comes from only 15 crop species

and 8 livestock species.

Diunduh dari: http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/berita/one/753/ …… 20/12/2012

DIVERSITAS TANAMAN

Pengaturan Jarak Tanam Ubikayu dan Kacang Tanah untuk Meningkatkan Indeks Pertanaman di Lahan Kering Masam

Penelitian di Banjarnegara dilakukan dengan menanam ubikayu dengan jarak tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m. Kacang

tanah ditanam diantara baris ganda ubikayu. Pada saat tanam kacang tanah MH II, ubikayu sudah berumur tiga bulan. Pada sistem tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70

cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m populasi ubikayu masing-masing sekitar 105% dan 86% dibandingkan cara petani (monokultur) dengan jarak tanam 120 cm x 80 cm. Populasi kacang tanah pada kedua pola tersebut sekitar 70% dari

populasi monokultur.

Biodiversity Loss

Loss and degradation of habitat fromclearing grasslands and forests anddraining wetland

Fish kills from pesticide runoff

Killing of wild predators to protectlivestock

Loss of genetic diversity fromreplacing thousands of wild cropstrains with a few monoculture strains

Soil

Erosion

Loss of fertility

Salinization

Waterlogging

Desertification


Air Pollution

Greenhouse gas emissions from fossilFuel issue

Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use

Pollution from pesticide sprays

WaterWater waste

Aquifer depletion

Increased runoff andflooding from land clearedto grow crops

Sediment pollution fromerosion

Fish kills from pesticiderunoff

Surface and groundwaterpollution from pesticidesand fertilizers

Overfertilization of lakesand slow-moving riversfrom runoff of nitrates and phosphates fromfertilizers, livestockwastes, and foodprocessing wastes


Human Health

Nitrates in drinking water

Pesticide residues in drinking water,food, and air

Contamination of drinking andswimming water with disease

organisms from livestock wastes

Bacterial contamination of meat


Techniques to increase crop output per unit area of cultivated land (since world was running out of arable land)

Special crop breeds (drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant, etc.) are a key component.

It enabled food production to keep pace with population.

Diunduh dari: http://sumut-berita.blogspot.com/2012/03/hkti-sulap-tanah-tandus-samosir-menjadi.html …… 21/12/2012

REVOLUSI HIJAU

HKTI sulap Tanah Tandus Samosir menjadi Ladang Jagung Unggulan

HKTI patut bangga. Pasalnya, petani jagung di wilayah tersebut biasanya hanya mampu menghasilkan 4 ton setiap hectare (ha).

Namun dengan bibit percontohan dari HKTI mampu menghasilkan 8 ton per ha atau dua kali lipat pipil jagung.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hGFMGlWDYNs/T22mwkCPIhI/AAAAAAAAAC0/orT2xpq5Y2o/s1600/jagung.jpg

Intensification of agriculture causes environmental harm:• Pollution from synthetic fertilizers

• Pollution from synthetic pesticides• Water depleted for irrigation• Fossil fuels used for heavy equipmentHowever, without the green revolution, much more land would have

been converted for agriculture, destroying forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1…… 23/12/2012

REVOLUSI HIJAU:DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA


"Sustainable Agricultural Development" defined by FAO in 1990 was translated into several basic criteria to measure the sustainability of present agriculture and future trends. These criteria can be listed as

follows: 1. Meeting the food needs of present and future generations in terms of

quantity and quality and the demand for other agricultural products.2. Providing enough jobs, securing income and creating human living

and working conditions for all those engaged in agricultural production.

3. Maintaining, and where possible enhancing, the productive capacity of the natural resources base as a whole and the regenerative capacity of renewable resources, without impairing the function of basic natural cycles and ecological balance, destroying the socio-cultural identity of rural communities or contaminating the environment.

4. Making the agricultural sector more resilient against adverse natural and socio-economic factors and other risks, and strengthening the self-confidence of rural populations.

Diunduh dari: http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/mod15t01s02.html ……

23/12/2012

REVOLUSI HIJAU:DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA

Ecological CostsMany ecological problems have increased dramatically in recent

years. These include:1. Contamination of water by pesticides, nitrates, soil and

livestock wastes, causing harm to wildlife, disruptions of ecosystems and possible health problems in drinking water;

2. Contamination of food and fodder by residues of pesticides, nitrates and antibiotics;

3. Damage to farm and natural resources by pesticides, causing harm to farmworkers and public, disruption of ecosystems and harm to wildlife;

4. Contamination of the atmosphere by ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane and the products of burning, which play a role in ozone depletion, global warming and atmospheric pollution;

5. Overuse of natural resources, causing depletion of groundwater, and loss of wild foods and habitats, and of their capacity to absorb wastes, causing waterlogging and increased salinity;

6. The tendency in agriculture to standardise and specialise by focusing on modern varieties, causing displacement of traditional varieties and breeds;

7. New health hazards for workers in the agrochemical and food-processing industries.

2,000

1,500

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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Total World Grain Production

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Social CostsAgricultural modernisation has also helped to transform many rural communities, both in the South and the North. The process has had many social impacts. These

include the loss of jobs, the further disadvantaging of women economically if they do not have access to the use and benefits of the new technology, the

increasing specialisation of livelihoods, the growing gap between the well-off and the poor, and the cooption of village institutions by the state.

Source: Pretty, J. (1998) Regenerating Agriculture, Earthscan, London, p. 4.

Agricultural modernisation

PRODUKSI PANGAN DUNIA

In 1983, the amount of grain produced per capita leveled off and began to decline.


MANAJEMEN HAMATerms pest and weed have no scientific or objective definitions.

Any organism that does something we humans don’t like gets called a pest or a weed.

The organisms are simply trying to survive and reproduce… and a monoculture is an irresistible smorgasbord of food for them.

Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012

B-IPMBiologically based Integrated Pest Management (B-IPM)

integrates, or combines, different management tools to provide better leafy spurge control than any single tool

could produce.

The foundation for this B-IPM approach is biological control: Biocontrol agents like the host-specific leafy

spurge flea beetle are integrated with other tools -- such as multi-species grazing programs, herbicides, reseeding,

tillage, burning and clipping -- to produce effective, affordable and ecologically sustainable leafy spurge

control.

B-IPM offers the flexibility landowners and land managers need to devise different management strategies for different

situations.

B-IPM


Disadvantages of biological control: Like other management tools, biological control is not a perfect solution to the leafy spurge problem. The biggest

drawback is that biological control is not a "quick fix." In most cases, biocontrol agents will take several years to successfully establish a population and begin making a significant contribution to leafy spurge management. In addition, no

one biocontrol agent works in every situation. An agent that works well in one soil type, for example, may not work at all in another soil type. In the long run, more than one type of biocontrol agent may

have to be used to achieve uniform control across a variety of different situations and land types.

B-IPM


Control toolsa) Herbicides are the most commonly used control tool, and are the

preferred tool for containing and preventing the spread of infestations. Disadvantage: Herbicides are expensive -- the cost of treatment can exceed the value of the land and/or the economic return from the land. In addition, herbicides are not target specific and are subject to environmental restrictions.

b) Cultural and mechanical controls such as reseeding, clipping and burning can be used to give desirable grasses and plants a competitive advantage while reducing leafy spurge’s dominance.

c) Multi-species grazing can provide leafy spurge control while increasing ranch profitability by diversifying cattle grazing operations with sheep or goats.

d) Biological control is another tool that can be used to manage leafy spurge and offers some advantages when compared to "traditional" management tools.

1. Biological control is economically sustainable. Leafy spurge biocontrol agents can usually be obtained or collected for free, and do not require a large investment of money or time to use or maintain. Other tools require a greater investment of resources.

2. Biological control is ecologically sustainable. Once established, leafy spurge biocontrol agents are self-sustaining -- they’ll always be there, working in the background to control leafy spurge.

3. In addition, biocontrol agents are not known to cause any adverse ecological consequences.

B-IPM


Biologically based Integrated Pest Management

The best approach to controlling leafy spurge is Biologically based Integrated Pest Management. It’s effective and affordable,

and can be used anywhere.

B-IPM integrates, or combines, different management tools to provide more effective leafy spurge control than could be

achieved by using any single tool. This integration offers the flexibility ranchers, landowners and land managers need to tailor

management programs that fit their specific needs.

Biologically based Integrated Pest Management combines ecologically sound strategies with other tools to provide better

control and more flexibility than can be achieved using any single tool alone. It is by far the best approach. The results speak

for itself. The dramatic change is the result of a cost-effective, integrated approach using grazing and biological control.

PESTISIDA KIMIAWISynthetic poisons that target organisms judged to be

pests


Pesticide use is still rising sharply across the world, although growth has slowed in the U.S.

1 billion kg (2 billion lbs.) of pesticides are applied each year in the U.S .


PENGGUNAANPESTISIDA

Pesticides gradually become less effective, because pests evolve resistance to them.

Those few pests that survive pesticide applications because they happen to be genetically immune will be the ones that reproduce and pass on

their genes to the next generation.This is evolution by natural selection, and it threatens our very food

supply.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……

20/12/2012

RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA

Effects of pesticide selection

Repeated use of the same class of pesticides to control a pest can cause undesirable changes in the gene pool of a pest leading to another form of artificial selection, pesticide resistance. When a pesticide is first used, a small proportion of the pest population

may survive exposure to the material due to their distinct genetic makeup.

These individuals pass along the genes for resistance to the next generation. Subsequent uses of the pesticide increase the

proportion of less-susceptible individuals in the population.

Through this process of selection, the population gradually develops resistance to the pesticide.

Diunduh dari: http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideresist.htm…… 23/12/2012

1. Pests attack crop

2. Pesticide applied



3. All pests except a few with innate resistance are killed

4. Survivors breed and produce pesticide-resistant population



5. Pesticide applied again

6. Has little effect. More-toxic

chemicals must be developed.



Diunduh dari: http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideresist.htm…… 23/12/2012


How pesticide resistance developsSome plant pathogens have also become resistant to pesticides.

Among fruit producers in North America, apple growers perhaps have faced the most significant problems with pesticide resistance.

Examples include streptomycin resistance in the fire blight bacterium and benomyl resistance in the apple scab pathogen.

Although the precise genetic and ecological factors differ among pests that have become resistant, in all cases resistance is driven

by one process -- selection.

PERKEMBANGAN RESISTENSI PESTISIDA

Synthetic chemicals can pollute and be health hazards.Biological control (biocontrol) avoids this.

Biocontol entails battling pests and weeds with other organisms that are natural enemies of those

pests and weeds.(“The enemy of my enemy is my friend.”)

Diunduh dari: http://apriastika.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/sekilas-tentang-pengendalian-hayati/ …… 22/12/2012

PENGENDALIAN HAYATI


Pengendalian hayati adalah suatu teknik pengendalian hama atau organisme pengganggu tanaman dengan

memanfaatkan musuh alami dari OPT tersebut.

Pendekatan dalam pengendalian hayati1. Konservasi : menjaga atau melindungi populasi

musuh alami yang terdapat di lapangan.2. Augmentasi : melakukan pembiakan masal musuh

alami di laboratorium jika jumlah populasi musuh alami di lapangan sangat sedikit.

3. Introduksi : mendatangkan musuh alami dari suatu daerah ke daerah lain yang populasinya masih sedikit.

Biocontrol has had success stories.Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) = soil bacterium that kills many

insects. In many cases, seemingly safe and effective.

Cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (above), was used to wipe out invasive prickly pear

cactus in Australia.


PENGENDALIAN HAYATI

Most biocontrol agents are introduced from elsewhere.Some may turn invasive and become pests themselves!

Cactus moths brought to the Caribbean jumped to Florida, are eating native cacti, and spreading.

Wasps and flies brought to Hawaii to control crop pests are parasitizing native caterpillars in wilderness areas.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964402001111…… 22/12/2012

RISIKO PENGENDALIAN HAYATI


The relativity of potential risk to nontarget plant species based on phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology. The testing procedure should seek to measure the maximum level of risk posed by an agent’s introduction.

Actual measured risk may in fact be much lower than potential risk, but the latter provides a useful framework for selecting test plants.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

Combines biocontrol, chemical, and other methods May involve:

• Biocontrol• Pesticides• Close population monitoring• Habitat modification• Crop rotation• Transgenic crops• Alternative tillage• Mechanical pest removal


Diunduh dari: http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/ipm_is/ipmwheel.asp…… 23/12/2012

tanah, pertanian & pangan masa depan

Documents

of the water reaches

tolerant cropssuch as

berarti memberikan pupuk

target hasil gabah

sumbangan hara n

hasil gabah ditentukan

pemberian pupuk n