targeting her family receptors in breast cancer prof. sabino de placido dip. di endocrinologia ed...
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Targeting HER family receptors in breast cancer
Prof. Sabino De PlacidoDip. di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica
Università Federico II --- Napoli, Italia
Targeting HER2: Key points
HER2 gene amplification and/or overexpression occurs in about 20% of breast cancers and is associated with more-aggressive disease and, until the advent of HER2-targeted agents, a worse outcome
The monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab (which targets HER2), and the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, lapatinib (which targets HER1 and HER2), have considerable efficacy in HER2-positive breast cancer
Adjuvant SettingWhat we know
Trastuzumab has changed the natural history of early HER2+ BC
Incidence of MBC without Herceptin
Adjuvant Trastuzumab predicted to prevent recurrence in almost 28,000 patients over a 10-year period in the 5 major EU countries
Weisgerber-Kriegl et al, ASCO 2008
Patients,n
27,737
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2000 2005 2010 2015
Herceptin introduced
No. of patients prevented from developing metastases
Year
More than 14.000 patients were recruited in 4 international clinical trials
Piccart-Gebhart et al 2005 Romond et al 2005; Slamon et al 2006
NCCTG N9831 (USA)
HERA (ex-USA) BCIRG 006 (global)
NSABP B-31 (USA)
IHC / FISH (n=5,090)
Observation
1 year
2 years
IHC / FISH (n=3,505)
1 year
1 year
FISH(n=3,222)
1 year
1 year
IHC / FISH (n=2,030)
1 year
DocetaxelDocetaxel + carboplatin
Doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide TrastuzumabStandard CTx Paclitaxel
IHC, immunohistochemistry FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridisation CTx, chemotherapy
Neoadjuvant setting
What we know
Adjuvant setting
What we do not know
Small, node negative tumors are under represented in clinical trials
• Overall 7,164 pts. with pT1pN0 tumors – median follow-up 4.5 - 12.4 yrs.)
– 600 pts. with HER-2 + tumors
• % HER-2 + disease – ranging between 7 and 10%
• Absolute risks of distant relapse HER2+– 5 yrs. ± 10-15% – 10 yrs. 22-28%
• Increased risk of disease relapse if HER-2 +– hazard ratios ranging between 2.4 and 8.99
Studies investigating clinical outcome of pT1pN0 tumors by HER-2 and hormone receptors (HRs) status. Results
Reviewed by Oakman C et al, Educational book – ESMO meeting, Milan – October 2010
• Caveats - heterogeneity in adjuvant therapies
- HRs status not always centrally revised- in 3 out of 7 studies pT1c tumors were eligible- only 2 out of 7 studies evaluate outcome by combination of
HER-2 and HRs status
• “Take-home” messages- there is a substantial degree of concordance in considering HER-2 + patients with pT1pN0 tumors at increased risk of relapse compared to the HER-2 negative population (2 to 9 fold increase)
Studies investigating clinical outcome of pT1pN0 tumors by HER-2 and hormone receptors (HRs) status. Caveats and Conclusions
Reviewed by Oakman C et al, Educational book – ESMO meeting, Milan – October 2010
Key question
Is proportional benefit from adjuvant systemic therapies
dependent on disease stage ?
Potential options for adjuvant treatment of endocrine-resistant pT1b pN0 tumors
• Docetaxel-Cyclophosphamide (TC) x 4 + Trastuzumab*
(lack of phase III data)
• Docetaxel-Carboplatin-Trastuzumab (TCH) x 6
(BCIRG 006 data)
HER-2 +
* concomitant trastuzumab > sequential trastuzumab
Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab
Treatment decision: a multi-factorial process
Patient :
Co-morbidities
Age
Patient :
Expectations
Preferences
Tumor* :
Size
Vascular invasion
Ki-67
Treatment decision
Adjuvant setting
What we do not know
Duration of Trastuzumab
Adjuvant trials with different duration of trastuzumab administration
• HERA (PI M. Piccart): sample size ~34001
– 12 vs 24 months of H following adjuvant CT
• Phare (PI X. Pivot): sample size ~34002
– 6 vs 12 months of H following adjuvant CT
• Persephone (UK-NCRI): sample size ~40003
– 6 vs 12 months of H following adjuvant CT
• Hellenic Oncology Group (Greece): sample size 4784
– 6 vs 12 months of H with ddDoc after FEC
• SOLD (PI H. Joensuu): sample size ~30006
– HD 3-wkly x3 ->FE75C x3 vs – HD 3-wkly x3 ->FE75C x3 -> H 3-wkly x14
• ShortHER (PI PF. Conte): sample size ~12505
– D 3-wkly x3 + H weekly x 9 -> FE60C x3 vs– AC or EC x 4 -> HD or HP 3-wkly x4 -> H 3-wkly x14
Metastatic Disease
Overall Survival by Trastuzumab Treatment Groups
1.01.0
0.00.0
Ove
rall
Su
rviv
al P
rob
abil
ity
Ove
rall
Su
rviv
al P
rob
abil
ity
Months from DiagnosiMonths from Diagnosi
0.60.6
0.40.4
00 6060
0.20.2
0.80.8
1212 2424 48483636
Negative Negative No TrastuzumabNo TrastuzumabTrastuzumabTrastuzumab
HER2+ / Herceptin
HER2+ /
No Herceptin
HER2-
What we Know
The first line
HERNATA Study
HERNATA study : results
Time to Progression Overall Survival
Andersson JCO 2010
Time to Treatment Failure
HERNATA study: results
Andersson JCO 2010
HERNATA study : safety profile
Andersson JCO 2010
The second line
What we Know
Tyverb plus capecitabine: significantly longer TTP in difficult to treat population (EGF100151, independent assessment)
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
rog
ress
ion
-fre
e (%
)
Tyverb + capecitabineCapecitabine
HR: 0.57 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.77)
p=0.00013
18.6 wks
(4.3 mos)
27.1 wks
(6.2 mos)
1. Cameron et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;[Epub ahead of print].Figure Adapted from Cameron D, Casey M, Press M et al. A phase III randomized comparison of lapatinib plus capecitabine versus capecitabine alone in women with advanced breast cancer that has progressed on trastuzumab: updated efficacy and biomarker analyses. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2008 Epub ahead of print, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media.
Beyond the second line
What we Know
Lapatinib in combination with trastuzumab significantly prolonged PFS compared with
lapatinib alone (EGF104900)
Lapatinib Lapatinib + trastuzumab
n=145 n=146
Progressed or died, n 128 127
Median, wks 8.1 12.0
HR (95% CI) 0.73 (0.57, 0.93)
p value 0.008
Subjects at risk:148
148
Lapatinib
Lapatinib + trastuzumab
53
73
21
42
13
27
5
8
0
2
6-month PFS
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
rog
ress
ion
-fre
e (%
)
13%
28%
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time from randomisation (weeks)
Updated overall survival in ITT (EGF104900)
L n=145
L+T n=146
Died, n (%) 113 (78) 105 (72)
Median, months 9.5 14
Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.74 (0.57, 0.97)
Log-rank p value .026
6 month OS
80%
70%
12 month OS
56%
41%
Cu
mu
lati
ve %
ali
ve w
ith
ou
t p
rog
ress
ion
Patients at risk148148
LL+T
121102
8865
6447
4328
2513
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time from randomization (months)
30 35
1
L+TL
Lapatinib effect on ErbB2 accumulation at cell membrane: novel mechanism for enhanced
effects of combined anti-ErbB2 therapy
Lapatinib has been shown to enhance antitumour effect of trastuzumab in vitro and in clinical studies
This study explored the mechanism for this effect by investigating impact of lapatinib and trastuzumab on receptor expression and signalling
Treatment:lapatinib,
trastuzumab, or both
ErbB2-positive BC cells (SKBR3 and MCF7-HER2)
In vitro assays:Receptor expression,
phosphorylation, signalling, tumour growth
Mouse xenograft
Scaltriti et al., J Clin Oncol ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings 2008; 26(Suppl.): Abstract 3594 and poster
Scaltriti et al., Oncogene 2009; www.nature.com/onco
HER2+ and HR+
What we Know
HER2 and hormone receptor-positive BCClinical trials to assess therapy
Cortes Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010
HER2 and hormone receptor-positive BC Clinical trials to assess therapy
Cortes Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ove
rall
resp
on
se r
ates
(%
)
TAnDEMEGF30008
Combination with Aromatase inhibitors
Combination with chemotherapy
H0648g M77001
Trastuzumab+
anastrozole
Lapatinib+
letrozole
Trastuzumab+
paclitaxel
Trastuzumab+
docetaxel
Drug regimen
Figure 1: Overall response rates in HER2-positive and hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Anti-HER2 therapy was combined either with chemotherapy or aromatase inhibitors in four pivotal trials. The combination with chemotherapy showed higher overall response rates. 8.10-12
The Future
What else we Know
Trastuzumab + Pertuzumab
Copyrights for this presentation are held by the author/presenter. Contact them at [email protected] for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium – Cancer Therapy and Research Center at UT Health Science Center – December 6-10, 2011
35
Pertuzumab and trastuzumab have complementary mechanisms of action
ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ECD, extracellular domain
HER2
Dimerizationdomain
Pertuzumab
HER1/3/4
Trastuzumab
Subdomain IV
Trastuzumab:
• Inhibits ligand-independent HER2 signaling
• Activates ADCC
• Prevents HER2 ECD shedding
Pertuzumab:
• Inhibits ligand-dependent HER2 dimerization and signaling
• Activates ADCC
Copyrights for this presentation are held by the author/presenter. Contact them at [email protected] for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium – Cancer Therapy and Research Center at UT Health Science Center – December 6-10, 2011
36
MBC, metastatic breast cancer; PD, progressive disease
Patients withHER2-positive MBCcentrally confirmed
(N = 808)
Placebo + trastuzumabn=406
• Randomization was stratified by geographic region and prior treatment status (neo/adjuvant chemotherapy received or not)
• Study dosing q3w:− Pertuzumab/Placebo: 840 mg loading dose, 420 mg maintenance− Trastuzumab: 8 mg/kg loading dose, 6 mg/kg maintenance− Docetaxel: 75 mg/m2, escalating to 100 mg/m2 if tolerated
1:1
n=402
Docetaxel*≥6 cycles recommended
PD
Pertuzumab + trastuzumab
Docetaxel*≥6 cycles recommended
PD
* <6 cycles allowed for unacceptable toxicity or PD; >6 cycles allowed at investigator discretion
CLEOPATRA: a Phase III trial of trastuzumab + pertuzumab in the 1st-line setting
Copyrights for this presentation are held by the author/presenter. Contact them at [email protected] for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium – Cancer Therapy and Research Center at UT Health Science Center – December 6-10, 2011
37
Primary endpoint: Independently assessed PFSn = 433 PFS events
D, docetaxel; PFS, progression-free survival; Pla, placebo; Ptz, pertuzumab; T, trastuzumab
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
n at risk
402 345 267 139 83 32 10 0 0Ptz + T + D
406 311 209 93 42 17 7 0 0Pla + T + D
Time (months)
Ptz + T + D: median 18.5 months
Pla + T + D: median 12.4 months
HR = 0.6295% CI 0.51‒0.75
p<0.0001
∆ = 6.1 months
Pro
gre
ssio
n-f
ree
surv
ival
(%
)
Stratified by prior treatment status and region
Copyrights for this presentation are held by the author/presenter. Contact them at [email protected] for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium – Cancer Therapy and Research Center at UT Health Science Center – December 6-10, 2011
38
Overall survival: Predefined interim analysisMedian follow-up: 19.3 months, n = 165 OS events
D, docetaxel; OS, overall survival; Pla, placebo; Ptz, pertuzumab; T, trastuzumab
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
n at risk
Pertuzumab + T + D 402 387 367 251 161 87 31 4 0 0
406 383 347 228 143 67 24 2 0 0Placebo + T + D
Time (months)
Ptz + T + D: 69 events
Pla + T + D: 96 events
HR = 0.64*95% CI 0.47‒0.88
p = 0.0053*
* The interim OS analysis did not cross the pre-specified O’Brien-Fleming stopping boundary (HR ≤0.603; p ≤0.0012)
Ove
rall
surv
ival
(%
)
Copyrights for this presentation are held by the author/presenter. Contact them at [email protected] for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium – Cancer Therapy and Research Center at UT Health Science Center – December 6-10, 2011
39
Cardiac tolerability
LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Placebo
+ trastuzumab + docetaxel(n = 397)
Pertuzumab+ trastuzumab + docetaxel
(n = 407)
Investigator-assessedsymptomatic LVSD*
1.8% 1.0%
Independently adjudicatedsymptomatic LVSD* 1.0% 1.0%
Fall in LVEF to <50% and by ≥10 percentage points from baseline
6.6% 3.8%
* LVSD was defined as NYHA class III/IV
Copyrights for this presentation are held by the author/presenter. Contact them at [email protected] for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium – Cancer Therapy and Research Center at UT Health Science Center – December 6-10, 2011
40
Adverse events (all grades)≥25% incidence or ≥5% difference between arms
Adverse event, n (%)
Placebo+ trastuzumab + docetaxel
(n = 397)
Pertuzumab+ trastuzumab + docetaxel
(n = 407)
Diarrhea 184 (46.3) 272 (66.8)
Alopecia 240 (60.5) 248 (60.9)
Neutropenia 197 (49.6) 215 (52.8)
Nausea 165 (41.6) 172 (42.3)
Fatigue 146 (36.8) 153 (37.6)
Rash 96 (24.2) 137 (33.7)
Decreased appetite 105 (26.4) 119 (29.2)
Mucosal inflammation 79 (19.9) 113 (27.8)
Asthenia 120 (30.2) 106 (26.0)
Peripheral edema 119 (30.0) 94 (23.1)
Constipation 99 (24.9) 61 (15.0)
Febrile neutropenia 30 (7.6) 56 (13.8)
Dry skin 17 (4.3) 43 (10.6)
Copyrights for this presentation are held by the author/presenter. Contact them at [email protected] for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium – Cancer Therapy and Research Center at UT Health Science Center – December 6-10, 2011
41
Summary and conclusions
• CLEOPATRA met its primary endpoint and demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS (HR = 0.62) in patients with HER2-positive MBC
– Median PFS increased by 6.1 months from 12.4 to 18.5 months– The PFS improvement was consistent across subgroups and
supported by the secondary endpoints of ORR and OS (immature)
• The combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab plus docetaxel increased rates of diarrhea, rash, mucosal inflammation, febrile neutropenia, and dry skin
– These adverse events were primarily grades 1‒2, manageable, and occurred during docetaxel therapy
– There was no increase in cardiac adverse events or LVSD
• This new regimen may be practice-changing in HER2-positivefirst-line MBC
The Future
What else we Know
T-DM1
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Monoclonal antibody: trastuzumab
Target expression: HER2
Highly potent chemotherapy(maytansine derivative)
Cytotoxic agent: DM1
Systemically stableBreaks down in target cancer cell
LinkerT-DM1
Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1): the first-in-class HER2-targeted antibody-drug
conjugate
44
• Randomized, phase II, international, open-label studyb
• Stratification factors: World region, prior adjuvant trastuzumab therapy, disease-free interval
• Primary end points: PFS by investigator assessment, and safety
• Data analyses were based on clinical data cut of Nov 15, 2010 prior to T-DM1 crossover
• Key secondary end points: OS, ORR, DOR, CBR, and QOL
Study DesignTDM4450g: ongoing Phase II study of T-DM1 vs trastuzumab +
docetaxel in first-line HER2-positive MBC
1:1
HER2-positive, recurrent locally advanced breast cancer or MBC
(N=137)
Trastuzumab 8 mg/kg loading dose;
6 mg/kg q3w IV
+ Docetaxel 75 or 100 mg/m2 q3w
(n=70)
Crossover toT-DM1
(optional)PDa
T-DM13.6 mg/kg q3w IV
(n=67)PDa
aPatients were treated until PD or unacceptable toxicity.bThis was a hypothesis generating study; the final PFS analysis was to take place after 72 events had occurred.
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Time (months)
Progression-Free Survival by InvestigatorRandomized Patients
Pro
por
tion
prog
ress
ion
-fre
e
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Number of patients at risk
T+D 70 66 63 53 43 27 12 4 2 2 0T-DM1 67 60 51 46 42 35 22 15 6 3 0
Hazard ratio and log-rank P value were from stratified analysis.
Trastuzumab + docetaxel (n=70)T-DM1 (n=67)
MedianPFS, mos
Hazard ratio 95% CI
Log-rank P value
9.214.2 0.594
0.364– 0.968
0.0353
46
Duration of objective response (months)
Duration of Response by InvestigatorPatients with Measurable Disease at Baseline with an Objective Response
Pro
por
tion
prog
ress
ion
-fre
e
Number of patients at risk
T+D 40 40 38 32 19 8 2 1 1 0T-DM1 43 41 38 33 27 19 12 6 3 0Kaplan-Meier estimates are shown. aNR, not reached; longer follow-up is needed to estimate the duration of response in the T-DM1 arm.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
MedianDOR, mos 95% CI
9.5NRa
6.6–10.6–
Trastuzumab + docetaxel (n=40)T-DM1 (n=43)
47
Incidence of Nonhematologic Adverse Events: ≥30% (All Grade) and/or ≥5% (Grade ≥3) of Patientsa
Green represents those AEs with ≥20% difference between treatment arms.
aIn either treatment arm.bNo adverse events listed were grade 5.cTwo patients mistakenly received a dose of T-DM1 and were thus included in the T-DM1 arm for safety analyses.dIncludes 3 patients who received at least 1 dose of trastuzumab alone or trastuzumab plus docetaxel.eNational Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v.3 only categorizes alopecia as grade 1 or grade 2; there is no grade ≥3 for this AE.
AE
All grade, n (%) Grade ≥3b, n (%)
Trastuzumab + docetaxel (n=66)c
T-DM1 (n=69)c,d
Trastuzumab + docetaxel (n=66)c
T-DM1 (n=69)c,d
Alopecia 44 (66.7) 3 (4.3) e e
Fatigue 30 (45.5) 34 (49.3) 3 (4.5) 3 (4.3)Nausea 29 (43.9) 33 (47.8) 0 2 (2.9)Diarrhea 30 (45.5) 11 (15.9) 2 (3.0) 0Peripheral edema 29 (43.9) 7 (10.1) 3 (4.5) 0Increased AST 4 (6.1) 27 (39.1) 0 6 (8.7)Pyrexia 15 (22.7) 27 (39.1) 1 (1.5) 0Headache 12 (18.2) 25 (36.2) 0 0Back pain 20 (30.3) 18 (26.1) 3 (4.5) 1 (1.4)Increased ALT 4 (6.1) 16 (23.2) 0 6 (8.7)Pneumonia 1 (1.5) 6 (8.7) 0 4 (5.8)
48
Cardiac Safety
• Cardiac function was assessed locally and centrally based on cardiac ECHO/MUGA
• Prior anthracycline in the adjuvant setting was 44.8% and 48.6% in the T-DM1 and trastuzumab + docetaxel arms, respectively
• Asymptomatic LV dysfunction
• There were no clinically significant cardiac events reported
LVEF assessmentTrastuzumab +
docetaxel T-DM1
Local assessment
Patients assessed 65 67
Patients with post-baseline LVEF ≤40% 2a 0
Central assessment
Patients assessed 60 65
Patients with post-baseline LVEF ≤40% 1b 0
aBoth patients had prior anthracycline therapy in the adjuvant setting; 1 patient received prior trastuzumab therapy in the adjuvant setting.
bThis patient did not receive prior treatment with an anthracycline.
49
Summary and Conclusions
•This is the first randomized study to evaluate an antibody-drug conjugate for HER2-positive MBC
•First-line treatment of HER2-positive MBC with T-DM1, compared with trastuzumab + docetaxel was associated with:
– A significant improvement in PFS (14.2 vs 9.2 mos; HR=0.594; P value=0.0353)
– Similar ORR but more durable responses (64.2%, median duration not reached vs. 58.0%, median duration 9.5 months)
– A lower rate of grade ≥3 AEs (46.4% vs 89.4%)
• These results validate the hypothesis that the unique properties of T-DM1 may lead to an improved therapeutic index
– Improved PFS with T-DM1 may result from improved tolerability/duration of treatment/response and intrinsic potency of HER2-targeted DM1
•T-DM1 is being evaluated in phase III randomized clinical trials for HER2-positive MBC
• HER2-positive LABC or MBC (N=980)
• Previously received trastuzumab-based therapy
Lapatinib (1250 mg/day, days 1–21)
+ capecitabine (1000 mg/m2, days 1–14) q3w
T-DM1 (3.6 mg/kg) q3w
TDM4370g (EMILIA) Phase III Study: T-DM1 vs Capecitabine + Lapatinib in HER2-Positive MBC
• Multicenter, randomized, open-label study• Treatment continues until progressive disease/unacceptable toxicity• Primary end points: PFS by IRF, OS, 1-y and 2-y survival rates, Safety• Secondary end points: PFS by INV, ORR, CBR, DoR, QOL, TTF
www.clinicaltrials.gov. NCT00829166.
1:1
51
HER2-positive progressive or recurrent locally advanced BC or
previously untreated MBC(n=1092)
Trastuzumab + taxane(n=364)
T-DM1 + pertuzumab(n=364)
T-DM1 + placebo(n=364)
BC = breast cancer; MBC = metastatic breast cancer; PFS = progression-free survival
MARIANNE:
• Primary efficacy objective:
– PFS assessed by an independent review facility
• Primary safety objective:
– To compare the safety of T-DM1 + pertuzumab or T-DM1 + placebo vs trastuzumab + taxane