taxis reponse report

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APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of Animal Ecology Experiment with title ³TAXIS

RESPONSE TO THE MOBILE ANIMAL´ was created by:

name : Muh. Ghazali Rahman

reg. No. : 081404158

group : VI (Sixth)

class : D(ICP)

department : Biology DepartmentAfter checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, April 2011

Coordinator Assistant Assistant

Jupri Titin Muthmainna ID. 071404170 ID. 071404190

Known by

Lecturer Responsibility

Drs. Jutje S Lahay



CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

All organisms have the behaviors. Behavior is a form of response to

internal and external conditions. A behavioral response when the response is said

to have been patterned, which gives the same specific response to certain stimuli.

Behavior can also be interpreted as an activity of an organism due to the presence

of a stimulus. In observing the behavior, we tend to put ourselves on the organisms

that we observe, namely by assuming that the organism was seeing and feeling like

us. This is anthropomorphism (Y: anthropos = man), the interpretation of the

behavior of other organisms such as human behavior. The more we get to know an

organism, the more we interpret these behaviors are anthropomorphic.

Often an animal behavior occurs because the influence of genetic

(innate behavior or innate behavior), and as a result of learning or experience that

can be caused by the environment. In the development of behavioral ecology of a

debate between an opinion stating that the behavior found in an organism is anatural effect or because of the care or maintenance, this is an ongoing debate.

Results from different studies, it is known that the occurrence of a behavior is

caused by both, ie genetic and environmental (learning process), resulting in a

development nature.

The behavior of biological vision is an activity or activities of the

organism in question. Thus human behavior is essentially an activity from the man

himself. Therefore, human behavior has a very broad expanse, covering walk, talk,

react, get dressed, and so forth. Even the internal activities (internal activity) such

as thinking, perception and emotion is also a human behavior. For the purposes of

the analysis framework can be said that behavior is what is done by the organism,

can be observed either directly or indirectly. Behavior and behavioral symptoms



seen in the activities of organisms are influenced both by genetic factors (heredity)

and environment. In general we can say that genetic and environmental factors is a

determinant of the behavior of living things including human behavior.

B. Purpose

1. Know the response shown by animals in a dark place to the stimulus in the

form of light

2. Know to and the animals response in the light place of the stimulus in the form

of light.

C. Benefit

1. Student can know more the response shown by animals in a dark place to the

stimulus in the form of light

2. Student know more the animals response in the light place of the stimulus in

the form of light.



CHAPTER II

PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

A taxis (plural taxes, play /tæksiz/) is an innate behavioral response by an

organism to a directional stimulus or gradient of stimulus intensity. A taxis differs

from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in

that the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away

from the stimulus source .It is sometimes distinguished from a kinesis, a non-

directional change in activity in response to a stimulus. For example, flagellate

protozoans of the genus Euglena move towards a light source. Here the directional

stimulus is light, and the orientation movement is towards the light. This reaction or

behaviour is a positive one to light and specifically termed "positive phototaxis",

since phototaxis is a response to a light stimulus, and the organism is moving towards

the stimulus (Anonymousa, 2011).

If the organism moves away from the stimulus, then the taxis is negative.

Many types of taxis have been identified and named using prefixes to specify the

stimulus that elicits the response. These include aerotaxis (stimulation by oxygen)anemotaxis (wind), barotaxis (pressure), chemotaxis (chemicals), galvanotaxis

(electrical current), geotaxis (gravity), hydrotaxis (moisture), magnetotaxis (magnetic

field), phototaxis (light), rheotaxis (fluid flow), thermotaxis (temperature changes)

and thigmotaxis (physical contact). Depending on the type of sensory organs present,

taxes can be classified as klinotaxes, where an organism continuously samples the

environment to determine the direction of a stimulus, tropotaxes, where bilateral

sense organs are used to determine the stimulus direction, and telotaxes, which are

similar to tropotaxes but where a single organ suffices to establish the orientation

movement (Anonymousa, 2011).



Phototaxis is the ability of organisms to move directionally in response to a

light source. Many cyanobacteria exhibit phototaxis, both towards and away from a

light source. In the environment, the ability to move into optimal light conditions for

photosynthesis is likely to be an advantage. We are particularly interested in how

cells perceive light of different wavelengths; the photoreceptors involved and the

signal transduction cascade involved in this process (Anonymous b, 2011)

To dissect the process of motility and phototaxis in Synechocystis sp. we

generated a library of transposon-tagged motility-mutants. Several of these tagged-

motility mutants mapped to chemotaxis-like genes at loci which we named the tax

loci. The roles of chemotaxis proteins in signal transduction are fairly well-

understood in flagellated enteric bacteria, but much less so in other systems.

Synechocystis sp. has three tax loci, two of which are involved in motility responses.

Disruption of the tax1 locus (which contains a photoreceptor, TaxD1) produces

mutants that are negatively phototactic while tax3 mutants are non-motile and have

no pili. Several novel mutants that are aberrant in phototaxis are being characterized

using biochemical and genetic approaches (Anonymous b, 2011).

The response to the stimulus is one of the main characteristics of life so that in

the presence of this trait of organisms able to respond (responses) to various

environmental factors and changes in the vicinity. Movements of animals in their

environment is not random but rather responses to various stimuli in their

environment, either directly or indirectly. One form of response is the taxis in the

form of migratory movement is directly oriented toward a stimulus. Taxis generally

encountered in invertebrate animals. The animals that inhabit the habitat will be

concentrated in places with the most suitable conditions for the fulfillment of the

requirements of their respective lives. thus can be said that every animal has a

different microhabitat according to the needs of each life. Various environmental

factors such as temperature, humidity, and sunlight is a factor that is required by

animals, but sometimes it can also operate as one limiting factor. For example sun



light for the animals that live in a protected area can be considered as an another

stimulus that can cause the animal to respond to light is avoided (Lahay, 2011).

According to (Lahay, 2011) The oriented responses to light can be categorized

as follows:

a. fototaksis positive, if the animal found in the room that bears the bright

light.

b. fototaksis negative, if the animal is found in a room that is free of light

(dark).

c. fototaksis intermediate, the indoor animals found in the transition between a

bright room with dark room.

The integration of orientation (directional response of a stimulus) with kinesis

(locomotor sense of a stimulus) yields a taxis. In biology taxis is movement that is

directed with respect to a stimulus such as an object, a light or an odor source.

Kinesis and taxis are often paired with prefixed to indicate the nature of stimulus that

motivates the response. Attractive stimuli are termed positive, repulsive nature are

negative. The nature of stimulus is used as prefix for the type of movement (anemo =

wind, geo = gravity, photo = light and so on). Hence, positive taxis occurs as a result

of attraction to light. This can be figured out by looking at the parts of the phrase.

Positive refers to attraction, so incated that movement towards. Photo refers to light,

and taxis means oriented movement. So positive taxis means movement toward light.

In the same vein, negative anemotaxis means moving downwind, and so on. A moth

that flies that flies toward a light is positive phototractic. A cockroach moving away

from light is negative phototractic. Any envieronmental stimulus with a directional

source can be used as to orient a taxis (Breed and Moore, 2010).

Most animal spend a great deal of time moving around in their environment,

but most of them have some sort of nest or ³home base´ from which they move out

regularly to find resources. Such behavior require that the animal know where it is in

relation to its home and how get back there. Some animals move long distances from

their homes and may have different summer and winter homes that are separated from



another by one thousands kilometers. Migration between different ranges require very

sophisticated navigational abilities, but many animals are able to get about with

simple mechanisms. The simplest orientations movement are known as taxes

(singular = taxis) in which the animal assume a particular spatial relationship to an

orienting stimulus (Sarkar, 2003).

The nature of stimulus is denoted by adding the appropriate prefix the word

³taxis´ a phototaxis. Phototaxis is movement guided by a light, geotaxis is a

movement by gravity ; a chemotaxis is movement guided by detections of some

chemical substance. A further distinction can be made between positive taxis

(movement towards the stimulus) and a negative taxis (movement away from

stimulus). Many invertebrates posses a light-compass reaction, generally using the

sun, in which the angle between the direction of movement and directions of stimulus

is kept constant. Ant use this type of orientation in moving to and from their nest, but

they can not compensate for movement for the sun (Sarkar, 2003).

In addition to positive phototaxis, many animals may be drawn to artificial

light source as a result of using them as reference cues in light-compass orientation

systems. Bees, moth, and many bird species can maintain critical course bearing by

using the sun, moon, an individual bright star, or star groups as reference points. An

animal that that select an artificial light source as a reference point for its light

compass might not be able to maintain a constant orientation. To keep a straight

course, an animal using a light compass keeps the bearing to a light reference at a

constant angel with the course bearing it has selected. When earth bounds, artificial

source is used as a light reference, the deviation between the initial course bearing

and the light reference bearing will change with the position of the animal and defeat

the function of a light-compass (Clemmons and Buchholz, 1997).

Photoreception is the sensing of visible light, which consists a certain

wavelength of electromagnetic energy, the repeating disturbances in electrical and

magnetic field in the atmosphere. You can visualize this disturbance as waves much

like the repeating disturbance or tiny waves caused by a stone thrown in a still pond.



In organisms having a positive phototaxis, a behavioral adaptations in which an

organism moves toward the light, the animals moves until the sensations coming

from the eyes are equal and strong. Many species of flying insects exhibit negative

phototaxis, the animal moves until the sensation coming from the eyes equal and

weak. The common cockroach is an example of an animals that exhibit negative

phototaxis (Alters, 2000).

The presence or absence of the light influences the behavior of freshwater

animals to marked degree. Forms like may-fly nymphs are negatively phototatic and

seek the underside of stones where there is a minimum of light, This response serves

not only to protects the animals from predator, but also to enable it to avoid the full

force of the current in the swiftly flowing streams where it lives. In many of the

water-fleas such as Polyphemus which form an important part of the plankton in

static water, behavior varies with the light intensity (Dowdeswell, W.H, 2006).



CHAPTER III

EXPERIMENT METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day / date : Monday/ October 26th 2009

Time : 01.20 until 03.00 pm wita

Place : At biology laboratory west the second floor part FMIPA

UNM

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools:

a. Ruler

b. Pen

2. Materials:

a. Paper sheet

b. The index finger and ring finger of itself

C. Work procedures

1. Prepared the tools and materials.

2. Made a clear horizontal line at paper sheet.

3. Put down right hand above paper sheet in such a manner so that seen

comparison ring finger with the index finger at line which we have been made

before.

4. Determined which finger is longer between ring finger and the index finger.

5. Determined possibility of genotype based on description as following :

Genotype Male Female

TT Short Index Finger Short

Tt Short Index Finger Long

Tt Long Index Finger Long

6. Noted the result of observation.



B. Discussion



CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

.

B. Suggestion

a. For Laboratory

1. Laboratory should prepare complete equipment and materials which will be

use in practicum, so easy for apprentice to done the practicum.

2. Laboratory should complete the practicum rooms with air conditioner or

fan so make apprentice glad to be stay in laboratory.

b. For Apprentice

1. Apprentice should prepare anything they need before enter into laboratory,

so they will easy to done practicum.

2. Apprentice should work together with teammate, so practicum will be

faster and the results good.

c. For Assistant

1. Assistant should give more explaining about practical that will done.

2. Assistant should guide and help apprentice so practical work will done



BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymousa. 2011. Taxis. Http://en.wikipedia.org/Wiki/Taxis. Accessed at April 24

th

2011.

Anonymous b. 2011.Phototaxis.http://dpb.carnegiescience.edu/labs/bhayalab/projects/phototaxis. Accessed at 24

thApril 2011.

Clemmons Janine, Buchholz Thomas. 1997. Behavioral approaches to conservation .

First Edition. Cambridge University Press : United Kingdom

Dowdeswell, W.H.2006. Animal Ecology. Second Edition. Greenword Press : United

States.

Lahay, Jutje S.2011. Penuntun Praktikum Ekologi Hewan. Jurusan Biologi FMIPAUNM : Makassar.

Michael D. Breed, Janice Moore.2010.Animal Behavior . Elsevier Academic Press :United States of America

Alters Sandra. 2000. Biology: understanding life. Third Edition. Jones and Bartleet

Publishers Inc : Canada.



Phototaxis is the ability of organisms to move directionally in response to a lightsource. Many cyanobacteria exhibit phototaxis, both towards and away from a light

source. In the environment, the ability to move into optimal light conditions for photosynthesis is likely to be an advantage. We are particularly interested in how

cells perceive light of different wavelengths; the photoreceptors involved and thesignal transduction cascade involved in this process.

To dissect the process of motility and phototaxis in Synechocystis sp. we generated a

library of transposon-tagged motility-mutants. Several of these tagged-motilitymutants mapped to chemotaxis-like genes at loci which we named the tax loci. The

roles of chemotaxis proteins in signal transduction are fairly well-understood inflagellated enteric bacteria, but much less so in other systems. Synechocystis sp. has

three tax loci, two of which are involved in motility responses. Disruption of the tax1locus (which contains a photoreceptor, TaxD1) produces mutants that are negatively

phototactic while tax3 mutants are non-motile and have no pili. Several novelmutants that are aberrant in phototaxis are being characterized using biochemical and

genetic approaches. We have developed a preliminary model of phototaxis and aredeveloping a system to analyze phototaxis in thermophilic cyanobacteria isolated

from microbial mats.

We have shown that in the model organism Synechocystis. sp. phototaxis is a



surface-dependent phenomenon that requires Type IV pili rather than flagella. Many

Gram negative bacteria have Type IV pili, which are long multi-functional,

proteinaceous surface appendages. Interestingly, Type IV pili are required for diversefunctions such as social motility, host-pathogen recognition, the ability to take upexogenous DNA and in biofilm formation.

Currently we are using time lapse video microscopy and tracking programs to follow

single cells and populations to ask basic questions about the parameters that governmotility. In collaboration with Doron Levy (Department of Mathematics, University

of Maryland) we are modeling social dynamics in surface dependent motility. Wehave recently also set up collaborations with K.C. Huang¶s group (Department of

Bioengineering, Stanford) to simulate and control surface dependent motility. It is

likely that cells function as groups and dynamics of group communication may bemediated through pili and molecular signals such as cAMP. The role of communication is particularly relevant to microbial mats and other bacterial

communities in natural environments.

MOVIES AND IMAGES: COMING SOON!

taxis reponse report

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