taxonomic study of syrphidae (diptera) of northern …
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TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SYRPHIDAE (DIPTERA) OF
NORTHERN DRY MOUNTAINS REGION OF
PAKISTAN
BY
FAZLI SUBHAN
A Dissertation submitted to The University of Agriculture, Peshawar in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE
(ENTOMOLOGY)
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SCIENCES
THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
PESHAWAR-PAKISTAN
MAY, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………..... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………..... iv
ABSTRACT …………………………………………….......v
I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................... 9
2.1 Classification ................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Distribution with work done specifically in Indian sub-continent ................ 10
2.3 Syrphidae in Pakistan .................................................................................... 15
III MATERIALS AND METHODS..................................................... 16
3.1 Collection and preservation of syrphids ........................................................ 16
3.2 Identification ................................................................................................. 17
3.3 Descriptions and illustrations ........................................................................ 17
3.4 Male genitalia examination ........................................................................... 18
3.5 Repository ..................................................................................................... 18
3.6 Abbreviations and terminology ..................................................................... 18
3.7 Agro Ecological Regions of Pakistan............................................................ 20
3.8 Map showing collection localities of syrphids .............................................. 21
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................... 22
4.1 Differentiating characters of Syrphidae ........................................................ 22
4.2 Key to the subfamilies of Syrphidae ............................................................. 23
4.3 Subfamily Eristalinae .................................................................................... 23
4.4 Key to the genera of Eristalinae .................................................................... 24
4.5 Genus Eristalinus Rondani, 1845 ................................................................. 25
4.5.1 Key to the species of genus Eristalinus Rondani................................... 26
4.5.2 Eristalinus (Eristalodes) paria (Bigot, 1880) ........................................ 27
4.5.3 Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) ....................... 30
4.5.4 Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) obscuritarsis (de Meijere, 1908) ........ 33
4.6 Genus Eristalis Latreille, 1804...................................................................... 36
4.6.1 Key to the species of genus Eristalis Latreille....................................... 38
4.6.2 Eristalis (Eoseristalis) arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) ........................... 38
4.6.3 Eristalis (Eoseristalis) cerealis Fabricius, 1805 .................................... 41
4.6.4 Eristalis (Eristalis) tenax (Linnaeus, 1758) ........................................... 44
4.7 Genus Spilomyia Meigen, 1803 .................................................................... 48
4.7.1 Spilomyia manicata (Rondani, 1865) .................................................... 49
4.8 Subfamily Syrphinae ..................................................................................... 52
4.9 Key to genera of Syrphinae ........................................................................... 53
4.10 Genus Paragus Latreille, 1804...................................................................... 55
4.11 Key to the species of genus Paragus Latreille .............................................. 56
4.11.1 Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) politus Wiedemann, 1830 ...................... 56
4.11.2 Paragus (Serratoparagus) serratus (Fabricius, 1805)........................... 59
4.12 Genus Chrysotoxum Meigen, 1803 ............................................................... 62
4.13 Key to the species of genus Chrysotoxum Meigen ....................................... 63
4.13.1 Chrysotoxum antiquum Walker, 1852 ................................................... 64
4.13.2 Chrysotoxum baphyrum Walker, 1849 .................................................. 66
4.13.3 Chrysotoxum intermedium Meigen, 1822 .............................................. 69
4.14 Genus Episyrphus Matsumura and Adachi ................................................... 71
4.15 Key to the species of genus Episyrphus Matsumura ..................................... 73
4.15.1 Episyrphus (Episyrphus) balteatus (De Geer, 1776) ............................. 73
4.15.2 Episyrphus (Episyrphus) viridaureus (Wiedemann, 1824) ................... 78
4.16 Genus Ischiodon Sack, 1913 ......................................................................... 80
4.16.1 Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius, 1805).................................................. 82
4.17 Genus Eupeodes Osten Sacken, 1877 ........................................................... 86
4.18 Key to the species of genus Eupeodes Osten Sacken .................................... 87
4.18.1 Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) bucculatus (Rondani, 1857) .......................... 88
4.18.2 Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) corollae (Fabricius, 1794) ............................. 90
4.18.3 Eupeodes (Macrosyrphus) confrater (Wiedemann, 1830) .................... 94
4.19 Genus Scaeva Fibricius, 1805 ....................................................................... 97
4.20 Key to the species of genus Scaeva Fabricius ............................................... 99
4.20.1 Scaeva albomaculata (Macquart, 1842) ................................................ 99
4.20.2 Scaeva latimaculata (Brunetti, 1923) .................................................. 102
4.20.3 Scaeva pyrastri (Linnaeus, 1758) ........................................................ 104
4.21 Genus Sphaerophoria Lepeletier and Serville, 1828 .................................. 107
4.22 Key to the species of genus Sphaerophoria Lepeletier and Serville........... 108
4.22.1 Sphaerophoria bengalensis Macquart, 1842 ....................................... 109
4.22.2 Sphaerophoria Indiana Bigot, 1884 .................................................... 112
4.22.3 Sphaerophoria scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) ............................................. 115
V SUMMARY ..................................................................................... 119
VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................... 121
LITERATURE CITED ................................................................. 122
FIGURE .......................................................................................... 166
i
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE. NO TITLE PAGE NO.
1-5.
Eristalinus (Eristalodes) paria …………………………
166
6-10. Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) aeneus ………………… 167
11-14. Male head, lateral view …………………………………. 168
15-19. Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) obscuritarsis……………… 169
20-23. Eristalis (Eoseristalis) arbustorum…………………………. 170
24-28. Eristalis (Eoseristalis) cerealis……………………………… 171
29-31. Eristalis (Eristalis) tenax ……………………………………. 172
33-43. Spilomyia manicata…………………………………………… 173-174
44-51. Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) politus ……………………. 175-176
52-57. Paragus (Serratoparagus) serratus ……………………… 177
58-66. Chrysotoxum antiquum ………………………………… 178
67-71. Chrysotoxum baphyrum ………………………………….. 179
72-78. Chrysotoxum intermedium ……………………………….. 180
79-83. Episyrphus (Episyrphus) balteatus ………………………. 181
84-89. Episyrphus (Episyrphus) viridaureus …………………… 182
90-96. Ischiodon scutellaris …………………………………… 183
97-103. Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) bucculatus …………………… 184
104-108. Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) corollae ………………………. 185
109-113. Eupeodes (Macrosyrphus) confrater ……………………. 186
114-118. Scaeva albomaculata …………………………………… 187
119-122. Scaeva latimaculata ……………………………………… 188
125-128. Scaeva pyrastri ………………………………………… 189
129-135. Sphaerophoria bengalensis ……………………………… 190
ii
136-141. Sphaerophoria indiana ………………………………… 191
142-145. Sphaerophoria scripta …………………………………… 192
146-147. Structural characters of syrphid, Head and antenna …… 193
148. Abdomenal base and thoracic parts, lateral view ……… 194
149-150. Leg lateral view, wing venation, dorsal view ………… 195
151-153. Abdominal segments and postpronotum, dorsal view …… 196
154-156. E. (Eristalodes) paria, E (L.) obscuritarsis, male genitalia,
ventral and lateral view …………………………...............
197
157-158. E. (Lathyrophthalmus) aeneus, male genitalia, ventral and
lateral view………………………………………………..
198
159-160. E. (E) arbustorum, male genitalia and aedeagus, lateral
view……………………………………………………..
199
161-165. Eristalis (Eoseristalis) cerealis and Eristalis (Eristalis)
tenax male genitalia and aedeagus, lateral view
……………………………………………………………
200
166-169. Spilomyia manicata, male genitalia, ventral and lateral
view……………………………………………………
201
170-173. Paragus (P.) politus, P. (Serratoparagus) serratus, male
genitalia lateral view and epandrium dorsal view ………
202
174-179. Chrysotoxum antiquum, C. intermedium and C.
baphyrum, male genitalia, ventral and epandrium dorsal
view …………………………………………………….
203
180-184. Episyrphus (Episyrphus) balteatus and Ischiodon
scutellaris, male genitalia, ventral and lateral view
…………………….........................................................
204
185-188. Eupeodes (M.) bucculatus and E. (M.) confrater, male
genitalia, ventral and lateral view……………………….
205
189-191. Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) corollae, male genitalia, lateral
view. Hypandrium, ventral view and Aedeagus,
dextrolateral view…………………………………………
206
192-193. Scaeva albomaculata, male genitalia, lateral view,
hypandrium with aedeagus and superior lobe, ventral view
…………………………………………………………….
207
iii
194-196. Scaeva pyrastri, male genitalia, lateral and ventral view,
epandrium with circus, dorsal view..................................
208
197-201. Sphaerophoria bengalensis; surstylus, lateral view,
epandrium, dorsal view ………………………………
209
202-204. Sphaerophoria Indiana, male terminalia dry specimen,
lateral view, epandrium, dorsal view, surstylus, lateral
view ………………………………………………………
210
205-206. Sphaerophoria scripta, male genitalia lateral and ventral
view……………………………………………………….
211
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises to Almighty Allah, The Most Merciful and Beneficent, Who gave me
strength, courage and patience to accomplish my research work successfully.
I wish to extend my deepest gratitude and profound thanks to my worthy Supervisor
Dr. Maqsood Shah, Associate Prof., Department of Entomology, The University of
Agriculture, Peshawar for providing valuable advice and technical suggestions and
ultimately in presentation of this dissertation.
I gratefully acknowledge to Chairman Department of Entomology, Prof. Dr. Mian
Inayatullah, for his advice and crucial contribution in this research. I would also like
to thank my supervisory committee members, Prof. Dr. Imtiaz Ali Khan, Member
Major Field, Department of Entomology, Prof. Dr. Ahmad-Ur-Rahman Saljoqi,
Department of Plant Protection, Member Minor Field, Dr. Falak Naz, Co Supervisor,
Senior Scientific Officer, NIM, NARC Islamabad for serving as my committee
members. Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Sajjad Ahmad, Department of Entomology, The
University of Agriculture, Peshawar.
Sincere thanks to National Insects Museum, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. I am highly
obliged and thankful to my Co Supervisor Dr. Falak Naz, Senior Scientific Officer,
NIM, NARC Islamabad and Anjum Shehzad Senior Scientific Officer NIM, NARC,
Islamabad for sincere help, constructive criticism, and valuable advice with regard to
the planning of this research.
I heartedly thank Higher Education Commission of Pakistan to grant me Indigenous
Fellowship of my PhD studies in Pakistan.
I am also grateful to all the Faculty and staff members of the Department of
Entomology for their cooperation, affections and sincere help during my study. I am
highly obliged and record my sincere appreciation and acknowledgments to my
friends Dr. Irshad Ahmed, Dr. Toheed Iqbal and Dr. Fazal Said.
Last but not the least, I cannot express how grateful I am to my parents, brothers and
sisters and my wife for all of the sacrifices that they have made on my behalf, every
member of my family has contributed immeasurably in a special way.
Fazli Subhan
v
TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SYRPHIDAE (DIPTERA) OF
NORTHERN DRY MOUNTAINS REGION OF PAKISTAN
Fazli Subhan and Maqsood Shah
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The current study deals with the taxonomic study of family Syrphidae of Northern
Dry Mountains of Pakistan. Extensive field survey to collect syrphid fauna in one of
the Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ‘s) of Pakistan (Northern Dry Mountains) was
conducted during 2012-2014. More than 500 specimens of the family Syrphidae were
examined. A total of 10 genera and 24 species under two subfamilies (Syrphinae and
Eristalinae) are recognized in the present study. Three species, viz, Eristalinus
(Eristalodes) paria, Spilomyia manicata (Rondani) and Chrysotoxum antiquum
Walker are reported first time from Pakistan. Subfamily Eristalinae includes genus
Eristalinus Rondani, Eristalis Latreille and Spilomyia Meigen while Syrphinae consist
of Chrysotoxum Meigen, Episyrphus Matsumura, Ischiodon Sack, Eupeodes Osten
Sacken, Paragus Latreille, Scaeva Fabricius, and Sphaerophoria Lepeletier and
Serville. Genus Eristalinus Rondani is represented by three species namely,
Eristalinus (Eristalodes) paria (Bigot), Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) aeneus
(Scopoli) and E. (Lathyrophthalmus) obscuritarsis (de Meijere). Eristalis Latreille is
represented by three species i.e., Eristalis (Eoseristalis) arbustorum (Linnaeus), E.
(Eoseristalis) cerealis Fabricius and E. (Eristalis) tenax (Linnaeus). Genus Spilomyia
Meigen is very rare and represented by single species, Spilomyia manicata (Rondani)
which had not previously been collected from Pakistan. The Subfamily Syrphinae
include the following species: Chrysotoxum antiquum Walker, C. baphyrum Walker
and C. Intermedium Meigen; Episyrphus balteatus ( De Geer), Episyrphus viridaureus
(Wiedemann); Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius); Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) bucculatus
(Rondani), Eupeodes (Macrosyrphus) confrater (Wiedemann), Eupeodes
(Metasyrphus) corollae (Fabricius); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) politus Wiedemann
and Paragus (Serratoparagus) serratus (Fabricius); Scaeva albomaculata (Macquart),
Scaeva latimaculata (Brunetti) and Scaeva pyrastri (Linnaeus); Sphaerophoria
bengalensis Macquart, Sphaerophoria indiana Bigot and Sphaerophoria scripta
(Linnaeus). Almost all species are newly recorded to the said region. Illustrated keys,
bibliography and synonymy are provided for each species. The distribution, host
range, male and female description and economic importance of these syrphids are
also given. The male genitalia of almost all the species are figured. Species
identifications were confirm by male genitalic dissection of the species.
1
1 INTRODUCTION
Syrphid flies (Syrphidae) belong to order Diptera. Order Diptera includes
more than 154,000 described fly species representing more than 10-12% of animal
species (Lambkin et al., 2013) or 10% of planetary biota (Thompson and Pape, 2016).
Family Syrphidae belongs to Super family Syrphoidea. Flies of Syrphoidea can be
recognized by globose puparium, wings with apices of Radial vein (R4+5) and Medial
vein (M1) joined or nearly so (McAlpine, 1989). The Syrphoidea consists of diverse
group of flies in two families i.e., Pipunculidae and Syrphidae. The Pipunculidae are
exclusively endoparasitoids of Auchenorrhyncha, while the Syrphidae shows diverse
life history strategies with three larval instars (Thompson and Vockeroth, 1989;
Gilbert et al., 1994). The Pipunculidae consist of enlarged compound eyes and
narrowed fronto-facial area in both sexes. It consists of two larval instars (Jervis,
1980). Terminal abdominal segment of syrphid male begins on segment 5 instead of
on segment 6. Traditionally Syrphidae is regarded as a sister group to the
Pipunculidae (Brauer, 1883; Henning, 1948; Griffiths, 1972; McAlpine, 1989;
Cumming et al., 1995). Syrphidae are distinguished from other cyclorrhaphous
families by a combination of large basal cells i.e., Cells r, bm, and cup, with closed
cell r4+5, and a long vena spuria present between the radial and medial sectors. The
family comprises about 202 genera presently recognized in the world (Thompson et
al., 2010), with total number of world species of Syrphidae reached to 6107 with 209
genera (Pape et al., 2011).
Taxonomy of Syrphidae has been extensively studied by many authors in
different parts of the world. The family Syrphidae was established by Latreille (1796)
to adjuste the genus Syrphus Fabricius. Syrphidae has been grouped into different
subfamilies. Some workers recognized as few as two (Wirth et al., 1965; Vockeroth,
1969) or as many as 21 subfamilies (Shiraki, 1949). Classification on the basis of
characters of immature stages show different view than classification on the basis of
adult characters ( Rotheray and Gilbert, 1999, 2008). Classification on the basis of
both the immature and adult stages do not give complete picture of the relationship
among the genera of syrphid flies as shown by the data from molecular sequences
when used in total evidence analysis (Stahls et al., 2003; Mengual et al., 2008). A
system of three subfamilies i.e., Eristalinae, Syrphinae and Microdontinae (Thompson
et al., 2010) and 14 tribes are currently recognized in the family (Thompson and
I. INTRODUCTION
2
Rotheray, 1998).
The family Syrphidae is nearly distributed worldwide and found almost
everywhere there is land except Antarctica, remote oceanic islands and many
subantarctic islands. The recognized 12 of 14 tribes of Syrphinae and Eristalinae exist
in most major zoogeographical regions. The Holarctic, the Neotropical, or the
Palaeotropical regions have most of the genera. However, Toximerini with the single
genus Toxomerus, is a New World group, and the Spheginobaccha limited to southern
Africa and the Oriental region. Eristalis (Eristalis), Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus),
Eumerus and Syritta are distributed worldwide, are actually Old World species.
Allograpta and Xanthandrus are cosmopolitan. Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) and
Milesia occur in most part of the world except South America. Of the described about
6000 species under nearly 188 genera, 1800 species in about 107 genera are
Palaearctic. Chalcosyrphus (Neplas Porter) is mainly Neotrophical, Chalcosyrphus
(Hardimyia and Neploneura Hippa) an Australian and Paragus (Pandasyophthalmus)
is largely Palaeotropical. Caliprobola, Asiodidea, Ischyroptera, Lejogaster,
Liochrysogaster, Macropelecocera, Pipizella, Macrozelima, Platynochaetus,
Portevinia, Primoceriodes, Psarochilosia, Taeniochilosia and Psarus are confined to
Palaearctic region. Eumerus, Meliscaeva, Graptomyza, Mesembrius, Milesia and
Melanostoma mostly occur in Afrorophical and Oriental regions but also have some
species occurrence in southern areas of Palaearctic and western portions of Australian
region (Thompson and Rotheray, 1998). Mainly the Holarctic Cheilosia Meigen
highly speciose genus consists of 347 species in the Palaearctic region (Barkalov and
Stahls, 2015). Reemer and Stahls (2013) investigated that most of the Microdontinae
454 described species present in the tropics, of which 203 occur in Neotropics, 64 in
the Holarctic region. The temperate regions‘ limited diversity may be due to less
taxonomic attention.
Syrphid fly adult lay oval, chalky-white eggs on or near the food of the larvae.
Larvae are extremely variable in structure, habitat and feeding habits. First instar larva
metapneustic; prothoracic spiracles usually appearing in second instar, in Eristalinae
only in third instar. There is no prothoracic spiracle in Microdontinae. Structure of
larval mouthparts varies, and are considered important from taxonomic and
phylogenetic view point. Pupa is formed within contracted and hardened larval skin.
3
Adult eyes usually separate in male (sometimes contiguous) while moderately to
broadly contiguous in female (Vockeroth and Thompson, 1987).
Syrphid flies possess great economic importance because of their role in
pollination, but their role as such has not been studied as much as for bees (Kearns,
1992; Larson et al., 2001; Kevan, 2002; Ssymank et al., 2008). Their adults are
considered second as pollinator to bees (Apoidae) of cultivated and wild plants
(Rahman, 1942; Ghose, 1966; Faegri and van der Pijl, 1979; Holloway, 1976). In
some agro-ecosystems, such as orchards, they perform better than native bees in
pollinating the fruits (Gilbert, 1981). Adults are beneficial pollinators, some of which
are used for green house pollination of flowers and seed-producing plants (Ssymank
et al., 2009). Studies showed that up to 80% of the flora may be visited by syrphid
flies (Ssymank, 2001). Syrphid flies visit more than 700 plant species for nectar
search (de Buck, 1990; Ssymank, 1991).
Among the Diptera, Syrphidae have remarkably diverse larvae (Vockeroth and
Thompson, 1987; Rotheray and Gilbert 1999). The three types of larval feeding mode
present in Syrphidae larvae include: mycophagy/phytophagy, saprophagy and
entomophagy (Rotheray, 1993). Phytophagous species have been used for weed
control (some species of genus Cheilosia and copestylum). Few species ( of genus
Eumerus and Merodon) are pest of ornamental flowers, while some species may cause
an accidental myiasis (Vockeroth, 1992). Eristalis and Microdon act as scavengers
(Syms, 1935), while species of genera, Rhingia (Coe, 1942), Syritta (Hartley, 1961)
and Xylota, (Hartley, 1961; Rotheray, 1990) feed and breed in the cow dung, decaying
Narcissus bulbs (and also wet manure, compost and silage) and dead wood
respectively. Syrphids are used as ecological indicators in Eruope to assess
environmental quality (Sommagio, 1999). Different larval feeding habits along with
other features make syrphids good candidates as bioindicators for environmental
evaluation (Burgio and Sommagio, 2007). Syrphid flies larvae are good predator of
some sucking insects. According to Rotheray (1998) there are at least four groups of
predators that have evolved separately, the hemipteran (sensu Sorensen et al., 1995)-
feeding syrphine, the ant-brood (Formicidae) predators, of the Microdontinae
(Andries, 1912; Duffield, 1981; Garnett et al., 1985), the wasp and bee brood
predators (most species of the genus Volucella (Volucellini), and Nepenthosyrphus
4
(Xylotini) whose larvae are sit-and-wait aquatic predators in the water-filled leaves of
Nepenthes in Southeast Asia.
Predacious syrphid fly largely feed on aphids (aphididae) and many lists of
their aphid prey are present (i.e., Campbell and Davidson, 1924; Ninomyia, 1956,
1957, 1962; Alam and Hafiz, 1963; Thompson and Simmonds, 1965; Herting and
Simmonds, 1972; Habib and Ghani, 1970; Ghosh, 1974; Awadallah et al., 1980;
Láska and Stary, 1980; Agarwala et al., 1984; Bhat and Bali, 1989; Ibrahim and
Afifi, 1991; Eckebrg et al., 2015). In addition to aphids, syrphid larvae also feed on
Adelgidae (Wilson, 1938; Ghorpadé, 1981; Bagachanova, 1990), Aleyrodidae (Butler,
1938; Khan and Rao, 1948; Kajita et al., 1991; Resendiz, 1993), Aphrophoridae (
Musa, 1975); Cercopidae (Knutson, 1971; Ramos Marques, 1988), Cicadellidae
(Metcalf, 1916; Knutson, 1971), Coccidae (Bhatia and Shaffi, 1932; Burns and
Donley, 1970; Pena et al., 1987; Thompson and Zumbado, 2000: 776; Bolu and
Hayat, 2008), Dactylopiidae (Knutson, 1971; Gilreath and Smith, 1988), Diaspididae
(Swailem and Awadallah, 1973), Ortheziidae (Goncalves and Goncalves, 1976),
Pseudococcidae (Thompson and Simmonds, 1965; Rawat and Modi, 1968;
Boussienguet, 1986), Delphacidae (Thompson and Ghorpadé, 1992), Flatidae (Terry,
1905), Fulgoridae (Wolcott, 1948), Cicadidae (Schmutterer, 1974), Membracidae
(Chaverri, 1954), Miridae (Lean, 1926; Schmutterer, 1974), Phylloxeridae (Siddiqui
and Krishnaswamy, 1972; Mohammed and Abdulla, 1985), Psyllidae (Giunchi, 1980;
Ahmed and Husain, 1990; Tinkeu and N'Guyen, 1994), Tingidae (Connell and
Beacher, 1947), Hemerobiidae (Mitchell, 1962), Chrysomelidae eggs and Larvae
(Keller, 1917; Smiley, 1991; Rank and Smiley, 1994; Rotheray, 1997), Chrysophidae
eggs (Bhatia and Shaffi, 1932), Coccinellidae (Delucchi, 1954), Derodontidae larvae
(Franz, 1958), Chironomidae larvae (Miller, 1920), Diptera adults (Giard, 1896;
verrall, 1901), Syrphidae larvae (Miller, 1918; Mitchell, 1962), Lepidoptera (Torp,
1972; Daminova, 1989; Bagachanova, 1990), Tenthredinidae larvae (Krüger, 1926),
Thysanoptera (Davidson, 1916; Knutson, 1973; Dimitrov, 1977), Acari (McGregor
and McDonough, 1917; Putman and Herne, 1966; Schmutterer, 1974), Cecidomyiidae
lavae (Schmutterer, 1974), and it may possible feed on some other groups.
Cotes (1893) and Austen (1893) gave information about prey of Indian
Syrphidae followed by Maxwell-Lefroy, 1906; Howlett, 1909 and Fletcher, 1914.
Short prey list about Syrphidae of the Indian subcontinent present in (Cherian, 1934;
5
Mathur, 1935; Rahman, 1940; De Silva, 1961; Alam and Hafiz, 1963; Anand et al.,
1967; Patel and Patel, 1969a; Rao, 1969a; Habib and Ghani, 1970; Ghosh, 1974 and
Ghosh et al., 1985). Ghorpadé (1981) provided detailed list of the insect prey of 47
species of Syrphidae from India and adjacent countries.
The larvae of some species belonging to geuns Sphaerophoria, Episyrphus,
Syrphus and Baccha are active predator of aphids, coccids and soft bodied insects and
thus suppress various crops pest (Chandler, 1968a; Chambers et al., 1986; Chambers
and Adams, 1986). As a predator their significance is equal to that of parasitoids,
pathogenic fungi, lady birds and lacewings (Ankersmit et al., 1986).
Syrphid taxonomy has been explored from many parts of world like India
(Brunetti, 1923), Canada (Vockeroth, 1969), Europe (Hippa, 1978; Rotheray and
Gilbert, 1989; de Buck, 1990; Torp, 1994; Bartsch et al., 2009), Russia (Stackelberg,
1969), West Indian (Thompson, 1981).
Metcalf (1921) observe and study the male genitalia of Syrphidae, followed by
Fluke (1950) and Stuckenberg (1954). The male genitalia have offered significant
characters at lower level which are interspecifically variable and intraspecifically
constant. The male genitalia of Syrphidae is readily available character (Metcalf,
1921).
Traditionally the dichotomous keys have been used to identify the unknown
organism for more than two centuries. These traditional keys may be replaced by
matrix-based computer interactive keys with many paths for identification correction
and more use of hypertext to link to images, and other supporting materials. It will
result in reducing the taxonomic obstacle to biodiversity studies and other ecological
and evolutionary research (Walter and Winterton, 2007).
Pakistan has been divided into ten Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ‘s) on the basis
of physiography, geology, climate, agriculture land use and water availability in
perennial canals, seasonal canals and ground water (PARC, 1980). Northern Dry
Mountains Region is one of the important Agro-Ecological Zones covering Gilgit-
Baltistan, Chitral, Lower Dir, Upper Dir, Swat, Buner, Malakand agency, Bajaur
Agency, Mohmand Agency, Khyber Agency, FR Kohat and FR Peshawar. Enclosed
by High Mountains, the valleys located in Dir, Chitral, and Gilgit Baltistan are
characterized by extreme aridity. However a large number of glacier fed stream bring
abundant water, which is used for irrigation on terraces valley lands. Mostly the area is
6
used for grazing and a part is under scrub forest. This zone is occupied by high
mountains, hence its climate is undifferentiated. The tops of high mountains are
covered with snow generally for the greater part of the year. The summer is mild and
winter is cold. Geographically the soil of this region is generally deep and clayey. The
upper mountainous slopes have very shallow soils. Fruit orchards are limited to flanks
of streams where irrigation water is available (PARC, 1980).
Biogeographically the Northern areas (Mountains: Hindu Kush highlands,
Himalayan Highlands, Pamir-Tain-Shan highlands, and Tibetan Plateau) of Pakistan
are the southern part of Palaearctic realm (formerly ‗region‘) (Udvardy, 1975).
Physiographically the Northern Dry Mountains with regard to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a
province of Pakistan can be further divided into north eastern part comprising Kohistan
and Mansehra Districts, the central part comprising Chitral, Dir, Swat, and Malakand
Districts and the north western parts comprising north western Chitral, south western
Dir, and western parts of Bajour and Mohmand Agencies (Khan, 1994). The
classification of AEZ‘s used for Agriculture Research Project (ARP-II) for Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan for research planning purpose is based on a
combination of physiographic and agroclimatic factors to distinguish five major zones
compared with six major zones defined for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by NARC (1989).
The five major zones include: (1) Northern dry Mountains (2) Eastern Mountains
(humid+ wet) (3) Central Valley Plain (4) Piedmont Plains (5) Western Mountains.
Broadly speaking, the general features of Northern Dry Mountains of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa as developed for ARP-II include sub-zone AEZ-A1 (Chitral District), the
extreme northern limit of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa where climate is very dry, very cold,
with an average annual precipitation of 350-750 mm. Average Altitude ranges from
600 to 1200m (with Tirich Mir highest peak 7,0708m). The average annual
temperature is 20-30˚C in summer and 0-5˚C in winter. Similarly sub-zone AEZ-A2
consists of Lower Dir, Upper Dir, Swat, Kohistan, Buner and Malakand agency where
climate is dry and cold. The major crops are wheat, rice, rape mustard, fodder fruits,
sugarcane, citrus, Pulses, maize, barley and vegetables.
The Northern Dry Mountains (NDM) of Eastern Hindu Kush consists of
District Chitral, upper Dir, Lower Dir, Swat, Shangla (upper part only in NDM), Buner
and Malakand. Some of the massive glaciers present in Chitral and Swat districts of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa include Chiantar, Terich, Kurambar, Ushu, Utrot and Gabral.
7
Alpine meadows and pastures are found in the higher elevation of Hindu Kush. Below
alpine meadows, there is belt of alpine forest and then coniferous forest. Oak (Quercus
genus), olive (Olea genus), Pine (Pinus genus), poplar (Liriodendron genus) and
willow (Salix genus) are the common tree found in the region (Rahman and Khan,
2013). In all the four met stations (Chitral, Drosh, Dir and Saidu) the high altitudes
receive precipitation in the form of snow and this is why it hosts 775 glaciers. The
Altitude-control-Climate of Hindu Kush mountain system occurs in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa is mainly influenced by westerly disturbances arising from
Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Sea, whereas during summer season it is affected
by monsoon arising from Bay of Bengal. The data of different weather stations occur
at different altitudinal and latitudinal position shows that Chitral weather station,
1,497.8 m above sea level (a.s.l.), the average annual rainfall (1981-2011) is 471 mm
largely received during spring and winter season; Drosh, 1,464 m a.s.l., the average
annual rainfall (1981-2011) is 575 mm largely received during spring and winter
season; Upper Dir, 1,375 m a.s.l., on average annual rainfall 1400 mm (1967-2011),
receives precipitation both from monsoon and western depression; Kalam hilly met
station on average annually receives 1,131 mm; Timergara centrally located in District
Lower Dir, on average annually receives 865 mm rainfall (Rahman and Shaw, 2015).
Flora and vegetation reflect the transitional status of the district Chitral, northern
Pakistan triangle (Nüsser and Dickoré, 2002).
Many of the world highest peaks, above 7000 m (e.g., Mount K2, 8611 m) are
found in Gilgit Baltistan. The area is also host for many of the longest glaciers such as
the Siachin Glacier (78 km) (Wala, 1994; Virk et al., 2003). The high mountains
prevent the monsoon rains to reach Northern areas. As a result of this most of the
valleys receive little rainfall and distinguished, as a cold desert. Mean rainfall is under
200 mm (Virk et al., 2003). Gilgit Baltistan has extraordinary varied and attractive
landscape. Four famous high mountain ranges i.e., Himalayas, Karakorum,
Hindukush and Pamirs join here. The river Indus which is the longest and largest river
and major source of Pakistan agricultural strength comes out of this place (Omer,
2010). According to Ali and Qaiser (1986) phytogeographically the two of four
regions of Pakistan, the Northern areas fall into the Irano-Turanian (Central Asiatic,
sub-region) and Sino-Japanese. According to Stewart (1972) One thousand (1,000)
species of vascular plants are known to occur in northern mountain regions of
8
Pakistan. Ali and Qaiser (1986) reported that northern and western mountains of
Pakistan possess 80 % of endemic flowering plants. Khan (1996) reported 134 species
belonging to 35 families of plants from Khunjerab National Park (KNP) whereas
Qureshi et al. (2011) identified 62 plant species belonging to 45 genera and 25
families from KNP. Different authors‘ check list and faunal assumption also support
the palaearctic species of this region (Ticehurst, 1922; Meinertzhagen, 1928;
Lambeck and van Brink, 1973; Holloway, 1974; Mani, 1974; Roberts, 1991; Claussen
and Weipert, 2003). The dipteral fauna at altitude above 5000 feet (almost surely at
7000) of Himalaya is more Palaearctic than Oriental (Brunetti, 1907a).
The above information shows that the Northern Dry Mountains has unique
tophography and flora. Therefore, it is assumed that it will harbor unique fauna. As no
comprehensive study has been conducted on family Syrphidae in this region, therefore
the present work was planned to explore the syrphid fauna, with objectives:
i. To identify and describe the syrphid species occurring in Northern Dry
Mountains Region of Pakistan.
ii. To study the distribution of syrphid species occurring in Northern Dry
Mountains Region of Pakistan.
iii. To construct key for the identification of syrphid species occurring in
Northern Dry Mountains Region of Pakistan.
9
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Classification
As Linnaeus, (1758, 1767) and Fabricius (1775, 1805) classification mainly
based on mouth parts thus did not separate the species of family Syrphidae from the
rest of Diptera. Fabricius (1775) proposed the genus Syrphus including some of the
non syrphid species which was clearly separated by Harris (1776) from the remainder
of Diptera. Latreille (1802, 1805) division of Diptera suggested family name Syrphiae
as numbered 10 of 12 families of Diptera. Meigen (1800) suggested a new
classification of Diptera, based on antennal characters, which later on revised and
expanded in 1838 where he used the family name Syrphici that had been introduced
by Fallén (1817). Leach (1819) was first person to use the present-day family name
Syrphidae which was followed by Samouelle (1819) and then passed into general use.
The several different ways in which the Syrphidae had been classified into
subfamilies and tribes as were presented by Newman (1834) who divided the family
in Chrysitoxites and Syrphites; by Rondani (1856, 1857) who suggested five sub
family groups; by Schiner (1862, 1864) who proposed eight sub families; by Lioy
(1864) who presented five main groups in family Syrphidae; by Williston (1887) who
classified the Syrphidae species on phylogenetic lines into three sub families,
subdivided into fourteen tribes; by Verrall (1901) who recognized seven sub-familial
rank; by Shannon (1921, 1922) who defined ten sub-families; by Hull (1949) who
classified into fourteen subfamilies; by Shiraki (1949) who divided Syrphidae into
twenty one subfamilies; by Goffe (1952) who used adult characters and proposed two
subfamilies; by Wirth et al.(1965) who recognized fourteen tribes with 2 subfamilies;
by Vockeroth (1969) who recognized two subfamilies and by Shatalkin (1975a,b)
who divided the family into ten subfamilies. According to Rotheray and Gilbert
(1999) from the last 25 years there has been a general agreement in a system of three
subfamilies, each with a number of tribes: the Eristalinae (tribes Callicerini, Eristalini,
Eumerini, Cerioidini, Cheilosini, Chrysogasterini, Milesini, Pipizini, Sericomyiini,
Volucellini, Xylotini, etc), the Syrphinae (tribes Bacchini, Melanostomini, Syrphini,
Toxomerini, etc) and the Microdontinae (tribe Microdontini). More recently
Thompson et al. (2010) recognized three subfamilies i.e., Eristalinae, Syrphinae and
Microdontinae in family Syrphidae.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
10
Syrphinae: Vockeroth (1992) stated that there are four tribe in this subfamily namely
Bacchini, Paragini, Syrphini and Toxomerini. Their distinguishing features include
external character and those of male genitalia. Syrphinae Males are holoptic,
postpronotal lobe bare, tergite 5 visible in dorsal view with different shape and head
strongly concave posteriorly. Larvae of Syrphinae are predacious which are mostly
feed on aphids. Predatory syrphines have been known for a very long time. De
Réaumur (1737: 363-382, 405-410) described the life cycle for several species,
probably including Scaeva pyrastri.
Eristalinae: According to Vockeroth (1992) the Eristalinae male abdomen with
tergite 5 is not visible in dorsal view. Male holoptic to broadly dichoptic, Postcoxal
bridge usually absent or incomplete, Cell r4+5 usually without stump vein from R4+5
or M and those species possess stump vein from R4+5 then antenna will be with
terminal style.
Microdontinae: Different authors consider Microdontinae as a sister group of
Syrphidae (Skevington and Yeates, 2000; Stahls et al., 2003; Hippa and Stahls, 2005;
Cheng and Thompson, 2008; Rotheray and Gillbert, 2008). However Speight (1987,
2010) gives familial rank to Microdontinae. Microdontinae can be recognized by the
vein R2+3 strongly curved basally: angle A> angle B, dorsal arista present or without
arista on antenna, Male dichoptic, postmetacoxal bridge present, superior lobe (Male
genitalia) absent, phallus point of articulation with hypandrium is basal (Reemer and
Stahls, 2013).
2.2 Distribution with work done specifically in Indian sub-continent
Probably Fabricius (1805) reported Paragus (Paragus) serratus and Ischiodon
scutellaris from India. Subsequent addition to Indian syrphid fauna were made by
Wiedemann (1824); Macquart (1846); Walker (1849b, 1852); Schiner (1868); Bigot
(1884a, 1892); Kertesz (1901); Brunetti (1907a,b, 1908, 1913a,b, 1915, 1917, 1923,
1925); de Meijere (1908); Senior-white (1922); Hervé-Bazin (1923a,b, 1924);
Shannon (1926); Sack (1928); Curran (1929).
Brunetti (1907a, 1917) had first published faunistic checklist of all Diptera
taken in the then District Simla (Himachal Pradesh), which treated around 40 species
of Syrphidae, including unidentified and new ones. Brunetti (1907b) published ―Notes
on the Oriental Syrphidae‖. In 1908 he also reported around 107 species belonging to
29 genera and then he reported 39 genera in 1915. Brunetti (1923) wrote the Fauna of
11
British India which is still the basic detailed reference about syrphids of the Indian
sub-continent, adding up to 245 species in 51 genera.
Bhatia (1931) and Bhatia and Shaffi (1932) gave observations on various life
stages of some of the Eristalinae and aphidophagous syrphid species. Hull (1941,
1942, 1944b, 1950) described some of the syrphids from different parts of world
including Jammu and Kashmir. Some of Indian syrphid species were studied by
Deoras (1943) and Greene (1949).
Bańkowska (1964, 1967, 1968, 1969) worked on the syrphids of Afghanistan
and published detailed checklists (26 genera, 53 species) based on surveys and
sampling performed by J. Klapperich, O. Jakeš, D. Povolný, J. Šimek, J. Gaisler, Z.
Šebek and F. Tenora during 1950‘s and 1970‘s.
Coe (1964) reported 62 species including 11 new species under 22 genera
from Nepal. Thompson (1966) described an unusual new species, Sphegina
(Asiosphegina) hansoni from Nepal. Joseph (1967, 1970) reported different species of
Sphearophoria from India. Nayar (1967) recorded fifteen species of subfamily
Syrphinae from high altitudes of North West Himalaya. Patel (1969a) reported six
syrphid species in which four were reported for first time from Indian Gujarat.
Ghorpadé (1973a, b) wrote a faunistic study of the hover flies (Diptera:
Syrphidae) of Bangalore, southern India from his rearings of syrphid species.
Lambeck and van Brink (1973) reported sixteen species of which nine species of
Syrphidae are added to the fauna of Kashmir. Ghorpadé (1974) had surveyed the
fauna of Bangalore and described 20 species of syrphid under 15 genera. Hippa
(1974) revised the Xylota carbonaria Brunetti, 1923 from Southern India and Ceylon
(=Srilanka). Knutson et al. (1975) updated the taxonomy and nomenclature, and
compiled a catalogue of Syrphidae listed 771 species for Oriental Region, thus
increasing the Indian subregion count to 312 species in 71 genera. Joseph and Sharma
(1976) during Swiss Sikkim Expedition studied 14 species of syrphid which were new
to Sikkim, India.
Dušek and Láska (1976) described new species of Metasyrphus nielseni. He
designated lectotype for M. Punctifer and M. flaviceps. A key is provided for
identification of 16 European species. In 1980, he (Dušek and Láska) provided keys
for determining 14 species (male) and 11 female species of genus Metasyrphus
collected from Afghanistan and Kirghizia. Ghorpadé (1981) provided complete list of
12
the insect prey of 47 species of Syrphidae from India and adjacent countries,
including a total of 542 individual records. It also gave information relevant to
predacious syrphids, syrphid as a biocontrol agents, and short history about the work
done on the biology and ecology of syrphid. Datta and Chakraborti (1983) reported 25
species, 18 of which recorded for the first time from Jammu and Kashmir. Genus
Scaeva is reviewed with description of new species, including some of the species
from Afghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir (Dušek and Láska, 1985; Kuznetzov,
1985). Datta and Chakraborti (1986b) reported 35 species, 11 of which new to the
area and one new species of Meliscaeva was described from West Bengal.
Singh et al. (1986a, b) contributed to regional literature. Agarwala (1987)
found nine species of Syrphidae as potential aphidophagous syrphid from North-East
of India. Ho (1987) described new species of Epistrophe, Megasyrphus, Metasyrphus
and Scaeva from Tibet (now Xizang). Kohli et al. (1988) described new species,
Megasyrphus himalayensis Kohli, Kapoor and Gupta from Himalayas and their
foothills. Thompson and Ghorpadé (1992) published keys for fourteen Oriental
species of Paragus Latreille, of which five species were new to science. Ghorpadé
(1994) provide diagnostic keys to all 28 genera and 111 species of Indian
subcontinent of the tribe Syrphini, naming 40 new species and erecting 2 new genera.
Ghorpadé (2007) reviewed genus Agnisyrphus from Oriental Region. The four
new species A. brunettii Ghorpadé, A. klapperichi Ghorpadé, A. grahami Ghorpadé,
A. mandarinus Ghorpadé and other two known species A. gressitti Ghorpadé and A.
angara Ghorpadé were described. Ghorpadé (2009) provided nomenclature notes
about the tribe Syrphini of Indian sub region and Sphaerophoria rueppellii
(Wiedemann), Syrphus ribessii (Linnaeus) and Syrphus vitripennis Meigen reported
for the first time from India. Gorpade et al. (2011) published faunistic paper of
Andhra carnatic (India) Syrphidae deals with 16 species of 10 genera. Ghorpadé
(2014) published an uptodate checklist numbering 493 species of 107 genera in 14
Tribes and 3 Subfamilies of Indian subcontinent. Synonymies and distributional data
were provided. Haq et al. (2014) reported 12 species of 8 genera from District
Haripur, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Huo (2014) erected new genus,
Spazigasteroides with a new species, Spazigasteroides caeruleus, was described from
China carrying out Syrphidae survey in Shaanxi Province and Ningxia Hui an
Autonomous Region. Shah et al (2014) published a checklist of Indian Western
13
Himalaya Syrphidae consist of 55 genera and 169 species was provided based on
literature records.
Taxonomy of Syrphidae has been worked out by many authors in different
parts of the world other than Indian sub-continent. Vockeroth (1969) revised the
world 37 genera of tribe Syrphini based on male terminalia, presenting keys,
synonymy and distributional data. Thompson (1971) described two new species,
Myolepta petiolata and M. orientalis, from Thailand. A key to these species was
given. Thompson (1972) presented a generic revision of the subfamily Milesiinae
(now Eristalinae) of Neotrophical Region. He recognized 12 tribes, 6 subtribes and 42
genera, and a key was provided. The male genitalia were figured for almost all the
genera.
Knutson (1973) revised the genus Sphaerophoria Lepeletier & Serville
(Syrphidae) of the Western Hemisphere. He recognized 13 species, including 5 new
species (Sphaerophoria bhrevipilosa, S. longipilosa, S. asymmetrica, S. bifurcata, and
S. weemsi) are described and proposed synonymies for some of the species. A
distributional map was given, published information on biological aspects, including
all prey records, and morphology of immature stages was reviewed.
van Steenis (2000) revised species of Spilomyia of West-Palaearctic and discr-
ibed one new species S. triangulate. Illustration, biology and distributional map of
each species were presented. An Identification key for all species was given.
Hippa et al. (2001) discussed 20 species of genus Eristalis of West-Palaearctic
Region. Synonymization, diagnostic characters including male genitalia presented,
and a key to species was presented. The descriptions and illustrations of genitalia
were given. Thompson (2003) described a new genus (Austalis Thompson and
Vockeroth) and species (Austalis rhina Thompson) from Australian Biotic Region. A
key is presented to the subtribe Eristalina, accompany with nomenclatural notes and
checklist of genus group names. Choi and Han (2004) redescribed both sexes of
Graptomyza ihai (Syrphidae: Eristalinae: Volucellini) from Korea. Dousti and Hayat
(2006) published a catalogue of 124 Iranian Syrphidae species belonging to 2
subfamily, 14 tribes, and 39 genera were presented. Ghahari et al. (2008) studied 24
species of the Syrphidae of Iran in which Chrysotoxum festivum (Linnaeus),
Helophilus hybridus Loew and Melangyna umbellatorum (Fabricius) are newly
recorded one. Mengual et al. (2008) tested subfamily Syrphinae tribes including
14
pipizini monophyly using sequences from COI and the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA
gene. Pipizini tribe was recovered inside the Syrphinae. Mengual and Ghorpadé
(2010) revised the genus Eosphaerophoria of syrphid fly and presented identification
key for eleven species, of which eight new species are described.
Mengual (2012) studied and revised the species of the genus Citrogramma.
Seventeen new species were described while four lectotypes and one neotype were
designated. A key to known species of Citrogramma was given. Reemer & Stahls
(2013) introduced a new generic classification with key to all 43 genera, 7 subgenera
and some species groups was presented which result in 454 described species names
for this subfamily. Thompson and Skevington (2014) described a new genus,
Afrostoma and new species, Afrostoma quadripunctatum of syrphid fly from Kenya
and Uganda. A key was provided for the identification to the Afrotrophical genera of
the subfamily Syrphinae. They provided a literature review of the work done on
melanostomine genera and subgenera.
Hauser and Hippa (2015) described a new species of Chalcosyrphus Curran
from specimen taken in China, Thailand and Burma at altitude above 2500m. Hippa et
al. (2015) studied the genus Sphegina and described 35 new species in Kambaiti,
Myanmar. A key of the studied species was provided. The world fauna of Sphegina
now consist of one hundred and twenty species. Mengual and Thompson (2015)
described two new species of Allograpta from Australia and present an identification
key.
Biology and economic Importance: According to Gilbert (1986) and Vockeroth and
Thompson (1987) females may lay singly or in batches of about hundred (E. tenax
can lay up to 200 per batch) which are uniform in shape. The first instar larva
metapneustic. Generally second instar possesses prothoracic spiracles while it appears
in third instar of Eristalini. Larval length varies greatly between species (10 days to
one year). Pupation takes place within contracted, hardened larval skin below soil
surface; others choose the lower surfaces of leaves, leaf litter, or other sheltered
places. Most syrphids overwinter as mature larvae, or as adult. Jalilian (2015a)
reported that 465 Aphis pomi were eaten by each larva of Episyrphus balteatus during
conducting an experiment on the biology and larval feeding rate Episyrphus balteatus.
Collection Method: Campbell and Hanula (2007) studied the efficiency of Pan and
Malaise traps at three sites, Clemson Experimental Forest, Solon Dixon Experimental
15
Forest, Green River Game Management Area, United States. The results showed that
both methods were effective for Syrphidae collection but generally colored Pan trap
had more pollinator catches than Malaise trap.
2.3 Syrphidae in Pakistan
Brunetti (1923) mentioned 15 species of Syrphidae collected from different
localities of the present Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Abbotabad, Chitral, Hazara,
Kohat, Peshawar), Sindh (Karachi), Baluchistan (Cleghorn, Quetta, Pishen).
Chaudhry et al. (1966) reported one species of ceriana as Cerioides (Ceria) which was
collected on wing from Swat. Alam et al. (1969) reported syrphid larvae feeding on
aphid infesting different crops of economic value from different parts of Pakistan.
Zafar (1996) reported 20 species from Punjab, Pakistan. Aslamkhan et al. (1997)
reported 20 species from Lahore, 17 of which recorded for the first time form
Pakistan, thus syrphid fly biodiversity increased to 39 species in Pakistan. Arif (2001)
reported 20 genera and 37 species from Pakistan. Arif et al. (2001) recorded three
species of the genus Sphaerophoria Lepeletier and Serville from various localities of
Pakistan. Saleem et al. (2001) identified 12 species and 10 genera of two subfamilies
i.e., Syrphinae and Milesinae which was explored for the first time from Peshawar
Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Arif et al. (2002) recorded three
sapropghagous syrphid flies i.e., Microdon fulvopubescence Brunetti, Eristalinus
sepulchralis Linnaeus and Eristalinus aeneus from Baluchistan (Pakistan). Sajjad and
Saeed (2009) identified four species of Eristalinae from Multan, of which two species
were recorded for the first time from Pakistan. Recently an updated checklist of the
syrphid flies reported in publication from the limits of Pakistan, numbering 84 plus
species in 42 genera is prepared by Ghorpadé and Shehzad (2013).
Inspite of importance of syrphid in unique biogeography of Pakistan, no
comprehensive and formal taxonomic work have so far been carried out for Pakistan.
Few scattered information in form of incomplete work and checklist available, but
with no illustrations of external morphological structure and male genitalia of syrphid
species present in it. Of 84 species a limited number have been discovered from
Northern Dry Mountains Region of Pakistan. Less taxonomic studies, poor collection
in these far flung and inaccessible areas result in limited sampling of Syrphidae fauna
as compared to the adjacent countries. The current research was undertaken in such a
direction.
16
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Collection and preservation of syrphids
Northern Dry Mountains is one of the Agro-Ecological Zone of Pakistan
consists of elevated mountains covered with snow. In winter, the average daily
minimum temperature varies from 1˚C to minus 7˚C in the valleys. The average
monthly rainfall varies from 25-75 mm in winter and from 50-100 mm in spring
(PARC, 1980; Dost, 2006). To explore the syrphid flies of this region collection
survey was conducted during active season of 2012-2014 (during day time starting
from 9:30 am to 3:30 pm) in different localities of the study area. General flowering
plants and commercial fruit orchards (apple, pear, peach etc.) were focused.
Preferably the sunny days were chosen for collection. Google Earth was used to locate
the collection localities, and to get the geographic coordinates. The following
localities were visited during this course of study:
Gilgit Baltistan: Phunder, Gopis, Yaseen, Ghakuch, Gilgit, Hunza, Sost, Khunjerab,
Astore, Deosai, Skardu, Jaglote and Chilas.
Chitral: Darosh, Arando, Ayun, Bumboret, Rambur, Chitral, Garam Chasma, Booni,
Mastuge, Laspur valley.
Upper Dir: Batal, Barawal, BinShahi, Sheringal, Thal, Kumrat.
Lower Dir: Timergara, Maidan, Shahi, Chinar Talash, Laram Top.
Malakand (above pass): Thana, Palai,Totakan.
Upper Swat: Matta, Bahrain, Kalam, Utror, Gabral, Mahodand.
Buner: Jowar, Pir baba, Daggar.
Bajaur Agency: Ghazi Baba, Arang Seri, Khar, Damadola.
Mohmand Agency: Safi, Ambar, Halim Zai.
Khyber Agency: Jamrod, Bara, Landikotal.
FR Peshawar: Sama Badaber, Janakor.
FR Kohat: Akhurwal, Zarkhun khel, Juwakay.
Specimens were mainly collected by insect hand net from flowers, weeds and
field crops. The bag was made up of delicate cloth to minimize the damage to the
wings of the syrphid flies.
In addition, pan traps of white, florescent blue and florescent yellow were used
for the collection of syrphids, which were placed in a line with alternate colors at
open, visible place. Each pan trap was filled with water and added a few drops of
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
17
liquid detergent (surf) in it just to minimize the surface tension of water. At the end of
sample period the liquid in pan traps were run through a net/strainer and washed in
water. The collected insects transferred to the sealable plastic bags (Martin, 1977;
Droege, 2012).
The collected specimens were killed in plastic bottle having ethyle acetate,
into the bottom of which absorbing paper was set to absorb the killing fluid. Field data
of specimens were properly recorded. Specimens were pinned by two methods. Small
sized syrphids were mounted on a small rectangular piece of white card. The card was
then supported on a stainless steel pin. Large specimens were pinned directly between
tegula and the middle of thorax towards right side. All the dried specimens were
shifted to wooden collection boxes containing naphthalene to protect the specimens
from attack of museum pest. The collection, pinning, labelling and preservation
methods for the syrphid flies‘ specimens were adopted from Gullan and Cranston
(2005). Collections present in different institutions of the country i.e., insect
depositories of National Insect Museum, NARC Islamabad, Pakistan Forest Institute
Peshawar and Department of Entomology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar
were studied during the research.
3.2 Identification
Specimens were identified using keys, descriptions and illustrations of
Brunetti (1923), Stuckenberg (1954), Stackelberg (1958), Vockeroth (1969), Dušek
and Láska (1980), Datta and Chakraborti (1983), Thompson and Ghorpadé (1992),
Ghorpadé (1994), van Steenis (2000), Hippa et al. (2001), Claussen and Weipert
(2004) and van Veen (2004). Additionally some species were reconfirmed by
comparison with already identified specimens at National Insect Museum NARC,
Islamabad.
3.3 Descriptions and illustrations
McAlpine (1981) terminology was used for morphology, as particularly
applied to Syrphidae by Thompson (1999). Measurements were taken using an ocular
micrometer. Specimens were examined under a Nikon Trinocular microscope Model
SMZ 745T. Digital images were taken by 5.01 MP digital camera fitted on
microscope from the most proximal to the most distal focus point. These raw
photos/images were later combined to make one final focused image using Helicon
Focus Software. Adobe Photoshop CS6 was used to retouch the processed images, by
18
balancing the black and white levels, sharpening and cropping. Line drawings and
photos are given at the end of thesis.
Keys have been constructed from observable characters for all the higher and
lower texa. Separate key to the species for each genus are given for the available
species. The syrphid general morphological characters have been illustrated (Figs.
146-150). For convenience the tribes, genera and their species under each of two
subfamilies are arranged alphabetically. Collectors‘ names are given when the
material was taken other than by the author.
3.4 Male genitalia examination
To study the male genitalia of syrphid fly species, method of Hippa et al. (2001)
with some modifications was followed. The specimens were relaxed in relaxing jar.
The genitalia were extracted with the help of hooked tip, entomological pin and
cleared by boiling in water-diluted KOH (10%) pellets for 7-13 minutes. The genitalia
were immersed in glacial acetic acid to neutralize the KOH for five minutes after
washing in hot water. Dehydration was performed by passing through a series of
ethanol of increasing concentration. The genitalia were stored in microvial containing
glyrcerine after examining under stereomicroscope.
3.5 Repository
All the identified specimens are deposited partly in the Entomological
Collection, Department of Entomology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar and
partly in National Insect Museum, NARC, Islamabad.
3.6 Abbreviations and terminology
Abbreviation and terminology used in the text are as follows:
Aedeagal apodeme: It is elongate rodlike structure, anterior to and articulating with
aedeagus.
Anepimeron: Similar to pteropleuron of earlier authors. Three obvious areas of this
are anterior, dorsomedial and posterior portion. Anterior portion is pilose, sometime
posterior portion is pilose while dorsomedial has pile only in Eristalinus genus.
Anepisternum: A mesopleuron of classical authors which is anterodorsal plate of
mesothoracic pleuron.
Apical cell: Similar to cell r4+5
Calcar: Similar to spur. Exoskeleton elongate extension as in genus Spilomyia.
19
Epandrium: A dorsal large shell like sclerite of male genitalia mainly covering the
tergum nine.
Eye Contiguity: Line of juncture of compound eye in holoptic male.
Hypandrium: A male genitalic trough like sclerite supporting aedeagus.
Katepimeron: The area dorsal to the meron.
Mesopleuron: Similar to anepisternum.
Notopleuron: The anterolateral area of scutum surrounded by postpronotum and
transverse suture.
Surstylus: The male genitalic clasping organ.
Vertical triangle: A triangular area formed by vertex in males.
Wing veins: A1, A2 branches of anal vein; C, costa; Cu, cubitus; CuA, anterior
branch of cubitus; CuA1, CuA2, anterior branches of cubitus; CuP, posterior branch
of cubitus; M, media; M1 (apical crossvein), M2, posterior branches of Media; R,
radius; R1, R2+3 ( second vein), R4+5; Rs, radial sector; Sc, subcosta; sv, spurious
vein.
Wing cells: a1, a2, anal; bc, basal costal; bm, basal medial; br, basal radial; c, costal;
cua1, anterior cubital; cup, posterior cubital; d, discal; dm, discal medial; m1, medial;
r1 (marginal cell), r2+3, r4+5 (apical cell), radial; sc, subcostal.
Wing crossveins: bm-cu, basal medial-cubital; dm-cu, discal medial-cubital; h,
humeral; r-m, radial-medial.
Thorax: Ist s, first sternum; 2nd s, second sternum; Ist t, first tergum; 2nd t, second
tergum; anatg, anatergum; anepm, anepimeron; anepst, anepisternum; aspr, anterior
spiracle; cx1(procoxa), cx2 (mesocoxa), cx3 (metacoxa); epm3, metaepimeron; eps3,
metaepisternum; kepm, katepimeron; kepst = katepisternum (sternopleuron); ktg,
katatergum; mr, meron; ms, metasternum; pal cal, post alar callus; pprn,
postpronotum; prepm, proepimeron; prepst, proepisternum; pspr, posterior spiracle;
sbsc, subscutellum; sct= scutum; sctl, scutellum; spal area, supra alar area; trun sut,
transverse suture.
Male Genitalia: Ad ap, aedeagal apodeme; adb, aedeagal base; ad dis, distal part of
aedeagus; avl sur, anteroventral lobe of surstylus; cerc, cercus; epad, epandrium;
hypd, hypandrium; inl sur, inner lobe of surstylus; pdl sur , posterodorsal lobe of
surstylus; supl, superior lobe; sur, surstylus; sur ap, surstylar apodeme.
20
3.7 Agro Ecological Regions of Pakistan
(Source: Meteorology Department and WRRI, NARC/ Pakistan Agricultural
Research Council ( PARC))
I- Indus Delta V - Barani Lands IX - Dry Western Plateau
II - Southern Irrigated Plain VI - Wet Mountains X - Sulaiman Piedmont
III - Sandy Desert (a&b) VII - Northern Dry mountains
IV- Northern Irrigated Plain (a &b) VIII - Western Dry Mountains
Northern Dry Mountains
21
3.8 Map showing collection localities of syrphids
22
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Differentiating characters of Syrphidae
Syrphids are small to large (body length 4-25 mm), very thin to robust. They
are usually black, very often with yellow or orange markings on head and thorax
especially on abdomen. Adult male are usually holoptic but some dichoptic, while
females are dichoptic. Ocelli are three in number; antenna short to elongate with
distinct segment 1, 2nd
and basoflagellomere; arista present which is dorsal to
subbasal. Plumula present, sometimes absent, which is short to long. Thorax is
approximately uniform but sometimes with variations. Notopleuron, anepisternum,
postalar callus, prescutellar area of scutum, and scultellar margin contains some time
clear bristles or spines. Wing includes large basal cells i.e., Cells r, bm, and cup with
closed cell r4+5, and a long vena spuria present between the radial and medial sectors.
Usually calypter well developed. The number of leg segments remains the same in
family but sufficiently great numbers of genera one or more of the leg segments are
modified in forms. Abdomenal shape varies largely from slender or petiolate to
elongate or oval. Terminalia is highly differed giving excellent taxonomic character at
least to tribal level (Vockeroth and Thompson, 1987; Thompson et al., 2010).
Current taxonomic research conducted on syrphid fauna of Northern Dry
Mountains Region showed that species varied in body length from 5 mm to 14 mm.
Ground colour is mainly black with yellow or orange spots. Facial shape varied
among syrphid species showing most significant characters for higher classification.
Three ocelli present on vertex between two compound eyes in triangular shape which
is a species character. Here another useful character, the eye contiguity length varied
among Syrphidae in some genera. Antenna comprises scape, pedicel and mainly of
basoflagellomere. Antennal shape is generic character which is same within genera
but its colour varies among different species of genera. Arista is subdorsal, bare,
pilose or plumose. Tubercle present in majority of the species which is usually
considered as a generic character and its shape as a species character. Thorax is
approximately uniform in structure. Scutellum nonpilose below but some species have
ventral scutellar fringes. Most of the syrphids contain vena spuria that lies between
Radial Sector and Median veins. In few species articulating exoskeleton extention
(calcar or spur) is present on the subapex of metafemur or in male on metatrochanter
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
23
ventrally. Genitalia are a stable character than any external part of the insect because
of its protected position in the abdomen from external stimuli of the environment.
Genitalia taxonomic characters of Syrphidae are limited almost to segment 9 and
associated structures. The basic components i.e., hypandrium, epandrium, surstylus,
superior lobe, aedeagus and protiger were studied. In the present study species
confirmation was performed by Syrphidae Genitalia.
Currently family Syrphidae is divided into three subfamilies namely
Syrphinae, Eristalinae and Microdontinae, and fourteen tribes (Thompson and
Rotheray, 1998). The present study yielded 24 species under 10 genera belonging to 2
subfamilies (Syrphinae and Eristalinae). Key to identification of the above
subfamilies, genera and species of the respective group is given below.
4.2 Key to the subfamilies of Syrphidae
1. Head posteriorly strongly convex and nearly appressed to thorax so that
postpronotum is partly or wholly hidden from view and bare (Fig. 152); male
abdomen with tergum 5 visible in dorsal view (Fig. 46)
..…................................................................................................... SYRPHINAE
2. Head posteriorly less strongly convex; postpronotum clearly exposed and pilose
(Fig. 151); male abdomen with tergum 5 not visible in dorsal view (Fig. 153)
………………………………………………………………..... ERISTALINAE
4.3 Subfamily Eristalinae
Eristalinae can be identified by the head backwardly strongly convex so the
postpronotum is exposed, postpronotum normally nonpilose and there are four
pregenital segment in male (Thompson, 1972). Superior lobe is fused with
hypandrium in Eristalinae while articulated in Syrphinae (Vockeroth and Thompson,
1987).
Eristalinae adults are pollinators (Thompson, 2003), while its larvae are as
diverse feeders as phytophagous, mycophagous, saprophagous, and Volucella
immatures feed on wasp and bee brood, and Pipizine are predators of Aphidoidea
(Rotheray, 1993; Rotheray and Gilbert, 1999). Eristalines are larval filter feeders in
different kind of aquatic media and help in filtering out microorganism (Gilbert,
24
1993). Eristalinae is represented by 2 tribes (Eristalini and Milesiini), 3 genera and 7
species in our study.
Tribe Eristalini: Eristalini can be recognized by the combination of characters: Meta
femur anteriorly with basal setal patch, anterior anepisternum bare; Wing with R4 +5
strongly sinuate downward (dm-cu and M1 cross veins form an almost continuous
vein parallel with wing margin). It is traditionally divided into two subtribe Helopilina
and Eristalina (Thompson, 1972). Subtribe Eristalina include two genera i.e.,
Eristalinus Rondani, 1845, and Eristalis Latreille, 1804 in current study. Latreille
(1804) first established Eristalis and then subsequent authors, Fabricius (1805),
Meigen (1822) used it in different senses. Eristalis is subdivided by Rondani (1845a,
1857) and Mik (1897). Kanervo (1938) made the first attempt to subdivide Eristalis
(senso lato) (apart from other) into three groups i.e., Eristalinus, Eristalodes and
Lathyrophthalmus based on male genitalia. According to Smith and vockeroth (1980)
and Thompson and Rotheray (1998) the above mentioned three groups are the
subgenera of genus Eristalinus Rondani. Most of the authors follow this concept of
Eristalinus but Dirickx (1998) gave the status of genera to Eristalodes and
Lathyrophthalmus and Verlinden (1994) consider it group of Eristalis sensu lato,
showing eristalines classification is in state of uncertainity. According to genetic
research conducted by Perez-Banon et al (2003b) showed that there is no valid reason
to separate Eristalodes and Lathyrophthalmus and treat them as genera.
Tribe Milesiini: Milesiini can be differentiated by the combination of characters
include, r-m vein at or beyond the middle of cell dm, no basal setal patch on
metafemur, no thoracic bristles, without any ventral setae on profemur anteriorly, no
terminal style and arista not plumose. They are generally bare flies with nonpilose
arista and bare faces (Thompson, 1972). It consists of six genera. In our current study,
one species belonging to genus Spilomyia Meigen, 1803, has been reported.
4.4 Key to the genera of Eristalinae
1. Femur 3 without slender apicoventral anterolateral spur; Wing cell r1 closed
(Fig. 29) …………………………….………………………………………… 2
- Femur 3 with slender apicoventral anterolateral spur (Fig. 34); Wing cell R1
open (Fig. 33); colour pattern on eyes present; large wasp mimicking flies
...……………………………………………………………... Spilomyia Meigen
25
2. Eyes either with dark maculae or vittae (Figs. 11-13); katepimeron bare;
triangular and posterior portion of anepimeron haired, arista with no hairs…
..…………………………………………………………………….Eristalinus Rondani
- Eyes unicolorous with no dark maculae (Fig. 30)………........ Eristalis Latreille
4.5 Genus Eristalinus Rondani, 1845
(Figs. 1-13, 15-19, 153-158)
1845a Eristalinus Rondani, Nuovi Ann. Sci. nat. 1st. Bologna. (2) 2: 453 (as
subgenus of Eristalis Latreille, 1804). Type-species: Musca sepulchralis
Linnaeus, 1758.
1897 Eristalodes Mik, Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 16(2): 114 (as genus). Type-species:
Eristalis taeniops Wiedemann, 1818.
1897 Lathyrophthalmus Mik, Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 16(2): 114 (as genus). Type-
species: Conops aeneus Scopoli, 1763.
1938 Metalloeristalis Kanervo, Ann. Univ. turku. (A) 6(4): 13. Type-species:
Conops aeneus Scopoli, 1763.
Diagnosis: The genus Eristalinus is distinguished from closely related genus Eristalis
by the combination of characters: Eyes either with dark maculae or vittae;
katepimeron with no pile; triangular and posterior portion of anepimeron haired and
arista with no hairs.
Head: Eyes pilose only above or rarely wholly bare, clothed with dark or brown
sposts or with dark stripes, eyes in male with brown spots, bare and separated, male
with striped eyes always contiguous and hairy.
Thorax: Scutum aeneus black, moederately pollinose and pilose; scutellum yellow,
transparent, or only blackened towards the base, clothed entirely or atleast on the hind
border with yellow hair.
Wing: wing hyline, no microtrichia; weak vena spuria; r1closed and petiolate; stigma
pale browinish yellow; calypter whitish.
Legs: legs mainly blackish or black brown except yellow femoral-tibial joints.
Abdomen: Normally black; nearly similar in width as thorax; variable in pollinosity
and pilosity.
26
Male genitalia: Hypandrium normal; surstylus long and moderately broad, and
setulate apically; mostly superior lobe hooked (dentate).
Biology: Perez-Banon et al. (2003b) studied that Eristalinus laid their eggs in cluster
(upto 100) at stream bank, under and between the stones occur near the water. The
larvae found with other eristaline species in stream rich in organic matter. The pupae
formed in vegetation and stones rather above the water.
Distribution: Mostly they are Afrotropical and Oriental while Palaearctic region
comprise 14 species (Thompson and Rotheray, 1998).
Eristalinus (Afrotropical, Palaearctic and Oriental upto New Guinea; introduce into
these parts: Neotropics, Nearctic, New Zealand, Australia; 81 species as genus);
Eristalodes (Afrotropical, Oriental and Palaerctic; introduced into these areas: Chile
and USA; 13 species (Thompson, 2003)).
4.5.1 Key to the species of genus Eristalinus Rondani
1. Compound eyes with spots (Figs. 11, 13) …..…………………………………. 2
- Compound eyes with longitudinal stripes, where dark wide gap present between
two stripes (Fig. 12) ...……………………………………………. paria (Bigot)
2. Tarsi yellowish white approximately to tip (Fig. 7); abdomen evenly aeneous
with no spots; abdomen relatively shorter …………………... aeneus (Scopoli)
- Tarsi black with pale base (Fig. 16); abdominal tergum 2 with pale transverse
marks; abdomen relatively longer ...………………… obscuritarsis (de Meijere)
27
4.5.2 Eristalinus (Eristalodes) paria (Bigot, 1880)
(Figs. 1-5, 12, 154-155)
1880 Eristalomyia paria Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) 10: 218.
1880 Eristalomyia zebrina Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) 10: 222.
1908 Eristalis kobusi de Meijere, Tijdschr. Ent. 51: 252.
1916 Eristalis arisanus Matsumura, 1916, Thousand Insects Japan. 2: 264.
1923 Eristalis quinquelineatus var. orientalis Brunetti, Fauna Brit. India, Dipt. 3:
183.
1968 Eristalis santoshi Nayar, Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.). 16(3): 28.
Diagnosis: The species can be differentiated from other members of the Eristalodes
by the combination of the following characters: compound eye with narrow bronze
brown to light red brown fasciae where dark wide gap present between two fasciae
(Fig. 4); thorax densely grayish yellow pollinose; tergum 3 mainly dark or 1/3 yellow
anteriorly (Fig. 2).
Description of Male: (n=10).
Length: 10-11mm.
Head: Male holoptic, eyes with bronze-brown fasciae, light brown sparse pilose
dorsally; vertical triangle aeneous black, shiny, grayish-yellow pilose except black
posteriorly; frontal triangle grayish-yellow, a little whitish laterally, blackish
medially, long blackish-brown pilose except yellowish brown extreme anteriorly; face
with medial and sub lateral black shiny vittae; face with yellowish grey pollinose,
concolorous pilose, extreme anterior margin brownish orange; occiput mostly dark
grey pollinose, black and dark grey mixed pilose 1/5 dorsally, longest behind the
vertex, remaining short grey pilose medially, short white pilose ventrally; antenna
dark brown, except basoflagellomere more or less orange ventrally, arista orange (Fig.
4).
Thorax: Ground colour dull blackish with distinctly yellowish gray vittate, slightly
dense yellowish gray pilose; pleura dull brassy black; scutellum yellowish, slightly
shining, indistinctly blackish medially; brownish yellow pilose besides some black
pile medially (Figs. 1, 2).
Wing: wing hyline, no microtrichia; stigma pale browinish yellow (Figs. 1, 5).
28
Legs: legs mainly blackish or black brown; coxae grey, white pilose; trochanters
black; femora black except orange on apex of femur 1 broadly and femur 2 narrowly;
tibiae orange basally, brownish black apically; tibia 1 about 2/3, tibia 2 on about
whole orange, tibia 3 on basal 1/4 or less; tarsi orange on basal 2 tarsomere, dark
brownish on apical 3 tarsomere; pilosity of leg yellowish white except for a few black
pile apicoventrally on femur 3 and moderately black pilose on tibia 3 (Fig. 3).
Abdomen: Tergum 1 short, brownish orange on lateral quarter, blackish medially,
grey pollinose, white pilose; tergum 2 orange except slightly brownish black on basal
and apical margins, yellowish white pilose excluding black pilose on dark apical
margin, narrowly grey pollinose medially; tergum 3 yellowish brown more or less on
basal 1/3, apically brownish black, dull, grey pollinose on medial 1/3, yellow pilose
besides a few black pile, with grayish white arcuate fascia across middle of tergum 3
like that on tergum 2; tergum 4 black, dull black pollinose, with grayish white arcuate
fascia on basal 1/2 in male, apically shiny; venter sparsely white pollinose, sterna 1
and 2 orange sometime brownish black a little medially; sterna 3 and 4 brownish
black, the latter narrowly orange basally, genitalia black (Figs. 1, 2).
Male genitalia: In lateral view the surstylus has a clear lobe; hypandrium broad, the
superior lobe rounded at apex, ventrally incurved with small ventral hook; in ventral
view surstylus inner sides curved; superior lobes sharply pointed apically (Figs. 154,
155).
Female: (n=25). Similar to male except abdominal black colour extensive; tergum 3
greyish pollinose on basal 1/3; tergum 5 black, black pollinose, white pilose, sternum
5 wholly black (Fig. 5).
Length: 10-11 mm.
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♀, Arando, 35°19‘6.43‖N
71°33‘19.18‖E, 14-v-2013; 1♂, 1♀, Drosh, 35°28‘59.45‖N 71°44‘37.76‖E, 14-v-
2013; 1♂, Chitral, 35°55‘1.74‖N 71°48‘54.07‖E, 15-v-2013; 1♂, 3♀, Garam
Chashma, 35°59‘40.77‖N 71°33‘44.86‖E, 15-v-2013; 1♂, 1♀, Bumborat,
35°41‘33.28‖N 71°40‘26.63‖E, 20-vi-2013; 4♀, Booni, 36°16‘40.03‖N
72°15‘24.38‖E, 16-v-2013; 1♂, Thal, 35°25‘5.56‖N 72°10‘25.73‖E, 3-v-2013; 1♂,
1♀, Kalam, 35°29‘12.68‖ 72°34‘47.00‖E, 6-v-2013; 2♂, 5♀, Uthror, 35°29‘45.69‖N
72°27‘14.15‖E, 7-v-2013; 1♂, 1♀, Maidan , 34°43‘22.13‖N 71°47‘42.11‖E, 21-iv-
2014; 1♀, Chinar, Talash, 34°43‘22.13‖N 71°47‘42.11‖E, 18-iv-2014; 1♂, 5♀, 6 Km
29
N Timergara near panjkora river, 34°51‘0.21‖N 71°51‘43.06‖E, 25-iv-2014; 3♀,
Buner, 34°41‘3.27‖N 72°28‘43.43‖E, 30-iv-2014; Gilgit Baltistan: 2♀, Astore,
35°21‘17.57‖N 74°51‘42.19‖E, 21-v-2013.
Distribution: The species has been reported to occur in India (Brunetti, 1917, 1923;
Hervé-Bazin, 1924, 1926; Nayar, 1968; Lambeck and Kiauta, 1973; Knutson et al.,
1975; Datta and Chakraborti, 1983; Mitra et al., 2008, 2015); Sri Lanka; Mollucas;
Formosa (Knutson et al., 1975); Java; Laos; Malaya; Japan; (Datta & Chakraborti,
1983); Nepal (Coe, 1964; Datta & Chakraborti, 1983; Claussen and Weipert, 2003)
and Pakistan (Arando, Drosh, Chitral, Garam Chasma, Bumborat, Booni, Thal,
Kalam, Uthror, Maidan, Chinar Talash, Timergara, Buner and Astore, new records).
Flower Records: Helianthus sp. (Datta and Chakraborti, 1983); In the present study
the species were collected from Malus domestica (Apple tree flower), Coriandrum
sativum, Trifolium resupinatum (Shaftal), Allium cepa and Brassica sp.
Comments: The species was described by Bigot (1880). This was originally
described from Ceylone (=Srilanka). Diagnostic characters of the species are:
compound eye with narrow bronze brown to light red brown fasciae where dark wide
gap present between two fasciae; thorax densely grayish yellow pollinose; tergum 3
mainly dark or 1/4 yellow anteriorly. This species can be separated from closely
related species, E. taeniops by the above mentioned characters. E. taeniops is a dry
climate species, centered around the Mediterranean and extending east to Balochistan
and Afghanistan. Our specimens match the description and key.
Brunetti (1923: 183-186) treated this as Eristalis quinquelineatus var. orientalis nov.
Brunetti described from a short series of male and female sexes in the Indian Museum
and elsewhere. He mentioned seeing specimens from the following localities:
Kasauli, Theog, Phagu, Simla, Naini Tal, Kousanie, Kurseong, Sureil, Bijnor and
from southern Indian locales like Mysore, Ootacamund, and Yercaud. He also gave
extensive notes and noted a wide range, from Africa, India, South Europe, Java and
Ceylon. He also stated that this species seems to be changeable in the pertinent extent
of black and yellow on the abdomen. The arcuate whitishy band (normally in various
Indian species) on the abdominal segments 2nd
, 3rd
and 4th
usually seemingly absent
on the 2nd
segment in African specimens, though sometime it is nearly unclearly
noticeable, but it is approximately always present in Indian examples. The stripes on
the eyes are generally three or four in number, in addition to the usually dark inner
30
and hind margins, but the number is variable; He stated that he has seen a specimen
with five complete dark stripes besides the inner and posterior margins.‖ Brunetti
concluded that Eristalodes paria Bigot is ―synonymous with Eristalis
quinquelineatus.‖ But Knutson et al. (1975: 349) clearly note that quinquelineatu-
s (Fabricius) is ―Not Oriental.‖ Hervé-Bazin (1924: 294-296) gave lengthy discussion
about Brunetti‘s quinquelineatus orientalis and presented it a synonym of Eristalodes
paria, which would be useful in any future revisionary work on this group.
Datta and Chakraborti (1983) figured the male genitalia and reported the species to be
found on Helianthus sp. Specimens in the current research were collected with the
help of pan trap and insect net from Malus domestica (Apple tree flower),
Coriandrum sativum, Trifolium resupinatum (Shaftal), Allium cepa and Brassica sp.
Distributional record shows that the species is restricted to Oriental and some of
Afrotrophical region. No biological information is available in literature. The
described species was collected for the first time from Arando, Drosh, Chitral, Garam
Chasma, Bumborat, Booni, Thal, Kalam, Uthror, Maidan, Chinar Talash, Timergara,
Buner and Astore. This species is reported for the first time from Pakistan and is
therefore a new addition to the Pakistani syrphid fly list.
4.5.3 Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) aeneus (Scopoli, 1763)
(Figs. 6-11, 157-158)
1763 Conops aeneus Scopoli, Entom. Carniolica. : 356.
1764 Musca punctata Müller, Fauna Insect. Fridr. : 85.
1790 Musca leucocephala Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. 13, 1(5): 2878.
1790 Musca ochroleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Ed. 13, 1(5): 2878.
1791 Musca macrophthalma Preyssler, Samml. Physik. Aufsätze, Dresden. 1: 68.
1794 Syrphus aeneus Fabricius, Entom. Syst. 4: 302.
1830 Eristalis cuprovittatus Wiedemann, Aussereurop. Zweifl. Insekt. 2: 190.
1830 Eristalis taphicus Wiedemann, Aussereurop. Zweifl. Insekt. 2: 191.
1835 Conops stygius Newman, Ent. Mag. 2: 313.
1841 Eristalis sincerus Harris, Ins. Massachu. :409.
1842 Eristalis aenescens Macquart, Mem. Soc. Sri. Agric. Lille. 1841(1): 119
31
and Dipt, exot. 2(2): 59.
1865 Eristalomyia auricalcica Rondani, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. nat., Milano. 8: 129.
1865 Eristalis concolor Philippi, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 15: 743.
1923a Lathyrophthalmus aeneus var. nigrolineatus Hervé-Bazin, Ann. Sci. nat. Zool.
(10) 6: 134.
Diagnosis: The species can be differentiated from other members of the
Lathyrophthalmus by the combination of the following characteristics: terga 2 and 3
completely shiny; mesonotum with five (light in old specimens) greyish pollinose
vittae (Figs. 6, 10); male eyes meet on frons, eyes upper part with yellowish grey
pilose (Fig. 11); female eyes bare on lower half.
Description of Male: (n=7).
Length: 9-11.7 mm.
Head: Male holoptic, eyes contiguity less than half the distance from vertex to frons,
eyes upper part with yellowish grey pilose; vertical triangle black, yellowish grey
pilose; frons yellowish grey pollinose, nearly silvery-grey long pilose; face yellowish
grey pollinose, moderately silvery grey pilose, facial tubercle black, non pilose (Figs.
8, 9); antennal tubercle shining brown; basoflagellomere reddish brown, dorsally
black; arista bare, reddish brown; occiput dark grey pollinose dorsally but only grey
on lower side (Figs. 9, 11).
Thorax: Mesonotum brownish-black, with five grayish slightly discernable pollinose
vittae, while in some specimens they are obvious, yellowish brown pilose; postalar
callus with tuft of yellow pilose; scutellum brassy with yellowish brown pilose; pleura
rather dark ash-grey, with pale yellowish white pilose (Fig. 9).
Wing: Vena spuria is weak; wing hyline; stigma barely brownish yellow; anterior half
brownish; halteres yellowish; calypter whitish.
Legs: Predominantly black; coxa black; femora black with apex orange, yellowish
pilose (Fig. 7); tibiae yellowish half basally, remainder blakish brown, yellow pilose;
tarsi blakish brown except pro and meso leg first 2 tarsal joints brownish orange
dorsally.
Abdomen: Black, shining, mostly with greenish bronze or olive green reflection,
minutely punctate, mostly brownish pilose, whitish pilose laterally on tergum 2;
sterna shining black, with whitish pilose; posterior margins of sterna whitish; genitalia
32
black. (Figs. 6, 7).
Male genitalia: It is distinguished by large and elongated surstylus and broad
epandrium and hypandrium (Figs. 157-158).
Female: (n=5). Similar to male except frons width at antennal sockets is about as
broad as 1/3-1/4 of head width, shining black with yellowish grey pilose and
pollinose, mesonotum with five obvious grayish pollinose vittae (Fig. 10).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♂, Arando, 35°19‘6.43‖N
71°33‘19.18‖E, 14-v-2013; 2♂, 4♀, Garam Chashma, 35°59‘40.77‖N 71°33‘44.86‖E,
15-v-2013; 1♂, Booni, 36°16‘40.03‖N 72°15‘24.38‖E, 16-v-2013; 2♂, 1♀,
Timergara, 34°49‘15.43‖N 71°50‘8.16‖E, 25-iv-2014; Gilgit Baltistan: 1♂, Skardu,
35°16‘37.34‖N 75°38‘34.27‖E, 6-vii-2013.
Distribution: This is widely distributed in Palaearctic region; Afrotropical region;
Russia; China; North America; Australia (Knutson et al., 1975; Peck, 1988; Speight,
2013); India (Brunetti, 1923; Hervé-Bazin, 1923a; Knutson et al., 1975; Datta and
Chakraborti, 1983; Singh et al., 1985; Ghorpadé, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015);
Afghanistan (Bańkowska, 1969; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 2014); Pakistan: Sindh
(Karachi); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar), Punjab (Multan, Faisalabad, Khanewal,
Lahore, Muzafargarh, Rawalpindi), Balochistan (Ziarat, Panjgur, Quetta) (Brunetti,
1923; Rahman, 1942; Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Arif, 2001; Saleem et al., 2001; Saeed
et al., 2008; Sajjad et al., 2008; Ghorpadé and shehzad, 2013); The specimens were
collected from Arando, Garam Chashma, Booni, Timergara and Skardu in the present
research.
Flower Records: Tagetes patula (Datta and Chakraborti, 1983); Chrysanthemum sp.
(Singh et al., 1985); Lathyrophthalmus aeneus was observed as a pollinator of Allium
cepha (Saeed et al., 2008; Sajjad et al., 2008) and bittergourd (Saeed et al., 2012);
This was noted as a visitor of 37 (Sajjad and Saeed, 2010) and 40 (Sajjad et al., 2010)
plant species. The specimens were collected from Coriandrum sativum, Trifolium
resupinatum (Shaftal) and Allium cepa in the present research.
Comments: Lathyrophthalmus aeneus was described by Scopoli (1763) as Conops
aeneus which later on named as Lathyrophthalmus aeneus. The type-locality of the
species is Idria [=Idrija] (Yugoslavia). Diagnostic characters of the species include:
terga 2 and 3 completely shiny; mesonotum with five (light in old specimens) greyish
pollinose vittae; male eyes meet on frons, eyes upper part with yellowish grey pilose;
33
female eyes bare on lower half. Some of our specimens particularly female possesses
clear mesoscutum vittae as present in E. Sepulchralis and olive green reflection as this
latter character present in key of (Violovitsch, 1983) for the described species while
rest of the characters meet the description.
Metcalf (1913) described larvae of Lathyrophthalmus aeneus. Hartley (1961) also
described and give biological notes about Lathyrophthalmus aeneus larvae that the
saprophagous larva found in pools having decaying seaweeds in August and
September, while their adults were found hibernating in buildings and overwinters as
an adult. There are two larval generations in summer. According to Gilbert (1993) the
larvae have an elongated anal segment and live in semi-aquatic environment, work as
filterer of large quantities of bacteria and organic material. Pérez-Bañón et al. (2003)
described and figured male genitalia and larva of the described species.
Lathyrophthalmus aeneus has been reported from different parts of world showing its
diversity and adaptability to different climates. The described species is collected with
the help of pan traps and insect net for the first time from Arando, Garam Chashma,
Booni, Timergara and Skardu.
4.5.4 Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) obscuritarsis (de Meijere, 1908)
(Figs. 13, 15-19, 153, 156)
1908 Eristalis obscuritarsis Meijere, Tijdschr. Ent. 51:250.
1968 Lathyrophthalmus ishigakiensis Shiraki, Fauna jap. 3:177.
Diagnosis: The species can be differentiated from other members of the Eristalinus
by the combination of the following characteristics: Tarsi black, mostly pale at base
(Fig. 16); abdominal tergum 2 with pale transverse marks; abdomen relatively longer
and narrower (Figs. 15, 19).
Description of Male: (n= 8).
Length: 9-11 mm.
Head: Male holoptic, eyes contiguity nearly as long as three times vertical tiangle,
eyes with no pile except for little sparsely pilose dorsally; black spotted, dorsal facets
nearly relatively larger; frontal triangle grey pollinose, black pilose, extreme apical of
frons near antennal base with shinning black triangular area; vertical triangle darkish
brown, mainly yellowish grey pilose, with a little black pilose; occiput margin pale
34
pilose; facial tubercle black, non pilose; antennal tubercle shining black; gena narrow
white pilose; antenna yellow; basoflagellomere reddish yellow, darker dorsally; arista
bare, reddish yellow (Figs. 13, 17).
Thorax: Mesonotum shining black with yellowish gray 3 pollinose vittae apart from
similarly colored vittae on both sides, lateral margins mainly yellow pilose; scutellum
honey yellow (Fig. 15).
Wing: wing hyline, no microtrichia; stigma very indistinct; halters dull yellow;
calypter brownish white.
Legs: Legs black excluding yellow femoral-tibial joints, tibia 1 basal half, tibia 2
nearly all and tibia 3 at bases yellow; tarsi black; mesobasitarsomere yellow to apex;
legs yellow pilose except tibiae with strong thick black pilose laterally on apical half
of tibiae 1 and 2, including tibia 3 a little more than apical half (Fig. 16).
Abdomen: Black, tergum 1 with laterally yellow spots, narrowly black in middle;
tergum 2 largely yellow with quadrate spots except on middle part of anterior and
posterior margins irregular median black vitta; tergum 3 with large yellowish quadrate
spot on each anterior corner, which merge posteriorly in posterior brownish or
blackish margin of tergum; yellowish white curved fascia across middle of tergum
ends prior to lateral margin; tergum 4 black with same yellowish fascia; terga 2, 3 and
4 with posterior margin shining black (Fig. 15).
Male genitalia: It is differentiated by superior lobe with thick hook and surstylus
with setulae (Fig. 156).
Female: (n=7). Similar to male except frons grey, whitish pollinose, a small shining
black triangular macula above antennae (Fig. 18); head with mainly black and yellow
pile intermixed; dull black spot, placed in front of ocellar tubercle; two dull brownish
triangular spot with apex towards frons centre present on the lateral side against eye
margin; abdomen dull black, yellow spots smaller as compare to male with broad,
shining black posterior margin and curved yellowish white fascia on terga 2 to 5;
curved fascia narrower in centre, ends before side margin (Fig. 19).
Length: 8-11 mm.
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2♂, Timergara, 34°49‘15.43‖N
71°50‘8.16‖E, 30-ix-2014; 6♂,7♀, Thana, 34°37‘45.86‖N 72°1‘41.35‖E, 7-vii-2014.
35
Distribution: Bangladesh (Ghorpadé, 2014); Japan (Shiraki, 1968); Java; Malaya;
Singapore (Knutson et al., 1975); India (Brunetti, 1923; Hervé-Bazin, 1923a; Atwal et
al., 1971; Lambeck and van Brink, 1973; Knutson et al., 1975; Singh et al., 1985;
Ghorpadé, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015) Pakistan: Punjab (Murree, Muzafargarh,
Ghoragali, Khanewal, Lahore, Multan) (Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Saeed et al., 2008;
Sajjad & Saeed, 2009, 2010; Sajjad et al., 2010; Ali et al., 2011; Saeed et al., 2012;
Ghorpadé and shehzad, 2013). The described species is collected for the first time
from Timergara and Thana (new record).
Flower Records: Chrysanthemum sp, Candytuft, Brassica compestris (noted as
visitor) (Singh et al., 1985); It was noted (as L. laetus) as pollinator of Allium cepa
(Saeed et al., 2008); it was observed as a visitor of 21 plant species (Sajjad and Saeed,
2010) and as a pollinator of bittergourd (Saeed et al., 2012). The specimens were
collected from Polygonum sp., Brassica compestris and Chrysanthemum sp. in the
present study.
Comments: De Meijere described Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) obscuritarsis in
1908. This was originally described from Singapore and Bombay. The species can be
identified by the combination of the following characters: Tarsi black mostly pale at
base; abdominal tergum 2 with pale transverse marks; abdomen relatively longer and
narrower.
Our speciemen match with the key and literature (Brunetti, 1923), except that
mesobasitarsomere yellow to apex, rest of the mesotarsi blackish as against mesotarsi
wholly yellow (Brunetti, 1923), and mesobasitarsi yellowish but black at the tips (as a
Lathyrophthalmus ishigakiensis) (Shiraki, 1968). However other characters match the
literature. This minor variation may be due to environmental difference.
According to Ghorpadé and Shehzad (2013) Dr. Chris Thompson, per.comm., thinks
E. (L.) obscuritarsis de Meijere and E. (L.) laetus Wiedemann (northern African
Eristaline) as synonyms of E. (L.) megacephalus Rossi, 1794 (a Southern European
Eristaline). Although, Peck (1988) consider the latter two as valid Palaearctic species.
The former Oriental one is considered as distinct species by Brunetti (1923: 188) as
de Meijere has adopted it. Actually Hervé-Bazin (1926:85) treats E. (L.) obscuritarsis
as a synonym of E. (L.) quinquelineatus Fabricius, 1781 which is not even indicated
by Thompson. According to Herve Bazin (1923a, 1924) in revision of the Oriental
Lathyrophthalmus species the synonymy of E. (L.) quinquelineatus, Fabricious, 1781
36
comprise E. (L.) megacephalus Rossi, 1794, E. (L.) fasciatus Meigen, 1835, E. (L.)
quinquevittatus Macquart, 1849, E. (L.) tabanoides Jaennicke, 1867, E. (L.)
quinquefasciatus Schiner, 1868, E. (L.) obscuritarsis de Meijere, 1908. More research
needs to be done to find out the correct explanation and interpretation of all the above
mentioned names. As Brunetti (1923: 91) and Ghorpadé and Shehzad (2013) adopted
L. obscuritarsis as valid name so we have retained this name till revision of the above
mentioned subgenus.
Comparing the male genitalic figure (Fig. 156) of the described species with that
figured by Datta and Chakraborti (1986a: 58) and Ichigi (2008: 24) shows its
similarity with the latter two. The described species was reported to be present in
Bangladesh, India, Japan, Java, Malaya, Pakistan and Singapore. Presently this was
reported as new record from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara and Thana areas),
Pakistan.
4.6 Genus Eristalis Latreille, 1804
(Figs. 14, 20-32, 159-165)
1800 Tubifera Meigen, Nouve. Class. : 34. Type-species: Musca tenax Linnaeus,
1758.
1803 Elophilus Meigen, Mag. Insektenk. 2: 274. Type-species: Musca tenax
Linnaeus, 1758.
1804 Eristalis Latreille, Nouv. Diet. Hist, nat. 24 (Tabl. méth. Ins.): 194. Type-
species: Musca tenax Linnaeus, 1758.
1817 Helophilus Leach, in Brewster‘s Edinb. Encycl. 12(1): 159; emendation of
Elophilus.
1845a Eristaloides Rondani, Nuovi Ann Sei. Nat. Ist. Bologna. (2) 2 (1845): 453 (as
subgenus of Eristalis Latreille). Type-species: Musca tenax Linnaeus, 1758.
1857 Eristalomya Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodromus. 2: 38. Type-species: Musca tenax
Linnaeus, 1758.
1864 Eriops Lioy, Atti Ist. veneto Sei. (3) 9: 743. Type-species: Musca tenax
Linnaeus (Subsequent designation by Goffe 1946:29).
1882 Eristalomyia Verrall in Scudder, Nomencl. Zool.: 127; emendation of
Eristalomya.
37
1994 Cryptoeristalis Kuznetzov, Int. J. Dipterol. Res. 5: 231. Type-species: Musca
oestracea Linnaeus (Original designation). Syn. Nov.
Diagnosis: Eyes pilose, unicolorous with no dark maculae (Fig. 14); arista with nearly
pile; Katepimeron with pile; meron non pilose posteroventrally; no pile present
anterior or ventral to metathoracic spiracle.
Eristalis concept is varied and mostly this genus is restricted to Eristalis tenax and
Eoseristalis Kanervo (Thompson, 1972). Most of the authors (Kanervo 1938;
Thompson, 1981, 1997; Vockeroth and Thompson 1987; Peck 1988; Maibach et al.
1992 and Hippa et al., 2001) considered Eoseristalis as subgenus of Eristalis.
Head: Head broader, semicircular; frons narrowly produced; face mainly pilose and
pollinose laterally, normally shiny and with no hairs medially, sometime entirely
pollinose, distinct central prominence and narrowly anterior production at antennal
pits; male holoptic, eye pilose; antenna short, antennal segment 3 quadrate, narrowly
longer than broad; arista pilose.
Thorax: Thorax quadrate, narrowly longer than broad, with long pile; anterior
anepisternum bare; upper and lower margin of katepisternum with continuous pile;
dorsomedial anepimeron and posterior anepimeron bare; metathoracic spiracle larger
than antennal segment 3; metathoracic pleuron with no pile; scutellum yellowish or
translucent with dense pile.
Wing: with normal venation, bare; r1 closed and petiolate; r4+5 with long petiole as
long as humeral crossvein.
Legs: Simple, femur 3 not swollen.
Abdomen: Oval, as wide as thorax, elongate or less conical, normally with pale
yellowish abdominal spots, fascia or markings.
Male Genitalia: Epandrium horseshoe-shaped; surstylus long and broad; cerci
kidney-shaped with long bristles; superior lobe linear.
Biology: Eristalis deposit their eggs in mud and manure. Adult are pollinators while
their larvae are filter feeders in ponds (Gilbert, 1986). Larvae related with wet
decaying orgnic material, especially accumulations of decomposing vegetation in
ponds and mud, farmyard manure and silage (Rotheray and Gilbert, 1999).
Distribution: Eristalis (This genus consist of 99 species found in all regions).
Eristalis (Eristalis) as subgenus present in Afrotropical, Palaearctic and Oriental;
38
introduce into these parts: Neotropical, Nearctic, Australian; 2 species); Eristalis
(Eoseristalis) (Neotropical, Afrotropical, Holarctic and Oriental; total species are 97)
(Thompson, 2003).
4.6.1 Key to the species of genus Eristalis Latreille
1. Arista almost bare; medial black stripe of face very wide; Katepimeron hariy;
Eye in the middle with a dorsoventral band of denser and generally darker pile
(Fig. 30) …………………………………………………….. tenax (Linnaeus)
- Arista hairy at least at base; face nearly wholly pale haired; katepimeron hairy;
eye hairs more or less evenly distributed ……….……………………………... 2
2. A horizontal band of grayish pubescence along thoracic suture; triangular or
oblong spot on tergum 3 reaching side margins in male present (Fig. 24, 27),
spots in female smaller and narrower but always placed on anterior side
................................................................................................... cerealis Fabricius
- No such band; spot on tergum 3 variable; face entirely pale pollinose (Fig. 21)
……………………………………………….................. arbustorum (Linnaeus)
4.6.2 Eristalis (Eoseristalis) arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figs. 20-23, 151, 159-160)
1758 Musca arbustorum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1:591.
1758 Musca nemorum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed., 10, 1:591.
1776 Musca horticola De Geer, Mem. Ins. 6:140.
1776 Musca lyra Harris, Expos. Eng. Ins. :42.
1776 Musca parrelleli Harris, Expos. Eng. Ins. :43.
1793 Syrphus deflagratus Preyssler, Samml. Physik. Aufsätze, Dresden, 3: 369.
1804 Syrphus succinctus Panzer, Jacobi. Chris. Sc. Systematica. 3 :171.
1916 Eristalis sachalinensis Matsumura, Thousand Insects Japan. Add. 2: 263.
1921 Eristalis fumagata Becker, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 10(1): 1-93. Sys. nov.
1934 Eristalis bulgarica Szilady, Mitt. Bulg. Ent. Ges. 8: 147 and 149.
1934 Eristalis polonica Szilady, Mitt. Bulg. Ent. Ges. 8: 151.
1940 Eristalis strandi duda, Folia. Zool.Hydrobiol. 10 (1): 225.
39
1968 Eristalomya distincta Shiraki, Fauna Japonica. 2: 166.
Diagnosis: The species can be differentiated from other members of the Eoseristalis
by the combination of the following characteristics: Face nearly completely yellowish
gray pollinose; Eyes contiguity more than the distance between anterior and posterior
ocelli; arista setose half basally, setae 4-5 times longer than the basal thickness of
arista; mesonotum with light grayish-yellow dusting (Figs. 20-21); tibia 2 distinctly
darkened at tip (Fig. 22).
Description of Male: (n=10).
Length: 9-10.7 mm.
Head: Male holoptic, frons and face yellowish-grey pollinose; face pale yellow
pilose; frons deeper yellow pilose; vertex blakish, black pilose, yellow pilose
posteriorly; antenna black, arista orange, half plumose basally; occiput pale gray,
silvery-white on lateral margins, yellow pilose anteriorly, whitish posteriorly (Fig.
21).
Thorax: Mesonotum brownish-black with light grayish-yellow pollinose; scutellum
brownish orange with brownish yellow pilose.
Wing: wing nearly hyline, no microtrichia; base and front a little yellowish; stigma
tiny brownish; halters and calypter yellow.
Legs: black; femoral tips, tibia1basal 2/3, tibia 3 nearly half basally orange; tibia 2
distinctly darkened apically; pile yellowish, tibia 3 half apically black pilose (Fig. 22).
Abdomen: black; tergum 2 with triangular orange yellow macula on each
lateromedially with tip of triangle directed to centre of tergum; terga 4, 5 shining
black with narrowly yellow on posterior margin; pile mostly pale yellow somewhat
dense and long, paler towards tips (Fig. 20).
Male genitalia: Surstylus narrower and pointed; surstylus apex normal, subapical
tooth-like projection on surstylus ventral margin; superior lobe normally bented
upward; aedeagal lobe have no extra nail-like projection apical lobe; ridges present on
hypandrium ventrally (Figs. 159-160).
Female: (n=9). Similar to male except frons and face longer than in male; tergum 2,
3, 4 orange yellow to yellowish gray on posterior margin (Fig. 23).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♂, 2♀, Arando, 35°19‘6.43‖N
71°33‘19.18‖E, 14-v-2013; 1♂, Drosh, 35°28‘59.45‖N 71°44‘37.76‖E, 14-v-2013;
40
1♀, Chitral, 35°55‘1.74‖N 71°48‘54.07‖E, 15-v-2013; 1♀, Bumborat, 35°41‘33.28‖N
71°40‘26.63‖E, 20-vi-2013; 1♂, Sheringal, 35°16‘53.83‖N 72° 0‘25.34‖E, 4-v-2013;
2♂, Kalam 35°29‘12.68 ―N 72°34‘47.00‖E, 6-v-2013; 3♀, 6 km N of Timergara,
34°51‘0.21‖N 71°51‘43.06‖E, 25-iv-2014; 3♂, Buner, Gokand, 34°38‘56.17‖N
72°31‘12.24‖E, 30-vi-2014; Gilgit Baltistan: 1♀, Jaglote, 35°41‘8.01‖N
74°37‘54.78‖E, 20-v-2013; 2♂,1♀, Chilas, 35°25‘31.08‖N 74° 6‘9.09‖E, 23-v-2013.
Distribution: The described species is pronounced migrant and mostly found in
Australia; Ethopian region; Nearctic region; Oriental region; Palaearctic region
(speight 2013); Afghanistan (Bańkowska, 1968, 1969; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 2014);
India (Brunetti, 1923; van Doesburg, 1955; Lambeck & van Brink, 1973; Knutson et
al., 1975; Datta and Chakraborti, 1983; Ghorpadé, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Pakistan:
Balochistan (Quetta, Ziarat), Kashmir (Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Arif, 2001). The
specimens collected for the first time in the current research from Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (Arando, Drosh, chitral, Bumborat, Kalam, Sheringal, Timergara,
Buner,) and Gilgit Baltistan (Chilas, Juglote).
Flower Records: Datta and Chakraborti (1983) collected the described species from
Dahlia sp, Tagetes patula ,Chrysanthemum sp, Sonchus asper, Meliotus alba, Sida
rhombifolia and Lindenbergia sp. The specimens were collected with the help of pan
trap and insect net from Quercus sp., Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes patula, Candytuft,
Brassica compestris.
Comments: The type-locality of the species is Europe. Characters which are helpful
in identification of the species include: Face nearly completely yellowish gray
pollinose; Eyes contiguity more than the distance between anterior and posterior
ocelli; arista setose half basally, setae 4-5 times longer than the basal thickness of
arista; mesonotum with light grayish-yellow dusting; tibia 2 distinctly darkened at tip.
E. arbustorum lay egg as late as October. Its lavae are found in water with animal
waste (farmyard manure drains) and temporary pools having cow droopings. It
overwinters as a larval stage. Adult emerges in spring (Hartley, 1961).
The species was identified with the help of literature (Brunetti, 1923; Hippa et al.,
2001; van Veen, 2004). The specimens were collected with the help of pan trap and
insect net from Quercus sp., Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes patula, Candytuft and
Brassica compestris. Distribution of Eristalis (Eoseristalis) arbustorum shows that it
is distributed worldwide. The described species is collected for the first time from
41
different localities of Pakistan includes: Arando, Drosh, Chitral, Bumborat, Kalam,
Sheringal, Timergara, Buner, Chilas and Juglote.
4.6.3 Eristalis (Eoseristalis) cerealis Fabricius, 1805
(Figs. 24-28, 161-162)
1805 Eristalis cerealis Fabricius, Syst. Antl.: 232.
1849a Eristalis solitus Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. 3:619.
1858 Eristalis incisuralis Loew, Wien. Entomol. Mschr. 2:108.
1880 Eristalis barbata Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 10 (5): 214.
Diagnosis: The species can be differentiated from other members of the Eoseristalis
by the combination of the following characters: A grayish pollinose fascia along
thoracic suture (Fig. 27); triangular or oblong spot on tergum 3 reaching lateral
margins is present in male (Fig. 24); spots in female smaller and narrower but always
placed on anterior side (Fig. 28).
Description of Male: (n=14).
Length: 11-13 mm.
Head: Male holoptic, eyes contiguity nearly equal to frons half length, some what
long dense dark brown pilose; vertical triangle not much large, dull black, with dark
brown and long yellow pilose intermixed; frons black, with yellowish grey pollinose,
long thick blackish-brown pilose except narrow yellowish lunule; face black with
yellowish pollinose and yellow pilose laterally on both sides excluding exceptionally
very narrow median black line and tubercle; silvery white small pilose on mouth
border; antennae black, segment 1 distally with minute setae dorsally; segment 2
longer than segment 1, and apically with distinct black setae dorsally and ventrally,
basoflagellomere nearly as long as the two basal segment together and brownish
dorsally, elliptical in lateral view; arista long somewhat sparsely plumose except at
the apical third, blackish brown (Fig. 26). Occiput ash grey, long pale yellow pilose
ventrally and becoming long near gena; gena moderately whitish pollinose, long
whitish pilose.
Thorax: Mesonotum dull black with three grayish pollinose fasciae, fascia 1 is
straight behind the anterior margin, fascia 2 broader and irregularly margined along
thoracic suture, fascia 3 broadest but less distinct along the posterior margin, the three
42
fasciae connected at the lateral margins; mesonotum with pile yellow but tawny
anteriorly; pleura black, nearly obscure by grayish pollinose particularly on posterior
anepisternum, katepisternum and anepimeron with yellowish, shaggy elongated pilose
respecitively; scutellum two times as wide as long,with margin evenly rounded, dull
brownish except yellow nearly the posterior margin, centrally black pilose (Fig. 24),
intermixed with long dense yellow to brownish-yellow pilose on most of scutellum.
Wing: Wing about clear; yellowish at cell bm and costa; blackish brown stigma with
brownish yellow suffusion around stigma; helteres dull yellow.
Legs: legs black excluding orange femoral-tibial joints and tibiae nearly basal half,
tibia 2 a little more than basal half, yellowish or orange; leg pale pilose except tibia 3
black pilose on black part posteriorly (Fig. 25).
Abdomen: Mainly black, tergum 1 grey; tergum 2 with large triangular spots
covering nearly all tergum 2 laterally excluding narrowly posterior border, tips of spot
directed middle of tergum but always separate, posterior margin narrowly yellow
(Fig. 24.); tergum 3 half yellow anteriorly but with central black spot, posterior
margin very narrowly yellow; tergum 4 posterior margin narrowly yellow; abdominal
pilosity corresponding abdominal ground color except brownish yellow on tergum 4
and mostly yellow on tip; sterna basally yellowish with indistinct median blackish
vitta, posterior half black, pale yellow on all sterna.
Male genitalia: Surstylus apex bented upward; superior lobe normally curved
upward; aedeagal lobe have no extra nail-like projection on apical lobe; no ridges
present on hypendrium ventrally (Fig. 161-162).
Female: (n=17). Similar to male except frons and face width increases from top to
bottom; pilosity of frons is dense black or dark brown; tergum 2 dull orange-yellow
triangular spot assume shape of elongate spot whose inner side becomes narrow while
posterior side parrallel, widening to lateral margin; tergum 3 and 4 with dull orange
and yellow posterior and anterior margin, anterior margin often interrupted in the
centre, tergum 5 small, heavily narrowed behind, anterior margin narrowly grayish
pollinose (Fig. 28).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2♀, Rambur, 35°44‘55.20‖N
71°42‘25.06‖E, 19-vi-2013; 2♀, Bumborat, 35°41‘33.28‖N 71°40‘26.63‖E, 20-vi-
2013; 6♂, 4♀, Kalam, 35°29‘12.68 ―N 72°34‘47.00‖E, 6-v-2013; 4♀, Shahi, 35°
1‘59.22‖N 71°37‘1.87‖E, 22-vii-2013; 1♀, Binshahi, 35° 4‘18.39‖N 71°34‘3.05‖E ,
43
22-vii-2013; 1♀, Bahrain, on bank of Daral Khwal, 35°13‘9.93‖ N 72°32‘35.86‖E,
31-viii-2013; 2♂,1♀, Matta, 35° 3‘35.62‖ N 72°18‘52.46‖E, 1-ix-2013; 2♂,1♀,
Timergara, 34°49‘38.36‖N 71°50‘12.01‖E, 25-iv-2014; 4♂,1♀, Gokand, Boner,
34°38‘56.17‖N 72°31‘12.24‖E, 30-iv-2014.
Distribution: The described species is recorded in Russia; Korea; Japan; China
(shiraki, 1968; Peck, 1988; Li, 1999); Burma (Brunetti, 1923); India (Brunetti, 1908,
1915, 1917, 1923, 1925; Hervé-Bazin, 1914; Nayar, 1968; Lambeck and van Brink,
1973; Knutson et al., 1975; Datta and Chakraborti, 1983; Ghorpadé, 2014; Shah et al,
2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Nepal (Coe, 1964; Ghorpadé, 2014); Pakistan: Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (Mansehra); (Arif, 2001; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013; Ghorpadé,
2014; Haq et al.,2014). In the current research, this species is collected for the first
time from different localities of Pakistan includes: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Rambur,
Bumborat, Kalam, Shahi, Binshahi, Bahrain, Matta, Timergara and Buner).
Flower Records: Dahlia sp, Helianthus sp, Tagetes patula, Ricinus communis,
Xanthium strumarium, Erigeron licifolia, Sonchue asper, Chrysanthemum sp.,
Blumea sp. (Datta and Chakraborti, 1983). In the current research, the described
species was collected from Malus domestica (Apple tree), Coriandrum sativum,
Helianthus sp, Tagetes patula and Brassica compestris.
Comments: The species was origionally described by Fabricius in 1805. The type-
locality of the species is China. Diagnostic characters of the species include: A
grayish pollinose fascia along thoracic suture; triangular or blong spot on tergum 3
reaching lateral margins is present in male; spots in female smaller and narrower but
always placed on anterior side. The species was identified with the help of available
literature.
Flower records show that the species is pollinator of fruit plant, crops, vegetables and
weeds. Kim et al. (1996) observed that the pollinator, Eristalis cerealis release
increased yield in peach, strawberry and Persimmon‘s orchard. This has been used as
pollinator in green houses to make better seed setting for different crops (Jarlan et al.,
1997; Okamoto et al., 2008).
The distributional records shows that the species is distributed in fareast Russia,
Japan, Korea, China, Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan. The described species is
collected for the first time from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Rambur, Bumborat, Kalam,
Shahi, Binshahi, Bahrain, Matta, Timergara and Buner) in the present study.
44
4.6.4 Eristalis (Eristalis) tenax (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figs. 14, 29-32, 163-165)
1758 Musca tenax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed.10, 1:591.
1763 Conops vulgaris Scopoli, Entom. Carniolica. 354.
1776 Musca porcina De Geer, Mem. Ins. 6:98. Unjustfied new name for tenax
Linnaeus, 1758.
1822 Eristalis campestris Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 3:387.
1822 Eristalis hortorum Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 3:387.
1822 Eristalis sylvatica Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 3:388.
1822 Eristalis vulpina Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 3:388.
1824 Eristalis sinensis Wiedemann, Analecta Ent.: 37
1855 Eristalis columbica Macquart, Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille. (2) 1: 108
1869 Eristalis ventralis Thomson, in K. svenska fregatten Eugenies resa. 2(1): 489.
1909 Eristalis tenax var. alpinus Strobl. Mitt. Ver. Steierm. 46:106.
1924 Eristalis tenax var. claripes Abreu. Mems. R. Acad. Cienc. Artes,
Barcelona.19 (1): 104
1977 Eristalis rubix Violovitsh, Nov. mal.Vidy Faun.Sibir. 11:68-84.
Diagnosis: The species can be differentiated from other members of the Eristalis by
the combination of characters: face with broad medial black vitta (Fig. 30); eyes with
two denser vertical vittae of dark hairs (Fig. 30); Arista short pilose nearly bare; pile
present on katepimeron; pro and meso tarsi black; pterostigma short; abdomen broad
(Fig. 31, 32).
Description of Male: (n=40).
Length: 13-15 mm.
Head: Male holoptic, eyes contiguity nearly as long as ocellar tiangle, eyes with two
denser vertical vittae of dark hairs (Fig. 30); head black; frontal triangle black pilose
apically, yellowish grey dust and yellow pilose laterally; face yellowish grey,
excluding black shiny medial vitta, yellow pilose; gena black, yellow pilose; antenna
dark brown, arista bare, brown; vertical triangle dull black, black pilose (Fig. 14, 30).
45
Thorax: Mesonotum brownish-black with yellowish gray pollinose, yellow pilose;
postalar callus with tuft of yellow pilose; scutellum brownish yellow with yellow
pilose; spiricular fringes brownish yellow.
Wing: wing hyline, no microtrichia; anterior half brownish; halteres dull brownish
yellow; calypter dull yellowish (Fig. 29).
Legs: legs black excluding orange femoral-tibial joints and femur 1 basal third, tibia 2
basal half, yellow; femur 3 with dense black pilose apicoventrally on posterior edge,
tibia 3 black pilose posteriorly.
Abdomen: Brownish yellow, tergum 1 black; tergum 2 black excluding orange
yellow apical margin and large lateromedial ovoid macula occupying full lateral
width and extending to medial 1/3; tergum 3 black excluding apically orange, anterior
margin broader orange except medial 1/4, and wide orange mediolateral fascia
connected basolaterally to pale upper margin, tergum 4 black; sternum 1 grey dusted;
sternum 2 yellowih while sterna 3 and 4 largely black; genitalia black (Fig. 31).
Male genitalia: easily recognized by the short and broad, simple, sickle-shaped
superior lobe (Fig. 163-165).
Female: (n= 66). Similar to male except frons shining black with yellow and black
pile intermixed; orange is normally restricted to tergm 2 and more or less reach to
tergum 1 basolaterally (Fig. 32).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♂, Arando, 35°19‘6.43‖N
71°33‘19.18‖E, 14-v-2013; 1♂, Drosh, 35°28‘59.45‖N 71°44‘37.76‖E, 14-v-2013;
1♂, Chitral, 35°55‘1.74‖N 71°48‘54.07‖E, 15-v-2013; 1♂, Ayun, 35°43‘0.88‖N
71°46‘37.68‖E, 21-vi-2013; 2♂, 5♀, Bumborat, 35°41‘33.28‖N 71°40‘26.63‖E, 20-
vi-2013; 1♀, Rambur, 35°44‘55.20‖N 71°42‘25.06‖E, 19-vi-2013; 1♂, 3♀, Garam
Chashma, 35°59‘40.77‖N 71°33‘44.86‖E, 15-v-2013; 6♀, Booni, 36°16‘40.03‖N
72°15‘24.38‖E, 16-v-2013; 1♀, Mastuj, 36°16‘40.03‖N 72°15‘24.38‖E, 17-v-2013;
1♀, Laspur, 36° 7‘9.22‖N 72°28‘20.58‖E, 26-vi-2013; 2♂, 10♀, Thal, 35°25‘5.56‖N
72°10‘25.73‖E, 03-v-2013; 4♂, 10♀, Kumrat, 35°33‘58.81‖N 72°11‘45.52‖E, 03-v-
2013; 11♂, 11♀, Kalam, 35°29‘12.68 ―N 72°34‘47.00‖E, 6-v-2013; Uthror; 2♂, 6♀,
Gabral, 35°31‘37.83‖N 72°24‘41.65‖E, 7-v-2013; 1♂, 1♀, Maidan , 34°43‘22.13‖N
71°47‘42.11‖E, 21-iv-2014; 1♀, Chinar, Talash, 34°43‘22.13‖N 71°47‘42.11‖E, 18-
iv-2014; 2♂, 1♀, 6 Km N Timergara near pangkora river, 34°51‘0.21‖N
71°51‘43.06‖E, 25-iv-2014; 3♂, Buner, Gokand, 34°38‘56.17‖N 72°31‘12.24‖E, 30-
46
vi-2014; FATA: 1♂, Fr Peshawar, Janakor, 33°48‘27.46‖N 71°44‘6.12‖E, 30-iii-
2014; 1♂, Khyber Agency, jamrud, 34° 0‘44.85‖N 71°22‘39.17‖E, 4-iv-2014; Gilgit
Baltistan: 2♀, Yaseen, 36°23‘29.82‖N 73°20‘17.00‖E, 28-vi-2013; 3♂, Ghakuch,
36°10‘46.92‖N 73°46‘15.15‖E, 28-vi-2013; 1♀, Sost, 36°41‘14.84‖N 74°49‘1.60‖E,
30-vi-2013; 2♀, Astore, 35°21‘17.57‖N 74°51‘42.19‖E, 8-vii-2013; 1♂, 2♀, Deosai,
35° 1‘7.21‖N 75°24‘54.64‖E, 05-vii-2013; 2♂, 2♀, Chilas, 35°25‘31.08‖N 74°
6‘9.09‖E, 23-v-2013.
Distribution: The described species is very migratory with worldwide distribution,
except the Antarctic (Peck, 1988; Speight, 2013); Europe (Hippa et al., 2001); India
(Brunetti, 1908, 1915, 1917, 1923; Hervé-Bazin, 1914; Rahman 1940; Atwal et al.,
1971; Lambeck & van Brink, 1973; Datta and Chakraborti, 1983; Singh et al., 1985;
Abrol, 1993; Ghorpadé, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Afghanistan (Bańkowska, 1968,
1969; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 2014); Pakistan: Balochistan (Ziarat, Sibi); Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (Hazara, Peshawar), Punjab (Mungawal, Murree, Multan, Faisalabad,
Ghora gali, Lahore) (Rahman 1942; Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Arif, 2001; Saleem et al.,
2001; Sajjad and Saeed, 2010; Sajjad et al., 2010; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013;
Ghorpadé, 2014; Irshad, 2014). In the current research, the Eristalis tenax was
collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Arando, Drosh, Chitral, Ayun, Bumborat,
Rambur, Garam Chashma, Booni, Mustuj, Laspur, Uthror, Kalam, Gabral, Thal,
Kumrat, Chinar Talash, Maidan, Timergara, Buner), Federally Administered Tribal
Areas (Janakor, Jamrud) and Gilgit Baltistan (Yaseen, Ghakuch, Sost, Astor, Deosai,
Chilas).
Flower Records: Dahlia sp, Helianthus sp, Tagetes patula, Sonchue asper,
Chrysanthemum sp., Blumea sp. (Datta and Chakraborti, 1983); Chrysanthemum sp,
Candytuft , Brassica compestris, grass, wild weeds (Singh et al., 1985); as pollinator
of peach, plum, pear, Brassica sp, carrot, onion (Abrol, 1993); E. tenax visited 8 plant
species in the Southern Punjab (Sajjad & Saeed, 2010). The species was collected
from Malus domestica (Apple tree), Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes patula, Brassica
compestris and wild weeds.
Comments: The species has origionally been described from Svecia (Sweden) .The
species can be determined with the help of characters: face with broad medial black
vitta; eyes with two denser vertical vittae of dark hairs; arista short pilose nearly bare;
47
pile present on katepimeron; pro and meso tarsi black; pterostigma short; abdomen
broad.
Larvae of E. tenax have incidentally been reported to occur in the intestinal tract,
causing human myasis (maggot infestation), myiasis in dead animals or livestock
(Salimi et al., 2010; Mumcuoglu et al., 2005); Eristalis tenax larvae help in decaying
organic material in liquid or semisolid media (Rotheray, 1993) and so these larvae
could be used to solve different agricultural problems such as disposal of organic
residues (Rotheray and Gilbert, 2011); larvae could also be used as pollution
indicators because of its filterer of large quantities of bacteria from water (Gilbert,
1993). Drone flies have a vital role in natural habitat and agricultural landscapes
which otherwise not suitable for bee species (Jauker et al., 2009; Perez banon et al.,
2003a); Eristalis tenax has been used as pollinator in green houses to make better seed
setting for different crops (Jarlan et al., 1997; Okamoto et al., 2008). The species was
collected from Malus domestica (Apple tree), Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes patula,
Brassica compestris and wild weeds. The described species was identified with the
help of available literature (Hippa et al., 2001).
After hibernating as an adult it lays 300 eggs in May. The hatching, larval and
emergence time of the described species is 2, 18 and 10 days respectively. It breed in
farmyard drains (Hartley, 1961). Eristalis tenax oviposit eggs in hundreds at the
stream edges below water and between the stones near the water. Larvae are present
in streams rich in organic matter. Pupation takes place between the stones somewhat
above the water level. Pig farms are the main source for Eristalis tenax larvae in East
and West Mediterranean areas. Pupal period varied from 8-10 days under laboratory
conditions (25℃ with 60% Relative Humidity and 12 L:12 D photoperiod (Perez
Benon et al., 2013).
The described species is world wide in distribution which shows that the species can
survive in different type of environment. Currently the species is collected for the first
time from various localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and Gilgit Baltistan i.e.,
Arando, Drosh, Chitral, Ayun, Bumborat, Rambur, Garam Chashma, Booni, Mustuj,
Laspur, Uthror, Kalam, Gabral, Thal, Kumrat, Chinar Talash, Maidan, Timergara,
Buner, Yaseen, Ghakuch, Sost, Astor, Deosai, Chilas, Janakor and Jamrud.
48
4.7 Genus Spilomyia Meigen, 1803
(Figs. 33-43, 166-169)
1803 Spilomyia Meigen, Mag. Insektenk.. 2: 273. Type-species: Musca diophthalma
Linnaeus, 1758.
Diagnosis: The genus can be recognized by the combination of characters as eyes
with clear brown color pattern in living specimens, abdominal pattern not pollinose,
femur 3 with apicoventral anterolateral calcar (Fig. 34), symmetric hypandrium, no
massive ejaculatory process of aedeagus.
Head: Head is wider than thorax; face nearly straight and less concave in some
species; antennae some what short and erect; basoflagellomere bent; arista bare; Male
holoptic, eyes bare, brown colour pattern on the eyes present.
Thorax: Scutum and prescutum with yellow spots, inverted v shaped structure is
found just above the posterior margin of scutum, scutellum with emarginated apical
rim; well-developed metasternum.
Wing: Wing with cell R4+5 acute and slightly petiolate; R1 open; strongly oblique
vein r-m, long petiolus of anal cell (Fig. 33).
Leg: Legs stout; femora strongly swollen, femur 3 with apicoventral anterolateral
calcar (Fig. 34).
Abdomen: Adult possess non pollinose pale abdominal pattern, tergites slightly
margined.
Male genitalia: Sternum 9 very large than tergum 9; superior lobe short and high
with posterodorsal hook-like apex; aedeagal lobes complicated.
Biology: Its larvae found in moist, rotten wood in hollow trees and decomposing
heartwood of deciduous trees (Stackelberg, 1958; Copeland, 1989; Rotheray, 1993,
1999). Males fly around umbellifer, foliage and tree trunks (Wald-Bauer and Ghent,
1984).
Distribution: Peck (1988) listed 15 species for Palaearctic region, one of whch is
synonimized by van Steenis (2000); West Palaearctic (8 species) (van Steenis, 2000);
New World (17 species) (Thompson, 1997); Afghanistan (2 species) (Bańkowska,
1968). We reported the genus for the first time from Chitral District, Pakistan.
49
4.7.1 Spilomyia manicata (Rondani, 1865)
(Figs. 33-43, 166-169)
1865 Milesia manicata (Rondani), Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. nat. Milano. 8: 132.
1913 Spilomyia integra Kuntze, Dt. Ent. Z. 5: 549.
1964 Spilomyia boschmai Lucas, Zoöl. Meded. 39: 206.
Diagnosis: Pleura with 5 yellow spots (Figs. 34, 42); scutellum and mesonotal hairs
long; protarsus wholly black (Fig. 41), sometime with 5th
tarsomere light brown;
scutellum yellow from one fourth to one third posteriorly; abdomen with yellow
fasciae narrow, the anteromedial yellow fascia on terga narrowly separated in the
middle (Fig. 35), the posterior yellow fascia on tergum 4 slightly curved in the male
(Fig. 35).
Description of Male: (n=1).
Length: 12- 15 mm.
Head: Head brownish; Eye pale yellow pilose, eyes contiguity nearly two times of
ocellar triangle, vertical triangle mainly black, yellow anterior to anterior ocellus,
black and grayish yellow; ocellar triangle black, black pilose; ocelli brownish black;
occiput black, silvery white pollinose, mainly pale yellow pilose except with row of
black pile on ¼ dorsal; lunule dull yellow; frontal triangle pale yellow except large
triangular brownish black macula medially, black pilose lateral to antennae; face
lemon-yellow, with black median vitta from the oral margin upto antennal root, pale
yellow pilose; gena orange, orange pilose; oral margin sulphur yellow laterally;
antennal tubercle black pilose ventro laterally; antennae orange, antennal segment 1
and 2 black pilose dorsolaterally; basoflagellomere mainly dull orange basoventrally
except brownish black dorsally, arista orange except brownish apically (Figs. 37, 40,
43).
Thorax: Postpronotum mainly brownish black, lemon yellow on posteroventral 1/3,
pale yellow pilose; proepimeron yellow; scutum black, except submedial anterior
macula dorsally to postpronotum yellow, yellow pilose; small yellow macula on
notopleuron; yellow vitta running anteriorly from postalar callus obliquely to
transverse suture and is continued as thin silvery pollinose stripe directed
posteromedially; inverted V shaped yellow macula dorsal to scutellum (Figs. 33, 38);
scutellum black, except apical margin yellow, mainly black pilose on black region and
50
long yellow pilose on yellow area; calypter light yellow except medial 1/3 of margin
and fringe orange; plumula light orange; greater ampula basally black, dorsally
yellow; pleuron black except posterior anepisternum yellow on posterior 2/3, yellow
whitish pilose, extremely small yellow macula on dorsomedial anepimeron, meron
slightly dull yellow on dorsal 1/5; katepisternum yellow on posterodorsal 1/5;
ketepimeron yellow medially with slightly posterior and anterior black, and
katatergum nearly all yellow (Figs. 38, 42).
Wings: Wing dark-brown to black anteriorly, hyaline posteriorly, with dark color
extending posteriorly to vein R, Rs and R4+5 and narrowly beyond vein R4+5, in
apical ¼ of cell R and in fork between r-m and vein R4+5, microtrichose except; bare
on posterior 1/3 of cell bm, bare on anterior 1/3, bare on 2/3 anteromedial; costal
setulae black, sometimes yellow mixup; halteres yellow with base orange, stem pale
yellow and knob dull yellow (Fig. 33).
Legs: Coxae brownish black, black and orange pilose; trochanter brownish black,
black and yellow pilose; femora ventrally with brownish black stripes. Femora black
and some yellow setulate; femur 2 pale yellow pilose 1/2 basodorsally nearly two
times as long as others pile; femur 3 dull orange, orange pilose on 3/4 dorsally and
black setulose anterolateral; tibiae orange on basal 2/3, yellow apically except tibia 1
black on apical 1/2-3/4, yellow setulose except black setulose ventromedial 1/3;
protarsus mostly black except 5th
tarsomere with light brown yellow; black setulae on
tarsus 1 seldom with a golden sheen, apparently showing yellow colouration; calcar
on femur 3 simple, narrowly concave apically (Figs. 34, 41).
Abdomen: The anteromedial yellow fascia on terga narrowly separated in the
middle, the posterior yellow fascia on tergum 4 slightly curved in the male (Fig. 35);
Sternum 1 to 4 with black rectangular spots, sternum 1 have broader than long spots;
tergum 3 and 4 with pile short, black, and appressed. Sternum 8 black pilose
dorsomedially (Fig. 36).
Male genitalia: Genitalia yellowish brown; circus orange, yellow pilose (Figs. 166-
169).
Female: Unknown.
Material Examine: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♂, in alfalfa (Medicago sativa:
Fabaceae) field near bridge over small river in chitral District, small valley, Rambur,
35°44‘55.20‖N 71°42‘25.06‖E, 19-vi-2013.
51
Distribution: The described species is reported from all over Europe, the Caucasus
(van Steenis, 2000; Speight, 2013) and Pakistan (Chitral District, Rambur), new
record.
Flower Records: Duacus sp., Apium sp., Peucedanum palustre (L.), Filipedula
ulmaria (L.) and Allium sp. (van Steenis, 2000); it was collected from Alfalfa in the
present study, new record.
Comments: In the past Spilomyia manicata was mistakenly determined as S. Saltuum
(Barendregt et al., 2000). The species was identified with the help of literature and
also confirm by the expert, Jorean van Steenis, author of the publication (van Steenis,
2000), who had worked on the relavent genus and its species. The species is
redescribed with additional information. The following character easily separate this
species by having protarsus black, sometime with 5th
tarsomere light brown; abdomen
with yellow fasciae narrow, the anteromedial yellow fascia on terga narrowly
separated in the middle, the posterior yellow fascia on tergum 4 slightly curved in the
male. The species was collected from Duacus sp., Apium sp., Peucedanum palustre
(L.), Filipedula ulmaria (L.) and Allium sp (van Steenis, 2000). This rare species is
reported from most part of Europe; the Caucasus (Barendregt et al, 2000; van Steenis,
2000; Speight, 2013).
Only one specimen was available for study because this large syrphid fly is rare
species. The species is reported for the first time from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Rambur) which is also a new record for the Indian subcontinent, therefore, a new
addition to the Pakistan syrphid fly list. Its type locality is In Apennino [=Apennines]
(Italy).
52
4.8 Subfamily Syrphinae
Diagnostic characters of subfamily Syrphinae include head posteriorly less
strongly concave and nearly appressed to thorax so that postpronotum is partly or
wholly hidden from view and bare. Tergum 5 of male abdomen is visible in dorsal
view (Vockeroth, 1992). Superior lobe is articulated with hypandrium (Vockeroth and
Thompson, 1987). Adults feed on nectar and pollen while Syrphinae larvae prey on
soft bodied Hemiptera and larvae of Neuroptera, other Diptera, Lepidoptera,
Thysanoptera or Coleoptera and family Tenthredinidae larvae (Rojo et al., 1993).
Some species of tribe Bacchini feed on decomposing vegetal matter (Goeldlin de
Tiefenau, 1974). Common Syrphinae larvae range from predators of aphid to
phytophagous forms (Humrum, 1966). The subfamily has four recognized tribes
namely, Bacchini, Paragini, Toxomerini, and Syrphini (Vockeroth, 1992). In the
current studies Syrphinae is represented by 2 tribes (Paragini and Syrphini) with 7
genera and 17 species.
Tribe Paragini: The monogeneric tribe diagnostic characters are: Tergum 1 well
developed, particulary on disc where it is nearly ½ of tergum 2. It is extend well
beyond scutellum. Scutellum posterior margin slightly or sometime heavily, dentate.
Its aedeagus is short and do not consist of two segments as in most of tribe Syrphini.
It is swollen, and tubular median portion possess complex lateral lobe originating at
base from both sides (Vockeroth, 1969). It is known as group of Syrphidae throughout
the previous 200 years (Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974). In the current studies, we report
two subgenera with one species in each subgenus.
Tribe Syrphini: Tribe Syrphini can be differentiated by the combination of
characters as eye pilose or bare, abdomen margined or unmargined with no
longitudinal line pattern features, face in lateral view very variable; male genitalia
with no triangular pilosed sclerotized process which is mostly with weak nonpilose
semimembranous process; aedeagus variable, frequently elongate, nearly always
consist of basal and distal parts possessing articulation (Vockeroth, 1969). In our
studies, tribe Syrphini consists of six genera i.e., Chrysotoxum Meigen, Episyrphus
Matsumura, Ischiodon Sack, Eupeodes Osten Sacken, Scaeva Fabricius, and
Sphaerophoria Lepeletier and Serville.
53
4.9 Key to genera of Syrphinae
1. Terga not punctuate; tergum 1 greatly reduced, linear on disc and covered by
scutellum ………………….…………………………………………………… 2
- Terga minutely punctate; tergum 1 well developed (Figs. 46, 48), especially on
disc which is nearly 1/2 as long as tergum 2 and always extend beyond
scutellum …………………………….………………………. Paragus Latreille
2. Anterior flat portion of anepisternum with long fine hairs, at least
posterodorsally; extreme posterior margin of wing with minute, closely spaced,
black sclerotized dots (Figs. 86, 87, 88); metasternum haired, terga 3 and 4
orange-yellow with sub basal and apical black fascia
……................................................................................. Episyrphus Matsumura
- Anterior flat portion of anepisternum bare with microscopic pubescence only
and not with long hairs; extreme posterior margin of wing without such
dots………………………………………………………………………...…… 3
3. Abdomen not margined completely; lateral mesonotal margin brightly yellow,
clearly distinguish from dark dorsum; abdomen in male cylindrical and
elongated, longer than wing; male tergum 9 wider than abdomen, enlarged;
male terminalia large, globose (Fig. 202) ………………………………………..
………………………………………… Sphaerophoria Le Peletier and Serville
- Abdomen at least slightly margined at terga 2 and terga 5; lateral mesonotal
margin variable; male terminalia not large and globose ..................................... 4
4. Metasternum haired; eye bare or very rarely haired; sternopleural hair patches
clearly separated posteriorly; lateral mesonotal margin dark if
yellowish then dull (Fig. 106); pleuron dark without yellow areas
………………………………………………………... Eupeodes Osten Sacken
- Metasternum bare; eye pilosity variable; sternopleural hair patches broadly
separated posteriorly; lateral mesonotal margin yellow …….………………... 5
5. Eye bare; Antenna with segment 3 only two times as long as broad (Fig. 96);
abdomen lightly margined but distinctly and slightly convex dorsally (Fig. 94);
sternopleural hair patches broadly separated posteriorly (Fig. 93) ……………..
………………………………………………………………….. Ischiodon Sack
54
- Eye haired normally, if bare then antenna porrect, segment 3 at least three times
as long as broad; abdomen strongly margined and convex dorsally
………………………………………………………….……………………... 6
6. Wing microtrichia largely reduced, basal ½ and alula with almost no pile, vein
R4+5 dipped into cell r4+5 very weakly but clearly; tergum 3 and tergum 4 with
oblique or lunulate pale spots pair (Figs. 114, 121); male frons very swollen,
eye with obviously larger facets on upper half ….................... Scaeva Fabricius
- Wing microtrichia well developed; male frons not strongly swollen, upper eye
facets larger; Wing vein R4+5 clearly dipped into cell r4+5; antenna porrect
and segment 3 at least three times as long as broad (Fig. 147) and abdomen
very deeply margined …………………….…………….. Chrysotoxum Meigen
55
4.10 Genus Paragus Latreille, 1804
(Figs. 44-57, 170-173)
1804 Paragus Latreille. Nouv.Dict. Hist. Nat. 194. Type species: Syrphus bicolor
Fabricius (by Monotyphy).
Diagnostic: Tergum 1 well developed, particulary on disc where it is nearly 1/2 of
tergum 2 (Fig. 46). It is extend beyond scutellum. Scutellum posterior margin slightly
or sometime heavily, dentate. Its aedeagus is short and do not consist of two segments
as in most of tribe Syrphini. It is swollen, and tubular median portion possess complex
lateral lobe originating at base from both sides (Vockeroth, 1969). Vujic et al. (2008)
divided the genus Paragus into four subgenera includes: Paragus s. str.;
Pandasyopthalmus Stuckenberg, 1954; Afroparagus Vujic & Radenkovic, 2008 and
Serratoparagus Vujic & Radenkovic, 2008.
Head: Face yellow or black median vitta with nearly indistinct (Fig. 55) or clearly
produced tubercle (Fig 44.); eye with dense short pile (Fig. 45); antennal segment 1
three times as long as wide, slightly pointed apically.
Thorax: Grayish pruinose submedian vittae present on black scutum (Fig. 54) or
completely shinnig (Fig. 48); scutellum posterior margin with minutely or sometimes
strongly denticulate; scutellum black with posterior margin yellow to reddish,
subscutellar fringe complete; pleura black, sternopleural hair patches broadly
separated; anterior anepisternum, meron, metathoracic pleuron and metasternum bare.
Wing: Wing membrane hyaline, basal half slightly or extensively bare (Fig. 47).
Legs: Legs with coxae, trochanters and basal 2/3 femora black; tibiae pale yellow
with dark ring some times; tarsi yellow-orange with meta pair dark dorsally.
Abdomen: Abdomen oval to petiolate; tergites with minute to coarse punctuation;
Tergum 1 well developed on disc, ½ as long as tergum 2 extended well beyond
scutellum; tergum 1 with usually dark coloration, other terga vary from partly or
entirely red orange to dark red or entirely black.
Male Genitalia: Male genitalia very different; aedeagus unsegmented as against two
segmented in most Syrphini, with lateral lobes very small to compressed; superior
lobe articulated with hypandrium.
Biology: Larvae feed on aphids on ground and sometime on trees (Rotheray and
Gilbert, 1989).
56
Distribution: Distributed in all region except Antarctica and South America and
include nearly 101 described species Worldwide (Ssymank and Mengual, 2014; Vujic
et al, 2008; Thompson 2013).
4.11 Key to the species of genus Paragus Latreille
1. Eye uniformly pilose (Fig. 45); scutellum black without a serrate margin;
spurious vein extending to the point of meeting of vein M with discal cross vein
(Fig. 47); surstylus short in lateral view, superior lobes greatly enlarge and
smoothly rounded on lower margin (Fig. 170) .……………. politus Wiedemann
- Eye with vertical alternate vittae of pile reflecting light differently (Figs. 55,
56); Scutellum with conspicuous teeth on posterior margin (Fig. 53); spurious
vein ending before meeting point of vein M with discal cross-vein (Fig. 52);
surstylus elongated and narrowest medially in lateral view (Fig. 172); superior
lobes plate like (Fig. 172) .………………………………… serratus Fabricius
4.11.1 Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) politus Wiedemann, 1830
(Figs. 44-51, 170-171)
1830 Paragus politus Wiedemann, Aussereurop. Zweifl.Insekt. 2: 89.
1908 Pipizella indica Brunetti, Rec. Indian Mus. 2 (1): 52.
1913a Paragus rufiventris Brunetti, Rec. Indian Mus., 8(2): 157.
1952 Paragus ruficaudatus Keiser, 63: 154. (preoccupied by Bigot, 1884).Verh.
Naturf. Ges. Basel.
1964 Paragus keiseri van der Goot, Beaufortia 10: 219. (nom. nov. for Paragus
ruficaudatus Keiser, 1952).
Diagnosis: Eye uniformly pilose (Fig. 45); spurious vein extending to the point of
meeting of vein M with discal cross vein (Fig. 47); wing extensively bare, with almost
all of cells c, br, bm and cup bare; sternum 4 with posterior margin notched; surstylus
short in lateral view, superior lobe greatly enlarge and smoothly rounded on lower
margin (Fig. 170).
Description of Male: n=2.
Length: 5 mm.
57
Head: Head black; eyes contiguity very short, vertical triangle black, lengthy, mainly
grayish yellow pilose with a few black pili anteriorly and posteriorly near occiput;
ocellar triangle black, grayish yellow pilose; ocelli brownish black and yellow;
occiput with black line along eye margins; occiput black, mainly silvery white
pollinose, grayish black pollinose on dorsal 1/3, occipital fringe of pile mainly silvery
white, greyish yellow 1/2 dorsally; lunule grayish yellow, pale yellow pilose; frontal
triangle pale yellow, pale yellow pilose; face pale yellow, whitish yellow pilose; facial
tubercle brownish black; gena black, grayish-yellow pollinose, grayish-yellow pilose;
oral margin black; antennal segment 1 and 2 brownish black, basoflagellomere dull
yellow basoventrally, darkish yellow dorsally; arista brownish (Figs. 44, 45).
Thorax: Thorax with puncture; Scutum shining black, pale yellow pilose; sides black
with white hairs in front of the wing roots; pleura black, grayish yellow pilose;
scutellum black with widely spaced puntures, grayish yellow pilose (Fig. 48).
Wing: Wing hyaline, microtrichose apically, extensively bare with cells c, br, bm;
cup on apical 1/2 bare; stigma yellow (Fig, 47).
Leg: Coxae black, sparsely whitish pollinose, trochanter brownish black, white pilose
femur 1 pale yellow apically, brownish-orange medially, black basally, pale yellow
pilose; femur 2 with similar color but more black basally, femur 3 black on basal 3/4,
pale yellow apically, pale yellow pilose; tibiae 1 and 2 pale yellow on basal 2/3,
orange yellow apically, pale yellow pilose; tibia 3 orange on apical 1/2, whitish
yellow basally, pale yellow pilose; tarsi orange yellow, yellow pilose (Fig. 49).
Abdomen: Terga 1 and 2 black, grayish yellow pilose, tergum 3 reddish except for
small blakish medial macula; tergum 4 blackish except for large reddish macula,
grayish yellow pilose, tergum 5 orange-reddish, some time black laterally; venter
some what similar to dorsal (Figs. 46, 48).
Male genitalia: Surstylus short in lateral view; superior lobes greatly enlarge and
smoothly rounded lower margin, its dorsal margin in apical half curved upper side
(Figs. 170-171).
Female: (n=3). Female similar to male, except relatively broad facial medvitta extend
from upper mouth border to antenntal bases; frons black, silvery white pilose (Figs.
50, 51).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2 ♂, 1♀, Timergara, 34°49‘38.36‖N
71°50‘12.01‖E, 19-vii-2013; 2♀, Barawal (Gull Bahar previously Gujar kalay), road
58
side, near small water course above agricultural field, on Minta spp; 35°10‘37.62‖N
71°42‘38.80‖E; 09-viii-2014.
Distribution: Australasian, Oriental, Palaearctic Region (Vujic et al., 2008); China,
Japan, Oriental region (Peck, 1988); India (Brunetti, 1908, 1913a, 1915, 1917, 1923;
Knutson et al., 1975; Datta and Chakraborti, 1983; Singh et al., 1985; Thompson &
Ghorpadé, 1992; Mitra et al., 2015); Pakistan: Balochistan (Quetta), Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (Timurgarh, Swat, Kohat, Balakot), Punjab (Murree) (Alam et al.,
1969; Thompson & Ghorpadé, 1992; Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Arif, 2001; Ghorpadé
and Shehzad, 2013); In the current research, the described species was collected from
localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara, Barawal).
Flower Records: Amaranthus spinosa, Cynodon sp., Lantana camara and solanum
nigrum (Datta and Chakraborti, 1983: 244-245); It was collected feeding on flower of
Solanum nigrum and mintha spp.
Comments: Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) politus was described by Wiedemann
(1830). The type locality of the species is China. The described species can be
identified by the combination of characters as eye uniformly pilose; spurious vein
extending to the point of meeting of vein M with discal cross vein; wing extensively
bare, with almost all of cells c, br, bm and cup bare; sternum 4 with posterior margin
notched (Fig. 49); surstylus short in lateral view; superior lobe greatly enlarge and
smoothly rounded on lower margin.
The larvae feed on different species of Aphididae such as Aphis craccivora (plant host
not reported) (Hamid et al., 1977); Aphis fabae with plant host, Aphis spiraecola
(Phoon, 1973); Melanaphis sacchari (Varma and Kishore, 1979); Myzus persicae,
(plant host not reported) (Thompson & Ghorpadé 1992); Toxoptera aurantii, (plant
host not reported) (Ghorpadé, 1981).
The geographical distribution of the species includes, Australasian, Oriental,
Palaearctic Region (Vujic et al., 2008). It was previously reported by Alam et al.
(1969) from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Balakot, Muree, Swat and Timurgaraha (now
Timergara)). During the present study the P. (P.) politus was also recorded from
localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara, Barawal). All these studies confirm
that the species is found in Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
59
4.11.2 Paragus (Serratoparagus) serratus (Fabricius, 1805)
(Figs. 52-57, 172-173)
1805 Mulio serratus Fabricius, Syst. Antl. : 186.
1988 Paragus (paragus) femoratus Kohli, Kapoor and Gupta, J. Insect Sci. 1(2):
120.
Diagnosis: Eye with vertical alternate vittae of pile reflecting light differently (Figs.
55, 56); Scutellum with conspicuous teeth on posterior margin (Fig. 53); spurious vein
ending before meeting point of vein M with discal cross-vein (Fig. 52); surstylus
elongated and narrowest medially in lateral view; superior lobes plate like (Fig. 172).
Description of Male: n=4
Length: 5-6.5 mm.
Head: Head brownish; Eye pale yellow pilose arranged in three vitta; eyes contiguity
two times of ocellar triangle, vertical triangle mainly black, yellow on 1/4 anterior,
mainly pale yellow pilose; ocellar triangle black, pale yellow pilose; ocelli brownish
yellow; occiput black, mainly silvery white pollinose, yellow pollinose on dorsal 1/4,
mainly silvery white pilose except yellow pilose on 1/3 dorsal; lunule dull yellow;
frontal triangle pale yellow, pale yellow pilose; face sulphur-yellow to creamy-
yellow, with faint indistinct orangish darker median vitta undeveloped from the oral
margin to just above facial tubercle, pale yellow pilose; gena black, silvery white
pollinose, pale yellow pilose; oral margin black on lateral 2/3; antennal segment 1 and
2 brownish, yellow pilose; basoflagellomere dull yellow basoventrally, darkish yellow
dorsally, silvery white pollinose; arista yellowish except brownish apically (Figs. 55,
56).
Thorax: Postpronotum brownish black, white pollinose; propleuron brownish black,
scutum black, dorsally posses strong violaceous reflections and strong blue reflections
laterally; scutum with submedian white pollinose vittae reaching the posterior margin
of scutellum, short, pale and golden yellow pilose; scutellum serrate, yellow on apical
2/3, black on basal 1/2; scutellar teeth fifteen in number, shortest in centre of row
(Fig. 54).
Wing: Wing membrane hyaline and shinning; vena spuria ends before meeting point
of vein M and dm-cu; bare on basal 1/3, microtrichose apically; microtrichose
sparsely on apical 1/4 of cell r1, apical 4/5 of cell r2+3, apical 3/4 of cell r4+5 and
60
apicolateral 1/4 of allula (Fig. 52).
Leg: Coxae brownish black , slightly pale yellow pilose, trochanter brownish black,
slightly white pilose; femur 1 pale yellow apically, brownish-orange basally, pale
yellow pilose; femur 2 with similar color but more brownish basally, femur 3 slightly
brownish orange basally, darkish brown medially, pale yellow apically, pale yellow
pilose; tibiae 1 and 2 pale yellow on basal 2/3, orange yellow apically, pale yellow
pilose; tibia 3 brownish-orange on apical 2/3, pale yellow basally, pale yellow pilose;
pro and meso tarsi orange yellow, yellow pilose; metabasotarsi brownish orange,
yellow pilose.
Abdomen: Abdomen short and elliptical, tergum 1-5 totally fused, atleast laterally;
tergum 1 lateral margin and tergum 2 sides glossy orange brownish, admixed with
bluish reflection; rest of terga 1, 2 and anterior margin of tergum 3 honey-yellow;
tergum 3 with pale, indistinct while tergum 4 usually with broad and distinct, silvery
white pollinose stripes; abdomen mainly brown reddish between first and second
silvery stripes, and medially and anterolaterally darkish; tergum 5 also with small
same stripes, placed rather diagonally; terga 1, 2, 3 with short, black reclinate pile,
tergum 4 with a few similar pile; tergum 5 with some longer white pile (Fig. 52).
Male Genitalia: Epandrium produced forwards on its anterior margin on each side
into triangular projections; surstylus elongated and narrowest medially, dilated basally
in lateral view (Fig. 172); superior lobe plate like born on broad lobe; lateral lobe of
aedeagus developed with small pointed suboval lobes ventrally, while dorsally extend
into long, laterally flattened lobes; hypandrium narrow ventrally, with short weak,
ventral process (Figs. 172-173).
Female: (n=1). Similar to male except for the following differences: Entirely black
oral margin, dark median stripe on the face running up to antenna or just below (Fig.
57).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2 ♂, 1♀, Timergara, 34°49‘15.43‖N
71°50‘8.16‖E, 19-vii-2013; 1♂, same locality and collector, 30-ix-2014; 1♂, Thana,
34°37‘45.86‖N 72°1‘41.35‖E, 7-vii-2014.
Distribution: India (Brunetti, 1923; Stuckenberg, 1954; Patel & Patel, 1969a;
Anonymous, 1972; Knutson et al., 1975; Datta and Chakraborti, 1983; Singh et al.,
1985; Peck, 1988; Thompson & Ghorpadé, 1992; Ghorpadé 1994, 2014; Vujic et al.,
2008; Mitra et al., 2015); Afghanistan (Ahmad, 1940; Bańkowska, 1968; Peck, 1988;
61
Ghorpadé, 2014); Pakistan: Sindh (Karachi), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Dir, Swat,
Malakand, Butkhela), Federally administered Tribal Areas (Parachinar), Punjab
(Multan, Khanewal, Muzafargarh) (Alam et al., 1969; Thompson & Ghorpadé, 1992;
Ghorpadé 1994, 2014; Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Sajjad & Saeed, 2010; Sajjad et al.,
2010; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013). In the current research, the described species
was collected from localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara, Thana).
Flower Records: Thompson and Ghorpadé (1992) reported flower visited by this
species were Anacardium occidentale (cashewnut), Tridax procumbens and
Mangifera indica (mango); Datta and Chakraborti (1983: 242-243) collected the same
species on Polygonum orientale, Ageratum conyzoides, Lantana camara and solanum
nigrum. In the present study, the species was found feeding on flower of Polygonum
orientale, solanum nigrum and mintha spp.
Comments: Paragus (Serratoparagus) serratus was described by Fabricius (1805) on
specimen from Tharangambadi (previously Tranquebar) in Tamil Nadu, an Indian
state. The diagnostic character of the species are: wing hyaline; scutum hair short;
scutellum with conspicuous teeth on posterior margin; very inconspicuous and sparse
black hairs on abdomen; femur 3 yellow, with narrow dark brownish ring; surstylus
elongated and narrowest medially, dilated basally in lateral view.
We observed scutellar teeth fifteen in number as Thirteen to sixteen noted by Brunetti
(1923) and ten to fourteen (Stuckenberg, 1954). This minor variation may be due to
environmental difference. The larvae feed on different species of Aphididae, and
some Psyllidae. Rojo et al. (2003) reported Paragus serratus to be predator of more
than 14 species of Aphididae. Some of the prey records reported by different authors
are: Euphalerus vittatus (Psyllidae) (Mathur, 1935); Aleurodicus disperses
(Aleyrodidae) (Kajita et al., 1991); Aphis spiraecola and Lipaphis erysimi (plant host
not reported) (Ghorpadé, 1981; Tao & Chiu 1971); Ghani (1965) reported the
described species feeding on Aphids of host plant, Centaurea iberica, Cucumis melo
(melon).
The geographical distribution of the species shows that it was restricted to Oriental
region. Alam et al. (1969) previously reported the species larvae feeding on aphids at
locality of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Dir and Batkhela). During the present study the P.
serratus was also recorded from localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) (Timergara
and Thana). All these studies confirm that the species is found in Pakistan, KPK.
62
4.12 Genus Chrysotoxum Meigen, 1803
(Figs. 58-78, 147, 174-179)
1803 Chrysotoxum Meigen, Mag. Insektenk., 2:275. Type-species : Musca bicinta
Linnaeus 1758: Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1: 522 (des. Latreille, 1810: Consid.
Generates nat. animaux, Paris: 443).
Diagnostic: Wing microtrichia well developed; male frons not strongly swollen,
upper eye facets larger; Wing vein R4+5 clearly dipped into cell r4+5 (Fig. 64);
antenna porrect and segment 3 at least three times as long as broad (Fig. 147) and
abdomen very deeply margined (Fig. 58); lateral mesonotal margin completely or
partially and clearly brightly yellow (Figs. 63, 71).
Chrysotoxum has been known as Antiopa (Meigen, 1800). The Taxonomy of
Chrysotoxum Meigen, 1803 is in state of flux and provisional (Speight, 2013). The
genus is difficult to identify as few morphological attributes available for species
characterization. Majority of Chrysotoxum species male terminalia possess nearly
similar morphological characters (Vockeroth, 1992).
Head: Male eye with long pile while shorter in female; Face yellow pollinose with
mid vitta broad black to brown median, tubercle low near lower margin; frons black
with lateral yellow stripes; antenna long black, usually porrect, longer than the head in
most species; segment 3 elongate; arista bare.
Thorax: Scutum black with a pair of somewhat indistinct gray pruinose submedian
stripes on anterior one third; lateral mesonotal margin totally or patially and distinctly
brightly yellow; sides of thorax black with bright bare yellow shiny spots usually
located on the meso, ptero and sternopleura and katatergum; darker translucent discal
spot or linear band present in yellow scutellum; Katepisternal hair patches broadly
joined posteriorly; subscutellar fringe present.
Wing: Wings relatively large; veins yellow, completely transparent or with markings
taking the form of an anteromarginal yellow or brownish stripe, or a dark brown
subapical spot, or a combination of them; wing vein R4+5 clearly dipped into cell
r4+5.
Legs: legs yellow with black coxae, trochanters and bases of the femora; tabia 3
slightly curved.
63
Abdomen: Abdomen strongly convex dorsally, very deeply margined; tergum 1
black; tergum 2-5 black each with variable yellow, narrow to broad, complete or
divided arcuate band; sternum 1 completely yellow or black medially; sternum 2
black or black with yellow spots on anterior and/ or posterior margins; sterna 3-5
black, with usually yellow spots in variable postion.
Male Genitalia: Male genitalia structures appear to be constant except surstylus
differ slightly, either it is narrow or broad.
Biology: Larvae feed on root aphids which are connected with ants. Adult are
prominent flies that feed on nectar and pollen from various range of plants (Rotheray
and Gilbert, 2011).
Distribution: Chrysotoxum is reported from all biogeographic regions except
Australasia. Of total 69 species recorded in Palaearctic 23 occur in Europe (Peck,
1988); more than 110 species (Masetti et al., 2006).
4.13 Key to the species of genus Chrysotoxum Meigen
1. Facial black vitta absent sometime weak and not clear (Fig. 70); mesonotal
lateral yellow vitta complete (Fig. 71); black genal vitta present; terga 2 to 4
with their posterolateral corners not produced into spines (Fig. 67);
sternum 2 yellow with a totally complete or interrupted black fascia
………………………..………………………........................ baphyrum Walker
- Facial black vitta present (Fig. 62); mesonotal lateral yellow vitta incomplete;
black genal vitta not present; posterolateral corners variable; sternum black or
black yellow spot .……………………………………………………………... 2
2. Abdomen with lateral margin black (Fig. 58); sternum 2 with posterior margin
black (Fig. 59); femora yellow with basal one-fourth, at least black (Fig. 60)
………………………………………………………………... antiquum Walker
- Abdomen with lateral margin yellow and black (Fig. 75); sternum 2 antero-
median yellow spot, posterolateral corners yellow (Fig. 73); femora partly
yellow ……………………………………………….. Intermedium Meigen
64
4.13.1 Chrysotoxum antiquum Walker, 1852
(Figs. 58-66, 147, 174, 175)
1852 Chrsotoxum antiquum Walker, Ins. Saunders., Dipt. 1: 218.
1923 Chrsotoxum violaceum Brunetti, Fauna Brit. India, Dipt. 3: 302.
Diagnosis: The species can be differentiated from other members of the Chrysotoxum
by the combination of the following characteristics: femora yellow with basal one-
fourth, at least black (Fig. 60); scutellum yellow, with trace of elongate blackish
transverse spot (Fig. 63); lateral margin of abdomen black (Fig. 58); sternum 2 with
hind margin black (Fig. 59).
Description of Male: n=3.
Length: 10-13 mm.
Head: Eyes with short sparse hairs, eyes contiguity more than vertical triangle height;
vertex shining blackish, with black hairs; occiput light grey with occipital fringe of
hairs yellow and a little bit black dorsally; frons largely shining black except the very
slightly yellow pollinose area contiguous with eye margins; face yellow in ground
color with yellow brown pilose; black vertical facial midvitta shiny and bare; gena
dark brown; proboscis black; antenna black with basoflagellomere a little longer than
segment 1+2 together, arista yellow brown, blackish 3/4 apically (Figs. 61, 62).
Thorax: Mesonotum shiny black with yellow brown hairs, mesonotal median white
pollinose vitta at suture; mesonotum with lateral yellow vitta incomplete; scutellum
yellow, with trace of elongate blackish transverse spot, with clear black hairs, small
yellow brown hairs laterally and on scutellum anteriorly; pleura black; posterior
anepisternum yellow (Fig. 63).
Wing: wing grey, upto some extent yellowish-brown; darkish in stigmatic region and
about half apically; helteres orange yellow; calypter orange (Fig 64).
Legs: Legs mainly orange yellow, with yellow brown hairs; coxae and trochanter
black; basal 1/3 of femur 1, approximately basal 1/2 of femur 2, more than half of
femur 3 black except femur 3 with extreme basally and apically yellow; tips of tibiae
and tarsi orange brownish (Fig. 60).
Abdomen: Abdomen shinning violet black, minutely punctate; terga 2 and 3 each
with a pair of narrow rather oblique spots distinctly behind anterior margin and divide
medially; discal yellow fascia of terga 3 and 4 usually divide in middle; terga 4 with
65
smaller fascia; abdominal hairs rather golden yellow; sterna black, yellowish apically;
sternum 2 with posterior margin black; sternum 3 with pair of golden yellow
extremely smaller spots anteriorly (Figs. 58, 59).
Male genitalia: Epandrium more or less triangular in lateral view; circus slightly
asymmetric in caudal view with long yellow hairs directed downward; surstylus
broadened basally, tepering toward apex in lateral view, with basally long pale yellow
thin hairs in lateral view (Fig. 175); hypandrium medioventrally with long lingula;
distal portion of aedeagus bent downward slightly and apically swollen (Figs. 174,
175).
Female: n=3.
Similar to male except eye with short thinly scattered white hairs; large deep violet
black spot of vertex extend and narrowing middle of frons with yellowish-grey
pollinose spot present on both sides of middle line of frons, meeting with black
antennal prominence; eyes dichoptic (Figs. 65, 66, 147).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 3♂, 3♀, Shingara pass, Barawal,
Upper Dir, in dense vegetation on both sides along mountain valley stream
35°10‘37.62‖N 71°42‘38.80‖E, 9-vi-2014.
Distribution: Nepal; Burma; (Ghorpadé, 1994, 2012, 2014); India (Brunetti, 1923;
Knutson et al., 1975; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2012, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015) and Pakistan
(Barawal Tehsil in district Upper Dir, New Record)
Flower Records: Bushy vegetation.
Comments: The species, Chrysotoxum antiquuam was described by walker (1852).
The type locality of the species is East Indies. The species can be differentiated from
other members of the Chrysotoxum by the combination of the following
characteristics: femora yellow with basal one-fourth, at least black; scutellum yellow,
with trace of elongate blackish transverse spot; Abdomen with lateral margin black;
sternum 2 with posterior margin black.
The species was collected in dense vegetation on both sides along mountain valley
stream. The described species is reported from Nepal, Burma, India. In the present
study this is reported for the first time from Barawal locality of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
in Pakistant and therefore it is a new addition to the Pakistan syrphid fly list.
66
4.13.2 Chrysotoxum baphyrum Walker, 1849
(Figs. 67-71, 178-179)
1849a Chrysotoxum baphyrum Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. 3: 542.
1852 Chrysotoxum indicum Walker, Ins. Saunders. 1: 218.
1907b Chrysotoxum sexfasciatum Brunetti, Rec. Indian Mus. 1: 380.
1908 Chrysotoxum citronellum Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. 2: 90.
1913 Chrysotoxum testaceum Sack, Ent. Mitt. 2(1): 9.
1923b Chrysotoxum mundulum Hervé-Bazin, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p: 27.
1988 Chrysotoxum fasciatus Kohli, Kapoor & Gupta, J. Insect Sci. 1(2): 115.
Diagnosis: The species can be recognized by the combination of characters: Terga 2
to 4 with posterolateral corners normal with no spine (Fig. 67); mesonotum with
lateral yellow vitta complete (Fig. 71); facial black vitta absent or weak and indistinct
(Fig. 70); black genal vitta not present (Fig. 69); sternum 2 yellow with complete or
interrupted black fascia (Fig. 68).
Description of Male: n=2.
Length: 10-13 mm.
Head: Vertex shining blackish, or with brassy tint; eye sparsely pilose; occiput black
dense yellowish white pollinose, dorsally with yellow hairs, laterally only with
whitish hairs; frontal triangle brownish black, largely black pilose, laterally silvery
white; face lemon yellow in ground color with lemon yellow pilose; vertically
brownish orange sometime blackish facial midvitta shiny and bare (Fig. 70), although
facial marking variable; gena yellow; proboscis black; antennal segment length
variable; Ist and 2nd
antennal segment brown, 3rd
segment black, antennal prominence
somewhat brown, blackish at base above (Figs. 69, 70).
Thorax: mesonotum shiny black with yellow brown hairs, mesonotal median white
pollinose vitta complete; mesonotum with lateral yellow vitta complete; scutellum
lemon yellow pollinose except on medial brownish black spot, blackish pilose except
laterally yellow brown pilose; pleura blackish, yellow pollinose; anepisternum with
yellow spot posteriorly; katepisternum brownish black with small logitudianlly yellow
spot dorsally more or less bare (Fig. 71).
Wing: wing completely microtrichose, pale grey, abit yellowish anteriorly; halteres
orange yellow; calypter whitish, with orange margins.
67
Legs: Legs mainly brownish yellow with some darker areas, with yellow brown hairs;
coxa 1 yellowish; femur 3 yellow brown; tibia 3 yellow with apex some time brown;
tarsa 3 yellow brown (Figs. 68, 69).
Abdomen: Tergum 1 orange brown; terga 2 to 4 with posterolateral corners normal
with no spine; tergum 2-4 with yellow crescent shaped transverse discal band (tergum
2 interrupted in the middle) and brownish yellow posterior marginal band normally
with one anterior peak; width of posterior band show great size variation; tergum 5
with pair of yellow anterior spot and varying size of brownish yellow posterior spots;
terga 2-5 with short dark brown hairs on blakish ground colored areas, and with
yellow hairs on yellow crescent shaped transverse discal bands (Fig. 67); sterna from
orange to yellow, posterior margins black; sternum 2 yellow with interrupted black
fascia (Fig. 68).
Male genitalia: More or less brown in ground color; epandrium more or less
triangular in lateral view; circus slightly asymmetric in caudal view and projecting
upward apically in lateral view; surstylus becomes narrow from base to apex in lateral
view, with basally long pale yellow hairs, apically curved toward aedeagus in lateral
view; distal portion of aedeagus bent downward slightly and apically swollen (Figs.
178, 179).
Female: unknown.
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♂, Timergara, 34°51‘0.21‖N
71°51‘43.06‖E, 25-iv-2014; FATA: 1♂, Fr Peshawar, Samabadaber, 33°46‘40.25‖N
71°45‘6.83‖E, 30-iii-2014, Ahmad caught by hand.
Distribution: The described species reported from India (Brunetti, 1907b, 1908,
1913a, 1915, 1917, 1923; Sack, 1913; Hervé-Bazin, 1923b, 1924; Knutson et al.
1975; Datta and Chakraborti,1983; Kohli, Kapoor and Gupta 1988; Ghorpadé, 1994,
2012, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Sri Lanka (Brunetti, 1908; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014);
Burma (Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014); Pakistan: Punjab (Murree), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Peshawar); (Alam et al., 1969; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Shehzad, 2011 unpublish.;
Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013). In the current research, the Chrysotoxum baphyrum
was collected for first time from Localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara) and
FATA (Fr Peshawar (Samabadaber)).
68
Flower Records: Cyanodon sp, Ipomoea sp, Clematis sp. (Datta and Chakraborti,
1983). The species was collected in the present research from Coriandrum sativum
and maize field.
Comments: The species, Chrysotoxum baphyrum was described by walker (1849).
The type locality of the species is North Bengal, India. The species can be recognized
by the combination of characters: Terga 2 to 4 with posterolateral corners normal with
no spine; mesonotum with lateral yellow vitta complete; facial black vitta absent or
weak and indistinct; black genal vitta not present; sternum 2 yellow with complete or
interrupted black fascia.
Following Ghorpadé (1994) key, our specimens keys out to Chrysotoxum baphyrum
Walker. Though the species varies in its marking on face, antennal segments length
and facial black vitta as it is reported by Ghorpadé (2013), otherwise it fits description
and figure provided by Brunitti (1923), as C. fasciatus by Kohli et al. (1988: 115)
and male genitalia figure of the described species provided by (Datta and chakraborti,
1983). Alam et al. (1969) reported that the described species was reared from a pupa
found on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in Peshawar. Patil et al. (2013) recorded
this species to be predator of sugarcane root aphid, T. javensis from northern
Karnataka, India. The larvae reared on T. javensis, pupation took place after a week
and adult female emerge five days later. Currently in present study the species was
collected from Coriandrum sativum and maize feld. The described species reported
from India, Sri Lanka, Burma and Pakistan (Punjab, Peshawar). The described species
is collected for the first time from localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara) and
FATA (Fr Peshawar (Samabadaber)).
69
4.13.3 Chrysotoxum intermedium Meigen, 1822
(Figs. 72-78, 176-177)
1822 Chrysotoxum intermedium -Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 3:169.
1833 Chrysotoxum lunulatum Brullé, Expéd. Sci. Morée. 3(1): 311.
1842 Chrysotoxum monticola Schummel, Uebers. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Kult. 1841:
120.
1845a Chrysotoxum italicum Rondani, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 3: 196.
1852 Chrysotoxum graecum Walker, Ins. Saunders., Dipt. 1: 219.
1890 Chrysotoxum gymnophthalmum Giglio-Tos, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 26: 146.
1923 Chrysotoxum fuscomarginatum Brunetti, Fauna Br. India. Dipt. 3: 300.
1926 Chrysotoxum ladakense Shannon, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 69 (11): 13.
Diagnosis: The species can be differentiated from other members of the Chrysotoxum
by the combination of the following characteristics: Tergum 2 with hind margin black
(Fig. 75); sternum 2 anteromedian yellow spot, posterolateral corners yellow (Fig.
73); femora partly yellow (Fig. 73); abdomen with lateral margin yellow and black
(Fig. 75).
Description of Male: n=1.
Length: 10-14 mm.
Head: Vertex shining blackish; frons darkish; face yellow in ground color with
yellow brown pilose; black vertical facial midvitta shiny and bare (Fig. 76); black
genal vitta present; basoflagellomere distinctly longer than segment 1+2 together.
Thorax: mesonotum shiny black with yellow brown hairs, mesonotal median white-
pollinose vitta extend beyond suture; mesonotum with lateral yellow vitta
incomplete; scutellum yellow with medially small translucent spot, with yellow
brown hairs; posterior half of anepisternum yellow; apex of anepimeron and
katatergum yellow; upper part of katepisternum yellow (Fig. 74).
Wing: Wing with a brownish stripe on anterior margin ending in an elongated dark
brown spot; helteres orange yellow apically; calypter whitish (Fig. 72).
Legs: Legs mainly brownish yellow, with yellow brown hairs; coxae and trochanter
black; basal 1/3-1/2 of femur 1 yellow brown; protarsus yellow brown; femur 2
70
yellow, slightly yellow brown extreme basally; tarsi yellow brown; femur 3 yellow
brown; tibia 3 yellow with apex some time brown; tarsi yellow brown.
Abdomen: Abdomen with lateral margin yellow and black; tergum 2 with posterior
margin black; yellow fascia of tergum 2-4 extending onto lateral margins of abdomen;
sternum 2 anteromedian yellow spot, posterolateral corners yellow (Fig. 75).
Male genitalia: Epandrium more or less triangular in lateral view; circus slightly
asymmetric in caudal view; surstylus broadened basally, tepering toward apex in
lateral view, with basally long pale yellow thin hairs and short stiff hairs on extreme
apex in lateral view; hypandrium medioventrally with long lingula; distal portion of
aedeagus bent downward slightly and apically swollen (Figs. 178, 179).
Female: n=1.
Similar to male except frons black with a triangular spot on both sides in pale yellow
pollinosity (old specimen with silvery pollinosity); eyes dichoptic (Figs. 77-78).
Material Examined: Gilgit Baltistan: 1♀, Astore, 35°21‘17.57‖N 74°51‘42.19‖E,
8-vii-2013; 1♂, Naltar, near South of PAF (Pakistan Air Force) Mess, moist herb-
rich meadows, 36° 9‘26.25‖N 74°11‘24.03‖E, 3-vii-2013.
Distribution: Europe; Northern Africa; Central Asia; Caucasus; Algeria;
Afghanistan; Morocco (Peck, 1988); Afghanistan (Brunetti, 1923; Bańkowska, 1969;
Violovitsh, 1974; Knutson et al., 1975; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2012, 2014);
India (Ghorpadé, 1994, 2012, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Pakistan: Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (Chitral) (Brunetti, 1923; Alam et al., 1969; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2012,
2014; Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013). In the current research,
the Chrysotoxum intermedium was collected for first time from localities of Gilgit
Baltistan (Astore, Naltar).
Flower Records: Wild Rose.
Comments: The species, Chrysotoxum intermedium was described by Meigen, 1822.
The type locality of the species is Stolberg? (Germany). The species can be
recognized with the help of characters: tergum 2 with hind margin black; sternum 2
anteromedian yellow spot, posterolateral corners yellow; femora partly yellow;
abdomen with lateral margin yellow and black.
Accordding to Alam et al. (1969) the described species pupa was found on composite
Centaurea iberica (Asteraceae) at Balakot. Luciano et al. (1989) noted the aphid,
71
Pemphigus bursarius (Aphididae) as a prey for the C. intermedium on plant host,
Cichorium endivia L. in Italy (Sardegna). The species was collected by insect net
from wild rose near mountain seasonal small stream.
The described species is widespread in Europe, Northern Africa, Central Asia,
Caucasus, Algeria, Afghanistan, Morocco, India and Pakistan from Chitral District (as
C. fuscomarginatum). The described species is collected for the first time from
localities of Gilgit Baltistan (Astore and Naltar) in the current survey. Ghorpadé
(2012: 2) Stated that C. fuscomarginatum Brunetti, 1923 and C. ladakense Shannon,
1926 are junior synonyms of this species, and wrote that: ―it is widely distributed in
Europe, northern Africa, via Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and north west India.‖
4.14 Genus Episyrphus Matsumura and Adachi
(Figs. 79-89, 180-181)
1917a Episyrphus Matsumura and Adachi, Entomol. Mag. Kyoto. 2(4): 134.Type
species, Musca balteata De Geer, 1776.
1917b Episyrphus Matsumura in Matsumura and Adachi, Entomol. Mag. Kyoto. 3:
16. Type species, Musca balteata De Geer, 1776.
Diagnosis: Morphological diagnostic features are: proepimeron haired; anteriorly
mesonotal collar pile not present; anterior flat portion of anepisternum with long fine
hairs, at least posterodorsally; extreme posterior margin of wing with minute, closely
spaced, black sclerotized dots; metasternum pilose; Katepisternal hair patches broadly
separate all through; terga 3 and 4 orange-yellow with sub basal and apical black
fascia.
After the description of genus Episyrphus by Matsumura (1917a) the subsequent
workers regarded Episyrphus as a synonym of Syrphus. Then it was considered as
genus by different authors (Goffe, 1944; Dušek and Láska, 1967; Vockeroth, 1969). It
is consist of two subgenera, Episyrphus and Asiobaccha Violovitch, 1976 (Thompson
and Vockeroth, 1989; Thompson and Rotheray, 1998; Carver et al., 2003) but
recently Mengual (2015) proposed Asiobaccha as valid genus by providing molecular
proofs. Episyrphus is separated from closely related genus Meliscaeva Frey, 1946 by
pilose metasternum and pilose metepisternum ventrally to posterior spiracle but van
Veen (2004) regarded Meliscaeva as a subgenus of Episyrphus. Species delimitation
72
in subgenus Episyrphus (E.) is complicated due to high degree of intraspecific colour
variability.
Head: Head as broad as thorax; eye bare; Face densely yellow, dull yellow or white
pollinose; facial tubercle shinning or slightly darkened below; basoflagellomere oval.
Thorax: Mesonotum black with greenish or grayish on disc and yellow pollinose
laterally; scutellum dull yellow; pleura black with varied coloration on other parts of
pleura; subscutellar fringe dense, long; anterior anepisternum normally extensively
pilose, some time with posterodorsal pile; katepisternal pile patches broadly
separated; metathoracic episternum with tuft of pile below spiracle; metasternum
haired.
Wing: Wing vein R4+5 not dipped into cell r4+5; Extreme posterior marging of wing
with series of black, minute sclerotized dots.
Leg: Slightly pubescent and simple.
Abdomen: Abdomen narrowly ovate, widest at end of tergum 2 or with side rarely
parallel or slightly constricted on basal half and widest at end of tergum 3; Abdomen
unmargined; terga 3 and 4 orange-yellow with subbasal and apical black fasciae;
venter yellow sternites with diamond shaped spot or with brownish stripe.
Male Genitalia: Epandrium large, basal lower margin pointed and apically with blunt
rather round apex; surstylus approximately flat, rather pointed apically with subacute
round apex and broad basally; superior lobe short, obliquely placed; aedeagal base
small, shallow ring in shape.
Biology: Episyrphus larvae are aphidophagous. Bhatia (1939) described and figure
the larva. It may consist of one or two generation and overwinter in adult stage. It is
associated with ground layer aphids (Rotheray, 1993).
Distribution: Episyrphus consist of 25 species (Thompson, 2013) which are found in
Palaearctic, Australian, Oriental and Afrotropical regions as reported by different
authors (Vockeroth, 1969; Knutson et al., 1975; Peck, 1988; Thompson and
Vockeroth, 1989). Most of its species occur in Oriental and Australasian region and
recently Wright and Skevington (2013) described two new species of subgenus
Episyrphus (E.) in Australia. The subgenus Episyrphus (E.) does not found in the
Nearctic and Neotropical regions (Vockeroth, 1969; Vockeroth and Thompson 1987).
73
4.15 Key to the species of genus Episyrphus Matsumura
1. Sterna each with a black spot in centre (Fig. 81), or immaculate
……………………………………………………………... balteatus ( De Geer)
- Sterna 2 and 3 at least, with complete or incomplete black subposterior fasciae
(Fig. 85) ........……………………………………….. viridaureus (Wiedemann)
4.15.1 Episyrphus (Episyrphus) balteatus (De Geer, 1776)
(Figs. 79-83, 180-181)
1763 Musca palustris Scopoli, Entom. Carniolica. : 345
1776 Musca balteatus (De Geer), Mém. Ins. 6: 116.
1780 Musca scitule Harris, Expos. Eng. Ins. : 111.
1780 Musca scitulus Harris, Expos. Eng. Ins. : 105.
1781 Musca alternata Schrank, Enum. Ins. Austr. Indig. : 448.
1787 syrphus nectareus Fabricius, Mantissa insect. 2: 341.
1789 Musca elegans Villers, Caroli Linnaei entom. 3: 464.
1869 Syrphus pleuralis Thomson in K. svenska Fregatten Eugenies resa. 2(1): 497.
1899 Syrphus andalusiacus Strobl, Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 18(5-6): 145.
1917 Episyrphus fallaciosus Matsumura, Entomol. Mag. Kyoto, 3(1): 18.
1918 Episyrphus hirayamae Matsumura, J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido imp. Univ. 8(1):
12.
1921 Syrphus cretensis Becker, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin. 10: 52.
1924 Syrphus proximus Abreu, Mems R. Acad. Cieñe. Artes, Barcelona, 19(1): 40.
1924 Syrphus signatus Abreu, Mems R. Acad. Cieñe. Artes, Barcelona, 19(1): 41.
Diagnosis: A black spot present in centre of each sterna, or immaculate (Fig. 81);
anterior mesonotal collar hairs not present.
Description of Male: n= 47.
Length: 7.5-11 mm.
Head: Face yellow, yellow pilose and yellow pollinose; lunule with only two dark
spot dorsad to each antennal bases; frontal triangle yellow, yellow and black pilose;
eye bare; vertical triangle grayish black, black pilose; antenna orange yellow with
basoflagellomere darker dorsally (Figs. 80, 81).
74
Thorax: Anterior mesonotal collar of hairs not present; scutum aeneous with two
submedial broad and dorsomedial narrow silvery pollinose vittae, area anterior to
scutellum silvery pilose; postpronotum yellow, non pilose; notopleuron heavily
yellow pollinose, yellow pilose; scutellum yellow, black pilose posteriorly, yellow
pilose anteriorly and laterally, ventroscutellar fringe of yellowish-white hairs
complete; pleuron aeneous black, yellow pilose; metasternum pilose (Fig 79).
Wing: Wing membrane hyaline; microtrichose apically, cell bm bare, apical 1/4
microtrichose; alula broad, microtrichose; spiracular fringes yellow; calypter yellow;
halter yellow.
Leg: Almost entirely yellow; coxa brownish; femur 3 dark brown medially; tibiae 3
slightly darker dorsally, yellow extreme basally.
Abdomen: Abdomen linear, yellow; tergum 1 yellow, black anteromedially, yellow
pilose; tergum 2 yellow with black fascia on lower margin and medial black fasciate
macula that touches upper margin with black vitta on upper half, yellow pilose except
posterior 1/5; tergum 3 yellow with black fascia on lower margin and medial black
fascia slightly bent in centre, black pilose except anterolateral 1/5; similar to tergum 3
but black fascia on lower half and not on lower margin; tergum 5 yellow with an
indistinct small black spot above the middle (Fig. 79); Sterna each with black spot in
centre, or immaculate (Fig. 81).
Male Genitalia: Epandrium large, basal lower margin pointed and apically with blunt
rather round apex; surstylus about flat, rather pointed apically with subacute round
apex and broad basally; superior lobe short, obliquely placed; aedeagal base small,
shallow ring in shape. Distal potion of aedeagus short, slender, a little bit enlarge
apically, the extreme apex membranous and without spicules (Figs. 180, 181).
Female: (n=75). Similar to male except, frons in female widening from vertex to base
of antennae, two times wide as below as at vertex, grayish yellow (Fig. 83).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♂,2♀ Arando, 35°19‘6.43‖N
71°33‘19.18‖E, 14-v-2013; 2♂,2♀, Drosh, 35°28‘59.45‖N 71°44‘37.76‖E, 14-v-
2013; 2♂,1♀, Chitral, 35°55‘1.74‖N 71°48‘54.07‖E, 15-v-2013; 1♂, Ayun,
35°43‘0.88‖N 71°46‘37.68‖E, 21-vi-2013; 2♂, 3♀, Bumborat, 35°41‘33.28‖N
71°40‘26.63‖E, 20-vi-2013; 2♀, Rambur, 35°44‘55.20‖N 71°42‘25.06‖E, 19-vi-
2013; 2♂, 3♀, GaramChashma, 35°59‘40.77‖N 71°33‘44.86‖E, 15-v-2013; 2♂,3♀,
Booni, 36°16‘40.03‖N 72°15‘24.38‖E, 16-v-2013; 2♂,1♀, Mastuj, 36°16‘40.03‖N
75
72°15‘24.38‖E, 17-v-2013; 2♀, Laspur, 36° 7‘9.22‖N 72°28‘20.58‖E, 26-vi-2013;
2♂, 4♀, Thal, 35°25‘5.56‖N 72°10‘25.73‖E, 03-v-2013; 2♂, 2♀, Kumrat,
35°33‘58.81‖N 72°11‘45.52‖E, 03-v-2013; 4♂, 7♀, Kalam, 35°29‘12.68 ―N
72°34‘47.00‖E, 6-v-2013; Uthror; 2♂, 5♀, Gabral, 35°31‘37.83‖N 72°24‘41.65‖E, 7-
v-2013; 1♂, 2♀, Maidan , 34°43‘22.13‖N 71°47‘42.11‖E, 21-iv-2014; 1♀, Chinar,
Talash, 34°43‘22.13‖N 71°47‘42.11‖E, 18-iv-2014; 3♂, 6♀, 6 Km N Timergara near
pangkora river, 34°51‘0.21‖N 71°51‘43.06‖E, 25-iv-2014; 3♂, 2♀, Buner, Gokand,
34°38‘56.17‖N 72°31‘12.24‖E, 30-vi-2014; FATA: 4♂, 5♀, Bajaur Agency,
Damadola, 34°47‘54.88‖N 71°27‘58.38‖E, 22-iv-2014; 1♂, Fr Peshawar, Janakor,
33°48‘27.46‖N 71°44‘6.12‖E, 30-iii-2014; 1♂,2♀, Samabadaber, Fr Peshawar,
33°46‘40.25‖N 71°45‘6.83‖E, 30-iii-2014; 1♂, Khyber Agency, jamrud, 34°
0‘44.85‖N 71°22‘39.17‖E, 4-iv-2014; 2♂, 2♀,Khyber Agency, Landikotal,
34°12‘47.39‖N 71°12‘38.21‖E, 1-iv-2014; 1♂,2♀, Fr Kohat, Akhurwal,
33°43‘57.93‖N 71°30‘50.68‖E, 8-iv-2014; Mohmand Agency, 34°20‘19.92‖N
71°23‘27.62‖E, 9-vi-2014; Gilgit Baltistan: 2♀, 2♂ Naltar, near South of PAF
(Pakistan Air Force) Mess, moist herb- rich meadows, 36° 9‘26.25‖N 74°11‘24.03‖E,
13-vii-2013; 1♂, 2♀,Gilgit, 35°55‘10.69‖N 74°17‘22.02‖E, 19-v-2013 ; 1♂,
2♀,Yaseen, 36°23‘29.82‖N 73°20‘17.00‖E, 28-vi-2013; 2♂, 2♀,Ghakuch,
36°10‘46.92‖N 73°46‘15.15‖E, 28-vi-2013; 1♀, Sost, 36°41‘14.84‖N 74°49‘1.60‖E,
30-vi-2013; 3♀, Astore, 35°21‘17.57‖N 74°51‘42.19‖E, 8-vii-2013; 1♀, Deosai, 35°
1‘7.21‖N 75°24‘54.64‖E, 05-vii-2013; 2♂, 1♀, Chilas, 35°25‘31.08‖N 74° 6‘9.09‖E ,
23-v-2013; 2♂, 2♀, Skardu, 35°16‘37.34‖N 75°38‘34.27‖E, 6-vii-2013.
Distribution: Oriental region, Australia and the Palaerctic region (Peck, 1988;
Speight, 2013); it has been found in entire subcontinent as in India (Brunetti, 1908,
1917; Rahman, 1940; Nayar, 1967; Patel and Patel, 1969a; Lambeck and van Brink,
1973; Mathur, 1983; Datta and Chakraborti, 1983; Singh et al., 1985; Abrol, 1993;
Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Mitra et al., 2003, 2015; Chandel et al., 2004); Afghanistan
(Bańkowska, 1968, 1969; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 2014); Pakistan: Balochistan
(Kharan, Makran), Sindh (Tando jam); Punjab (Sialkot, Tall, Wah, Multan, Murree,
Jhelum, Khanewal, Ghora gali, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Muzafargarh, Faisalabad,
Bhurban), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Mardan, Naran, Charsadda, Abbottabad, Dargai,
Dir, Timergara, Singota, Swat, Ghari Habibullah, Hangu, Kaghan, Kohat, Nowshera,
Peshawar), FATA (Parachinar) (Brunetti, 1923; Rahman, 1942; Chaudhry et al.,
76
1966; Alam et al., 1969; Khan & Yunus, 1970; Hamid et al., 1974; Ghorpadé, 1994,
unpubl.; Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Arif, 2001; Saleem et al., 2001; Irshad, 2008, 2014;
Saeed et al., 2008; Sajjad and Saeed, 2010; Ali et al., 2011; Shehzad, 2011, unpubl.;
Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013). Brunetti (1923) reported one female species collected
by Howlett on 19.iii.1913 from Peshawur, Pakistan. In the current research, the
described species was collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Arando, Drosh, Chitral,
Ayun, Bumborat, Rambur, Garam Chashma, Booni, Mustuj, Laspur, Thal, Kumrat,
Kalam, Uthror , Gabral, Chinar Talash, Maidan, Timergara, Buner), Federally
Administered Tribal Areas (Bajour Agency, Janakor, Samabadaber, Jamrud,
Landikotal, Fr Kohat (Akhurwal), Mohmand Agency), Gilgit Baltistan (Naltar, Gilgit,
Yaseen, Ghakuch, Sost, Astor, Deosai, Chilas, Skirdu).
Flower Records: E. balteatus visits different types of white and yellow flowers of
trees and low growing plants including nectarless flower; also visit Cirsium and
Succisa (Pink flower) (de Buck, 1990); Datta and Chakraborti (1983) collected the
specemins from Cannabis sp, Lantana camara, Justicia simplex, Duranta plumier,
Solanum nigrum; as a pollinator of Allium cepa (Saeed et al., 2008; Sajjad et al.,
2008); different author showed that aphid honey dew can be a significant additional
food source for adults of this species (Pinheiro et al., 2013; Van Rijn et al., 2013). In
the current study the species was collected from Grass, Lantana camara, Duranta
plumier, Solanum nigrum, Coriandrum sativum, Trifolium resupinatum (shaftal) and
Allium cepa.
Comments: The type locality of the species is Sweden. It is easily recognized by the
terga 2 and 4 without black median vitta, and frons only with two black spots above
antennae, characters shared with Episyrphus (Episyrphus) viridaureus; it can be
separated from closely related species, E. (E.) viridaureus by having abdominal sterna
each with black spot in centre or immaculate. Most of the specimens examined fit
Ghorpadé (1994) key. Some of the species are very dark and small while other are
pale which may be due to temperature difference at their pupal development as
previously noted (Dušek and Láska, 1974b). Differences were also noted in the colour
of scutellar pile and tergum 2 anterior marking which might cause by temperature
difference also noted by (Wright and Skevington, 2013).
E. (E.) balteatus larvae are efficient biological control agents of several aphid species
(Chambers and adams, 1986; Tenhumberg and Poehling, 1995). The larvae are
77
generalist about species which feed on different species of Aphididae, and some
Adelgidae, Psyllidae, Lepidoptera larvae, Coccidae and Phylloxeridae. Host list of the
species is too long as its larvae feed on about 208 aphid species of total 220 recorded
prey species) (Rojo et al., 2003). Host records indicate that the described species is
pradator of lipaphis erysimi and Myzus persicae both are pest and found in Pakistan
and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Research required to be performed against these pests and
other Aphids species to find its potential against them. It is established by Branquart
and Hemptinne (2000) that the female of this species might lay between 2000 and
4,500 eggs during its adult life under laboratory conditions. The species mostly found
in vegetable crops such as broad beans and carrots as an aphidophagous predator
(Colignon et al., 2001), and it has been used against aphids in greenhouses (van
Lenteren, 2012). Leroy et al. (2010) reported that E. (E.) balteatus is a good candidate
for biological control as its larvae consume 500 aphids in 10 days when 15 syrphid
eggs were introduced. E. balteatus is the most studied species among syrphids
because of its potentiality as a predator, ease to culture in laboratory and its
abundance in most terrestrial habitats.
Bhatia (1939) described and figure the E. (E.) balteatus larva. Sharma and Bhalla
(1988) reported duration of development stages of the described species in laboratory
as incubation period (3-4 days), Ist instar (2-4 days), 2nd
instar (2-3 days), 3rd
instar
(4-5 days), total instar duration (8-12 days), mean pupal duration (8-9 days), total
development period (20-23 days) and adult longevity (5-14 days). Jalilian (2015a)
reported that 465.60 Aphis pomi were eaten by each larva of E. (E.) balteatus. He also
reported that 4.00, 11.33, 7.20 and 23.50 days is the incubation, larval, pupal period
and developmental time of E. (E.) balteatus respectively. Sarthou et al. (2006)
established that the species can also overwinter as a larva apart from the previously
recognized overwintering adult stage.
E. (E.) balteatus widely distribution records show that the species is highly
anthropophilic and cosmopolitan, and its adaptability to different climates. In the
current research, the described species was collected for the first time from different
localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Arando, Drosh, Chitral, Ayun, Bumborat,
Rambur, Garam Chashma, Booni, Mustuj, Laspur, Thal, Kumrat, Kalam, Uthror ,
Gabral, Chinar Talash, Maidan, Timergara, Buner), Federally Administered Tribal
Areas (Bajour Agency, Janakor, Samabadaber, Jamrud, Landikotal, Fr Kohat
78
(Akhurwal), Mohmand Agency), Gilgit Baltistan (Naltar, Gilgit, Yaseen, Ghakuch,
Sost, Astor, Deosai, Chilas, Skirdu). In the current study the species was collected
from Grass, Lantana camara, Duranta plumier, Solanum nigrum, Coriandrum
sativum, shaftal (Trifolium resupinatum) and Allium cepa with the help of insect net.
4.15.2 Episyrphus (Episyrphus) viridaureus (Wiedemann, 1824)
(Figs. 84-89)
1824 Episyrphus viridaureus (Wiedemann), Analecta entomologica: 35.
1830 Syrphus nectarinus Wiedemann, Aussereurop. Zweifl.Insekt. 2: 128.
1842 Syrphus alternans Macquart, Mém.Soc. R. Sci. Agric. Arts, Lille. 1:149.
1856a Syrphus triligatus Walker, J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 1:19.
1869 Syrphus heterogaster Thomson, In K. svenska fregatten Eugenies Resa, Zool.
Dipt. 2(1): 498.
1913 Syrphus balteatus ‗var‘ formosae Sack, Ent. Mitt. 2(1):5.
1944a Syrphus graptus Hull, Psyche. 51:22.
Diagnosis: Sterna 2 and 3, at least, with incomplete or complete subposterior,
transverse black band (Fig. 85); lunule with only two dark spot above antenna.
Description of Male: n= 5.
Length: 7.5-10.5 mm.
Head: Face yellow pilose, yellow pollinose; lunule with only two dark spot above
antennal bases; frons yellow pilose, yellow pollinose; antenna orange yellow with
basoflagellomere brown apicodorsally.
Thorax: Scutum black, with greenish shiny, yellow laterally with yellow stripe from
postpronotum to scutellum; mesonotum dorsally with thin middle line of grayish-
white pollen, broad grayish white pollinose vitta on each side of middle line;
scutellum yellow apically, dull yellow anteromedially; alula completely microtrichose
(Fig. 84).
Wing: Wings hyaline; stigma brownish grey; halters yellow (Figs. 86, 87, 88).
Leg: Legs yellow; coxae black, trochanter slightly darkish basally, mostly yellow;
tibiae 3 slightly darker on apical one third; tarsi 3 becoming brownish apically; the
79
fine pile all yellow; femur, tibia and tarsus with yellow thick pile on its ventral
surface.
Abdomen: More than median half of the segment 1 black; Tergum 2 with broad
yellow fascia, medially divided by black vitta reaching more or less to middle of
tergum 2; tergum 3 and 4 mostly yellow with black anterior fascia bent a little
forward in their centre, and with broad black, arched fascia posteriorly; tergum 5
mostly yellow; Sterna 2 and 3, at least, with incomplete or complete subposterior,
transverse black band (Figs. 84, 85).
Male Genitalia: As the male genitalia very like to that of Episyrphus balteatus, so it
is not included in description.
Female: (n=14). Dichoptic, other characters similar to male (Fig. 89).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♀, Chitral, 35°55‘1.74‖N
71°48‘54.07‖E, 23-vi-2013; 1♀, Garam Chashma, 35°59‘40.77‖N 71°33‘44.86‖E,
23-vi-2013; 1♀, Bumborat, 35°41‘33.28‖N 71°40‘26.63‖E, 20-vi-2013; 4♀, Booni,
36°16‘40.03‖N 72°15‘24.38‖E, 16-v-2013; 2♀, Kalam, 35°29‘12.68‖ 72°34‘47.00‖E,
6-v-2013; 1♂,1♀, 6 Km N Timergara near panjkora river, 34°51‘0.21‖N
71°51‘43.06‖E, 25-iv-2014; 3♂, Buner, 34°38‘56.17‖N 72°31‘12.24‖E, 30-iv-2014;
FATA: 1♂,3♀ Bajaur Agency, 34°46‘14.01‖N 71°27‘37.55‖E, 22-iv-2014; Gilgit
Baltistan: 1♀, Astore, 35°21‘17.57‖N 74°51‘42.19‖E, 8-vii-2013.
Distribution: Australia (Wright and Skevington, 2013); Malaysia, Indonesia, New
Caledonia, North to China and Japan (Thompson and Vockeroth, 1989); Nepal,
Bangladesh, Srilanka (Ghorpadé, 1994, 2009, 2014); India (Ghorpadé, 1994, 2009,
2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar, Swat), Punjab
(Lahore) (Alam et al., 1969; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013, Ghorpadé, 2014). In the
current study, the described species was collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Chitral,
Garam Chashma, Bumborat, Booni, Kalam, Timergara, Buner), Federally
Administered Tribal Areas (Bajour Agency) and Gilgit Baltistan (Astore).
Flower Records: Euphorbia heloscopia, Calendula sp. (in the present study)
Comments: E. (E.) viridaureus was first described by Wiedemann (1824). The type
locality of the species is Java, Indonesia. It is easily recognized by the terga 2 and 4
without black median vitta, and frons only with two black spots above antennae,
characters shared with E. (E.) balteatus; it can be separated from E. (E.) balteatus by
having abdominal sterna 2 and 3, at least, with incomplete or complete subposterior,
80
transverse black band. This species shows variation in marking on terga 2 anteriorly
which may be due to temperature difference. Most of the specimens examined fit
Ghorpadé‘s key of 1994 but some of the specimen have tergum 2 anterior cross
macula becomes faint thin line owing to temperature differences as previously noted
by (Wright and Skevington, 2013).
Wright and Skevington (2013) reported that female oviposition of this species take
place on Sonchus oleraceus L. (milkthistle) and Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (blue
billygoat weed). The prey records of this species include colonies of Brachybaudus
helichrysi (Kaltenbach) (leaf curl plum aphid and Hypermyzus lactuacae (L.)
Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) (brown citrus aphid), Aphis nerii Boyer de
fonscolombe (oleander aphid) and Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphid) (Wright and
Skevington, 2013); other prey records include Lipaphis erysimi and Myzus perssicae
on Brassica spp (Nagarkatti and Jayanth, 1982); Pentalonia nigronervosa on plant
host Elletaria cardomomum (Rajan, 1981). Distribution records show that the species
is reported in china, Japan, Oriental and Australasia region. In the current study, the
described species was collected for the first time from different localities of Pakistan:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Chitral, Garam Chashma, Bumborat, Booni, Kalam,
Timergara, Buner), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Bajour Agency) and Gilgit
Baltistan (Astore).
4.16 Genus Ischiodon Sack, 1913
(Figs. 90-96, 182-184)
1913 Ischiodon Sack, Ent Mitt., 2:5 Type-speicies: Ischiodon trochanterica Sack,
1913 (monotypy) = Scaeva scutellaris Fabricius, 1805.
Diagnosis: The species can be recognized by the following combination of
characters: Eye bare; Basoflagellomere elongate (Fig. 90); abdomen lightly margined
but distinctly and slightly convex dorsally; anterior anepisternum bare; katepisternum
pile patches broadly separated posteriorly (Fig. 93); clear yellow spot present on
upper margin of katepisternum (Fig. 93); metatrochanter of male with ventral spine
like process (Figs. 91, 92); tergum 8 of female well developed (Fig. 95).
Head: Eye bare; Face yellow, non pilose; antennal segment 2 very short,
basoflagellomere very large, twice as long as broad benting to sharpely rounded apex,
arista shorter than basoflagellomere (Fig. 90).
81
Thorax: Mesonotum shining black with lateral mesonotal margin yellow; scutellum
yellow, normally vaguely brownish on disc; pleura shining black, katepisternum hair
patches separated posteriorly; metastenum bare.
Wing: R4+5 ending before wing apex its apical portion bent clearly forward. Mostly
wing basal half with no microtrichia though sparsely present elsewhere of wing.
Legs: Leg mostly yellow; male with ventral surface of metatrochanter with slender or
moderately stout, cylindrical, distally sharp process of variable length (Fig. 91).
Abdomen: Abdomen elongate with parallel sided, flattened above, middle of tergum
2 to end of tergum 5 with strong margin; tergum 2 with pair of yellow fascia separate
or confluent; a slightly arcuate yellow fascia present on each of tergum 3 and 4; the
black areas on apical portion of abdomen mostly reddish thus causing pattern unclear;
dark central spot or fascia present on yellow sternite (Fig. 90).
Male Terminalia: Hypandrium articulated with epandrium, hypandrium having
wide process originating in the anterior emargination; basal and distal portions of
aedeagus present; superior lobe elongate very large, broad and compressed; surstylus
elongate, serrated weakely and with short weak lateral flange in Ischiodon scutellaris
while it is broadly attached and compressed in Ischiodon aegyptius.
Distribution: The genus consists of three species: I. feae (Bezzi) in Cape Verde
Island; I. aegyptius (Wiedemann) in Africa to Mediterranean coast of Europe; I.
scutellaris (Fabricius) in Oriental/Oceanic and Australasian to Southern Coast of
Plaearctic region) (Láska et al, 2006; Speight, 2013).
Biology: Singh and Mishra (1988) studied the biology of immature stages while some
of the workers described the immature stage (Tawfik et al., 1974; kumar et al, 1987;
Láska et al, 2006). Ischiodon larvae are aphidophagous and even feed on Lepidoptera
larvae which were listed by (Rojo et al., 2003).
82
4.16.1 Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius, 1805)
(Figs. 90-96, 182-184)
1805 Scaeva scutellaris Fabricius, Syst. Antl. : 252.
1842 Syrphus coromandelensis Macquart, Mém. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille. 1841(1): 65-
200.
1855 Sphaerophoria annulipes Macquart, Mém. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille. 1: 116.
1856 Syrphus splendens Doleschall, Naturrk. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie. 10: 410.
1884b Syrphus erythropygus Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (6) 4: 87.
1899 Melithreptus novaeguineae Kertesz, Termeszetr. Füz. 22: 178.
1913 Ischiodon trochanterica Sack, Ent. Mitt. 2(1): 6.
1916 Melithreptus ogasawarensis Matsumura, Entomol. Mag. Kyoto. 2(1): 23.
1919 Ischiodon boninensis Matsumura, Entomol. Mag. Kyoto. 3(3-4): 128.
1946 Epistrophe platychiroides Frey, Notul. Ent. (1945) 25: 164.
1952 Ischiodon penicillatus Hardy, Proc. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. 14: 363.
1963 Ischiodon magnicornis Shiraki, Ins. Micronesia. 13 (5): 141.
1964 Sphaerophoria macquarti Goot, Beaufortia. 10(127): 212-221.
Diagnosis: Eye bare; Basoflagellomere elongate (Fig. 96); anterior anepisternum
bare; katepisternum pile patches broadly separated posteriorly (Fig. 93);
metepisternum with no pile; lateral mesonotal margin bright yellow, clearly marked
from dark dorsum; metatrochanter of male with ventral calcar (Figs. 91, 92).
Description of Male: n=2.
Length: 8.85 mm.
Head: Eyes contiguity nearly equal to distance from lunule to tip of vertical triangle;
holoptic, eye bare; occiput black, white pollinsoe, pale pilose; vertical triangle black,
shiny, grayish pilose; frontal triangle yellow, yellow pilose; face with facial tubercle,
pale yellow pilose; gena yellow, yellow pilose; lunule sulphur yellow; epistome very
small, brownish; antennae yellow to brownish orange; scape relatively longer than
pedicel, basoflagellomere tappering slightly to sharply round apex, elongate, longer
than scape and pedicel together; arista shorter than basoflagellomere, arista yellowish,
apicodarsally blackish, nonpilose (Figs. 90, 96).
83
Thorax: Scutum shining black except lateral yellow vitta, yellow pilose;
postpronotum black, bare; notopleura light yellow, postalar callus black; scutellum
yellow, yellow pilose, normally vaguely brownish on disc; pleura shining black,
except posterior part of anepisternum yellow on posterior half, yellow pilose, and
katepisternum with dorsal yellow macula, yellow pilose; metasternum bare (Fig. 93).
Wing: Wing membrane hyaline; mostly bare, bare on wing basal half with no
microtrichia though sparsely present elsewhere of wing; allula broad, sparse
microtrichose; wing vein R4+5 moderately sinuate, R4+5 end before wing apex; R1
reaching tip of costa or R2+3; spurrous vein well developed, hardely reaching apex of
discal cell.
Leg: Leg moderate in length, reddish yellow; femur 3 yellowish more than 1/2,
nearly one 1/3 black; femur 3 extreme apex yellowish; metatibia blackish brown ring;
metabasotarsomere yellow, 3rd
, 4th
, 5th
metatarsomere blackish dorsally; metatroch-
anter of male with ventral calcar (Figs. 91, 92).
Abdomen: Abdomen flat or slightly convex dorsally, terga 3-5 margined, nearly
parallel sided; dorsum mostly black pilose except tergum 1 and tergum 2 anterior half;
tergum 2 black with pair of yellow maculae separate; terga 3 and 4 black with a
slightly curved, rather broad yellow fascia emarginated (brownish on tergum 4) on
posterior margin; tergum 5 brownish (Fig. 90).
Male genitalia: Epandrium normal in shape; surstylus elongate, strongly compressed,
beyond base wide with curved and ventral margin, weakly serrate (Fig. 182);
hypandrium ventrally deeply depressed with anterior borders of shallow
posteroventral emargination, weakly notched apically; superior lobe elongate,
strongly compressed, basally broad, rounded apically; lobe outer surface having
minutely scattered setae; distal portion of aedeagus sclerotised, basally compressed
with subcylindrical truncate; aedeagal base large, anterodorsally produced into plates
which divides into two long bented slender blunt process; rounded narrowely on
upper side and broadely rounded on lower side (Figs. 182-184).
Female: (n=6). Length= 8.46 mm.
Frons distinctly widened forward; lunule shining black; face shining orange yellow,
yellowish pollinose, distinctly less broader than longer; yellow fascia on abdomen a
little bit different than male; yellow fascia on terga 3 and 4 less curved than male,
84
tergum 5 with black spots large, tergum 6 deep shining black; tergum 8 of female well
developed (Fig. 94, 95).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♂, 2♀, 6 Km North of Timergara,
34°51‘0.21‖N 71°51‘43.06‖E, 25-iv-2014; FATA: 1♂, 6♀, Bajaur Agency,
34°46‘14.01‖N 71°27‘37.55‖E, 9-iv-2014; 7♀, Mohmand Agency, 34°20‘19.92‖N
71°23‘27.62‖E, 30-iii-2014; 2♀, Landikotal, 34°12‘47.39‖N 71°12‘38.21‖E, 10-iv-
2014.
Distribution: USSR, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Mongolia, Japan, New Guinea
(Peck, 1988); India (Fletcher, 1914, 1916; Brunetti, 1915, 1923, 1925; Rahman, 1940;
Patel & Patel, 1969b; Mathur, 1983; Datta and Chakraborti 1983; Singh et al., 1985;
Anand, 1986; Peck, 1988; Abrol, 1993; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015);
Afghanistan (Ahmad, 1940; Bańkowska, 1968, 1969; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 2014);
Pakistan: Punjab (Multan, Mungawal, Ghora gali, Murree); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Peshawar, Swat, Balakot, Chakdara, Dir, Malakand, Butkhela) (Rahman, 1942; Alam
et al., 1969; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Sajjad and Saeed, 2010; Sajjad et al., 2010; Ali et
al., 2011; Shehzad, 2011; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013). In the current study, the
described species was collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara) and Federally
Administered Tribal Areas (Bajaur Agency, Mohmand Agency, Landikotal).
Flower Records: The species acts as a pollinating agent on toria and sarson (Brassica
spp.) (Rahman, 1942); wild weeds, grass, chrysanthemum sp., cucurbits (Singh et al.,
1985); Brassica napus, Euphorbia heloscopia, Calendula sp. (in the present study).
Comments: The type locality of the species is Tharangambadi (formerly Tranquebar)
in Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The species can be recognized by the combinations of
the following characters: Eye bare; Basoflagellomere elongate; anterior anepisternum
bare; katepisternum pile patches broadly separated posteriorly; metepisternum with no
pile; lateral mesonotal margin bright yellow, clearly marked from dark dorsum;
metatrochanter of male with ventral calcar.
The larvae feed on different species of Aphididae (about 46 aphid species), and some
Aleyrodidae and even Lepidoptera larvae (Rojo et al., 2003). Its larvae feeds on
aphid infesting Ageratum sp., Brassica napus, Cnicus wallichii, Carthamus
oxyacantha, C. Lanatus and Zea mays (Alam et al., 1969). Some of the prey of
Ischiodon scutellaris include: Aphis gossypii complex (Narayanan et al., 1967;
Ghorpadé, 1973b); Brevicoryne brassicae (Rao, 1969b; Ghosh, 1974), and Lipaphis
85
erysimi (Ghorpadé, 1973b; Patel and Patel, 1969a, 1969b); Myzus persicae (Lal and
Gupta, 1953; Rao, 1969b); Acyrthosiphon pisum (Agarwala et al., 1984) ; Aphis
craccivora (Ghorpadé, 1973b); Aphis spiraecola and Aphis verbasci (Joshi et al.,
1969) and Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Khan and Rao, 1948). Host records indicate
that the described species is pradator of different aphid species which are also pest
and found in Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. More research required to be
performed against these pests and other aphid species to find its potential against
them.
Female lays 17-26 eggs on lower suface of the aphid infested leaf; the preoviposition,
oviposition and post oviposition periods varied from 9-13, 3-5 and 0-9 days
repectively; eggs optimum temperature for shortest incubation period of 2 days is 25.9
±2.32˚C; eggs hatching varied from 63.00-81.92 %; larva passes 3 instar and moults
two times; Its lavae consumed more number of safflower aphids than cabbage aphids
(L. erysimi, Kalt.) at a room temperature of 20.59±1.25˚C; Ischiodon scutellaris
larvae caudal segment are cemented to a leaf and the pupa remains attached to leaf
before pupation, pupal duration varies 5-6 days and 10 to 11 days at temperature of
28.89±4.92˚C and 20.68 ±1.53˚C respectively when reared on L. erysimi, Kalt; adult
emerges by making a split the plates anteriorly; seasonal incidence shows that the
larvae remain active from August to March if aphids are available; male and female
live longer on feeding with 5% sugar solution; premating period varied from 2-7 days;
same male mated three times with the same female or with new ones (Patel and Patel,
1969b); Singh and Mishra (1988) reported that for proper development its larvae
consumed atleast 25 or 30 aphids/day.
The distribution records show that the species is reported in Turkey, Greece, Southern
Asiatic parts of the Palaerctic from Iran to Japan, Oceania, Oriental and Australasian
Region. The described species is collected for the first time from the localities of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Bajaur
Agency, Mohmand Agency and Landikotal) in the current survey.
86
4.17 Genus Eupeodes Osten Sacken, 1877
(Figs. 97-113, 185-191)
1877 Eupeodes Osten Sacken, Bull. U.S. geol. geog. Surv. Terr. 3 (2): 328. Type-
species, Eupeodes volucris Osten Sacken, 1877 (monotypy).
1917a Metasyrphus Matsumura, Entomol. Mag. Kyoto. 2 (4): 134. Type-speicies:
Syrphus corollae Fabricius, 1794.
Diagnosis: eye bare or very rarely haired; Thorax shining or subshining, oval,
normally flattened; katepisternal hair patches separated posteriorly; metasternum
haired; lateral mesonotal margin dark if yellowish then dull; pleuron dark without
yellow areas.
The species of the genus Metasyrphus Matsumura, 1917 was synonymized to
Eupeodes Osten Sacken, 1877. Differences in distinctive male terminalia are slight (in
most cases) and seemingly moderat variation has been observed within some species.
(Vockeroth, 1986). The species show notable amount of intraspecific variation in
colour of abdomen, legs, head, and body hairs (Vockeroth, 1992); these variations are
arise due to temperature differences during pupal stage (Dušek and Láska, 1974b).
Head: Eye usually bare or with very short scattered hardly distinguishable hairs. Face
yellow with narrow but clearcut black or brown median stripe.
Thorax: Mesonotum shinning black; scutellum shining dull yellow, translucent;
upper and lower katepisternal pile patches moderately separated or narrowly joined
posteriorly, nearly joined anteriorly due to an anterior broadening of lower patch;
pleura dark, with out any yellow areas; lateral mesonotal margin dark, if yellowish
then dull and not clearly distinguished from darker dorsum; metasternum haired.
Wing: Wing membrane generally almost entirely trichose with basally small bare
areas; vein R4+5 almost straight.
Legs: Legs slender, femur 3 unarmed, tibia 3 and tarsus 3 simple.
Abdomen: Abdomen oval, narrow to moderately broad, marginate strongly from
middle of tergum 2 to end of tergum 5; tergum 2 having yellow spot generally
narrowly separated but broadly merging in some species; tergum 3 and 4 with a single
yellow band or pair of spots; sterna yellow, at least sternum 2 and 3, and generally all
sterna with median dark brown to black spots or fasciae.
87
Male Terminalia: The male genitalia of subgenus Eupeodes is rather similar to
subgenus Metasyrphus in many characters. Normally small, moderately enlarged in
some group; epandrium with clear piles in some species; surstylus usually slender,
somewhat narrowly or broadly rounded apex, greatly enlarged, curved abruply
forward near apex and with clear anterior flange more or less of its length in corollae
group; hypandrium broad, usually shallow, posteroventral emargination, lingula
usually very short and wide or not present; shape of hypandrium apicolateral process
very variable; superior lobe caudally oriented, broad basally, compressed apically;
Aedeagal base in the shape of vertical plate which are dorsally fused and broadly
rounded; aedeagus distal portion usually short less circle in section, swollen just
beyod base, at apex slightly expanded.
Biology: Larvae feed on wide variety of aphids. The European species, particulary the
migrant syrphid, E. (M.) corollae larvae are aphidophagous (Rotheray, 1993:
Vockeroth, 1992). Eupeodes larva is nearly similar to Metasyrphus americanus
(Wied.) (Heiss, 1938).
Distribution: Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) Holarctic, Ehiopian, Neotropical, Australian,
Oriental (Vockeroth, 1969); Eupeodes (Eupeodes) largely Holarctic except some
species in other regions; Eupeodes (Laposyrphus) one each Holarctic and western
Nearctic (Vockeroth, 1992).
4.18 Key to the species of genus Eupeodes Osten Sacken
1. Alula almost completely or microtrichose; lunule yellow with brownish dark
spot above antennal bases; scutellum with black pile except along margin (Fig.
101); male with occipital fringe of pile on dorsal one-fourth yellow with row of
black pile; frons of female black upto dorsal two-third, with dust spots and
sternum 5 yellow with a median black spot (Figs. 102, 103)...…………………
……………………………………………………………. bucculatus (Rondani)
- Alula basomedially bare, other character variable ...…………………………... 2
2. Tergum 2 with yellow spots broadly confluent (Figs. 109, 112); femur 3 with
broad diagonal brownish annulus, or with darkening on anterior one-half (Figs.
110, 113) ………………………………………………. confrater (Wiedemann)
- Tergum 2 with yellow spots obvious; femur 3 one half to three fourth brownish
black; gena wholly black; male terminalia large (Fig. 104); female frons with
88
dorsal one-half or less black, with dust spot not present or decrease to an
oblique finger on both sides and well separated from each other in centre (Fig.
108) ………………………………………………………... corollae (Fabricius)
4.18.1 Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) bucculatus (Rondani, 1857)
(Figs. 97-103, 185-186)
1857 Syrphus bucculatus Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodromus. 2: 134.
1917 Metasyrphus frequens Matsumura, Entomol. Mag. Kyoto. 3: 148.
1931 Syrphus latilunulatus Collin, Entomol. mon. Mag. 67: 178
1980 Metasyrphus pseudonitens Dušek & Láska, Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 77:
125.
Diagnosis: lunule yellow with brownish dark spot above antennal bases (Fig. 99);
scutellum black pilose except along margin (Fig. 101); male with occipital fringe of
pile on dorsal ¼ yellow with row of black pile; frons of female black upto dorsal 2/3,
with dust spots (Fig. 102), and with sternum 5 yellow with a median black spot; Alula
almost completely microtrichose.
Description of Male: n= 15.
Length: 7-11mm.
Head: Eye bare; vertical triangle black, mainly grayish pilose, with a few black pili
posteriorly; ocelli yellow orange; occiput grayish yellow pollinose, occipital fringe of
pile on dorsal ¼ pale yellow, with row of black piles; lunule yellowish brown with
two brownish dark spot above antennal bases nearly distinct (Fig. 99); frontal triangle
yellow, black pilose (Fig. 100); face yellow, with facial tubercle slightly below
antennae brownish black; yellow pilose; gena grayish yellow; narrowly mouth upper
border black anteriorly; antenna brownish black except basoflagellomere orangish on
lower less than 1/3; arista brown.
Thorax: Scutum greenish black except laterally from notopleuron to scutellum
brownish, pale yellow pilose; scutellum yellow, black pilose medially on disc, yellow
pilose laterally and anteriorly (Fig. 101); pleura moderately aeneous.
Wing: hyaline, cell bm bare on basal ½; alula nearly completely microtrichose or
small bare area at middle in basal part.
89
Leg: coxae orange brown, yellow pilose; trochanters brownish black, yellow pilose;
femora 1 and 2 black on basal 1/4-1/3; femur 3 black except yellow on apical 1/2-3/4,
black pilose; femur 1 black pilose distally, except pale pilose basally.
Abdomen: Spots on terga 3 and 4 confluent at middle; nearly touced but for the most
part not reaching lateral margin; tergum 5 with median black spot, lateral margin
entirely yellow. Sternal dark spot mostly rounded (Figs. 97, 98).
Male genitalia: Hypandrium comparatively small somewhat angular and wrinkled,
laterodistal corners short and blunt; head of aedeagal base narrow irregularly curved
with dorsal tooth reduced or absent, ventral tooth long and slender (Figs. 185, 186).
Female: (n= 16). Similar to male except, female frons black upto dorsal 2/3, with dust
spots (Fig. 102); sternum 5 yellow with a median black spot (Fig. 103); wing
membrane with less microtrichia than male.
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2♂, Chitral, 35°55‘1.74‖N
71°48‘54.07‖E, 15-v-2013; 1♂, Mastuj, 36°16‘40.03‖N 72°15‘24.38‖E, 17-v-
2013;1♂, kumrat, 35°33‘58.81‖N 72°11‘45.52‖E, 03-vi-2013; 2♀, Timergara,
34°49‘38.36‖N 71°50‘12.01‖E, 20-vi-2013; FATA: 11♂, 8♂, Bajaur Agency,
Damadola, 34°47‘54.88‖N 71°27‘58.38‖E, 22-iv-2014; 1♀, Fr Peshawar,
Samabadaber, 33°46‘40.25‖N 71°45‘6.83‖E, 30-iii-2014; 1♂, Fr Peshawar, Janakor,
33°48‘27.46‖N 71°44‘6.12‖E, 30-iii-2014; 1♂, Fr Kohat, Akhurwal, 33°43‘57.93‖N
71°30‘50.68‖E, 8-iv-2014; 2♀, Khyber Agency, Landikotal, 34°12‘47.39‖N
71°12‘38.21‖E, 10-iv-2014.
Distribution: Japan; Switzerland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Great Britain; Spain;
Finland; Sweden; Norway; Hungary; Russia; (Mazánek et al., 1998); Afghanistan
(Bańkowska, 1968; Dušek & Láska, 1980; Peck 1988; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014;
Mazánek et al., 1998); India (Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Shah et al., 2014; Mitra et al.,
2015); Pakistan (Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014). In the current study, the described species
was collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Chitral, Mastuj, Kumrat, Timergara) and
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Bajaur Agency (Damadola), Fr Peshawar
(Samabadaber, Janakor), Fr Kohat (Akhurwal), Khyber Agency (Landikotal)).
Flower Records: Flowers records include Euphorbia, Narthecium, Salix (Speight,
2013); Euphorbia helioscopia, Calendola sp. (in the current study).
Comments: The type locality of the species is agri parmensis (=Parma) in Italy. It is
easily recognized by the hairy metasternum, a character shared with metasyrphus
90
corollae and macrosyrphus confrater; it can be separated from macrosyrphus
confrater by having small size and the alula almost completely microtrichose;
Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) bucculatus differs from M. corollae by small terminalia.
Though the species varies in its microtrichosity of allula, which almost microtrichose
in specimen is against as it is reported entirely microtrichose by Ghorpadé (2013),
otherwise it fits to his key. The described species also match to the description and
figure provided by Mazánek et al, (1998).
The described species is predator of aphids. Its prey records reported as Aphis fabae
with host Cirsium arvense (Láska & Stary, 1980); Brevicoryne brassicae with host
Brassica oleracea (Verma & Makmoor, 1989); Lipaphis erysimi and Myzus persicae
with host Brassica campestris (Kumar et al., 1987). The species was collected from
flowers of Euphorbia helioscopia, Calendola sp. with help of insect collecting net.
The geographical distribution of the species shows that it is widely distributed in
Palaearctic region. The described species is collected for the first time from Chitral,
Kumrat, Timergara, Bajaur Agency (Damadola), Fr Peshawar (Samabadaber), Fr
Peshawar (Janakor), Fr Kohat (Akhurwal) and Khyber Agency (Landikotal).
4.18.2 Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) corollae (Fabricius, 1794)
(Figs. 104-108, 189-191)
1794 Scaeva corollae Fabricius, Entomol. Syst. 4 (6): 306.
1803 Musca pyrorum Schrank, Fauna boica. 3 (1): 114.
1817 Scaeva olitoria Fallén, Syrphici Sveciae. 5: 43.
1822 Syrphus lacerus Meigen, Syst. Beschr. 3: 30.
1829 Syrphus crenatus Macquart, Ins. Dipt. 4: 95.
1829 Syrphus flaviventris Macquart, Ins. Dipt. 4: 240.
1829 Syrphus fulvifrons Macquart, Ins. Dipt. 4: 240.
1829 Syrphus nigrifemoratus Macquart, Ins. Dipt. 4: 240.
1830 Syrphus terminalis Wiedemann, Aussereurop. Zweifl. Insekt. 2: 135.
1842 Syrphus disjunctus Macquart, Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille. 1841(1): 148.
1849 Syrphus algirus Macquart, Explor. Scient. Algérie, Zool. 3: 469.
1850 Syrphus corolloides Macquart, Mém. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille. 4: 460.
91
1858 Syrphus cognatus Loew, Ofvers. K. Vetenskapsakad. Forh. :378.
1884b Syrphus berber Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (6) 4: 87.
1978 Metasyrphus libyensis Nayar, Polsk. Pismo. Ent. 48: 539.
Diagnosis: Tergum 2 with yellow spots obvious (Fig. 104); femur 3 one half to three
fourth brownish black (Fig. 106); gena wholly black (Fig. 105); male terminalia large
(Fig. 104); female frons with dorsal one-half or less black, with dust spot not present
or decrease to an oblique finger on both sides and well separated from each other in
centre (Fig. 108).
Description of Male: n=21.
Length: 7-10 mm.
Head: Eyes meeting for shorter distance, eyes contiguity less than total length of the
vertical triangle; vertical triangle anterior black, narrowly posterior grayish, black and
grayish pilose; occiput yellowish grey pollinose, pale yellow pilose; lunule yellow;
frontal triangle yellow, black pilose; face yellow, yellow pilose, with facial tubercle
brownish black; gena wholly black; mouth border brownish black anteriorly; antenna
brownish black except basoflagellomere brown on ventral 1/3; arista black (Fig. 105).
Thorax: Mesonotum greenish black, pale yellow pilose; lateral mesonotal margin
dull yellowish; scutellum shinning dull yellow, translucent, black pilose medially and
yellowish gray pilose narrowly on posterior and anterior margins; pleura moderately
aeneous grey; upper and lower katepisternal hair patches separated posteriorly;
metasternum haired (Fig. 106).
Wing: Wings hyline, stigma yellowish; halters yellowish orange.
Leg: Coxae black, white pilose; trochanters brownish black, black and white pilose;
femora 1 and 2 black on basal 1/2, brown on apical 3/4; femur 3 basally black on 4/5,
yellow brownish at extreme apex; tibia 3 indistinctly darker (Fig. 106).
Abdomen: Tergum 1 shining aeneous; tergum 2 black aenous with a pair of large
oval yellow spots extend to lateral margin, spots well separated from centre of tergum
2; tergum 3 and tergum 4 having each with a pair of spots extending to lateral
margins; these spot narrowly joined at their median line; tergum 5 orange, indistinctly
blackish in middle (Fig. 104).
Male genitalia: Genitalia large, shining black; hypandrium deeper than long, with
broad and short but distinct lingula; superior lobe elongate, broad, and slightly
92
swollen at the further side of the base but distally compressed, narrowed ventrally
with clear tooth at posterodorsal angle, with small pile apicovetrally on lateral surface.
Aedeagus distal portion upto some extent strongly schlerotized, highly swollen and
subcircular in section; Aedeagal base in the shape of vertical plate which are dorsally
fused and broadly rounded and extended ventrally and apically formed two strong
teeth (Figs. 189, 190, 191).
Female: (n=17). Female similar to male, except dorsal half of frons shinning black,
with pollinose spots absent or reduced to an oblique finger on both sides and well
separated from each other in centre; tergum 2 spots joined (Figs. 107, 108).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2♂, 5♀, 9 Km North of Timergara,
34°51‘0.21‖N 71°51‘43.06‖E, 25-v-2014; FATA: 6♂, 2♀, Bajaur Agency
(Damadola), 34°47‘54.88‖N 71°27‘58.38‖E, 9-iv-2014; 4♂, 2♀, Bajaur Agency
(Inayath kalay), 34°45‘21.88‖N 71°27‘25.83‖E, 9-iv-2014; 1♂, 4♀, Mohmand
Agency, 34°20‘19.92‖N 71°23‘27.62‖E, 9-iv-2014; 2♂,4♀, Khyber Agency,
Landikotal, 34°12‘47.39‖N 71°12‘38.21‖E, 10-iv-2014; 4♂, Fr Kohat, Akhurwal,
33°43‘57.93‖N 71°30‘50.68‖E, 8-iv-2014; 1♂,4♀, Fr Peshawar, Samabadaber,
33°46‘40.25‖N 71°45‘6.83‖E, 30-iii-2014; Gilgit Baltistan: 1♂, Naltar, near South
of PAF (Pakistan Air Force) Mess, moist herb-rich meadows, 36°9‘26.25‖N
74°11‘24.03‖E, 13-vii-2013.
Distribution: It is highly migratory species and found in all parts of Europe and
USSR; China; Japan, (Peck, 1988; Speight, 2013) ; Taiwan (Sack, 1913); India
(Brunetti, 1923; Nayar and Nayar, 1965; Nayar, 1967; Lambeck and van Brink, 1973;
Singh et al., 1985; Abrol, 1993; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Ghorpadé and Pathania, 2014;
Shah et al, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Afghanistan (Bańkowska, 1968, 1969;
Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014); Pakistan: Punjab ( Khanewal, Muree, Muzafargah Lahore,
Multan, Ghora gali); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar, Dir, Hangu) (Alam et al.,
1969; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Saeed et al., 2010; Shehzad,
2011; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013). In the current study, the described species was
collected from the different localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Timergara), Gilgit
Baltistan (Naltar) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas: Bajaur Agency
(Damadola, Inayath kalay), Mohmand Agency, Khyber Agency (Landikotal), Fr
Kohat (Akhurwal), Fr Peshawar (Samabadaber).
93
Flower Records: Saeed et al. (2008) and Sajjad et al. (2008) listed the described
species as a pollinator of onion (Allium cepa); Sajjad et al. (2010) reported the
described species visitng flowers of 23 plant species in Multan. The described species
E. (M) corollae was collected from different flowers include: Allium cepa, Euphorbia
helioscopia, Calendola sp., Coriandrum sativum and Ranunculus.
Comments: Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) corollae was described by Fabricius (1794).
The type locality of the species is ―Kilia‖ (=Kiel). E. (M.) corollae can be identified
by the combination of characters as tergum 2 with yellow spots obvious; femur 3 one
half to three fourth brownish black; gena wholly black; male terminalia large; female
frons with dorsal one-half or less black, with dust spot not present or decrease to an
oblique finger on both sides and well separated from each other in centre. The large
male genitalia of the described species is critical character not found in M. confrater
and M. bucculatus.
The specimens examined fit Ghorpadé (1994) key except some of the species has
facial tubercle brownish black and metafemur brownish black more than three fourth
is contradiction to the mentioned key. Though the character, metafemur 4/5th black in
our specimen match with Hippa (1968: 47). On the whole other characters match. The
difference may be due to intraspecific variation as noted earlier by Vockeroth (1992).
According to him the species show notable amount of intraspecific variation in colour
of abdomen, legs, head, and body hairs. The specimen was also checked with van
Veen (2004) which supported the described species identification.
Sharma and Bhalla (1988) reported duration of development stages of Eupeodes
(Metasyrphus) corollae i.e., incubation period, Ist instar, 2nd
instar, 3rd
instar, total
instar duration, mean pupal duration, total development period and adult longevity as
3-4 days, 3 days, 2-3 days, 4-5 days, 9-10 days, 10-12 days, 23-25 days and 9-24 days
respectively.
E. (M.) corollae larvae are efficient predator of different kind of aphids (more than
100) and other insect pest. The larvae feed on different species of Aphididae,
Adelgidae? Diaspididae, Phylloxeridae, and some Psyllidae, Lepidoptera and
Thysnaoptera larvae. Host list of the species is too long (Rojo et al., 2003). During
life an individual larva consumes 867 medium sized Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae
(Bombosch 1962). Some of the prey records reported by different authors are:
Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Aphididae) (Yakhontov, 1966b); Acyrthosiphon pisum
94
(Aphididae) with plant host, Medicago sativa (Abdulmadzhid, 1973); Aphis farinose
(Aphididae) with plant host, Salix sp. ( Láska and Stary, 1980); Brevicoryne brassicae
(Aphididae) with plant host, Brassica oleracea var botrytis (Sharma and Bhalla,
1988); Aphis pomi (Aphididae) with plant host, Malus sylvestris (Bhat and Bali,
1989); Parthenolecanium persicae (Homoptera: Coccidae) with plant host, almond
tree (Bolu and Hayat, 2008). Host records indicate that the described species is
pradator of different kind of pest which are also causing serious damage to vegetables
and cash crops in Pakistan particularly Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The highly migratory species, E. (E.) corollae widely distribution records show that
the species is capable of acclimatizing itself to different climates. In the current
research, the described species was collected for the first time from different localities
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Gilgit baltistan
i.e., Timergara, Bajaur Agency (Damadola, Inayath kalay), Mohmand Agency,
Khyber Agency (Landikotal), Fr Kohat (Akhurwal), Fr Peshawar (Samabadaber) and
Naltar.
4.18.3 Eupeodes (Macrosyrphus) confrater (Wiedemann, 1830)
(Figs. 109-113, 187-188)
1830 Syrphus confrater Wiedemann, Aussereurop. Zweifl. Insekt. 2:120.
1852 Syrphus mundus Walker, Insecta Saundersiana. 3:230.
1852 Syrphus cranapes Walker, Insecta Saundersiana. 3:231.
1869 Syrphus macropterus Thomson, In K. svenska fregatten Eugenies resa, Zool.
Dipt. (1): 498.
1884b Syrphus trilimbatus Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 4: 86.
1914 Syrphus torvoides de Meijere, Tijdschr. Ent. 57: 155.
1917 Syrphus (Macrosyrphus) okinawae Matsumura in Matsumura and Adachi,
Entomol. Mag. Kyoto. 3(1): 23.
Diagnosis: Tergum 2 with yellow spots more or less broadly confluent (Figs. 109,
112); femur 3 with darkening on anterior one half (Figs. 110, 113), alula basomedially
not microtrichose.
Description of Male: n=2.
Length: 12-14 mm.
95
Head: Eye approximately bare, with short sparse hairs on high magnification; eyes
contiguity less than half of the vertical triangle, vertical triangle aeneus black, grayish
yellow pilose except black anteriorly near eye contiguity; ocellar triangle aeneus
black, mainly grayish yellow pilose; occiput yellowish grey pollinose, pale yellow
pilose; occipital fringe of pile orange yellow 1/2 dorsally, remaining yellowish white;
lunule roange-brown laterally, slightly yellow medially; frontal triangle yellow except
narrowly dark immediately dorsad to lunule, blackish pilose; face yellow, yellow
pilose; facial tubercle narrowly brownish; gena orange, orange pilose; proboscis
brownish black; antenna brownish orange; basoflagellomere slightly brownish black
on dorsal 2/3; arista orange except dark apically (Fig. 111).
Thorax: Mesonotum greenish black, pale yellow pilose; scutellum yellow, mostly
black pilose, except yellow pilose anteriorly, laterally and ventrally; pleura black,
upper half clearly whitish pollinose; very densely yellow pilose above including
sternopleuron dorsally (Fig. 110).
Wing: Wing yellowish, wing with the following areas bare: centre of first costal cell,
basal 1/9 of 2nd
costal cell, extreme base of cell r, 2nd
basal cell in its entire width at
base, cell cup in front of first CuP vein except at extreme base and very narrowly
behind this vein to its apex and along basal half of posterior margin of cell.
Leg: Legs mostly yellow; coxae and trochanter brownish-black, yellow pilose;
femora 1 and 2 yellow except black on extreme basal; femur 3 with broad diagonal
brownish annulus; tibia 3 generally with apical half more or less brownish; tarsal
segment 2-4 brownish, orange pilose (Fig. 110).
Abdomen: Terga dark brown to black with broad yellow fasciae; tergum 1 mainly
blackish; tergum 2 with a pair of oval spot, their inner ends narrowed and curved at
their centre but practically meeting, yellow pilose except on posterior black band;
tergum 3 with yellow fascia slightly emarginated in centre at posterior margin, yellow
pilose about anterior 3/4 of yellow fascia; tergum 4 with yellow fascia slightly curved
at posterior margin; terga otherwise black haired; tergum 5 brownish yellow with an
definite blackish spot in centre (Fig. 109).
Male genitalia: Surstylus generally short and broad and produced strongly
posteroventrad; hypendrium shallow, posteroventral emergination, lingula moderately
well developed; apicolateral process of hypandrium a little broader; posteroventral
tooth of aedeagal base much smaller and slightly incurved (Figs. 187, 188).
96
Female: (n=2). Similar to male, except ocellar triangle dark; frons with short thin
black pilose; lunular region with extensive dark brown (Figs. 112-113).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2♂, 2♀, Upper Dir, Sheringal,
35°16‘53.83‖N 72°0‘25.34‖E, 4-v-2013.
Distribution: China, Japan, Oriental Region, New Guinea (Peck, 1988); Malay
Peninsula (Curran, 1928, 1931); India (Brunetti, 1923; Bhatia and Shaffi, 1932;
Anand et al., 1967; Nayar, 1967; Mathur, 1983; Singh et al.,1985; Anand, 1986;
Abrol, 1993; Ghorpadé 1994, 2009, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Afghanistan (Ahmad,
1940; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2009, 2014); Pakistan: Punjab (Murree, Lahore), Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (Naran, Swat, Kaghan), FATA (Parachinar) (Alam et al., 1969; Hamid,
1984; Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Saleem et al., 2001; Sajjad et al., 2008, 2010; Sajjad &
Saeed, 2010; Ali et al., 2011; Shehzad, 2011; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013). Upper
Dir (Sheringal) locality of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (in current study).
Flower Records: The species were collected from carrot, onion, Brassica sp. (Abrol,
1993); cotton plant, chrysanthemum (Singh et al., 1985). The described species was
collected from Allium cepa in the current study.
Comments: The type locality of the species is China. E. (M.) confrater is much larger
species of the genus which share the characters of basomedially bare allula with E.
(M.) corollae and differs by tergum 2 with yellow spots confluent and femur 3 with
broad diagonal brownish annulus.
Ghorpadé (1981) reported Macrosyrphus confrater to be predator of more than 20
aphid species in India. Some of the prey records reported by different authors are:
Dreyfusia knucheli (Adelgidae) with plant host, Abies alba (Rao et al., 1965);
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Adelgidae), plant host not reported (Hamid et al., 1974);
Brachycaudus sp. (Aphididae) with plant host, Cirsium sp. (Siddiqui and
Krishnaswamy, 1972); Rhopalosiphum padi (Aphididae) with plant host not reported
(Tao and Chiu, 1971); Myzus persicae, Laboratory rearing (Sharma and Bhalla,
1991); Toxoptera odinae (Aphididae) plant host not reported (Ghorpadé, 1973);
Pseudoregma bambucicola (Aphididae) with plant host, Bambusa multiplex (Ohara,
1985).
Sharma and Bhalla (1988) reported duration of development stages of Macrosyrphus
confrater i.e., incubation period, Ist instar, 2nd
instar, 3rd
instar, total instar duration,
mean pupal duration, total development period and adult longevity as 3-4 days, 5-6
97
days, 3-4 days, 6-8 days, 15-17 days, 12-17 days, 31-37 days and 5-12 days
respectively.
The geographical distribution of the described species include China, Japan, New
Guinea, Afghanistan, Oriental Region (India and Pakistan) The described species is
collected for the first time from Upper Dir (Sheringal).
4.19 Genus Scaeva Fibricius, 1805
(Figs. 114-128, 192-196)
1805 Scaeva Fibricius, Systema antliatorum. 248. Type-species, Musca pyrastri
Linnaeus, 1758 (subsequently designated by Curtis, 1834).
1845a Lasiopthicus Rondani, Nuovi ann. Sci. nat. Inst. Bologna. (2) 2: 459. Type-
species, Musca pyrastri Linnaeus 1758 (Original designation).
1877 Catabomba Osten Sacken, Bull. U. S. geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr. 3: 326. Type-
species, Musca pyrastri Linnaeus, 1758 (monotypy).
Diagnosis: Genus Scaeva can be recognized by the combination of the following
characteristics: Eye pilose, eye with obviously larger facets on upper half; wing
membrane wide and regularly undulated; wing microtrichia largely reduced, basal 1/2
and alula with almost no pile, vein R4+5 dipped into cell r4+5 very weakly but clearly
(Fig. 125); tergum 3 and tergum 4 with blique or lunulate pale spots pair (Figs. 114,
121, 125); male frons very swollen; slender to robust, medium to large species.
Head: Eye haired densely, female with posterior half of the eye sometimes mostly
bare; male eye upper part with an extensive area of distinctly enlarged facets; male
frons greatly enlarged, strongly swollen, and with dense erect pile; face in both sexes
moderately to strongly swollen, face bright to pale yellow, usually with narrow brown
to black median stripe which always ends just above the tubercle.
Thorax: Scutum shinning black, always pale pilose, usually very vaguely yellowish
laterally, rarely with will-defined, lateral margin, pale yellow entirely; scutellum on
disc or entire dull yellow to dark yellow brown, hind margin narrowely to broadly
opaque and lightly paler; pleura black, heavily pale haired, less shinning to
moderately pollinose, sometimes posterodorsal corner of anepisternum distinctly
yellowish; metasternum nonpilose; upper and lower katepisternal hair patches
98
narrowly to broadly connected posteriorly and rarely narrowly connected anteriorly,
otherwise narrowly separated.
Wing: Wing microtrichia greatly reduced, basal ½ and alula bare nearly; usually at
least a few short, erect, scattered microtrichia present near lower wing margin; vein
R4+5 dipped into cell r4+5 very weakly but clearly (Fig. 125).
Leg: Leg generally yellow; femur 3 black three fourth, extreme apex yellow.
Abdomen: The abdomen is elongate, narrowly to broadly oval, flattened, black, with
three pairs of yellow semicircular or irregular rectangular maculae; margined from
base of tergum 2 to apex of tergum 5; terga 3 and terga 4 with a pair of oblique or
lunulate pale spots; sterna variable in colour.
Male Genitalia: Epandrium broadly rounded apically; surstylus short, widened
distally, bluntly rounded apically; hypandrium with slender, bent, narrowly truncate
lingula; hypandrium very weakly rugose laterally before lingula basally; superior lobe
with one or exceptionally two teeth; adeagal base in the shape of moderately long,
more or less compressed ring; short horn-like or funnel-like distal portion of
aedeagus, minutely pilose anteriorly near apex.
Biology: Sharma and Bhalla (1988) reported duration of development stages of
Scaeva pyrastri i.e., incubation period, Ist instar, 2nd
instar, 3rd
instar, total instar
duration, mean pupal duration, total development period and adult longevity as 3-4
days, 3-4 days, 2-4 days, 5-6 days, 10-13 days, 9-12 days, 24-27 days and 9-15 days
respectively. Overwintering seemingly occurs as a puparium (Kantyerina, 1979). Its
larvae are predatory and feed on aphids. Bhatia (1939) described and figured larva.
Distribution: 19 valid species (Kassebeer, 1999); Largely Palaearctic (with 1 species
reached Nearctic and 2 species region Oriental region) and 4 species in Neotropical
region.
99
4.20 Key to the species of genus Scaeva Fabricius
1. Mesonotum lateral margins sharp yellow, marked from black dorsum (Fig.
119); tergum 2 with pale spots touching with lateral margins; tergum 5 with
lateral margins mostly yellow (Fig. 21); scutellum white pilose at least on
anterior one-third; quadrate oval spots present on tergum 3 and tergum 4 (Figs.
121, 123) …………………….......................................... latimaculata (Brunetti)
- Tergum 2 with pale spots not extending to lateral margins; tergum 5 with lateral
margins almost black; scutellum with white or black hairs
…………………………………………………..........………………………... 2
2. Scutellum nearly completely black haired; tergum 2 with pale spots lunulate and
narrow (Figs. 125, 127); tergum 3 and tergum 4 with pale spots lunulate whose
endings are spatulate; tergum 5 with posterior yellow marginal fascia not wavy
(Fig. 127) …………………………………………………... pyrastri (Linnaeus)
- Scutellum with yellowish white hairs, at least on anterior one-half (Fig. 117),
tegum 2 with pale spots triangular; tergum 3 and tergum 4 with pale spots wide
and quadrate, theirs inner endings are truncate; tergum 5 posterior yellow
marginal fascia wavy (Fig. 118) ..…………………… albomaculata (Macquart)
4.20.1 Scaeva albomaculata (Macquart, 1842)
(Figs. 114-118, 192-193)
1842 Syrphus albomaculatus Macquart, Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Agric. Arts, Lille.
1841(1): 146 and Dipt. exot. 2(2): 86.
1845b Lasiophticus gemellarii Rondani, Ann. Accad. Aspir. Natur. Napoli. 3: 157.
1935 Lasiopticus albomaculatus var. sulphureus Sack, Wissenschaft. Ergebn.
Niederl. Exped. Karakorum. 1: 401.
1974 Olbiosyrphus scufinus Dzhafarova, Uchen. Zap. Azerb. Univ. (Ser. Boil.) 1:
42.
Diagnosis: yellowish white hairs present at least anteriorly on scutellum (Fig. 117),
tergum 2 with pale spots not extending to lateral margins (Fig. 114); tegum 2 with
pale spots triangular; tergum 3 and tergum 4 with pale spots wide and quadrate, theirs
inner endings are truncate; tergum 5 posterior yellow marginal fascia wavy.
Description of Male: n= 1.
100
Length: 10-14 mm.
Head: Eye pale pilose, eyes contiguity more than length of the vertical triangle,
vertical triangle black, grayish yellow and black pilose; ocelli orange-yellowish;
occiput grayish pollinose, occipital fringe of pile yellowish orange 1/3 dorsally, 2/3
remaining silvery white; lunule brownish; frontal triangle light yellow, semicircle
dark macula present above antenna, black pilose dorsally; face yellow, black pilose,
with intermixed yellow piles; facial tubercle slightly brownish black, extremely
narrow black line extend upto middle of lower part of lunule; gena black, long pale
yellow pilose; proboscis brownish black; narrowly mouth upper border black, lower
border broadly blakish laterally; antenna brownish, scape and pedicel orange brown,
basoflagellomere elongate, completely black dorsally, minutely pale yellow pilose;
arista brownish (Fig. 115).
Thorax: Scutum shinning black except narrowly dull yellow laterally, pale pilose;
post alar callus dull yellow, black dorsally, long yellow pilose; notopleuron yellow;
yellow pilose; scutellum brownish yellow, mainly yellow pilose except
posteromedially black pilose, subscutellar fring of pile yellowish; pleuron shinning
black, grayish yellow pilose; metasternum bare (Fig. 117).
Wing: Wings transparent; halteres yellow.
Leg: Coxae black, pale yellow pilose; trochanter black, pale yellow pilose; femur 1
and 2 black on basal 1/3, yellow apically, pale and black pilose; femur 3 black on
basal 4/5 and yellow apically, pale yellow pilose; tibiae 1 and 2 yellow, yellow pilose;
tibia 3 whitish yellow on basal 1/3, orange apically, yellow pilose; tarsi brownish
black, pale yellow pilose (Fig. 115).
Abdomen: Tergum 2 with pale spots not reaching lateral margin, tergum 3 and
tergum 4 with pale spots wide and quadrate, theirs inner ends truncate or less arcuate;
tergum 5 with posterior yellow marginal fascia wavy; somewhat lunulate, narrow dark
spots on sternites present whose ends somewhat oriented forward (Figs. 114, 116).
Male Genitalia: Hypandrium comparatively small; lingula somewhat short and blunt;
aedeagal base teeth nearly same size, superior lobe having one tooth (Figs. 192, 193).
Female: (n=2). Similar to male, except face rather broad; abdomen comparatively
black (Fig. 118).
101
Material Examined: FATA: 1♂, Bajaur Agency, Inayath kalay, 34°45‘21.88‖N
71°27‘25.83‖E, 22-iv-2014; 1♀, Fr Kohat, Akhurwal, 33°43‘57.93‖N 71°30‘50.68‖E,
8-iv-2014; 1♀, Mohmand Agency, Ghandab, 34°20‘19.92‖N 71°23‘27.62‖E, 9-iv-
2014.
Distribution: Europe; Northern China; Mongolia; Madeira; Morocco; Egypt;
Lebanon; Canary Island (Peck, 1988); Afghanistan (Sack, in Visser et al.,1935;
Ahmad, 1940; van Doesburg, 1955; Bańkowska, 1968, 1969; Dušek and Láska, 1985;
Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014); India (Rahman, 1940; Mathur, 1983; Dušek &
Láska, 1985; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Pakistan (Rahman, 1942;
Dušek & Láska, 1985; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014); presently the species was collected
from Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan (Bajaur Agency, Fr Kohat,
Mohmand Agency).
Flower Records: Flowers record includes Senecio, Thapsia (Speight, 2013);
presently the species was collected from flower of Euphorbia heloscopia.
Comments: The species originally described by Macquart (1842) from Mont-Sinai
(Egypt). It is similar to Scaeva pyrastri as tergum 2 with pale spots not reaching
lateral margins; It is distinct species differ from Scaeva latimaculata in having larger
size and tergum 2 spots not confluent with lateral abdominal margins.
Scaeva albomaculata (Macqaurt) were probe on Macrosiphum rosae (L.) at
laboratory conditions.The experiments were perform in growth chamber at 27 ± 2ºC,
60 ± 5% RH, and 16:8 ( L:D) photoperiod. The egg, first, second, third, larval instars,
pre-pupa and pupal developmental times were found as 4.50 ± 0.42, 2.5 ± 0.22, 2.66 ±
0.21, 3.83 ± 0.37, 1.16 ± 0.16, 5.50 ± 0.71 days, respectively. Adult longevity was
significantly increased (32.75 ± 2.78 days) when they were fed with honey solution,
while in food free conditions (Jalilian, 2015). Nourbakhsh et al (2008) reported the
larva forms its puparium in the soil (3-5 cm).
Its larvae are predatory and some of the prey records reported by different authors are:
Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Yakhontov , 1966a); Aphis craccivor and Aphis fabae
solanella (Düzgünes et al., 1982 ); Aphis fabae (Rojo & Marcos-García, 1998); Aphis
spiraecola (Gomes ,1981); Brevicoryne brassicae (Kadamshoev, 1983); Dysaphis
devecta, Dysaphis foeniculus, Dysaphis plantaginea, Hyadaphis coriandri,
Hyalopterus pruni (Düzgünes et al., 1982); Lipaphis erysimi and Myzus persica
102
(Mathur, 1983), Rhopalosiphum padi (Ibrahim and Afifi, 1991); Scaeva albomaculata
feeds on 25-35 aphids per day during larval period (Mathur, 1983).
The described species is collected for the first time from Federally Administered
Tribal Areas of Pakistan (Bajaur Agency, Fr Kohat and Mohmand Agency) in the
present study.
4.20.2 Scaeva latimaculata (Brunetti, 1923)
(Figs. 119-124)
1923 Lasiopticus latimaculata Brunetti. Fauna Br. India, Dipt. 3: 68.
1943 Xanthogramma pruthii Deoras. Indian J. Ent. 4: 217.
1967 Xanthogramma indica Nayar. Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 16: 129.
1975 Scaeva montana Violovitsh. Ent. Obozr. 54(1): 173.
Diagnosis: Lateral margins of mesonotum obvious yellow (Fig. 119), marked from
black dorsum; tergum 2 with pale spots touching with lateral margins, if not touched
then anterolateral corners of these spots at the minimum extend anteriorly (Fig. 121);
tergum 5 with lateral margins mostly yellow (Fig. 123); scutellum yellowish white
pilose at least on anterior one-third (Fig. 122); dark spot present on sterna somewhat
broad and not of lunulate shaped.
Description of Male: n= 1.
Length: 11 mm.
Head: Pale yellow; face light lemon yellow with medial black vitta just above fascial
tubercle, yellow pilose; gena yellow; frons lemon yellow with darker translucent
macula dorsad to the base of the antennae, with black, thin, relatively short hairs in
the middle part and a row of longer and coarser hairs at the margins of the eye;
basoflagellomere elongate, oval brownish black below at base; proboscis dark brown
(Fig. 120).
Thorax: Thorax grayish black with brownish grey pilose dorsally; Mesonotum with
lateral margins marked yellow (Fig. 119), clear from dark dorsum, long, dense,
delicate silvery white pilose; scutellum yellowish, darker in centre, white pilose, at
least 1/3 anteriorly (Fig. 122).
Wing: Wing transparent; stigma rather pale yellow; halters bright, lemon yellow.
103
Leg: Legs orange yellow; coxae; femur 1 about basal half, femur 3 nearly 5/6 black
(Fig. 119).
Abdomen: Abdomen shinning black with unequal 3 pairs of spots; abdomen covered
with very long silvery white pile; first pair lying across middle of tergum 2; terga 3
and 4 with pale spots quadrate oval; tergum 2 with pale spots confluent with lateral
margins; tergum 5 with lateral margins mostly yellow (Fig. 121); sterna have dark
spots somewhat broader than Scaeva albomaculata.
Female: (n= 3). Similar to male except, vertex shiny black (Figs. 123, 124).
Length: 10 to 13mm.
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2♀, Booni, 36°16‘40.03‖N
72°15‘24.38‖E, 24-vi-2013; 1♀, Mastuj, 36°15‘25.50‖N 72°30‘54.46‖E, 25-vi-2013;
FATA: 1♂, Mohmand Agency, Ghandab, 34°20‘19.92‖N 71°23‘27.62‖E, 9-iv-2014.
Distribution: USSR, Iran, Oriental Region (Dušek & Láska, 1985; Peck, 1988);
Nepal (Kapoor et al., 1979); India (Brunetti, 1923; Deoras, 1943; Nayar, 1967;
Knutson et al., 1975; Kapoor et al., 1979; Dušek & Láska, 1985; Singh et al., 1985;
Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 2009, 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Afghanistan (Ahmad, 1940;
Dušek & Láska, 1985; Kuznetzov, 1985; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 2009, 2014);
Pakistan: Punjab (Muzafargarh, Multan, Knanewal), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Peshawar) (Brunetti, 1923; Knutson et al., 1975; Peck, 1988; Aslamkhan et al., 1997;
Ghorpadé, 2009, 2014; Sajjad et al., 2010; Sajjad & Saeed, 2010; Ghorpadé and
Shehzad, 2013). Brunetti (1923) reported one female species collected by Howlett on
18.iii.1913 from Peshawur, Pakistan. Ghorpadé (2009) examined specimen of this
species from Pakistan (Quetta, Mekran, Taimergarha (Timergara), Lyallpur
(=Faisalabad)). The described species is collected for the first time from FATA
(Mohmand Agency), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Booni and Mastuj) in the current
research.
Flower Records: Deoras (1943) reported flowers visited by this species were
braseem, carrot, linseed; Sajjad & Saeed (2010) reported this species visiting flowers
of Coriandrum sativum, cirsium arvense, Prosopis juliflora, raphanus sativus and
Allium cepa in Southern Punjab. The specimens were collected from flower of
Euphorbia heloscopia and Coriandrum sativum in the present study.
Comments: The species originally described by Brunetti (1923) from Allahabad
(India). It is similar to Scaeva pyrastri in having tergum 2 with pale spots confluent
104
with lateral margins and tergum 5 with lateral margins mostly yellow; it is distinct
species differ from Scaeva albomaculata in having smaller size and tergum 2 spots
usually reaching lateral margins.
Deoras (1943) reported duration of development stages of Scaeva latimaculata i.e.,
hatching period, pupal duration, total development period as 3-4 days, 12-15 days, 29-
36 days respectively; It feed on about 484 aphids in a stretch within about 4 hours.
The species is aphidophagous and some of the prey records reported by different
authors are: Hyperomyzus carduellinus (Aphididae) with host Emilia sonchi
(Agarwala et al., 1984); aphid species with host Brassica campestris (Kumar et al.,
1987). The geographical distribution of the species includes USSR, Iran, Oriental
Region, Nepal, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The described species is collected for
the first time from FATA (Mohmand Agency), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Booni and
Mastuj).
4.20.3 Scaeva pyrastri (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figs. 125-128, 194-196)
1758 Musca pyrastri Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1: 594.
1794 Syrphus transfuga Fabricius, Entom. Syst. 4: 306.
1823 Scaeva affinis Say, J. Acad. Nat.Sci. Philad. 3: 93.
1834 Sacaeva unicolor Curtis, Brit. Ent. 8: 509.
1884 Syrphus flavoscutellata Girschner, Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 3(7): 197
Diagnosis: Scutellum nearly completely black haired; tergum 2 with light yellow
spots lunulate and narrow; tergum 3 and tergum 4 light yellow spots lunulate whose
endings are spatulate; tergum 5 with posterior yellow marginal fascia not wavy (Fig.
125).
Description of Male: n= 4.
Length: 10-15 mm.
Head: Eye densely pilose, with distinct portion of enlarged facets in upper part, eyes
contiguity more than length of the vertical triangle, vertical triangle black, grayish
yellow pilose ; ocelli orangish yellow; occiput silvery white pollinose, occipital fringe
of pile yellowish white; lunule brownish laterally above antennal bases, yellowish
medially; frontal triangle yellow laterally, slightly darker medially upto eye
105
contiguity, black pilose; face yellow, mainly black pilose, with a few intermixed
yellow pili anterolateral to tubercle; facial tubercle slightly brownish black; gena
brownish black, pale yellow pilose; proboscis brownish black; narrowly mouth upper
border black anterolaterally; antenna blackish, scape brownish, with thick short pile
apico dorsally; pedicel black, similarly pilose, basoflagellomere almost completely
black dorsally and minutely pale yellow pilose on upper part; arista brownish (Fig.
126).
Thorax: Scutum shinning black except broad dull yellow laterally, mainly pale pilose
except black pilose near suture; scutellum darkish, black pilose except anterior and
lateral margins (Fig. 125); subscutellar fring of pile yellowish; pleuron aeneous black,
grayish yellow pilose; metasternum bare.
Wing: Wing hyaline; vein R4+5 dipped into cell r4+5; halteres yellow (Fig. 125).
Leg: Coxae brownish black, pale yellow pilose; trochanter black, pale yellow pilose;
femur 1 and 2 black on basal 1/2, yellow apically, pale and black pilose; femur 3
black on basal 4/5, yellow apically, black and pale yellow pilose; tibiae 1 and 2
yellow on basal 1/2, less distinct dark ring apically, yellow pilose; tibia 3 yellow on
basal 1/3, brownish apically, yellow pilose; tarsi orangish dark, pale yellow pilose
(Fig. 126).
Abdomen: Abdomen oval, marginate, black with white spots on terga 2-4, those of
tergum 2 very narrow, behind middle of tergum, their anterior margin slightly curved;
terga 3 and 4 with pale spots lunulate, their ends like spoon; tergum 5 with posterior
yellow marginal fascia not sinuate (Fig. 125).
Male Genitalia: Epandrium comparatively broader than high; cerci significantly
longer; head of aedeagal base rather slender and long terminated by two nearly same
size teeth; apical portion of aedeagus only moderately funnel-like widened at end, no
distinct spines on lower side of opening (Fig. 194-196).
Female: (n=10). Similar to male except face broad; significantly black abdomen (Fig.
127, 128).
Distribution: North South European parts of USSR; Caucasus; Central Asia; Siberia;
Western Europe; Canary Island; Madeira; North West Africa; Mongolia; Korean
Peninsula; Afghanistan; NE China; Japan; C and W South America (Kuznetzov,
1985); India (Brunetti, 1907a, 1908, 1917; Mathur, 1983; Dušek & Láska, 1985;
Abrol, 1993; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Ghorpadé and Pathania, 2014; Shah et al., 2014;
106
Mitra et al., 2015); Afghanistan (Bańkowska, 1968, 1969; Dušek & Láska, 1985;
Kuznetzov, 1985; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 2014); Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Swat, Dir, Abbottabad, Peshawar, Tall), FATA (Parachinar); Punjab (Wah,
Rawalpindi) (Alam et al., 1969; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Irshad, 2008; Ghorpadé and
Shehzad, 2013). The described species is collected for the first time from Federally
Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan: Fr Peshawar (Samabadaber, Janakor), Fr
Kohat (Akhurwal), Mohmand Agency (Ghandab), Khyber Agency (Jamrud) and
Bajaur Agency (Inayath kalay) in the present study.
Flower Records: Flowers record noted as Brassica, Dacus, Allium (Abrol, 1993).
Allium cepa, Euphorbia heloscopia (in the present study).
Material Examined: FATA: 2♂, 4♀, Fr Peshawar, Samabadaber, 33°46‘40.25‖N
71°45‘6.83‖E, 30-iii-2014; 1♀, Fr Peshawar, Janakor, 33°48‘27.46‖N 71°44‘6.12‖E,
30-iii-2014; 1♂, 2♀, Fr Kohat, Akhurwal, 33°43‘57.93‖N 71°30‘50.68‖E, 8-iv-2014;
2♀, Mohmand Agency, Ghandab, 34°20‘19.92‖N 71°23‘27.62‖E, 9-iv-2014; 1♀,
Khyber Agency, jamrud, 34° 0‘44.85‖N 71°22‘39.17‖E, 4-iv-2014; 1♂, Bajaur
Agency, Inayath kalay, 34°45‘21.88‖N 71°27‘25.83‖E, 22-iv-2014.
Comments: The type locality of the species is Svecia (Sweden). The described
species is close to Scaevaa albomaculata from which it differs in that the terga 3 and
4 with pale spots lunulate, their ends like spoon; tergum 5 with posterior yellow
marginal fascia not sinuate.
Kuznetzov (1985) reported that during 10-20 days of its development a single larva of
Scaeva pyrastri may destroy from 2000-2500 aphids, aphis fabae on beans, at
temperature of 23-24˚C humidity of 70%, usually completely freeing the plants of
their pests. Sharma and Bhalla (1988) reported duration of development stages of the
described species in laboratory as incubation period (3-4 days), Ist instar (3-4 days),
2nd
instar (2-4 days), 3rd
instar (5-6 days), total instar duration (10-13 days), mean
pupal duration (9-12 days), total development period (24-27 days) and adult longevity
(9-15 days). Seemingly Overwintering occurs as a puparium (Kantyerina, 1979). Its
larvae are predatory and feed on aphids. Its larvae feed on different species of
Aphididae (about 100 aphid species), and some Adelgidae, Coccidae, Psyllidae, and
Thysanoptera species (Rojo et al., 2003). These are Acyrthosiphon lactucae (Carroll
& Hoyt 1984); Acyrthosiphon pisum (Bankowska et al., 1975); Aphis craccivora
(Düzgünes et al., 1982); Brachycaudus amygdalinus (Mahmoud et al., 1981);
107
Lipaphis erysimi (Mathur 1983); Larvae of this species also feed on Pineus pini
(Adelgidae) (Willson, 1938); Gueriniella serratulae (Coccidae) (Beffa, 1940); Psylla
pyri (Psyllidae) (Arzone 1979); Ghani (1965) listed its prey aphid with host plants in
different locality of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Thall, Dargai, Faizabad, Karakar Pass,
Mingora and Ghalighi). Host records indicate that the described species is pradator of
different aphid species which are also pest and found in Pakistan and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa.
S. pyrastri widely distribution records show that the species is highly migratory and
anthropophilic. The described species is collected for the first time from Fr Peshawar
(Samabadaber, Janakor), Fr Kohat (Akhurwal), Mohmand Agency (Ghandab),
Khyber Agency (Jamrud) and Bajaur Agency (Inayath kalay) in the present study.
4.21 Genus Sphaerophoria Lepeletier and Serville, 1828
(Figs. 129-145, 197-206)
1828 Sphaerophoria Lepeletier and Serville in Latreille et al., Encycl. Meth. His.
Nat. 10(2): 513. Type-species: Musca scripta Linnaeus, 1758.
1840a Melthreptus Loew. Öffentl. Pruf. K. Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasiums zu
Pozen, 27.
1840b Melthreptus Loew. Isis (Okens‘s). 577. Unjustified new name for
Sphaerophoria Lepeletier & Serville; Preoccupied by Melithreptus Vieillot
1816.
1856b Melithropus Haliday in Walker, Ins. Brit., Dipt. 3: 21, as new name for
Melithreptus Loew, 1840, a junior homonym of Melithreptus 1816.
1945 Nesosyrphus Frey, Commentat. Boil. 8(10): 60 (as subgenus of
Sphaerophoria). Type-species, Sphaerophoria nigra Frey, 1945.
Diagnosis: More smaller and slender; abdomen, thorax and head has bright color
except sometime completely black (Figs. 129, 137, 142); Abdomen not margined
completely; ventral scutellar fringe present laterally or absent; mesonotum brightly
yellow, clearly differentiated from dark dorsum (Fig. 136); abdomen in male
elongated and cylindrical, longer than wing; tergum 9 of male broader than abdomen;
terminalia of male large and hemispherical (Fig. 202).
108
Head: Eyes bare, male holoptic while female dichoptic; face yellow mostly with
black midian vitta; frons yellow, yellow pilose; arista dorsal and bare.
Thorax: Postpronotum bare, thoracic dorsum black with faint to obvious grayish
vittae, mesonotum with lateral margin yellow to suture or to scutellum; scutellum
yellow with yellow black or mixed pile, ventral scutellar fringe present laterally or
absent; metasternum slightly pilose or bare.
Wing: Wing hyaline infuscated from slight to uniform; anterior cross vein clearly
before middle of discal cell; calypter moderate sized.
Legs: Legs usually yellow, sometime brownish or entirely black; femur 2 with
sparsely yellow and black haired.
Abdomen: Abdomen cylindrical elongated and unmargined, abdominal pattern
variable with black and yellow marking; male abdomen rolled under laterally while
there is no rolling laterally in female; Color pattern of abdominal terga variable;
Sterna yellowish or without any marking possessing slight to dense whitish pile.
Male Terminalia: Tergum 9 (Epandrium) very large surrounding small cerci; the two
Surstyli largely articulated at posterior margin of tergum 9, surstyli composed of
swollen large posterodorsal lobe, inner and anteroventral lobe; hypandrium variable in
shape and making stout collar around aedeagal base; superior lobe consists of short
basal portion and apical portion; adeagal base is irregular cylindrical in shape while
distal portion of aedeagus is flattened dorsally.
Biology: Most of species are multivoltine (Vockeroth, 1992). Overwintering takes
place as diapausing larvae in two species (Dušek and Láska, 1974a). Larval
Development of Ist, 2nd and 3rd instar noted as 18, 18, 20 days for three species
while 25 days for Sphaerophoria menthastri (L.) (Bankowska, 1964).
Distribution: Oriental, Holarctic, Northern Afrotrophical, Australian (Vockeroth,
1969); Nearctic, 9 species (Vockeroth, 1992); Palaearctic, 28 species (Peck, 1988)
reached to 33 (Barkalov, 2011); 12 species listed in the indian sub continent checklist
(Ghorpadé, 2014).
4.22 Key to the species of genus Sphaerophoria Lepeletier and Serville
1. Antennal segment 3 completely yellow, lunule yellow (Fig. 131); scutellum
only with yellow pile; femur 1 only with yellow pile (Fig. 133); tergum 2 with
109
yellow strip reaching lateral margins in total width (Fig. 130); female frons with
median black vitta narrower than adjacent yellow areas, tergum 2 possessing
fascia posteriorly emarginated in centre, tergum 6 yellow with a subtriangular
vertical black spot (Fig. 134) ………………..................... bengalensis Macquart
- Antennal segment 3 at least faintly brown dorsally (Fig. 139); scutellum with at
least a few black hairs; tergum 2 with yellow fascia narrowing to lateral
margins; female frons with median black vitta at least as wide as adjacent
yellow areas, tergum 6 differently marked ...………………………………….. 2
2. Femur 1 almost completely black haired; male femur 3 with heavy black
spinules posteroventrally on apical one-third (Fig. 144); female femur 3 with
thick black pile posteroventrally on apical one-third, tergum 2 with yellow
fascia deeply notched on hind margin or narrowly divided in centre (Fig. 145),
tergum 6 with a subtriangular anteromedian black spot surround by two similar
spots on posterior margin (Fig. 145) ………………………... scripta (Linnaeus)
- Male femur 1 with anterior one-half more or less completely black haired, male
femur 3 with no such spinules (Fig. 138)...………………………. indiana Bigot
4.22.1 Sphaerophoria bengalensis Macquart, 1842
(Figs. 129-135, 197-201)
1842 Sphaerophoria bengalensis Macquart, Dipt. Exot. 2(2): 104.
1915 Sphaerophoria ―form I‖ flavoabdominalis Brunetti, Rec. Indian Mus. 11(3):
214.
1964 Sphaerophoria turkmenica Bankowska, Ann. Zool., Warsz. 22(15): 345.
Diagnosis: Basoflagellomere wholly yellow; antennal segment 3 completely yellow,
lunule yellow (Fig. 131); scutellum only with yellow pile; femur 1 only with yellow
pile (Fig. 133); tergum 2 with yellow strip reaching lateral margins in total width (Fig.
130); female frons with median black vitta narrower than adjacent yellow areas,
tergum 2 possessing fascia posteriorly notched in centre, tergum 6 yellow with a
subtriangular vertical black spot (Fig. 134).
Description of Male: n=6.
Length: 6-7 mm.
110
Head: Eyes contiguity less than half of the vertical triangle, vertical triangle black,
grayish yellow pilose ; ocellar triangle black, mainly brownish black pilose; ocelli
yellow orange; occiput grayish black pollinose dorsally, black pollinose ventrally,
occipital fringe of pile greyish yellow 1/2 dorsally, remaining white; lunule yellow
laterally, slightly darkish medially; frontal triangle yellow, yellow pilose; face yellow,
yellow pilose, with facial tubercle faintly brownish black; gena grayish-yellow;
proboscis brownish black basally, yellowish brown apically; narrowly mouth upper
border black anteriorly; antenna yellow, segment 1 distally with minute setae dorsally
and laterally; segment 2 similarly setulose to segment 1, basoflagellomere completely
yellow dorsally; arista brownish (Figs. 131, 132).
Thorax: Postpronotum yellow; proepisternum brownish black, proepimeron yellow,
yellow pilose; scutum aeneus black except broad yellow laterally, pale pilose; post
alar callus orange yellow, yellow pilose; mesonotal lateral yellow vitta complete;
scutellum yellow, yellow pilose with or without black pilose on posterior margin;
pleuron black except posterior anepisternum yellow on posterior 1/2, katepisternum
yellow on dorsal 1/3, anterior anepimeron yellow; dorsomedial anepimeron yellow
and katatergum yellow on dorsal 5/6; metaepisternum yellow slightly dark brown
dorsally; metasternum yellow pilose (Fig. 131).
Wing: hyaline, pterostigmal area pale brownish; halters yellow orange apically.
Leg: Legs nearly all yellow; coxae dark brownish except coxa 3; long pale yellow
pilose except coxa 2 and 3 with thick black pile; trochanter brownish yellow; femur 1
yellow, yellow pilose (but sometime three or four black pile present) (Fig. 133);
femur 2 black pilose, with yellow pile scattered in between basally; femur 3 similar to
femur 2 except with dense pile, tibia 2 black and pale pilose sparsely; tibia 3 yellow
brown, black pilose densely; metatarsi brownish dorsally, black pilose (Fig. 129).
Abdomen: Tergum 1 black with narrow brownish-yellow sides; tergum 2 with yellow
fascia reaching lateral margin in total width; tergum 2 black with medially yellow
fascia narrowly emarginated in centre; tergum 3 mostly yellow, anterior and posterior
margin black; terga 4 and 5 mostly yellow sometime narrowly dark with variable
extent (Fig. 130).
Male Genitalia: The inner surface of surstylus has extensive patch of short stout
setae, inner lobe has broadened apex, and lower lobe has broad and bluntly apical
divisions (Fig. 197-201).
111
Female: (n=6). Similar to male except female frontal median black vitta narrower
than contiguous yellow areas, tergum 2 with yellow fascia posteriorly notched in
centre; tergum 5 posterolateral corners yellow, narrow medial black vitta confluent to
posterior black margin; tergum 6 yellow with a subtriangular vertical black spot (Figs.
134, 135).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2♀, Thal, 35°25‘5.56‖N
72°10‘25.73‖E, 03-v-2013; 1♂, Sheringal, 35°16‘53.83‖N 72° 0‘25.34‖E, 04-v-2013;
1♀, Kalam, 35°29‘12.68‖ 72°34‘47.00‖E, 6-v-2013; 3♂, 1♀, Timergara,
34°49‘38.36‖N 71°50‘12.01‖E, 25-iv-2014: FATA: 1♂, 1♀, Bajaur Agency,
Damadola, 34°47‘54.88‖N 71°27‘58.38‖E, 22-iv-2014; 1♂, 1♀, Fr Kohat, Akhurwal,
33°43‘57.93‖N 71°30‘50.68‖E, 8-iv-2014.
Distribution: India; China; Iran; Korea; Japan; Nepal (Peck, 1988); North Caucasus
(Guzeripl‘ village) (Skufjin, 1982); Afghanistan (Bańkowska, 1967, 1968, 1969;
Ghorpadé, 2009, 2014); India (Brunetti, 1915; Knutson et al.,1975; Peck, 1988;
Abrol, 1993; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2009, 2014; Shah et al., 2014; Mitra et al., 2015);
Pakistan: Punjab (Multan, Khanewal, Muzafargarh) Balochistan, (Brunetti, 1915;
knutson et al.,1975; Peck, 1988; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2009, 2014; Arif et al., 2001; Sajjad
et al., 2008; Saeed et al.,2008; Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013). The described species
is collected for the first time from localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Thal, Sheringal,
Kalam, Timergara) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas: Bajaur Agency
(Damadola), Fr Kohat (Akhurwal).
Flower Records: Abrol (1993) collectd the described species from Brassica, Daucus
and Allium sp. Sajjad and Saeed (2010) and Sajjad et al., (2010) gave name of 29 and
26 plant species respectively, visited by Sphaerophoria bengalensis. The species was
collected from Dacus carota, Coriandrum stivum, Brassica campestris in the present
study.
Comments: The species was described by Macquart (1842) and type locality of the
species is Bengal. It is easily recognized by the mesonotal lateral margins complete
and facial black median vitta very weak, characters shared with Sphaerophoria
scripta and Sphaerophoria indiana; it can be separated from both species by the
combination of characters: basoflagellomere wholly yellow; tergum 2 with yellow
fascia reaching lateral margins without narrowing and the inner surface of surstylus of
male gentalia has extensive patch of short stout setae. The species key out with
112
Ghorpadé (1994) and largely agree with the description of Brunetti (1915; 215,216).
Some of the specimen examined show variation in color pattern of abdominal terga 4
and 5. Tergum 4 yellow with 2 black vittae on either side and posterior margin of the
tergum nearly black; tergum 5 yellow except narrowly anterolaterally black, two
narrow interrupted vertical line present on tergum 5 (Fig. 130) The described species
is predator of aphids. Bhat and Bali (1989) reported its host (Aphididae) as Aphis
farinose with host plant (Salix sp.), Aphis pomi with host plant (Malus sylvestris),
Aphis spiraecola with host plant (Rubus antennifer), Brevicoryne brassicae with host
plant (Brassica oleracea), Lipaphis erysimi with host plant (Brassica campestris) and
Rhopalosiphum maidis with host plant (Zea mays).
The distribution records show the species is mostly found in Oriental region. The
described species is collected for the first time from localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Thal, Sheringal, Kalam, Timergara) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas: Bajaur
Agency (Damadola), Fr Kohat (Akhurwal).
4.22.2 Sphaerophoria Indiana Bigot, 1884
(Figs. 136-141, 202-204)
1884b Sphaerophoria indiana Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (6) 4: 99
1915 Sphaerophoria ―form 3‖ nigritarsis Brunetti, Rec. Indian Mus. 11: 214.
Diagnosis: Male femur 1 anteriorly 1/2 more or less wholly black pilose; face
completely yellow except faintly brownish dark median facial tubercle (Figs. 139,
140); scutellum yellow pilose atleast on one fourth.
Description of Male: n=1.
Length: 6-8 mm.
Head: Eyes contiguity nearly half of the vertical triangle, vertical triangle black,
pale yellow pilose; ocellar triangle black, mainly black pilose; ocelli yellow orange;
occiput grayish yellow pollinose, occipital fringe of pile pale yellow 1/2 dorsally,
remaining silvery yellowish; lunule entirely yellow; frontal triangle yellow, yellow
pilose; face yellow, yellow pilose, with median facial tubercle brownish dark (Figs.
139, 140); gena grayish yellow; narrowly mouth upper border black anteriorly;
antenna yellow, segment 1 distally with minute setae dorsally and laterally; segment 2
113
similarly setulose to segment 1, basoflagellomere brownish dorsally; arista blackish
brown (Fig. 139).
Thorax: Postpronotum yellow; proepisternum brownish black, proepimeron yellow,
yellow pilose; scutum aeneus black except broad yellow laterally, pale yellow pilose;
post alar callus orange yellow, yellow pilose; mesonotal lateral yellow vitta complete;
scutellum yellow, black pilose 1/3 medially and laterally 1/2, remaining yellow
pilose; pleuron greenish black except, posterior anepisternum yellow on posterior 3/4,
katepisternum yellow on nearly dorsal 1/2, anterior anepimeron on dorsal whole;
dorsomedial anepimeron yellow and katatergum yellow on dorsal 5/6;
metaepisternum yellow; metasternum yellow pilose (Figs. 136, 137).
Wing: hyaline, stigmatal area pale brownish; halters yellow basally, orange apically.
Leg: Legs nearly all yellow; Coxae yellow, long pale yellow pilose except coxa 2 and
3 with few scattered thick black pile; trochanter yellow; femur 1 black pilose on
anterior 1/2; femur 2 black pilose dorsally, with yellow pile scattered in between
basally; femur 3 similar to femur 2 except with dense pile entirely on femur, tibia 2
black and pale pilose sparsely; tibia 3 yellow brown, black and pale pilose densely;
metatarsi dark brown dorsally with black pilose (Fig. 138).
Abdomen: Tergum 1 black with narrow yellow sides; tergum 2 black with median
yellow fascia of constant varying breadth; tergum 3 mainly black with a narrow vitta
on left side; tergum 4 with yellow fascia and black posterior border; tergum 5 yellow
with irregular brownish yellow and black (Fig. 141).
Male Genitalia: The surstylus inner lobe is shorter and bluntly rounded (Figs. 202-
204).
Female: unknown.
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 1♂, Buner, Gokand, 34°38‘56.17‖N
72°31‘12.24‖E, 30-iv-2014.
Distrubution: Mongolia; China; Korea; Japan; Oriental Region (Peck, 1988);
Afghanistan (Bańkowska, 1964; Skufjin, 1982; Peck, 1988); India (Brunetti, 1915,
1917, 1923; Rahman, 1940; Anand et al., 1967; Joseph, 1967, 1970; Biswas et al.,
1974; Knutson et al., 1975; Mathur, 1983; Singh et al., 1985; Peck, 1988; Abrol,
1993; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014; Bhattacharya et al., 2012; Shah et al., 2014; Mitra et al.,
2015); Nepal (Knutson et al., 1975; Kapoor et al., 1979; Claussen and weipert, 2003);
114
Pakistan: Punjab (Murree, Faisalabad, Lahore); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Kohat, Darra
Adam Khel, Swat, Peshawar) (Aslamkhan et al., 1997; Arif, 2001; Arif et al., 2001;
Shehzad, 2011, unpubl.; Ghorpadé and Shehazd, 2013). Buner, Gokand (in the
cureent study)
Flower Records: Different authors collectd the described species from
Chrysanthemum sp, Candytuft and Grass (Singh et al., 1985); Brassica, Daucus and
Allium sp. (Abrol, 1993); coriander, pea and wheat (Anand et al., 1967); sorghum,
grasses (Arif et al., 2001). Allium cepa, Coriandrum stivum (in the current study).
Comments: The species, Sphaerophoria indiana was described by Bigot (1884b).
The type locality of the species is Indes, India. The species can be recognized with the
combination of the following characters: Male femur 1 anteriorly 1/2 more or less
wholly black pilose; face completely yellow except faintly brownish dark median
facial tubercle; scutellum yellow pilose atleast on one fourth. The specimen was key
out as a S.indiana according to Ghorpadé (1994). In our examined material, there is a
faintly brownish dark median facial tubercle and tergum 3 with broad black fascia
with narrowly yellow vitta on left side, remaining character agree with the published
description (Brunetti, 1923). Moreover, our specimen male genitalia figure shows
close resemblance with Ichigi (2008: 52-53) figure of the S. indiana male terminalia.
Some of the prey records reported by different authors are as Aphis gossypii, plant
host not reported (Ghorpadé, 1981); Brachycaudus helichrysi with plant host, Prunus
persica (Chakrabarti et al., 1990); Brevicoryne brassicae with plant host, Brassica
oleracea (Chitra and Singh, 1997); Hyalopterus pruni with plant host, Prunus (Bhagat
and Masoodi, 1988).
The geographical distribution of species include Oriental, Central and eastern
Palaerctic region, Siberia, Russian Far East (Barkalov, 2011). The species is collected
from Khyber Pakhtunkwa (Buner, Gokand).
115
4.22.3 Sphaerophoria scripta (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figs. 142-145, 205-206)
1758 Musca scripta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1: 594.
1763 Musca labatrix Scopoli, Entom. Carniolica. : 346.
1780 Musca invisito Harris, Expos. Eng. Ins.: 83.
1845 Sphaerophoria strigata Staeger, Nturh. Tidskr. (2) 1: 362.
1909 Sphaerophoria scutellata Portevin, Ann. Ass. Nat. 14 : 25.
1915 Sphaerophoria ―form 2‖ Brunetti, Rec. Indian Mus. 11: 215.
1924 Sphaerophoria violacea Abreu, Mems R. Acad. Cieñe. Artes. 19(1): 70.
1967 Sphaerophoria brunettii Joseph, Orient. Ins. 1: 243.
Diagnosis: Femur 1 almost completely black haired; male femur 3 with heavy black
spinules posteroventrally on apical one-third (Fig. 144); female femur 3 with thick
black pile posteroventrally on apical one-third, tergum 2 with yellow fascia deeply
notched on hind margin or narrowly divided in centre, tergum 6 with a subtriangular
anteromedian black spot surround by two similar spots on posterior margin (Fig. 145).
Description of Male: n=10.
Length: 10-11 mm.
Head: Eyes contiguity less than half of the vertical triangle, vertical triangle
brownish black, grayish yellow pilose; ocellar triangle black, mainly grayish pilose;
occiput black, grayish pollinose dorsally, white pollinose ventrally, occipital fringe of
pile grayish yellow 1/2 dorsally, remaining white; lunule yellow laterally, slightly
darkish medially; frontal triangle yellow, yellow pilose; face yellow, yellow pilose,
with facial tubercle brownish black; gena black, grayish-yellow pollinose, grayish
yellow pilose; proboscis brownish black basally, yellowish brown apically; narrowly
mouth upper border black anteriorly; antenna yellow, segment 1 distally with black
minute thick hair dorsally and laterally; segment 2 similarly setulose to segment 1,
basoflagellomere atleast slightly brown dorsally; arista brownish (Fig. 143).
Thorax: Postpronotum yellow; proepisternum brownish black, proepimeron yellow,
yellow pilose; scutum aeneus black except broad yellow laterally, pale yellow pilose;
post alar callus orange yellow, yellow pilose; mesonotal lateral yellow vitta complete;
scutellum yellow, yellowish white pilose with sometime black pilose on surface;
pleuron black except, posterior anepisternum yellow on posterior 3/4, katepisternum
116
yellow on dorsal 2/3, anterior anepimeron on dorsal whole; dorsomedial anepimeron
yellow and katatergum yellow on dorsal 4/5; anatergum with small yellow spot;
metaepisternum yellow; metasternum yellow pilose (Fig. 144).
Wing: Wing hyline and extending only to base of abdominal segment 5.
Leg: Coxae and trochanter brownish black; femora 1 and 2 darkened at base, femur 3
darkened at base nearly to apex with thick short, black bristles posteroventrally on
apical 1/3-2/3 (Fig. 144).
Abdomen: Elongate, black with yellow fasciae on terga 2, 3, 4 and 5 while it is
interrupted medially on terga 2 and 4; tergum 2 with yellow fascia narrowing while
reaching to lateral margin (Fig. 142).
Male Genitalia: Posterodorsal lobes of surstyli long, with long, dense pile on most of
surface; large, bare, median triangular area with no hairs at lobes bases; anteroventral
lobes large, ventral margin rounded, Inner lobes broad, hook like apically. Superior
lobe with basal portion long, apex of apical portion round with fine hair; (Figs. 205,
206).
Female: (n= 5). Face similar to male; frontal black vitta at least as wide as adjoining
yellow areas; yellow fascia on abdominal terga 2-5 narrow, tergum 6 with spot
flanked by two similar spot at posterior margin; legs lighter than in male, femur 3
bristles on posteroventral side slightly stronger than other bristles (Fig. 145).
Material Examined: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2♂, Chitral, 35°55‘1.74‖N
71°48‘54.07‖E, 15-v-2013; 2♂,Bumborat, 35°41‘33.28‖N 71°40‘26.63‖E, 20-vi-
2013; 1♀,1♂, Mahodand , 35°42‘8.33‖ N 72°39‘32.30‖E, 30-viii-2013; 2♀,Thal,
Apple tree flowers, 35°25‘5.56‖N 72°10‘25.72‖E, 3-v-2013; 2♂, Timergara,
34°49‘38.36‖N 71°50‘12.01‖E, 20-vi-2013; FATA: 2♂, Bajaur Agency, Inayath
kalay, 34°45‘21.88‖N 71°27‘25.83‖E, 22-iv-2014; Gilgit Baltistan: 1♀, Naltar, near
South of PAF (Pakistan Air Force) Mess, moist herb- rich meadows, 36°9‘26.25‖N
74°11‘24.03‖E, 13-vii-2013; 1♀, Ghakuch, 36°10‘46.92‖N 73°46‘15.15‖E, 18-v-
2013; 1♂, Hunza, 36°18‘27.92‖N 74°37‘7.89‖E , 01-vii-2013.
Distribution: Europe; North Africa; Nearctic Region; Oriental Region; Afghanistan;
Syria; Mongolia (Peck, 1988); Afghanistan (Bańkowska, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969;
Peck 1988; Ghorpadé, 1994, 2014); India (Brunetti, 1915, 1917; Patel & Patel, 1969a;
Joseph, 1967; Knutson et al., 1975; Datta and Chakraborti, 1983; Ghorpadé, 1994,
2014; Shah et al., 2014; Mitra et al., 2015); Nepal (Knutson et al., 1975; Kapoor et
117
al., 1979; Claussen and weipert, 2003); Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar,
Dara Adam Khel, Swat, Hangu), Punjab (Multan) (Arif, 2001; Arif et al., 2001;
Ghorpadé and Shehzad, 2013; Ghorpadé, 2014). The described species is collected for
the first time from localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Chitral, Bumborat, Mahodand,
Thal, Timergara) Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Bajaur Agency) and Gilgit
Baltistan (Ghakuch, Naltar, Hunza).
Flower Records: Datta and Chakraborti (1983) collectd the described species from
Solanum nigrum, Ammania sp., Justicia simplex, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cynodon sp.,
Cannabis sp., Chrysanthemum sp., Cannabis sativa, Chenopodium ambrosoides,
Polygonum orientale, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, tridex sp. and Lantana camara; Arif
et al., (2001) collected from tobacco, ber, and wild grasses; Saeed et al. (2008) and
Sajjad et al. (2008) listed the species pollinating Allium cepa; The described species is
collected from Malus domistica, Brassica compestris, Solanum nigrum and Allium
cepa during current survey.
Comments: Sphaerophoria scripta was described by Linnaeus (1758). The type
locality of the species is Svecia (Sweden). It is easily recognized by the mesonotum
lateral yellow margins complete; facial black median vitta very weak, characters
shared with Sphaerophoria bengalensis and Sphaerophoria indiana; it can be
separated from the latter two species by having femur 3 with strong black spinules
posteroventrally on apical 1/3 in male, while female has slightly stronger bristles on
the posteroventral surface of femur 3.
Agarwala et al. (1983) reported duration of development growth as the incubation
period (5-6 days), larval period (13-15 days) and the pupal period (14-15 days) in
temperature varying between 14˚C and 17˚C and relative humidity 84.5-87%.
Overwintering seemingly occurs as a puparium (Kantyerina, 1979). The described
species egg-laying is influenced to some extent by the presence or absence of aphid
but female oviposition will also give rise to fertile eggs in the absence of aphids
(Chandler, 1968a). Yakhontov (1966a) reported that larvae of this species in
Uzbekistan preferred a single species when reared with many species of aphids. S.
scripta always lays singly. According to Chandler (1968b, c) normally it lays 5 mm
from the edge and on upper surface of leaves of many kind of plants. Bhatia (1939)
reported that its all stages were found between July and October in southern England.
Yakhontov (1966b) reported that in Uzbakistan its larvae ate 350 to 375 Aphis
118
craccivora Koch, or 380 to 400 Aphis gossypii Glover each during the course of
development. S.scripta larvae are efficient predator of different kind of aphids (about
87) and other insect pest. The larvae feed on different species of Aphididae, some
Psyllidae, and Lepidoptera larvae (Rojo et al., 2003). Its larvae feed on Aphis fabae,
Dcactynotus cichorii (Koch) and Cichorum intybus L. (Dušek and Láska 1966) and
Aphis pomi with plant host, Malus sylvestris (Bhat and Bali, 1989); Aphis craccivora
with host plant, Dolichos lablab (Agarwala et al. 1984); Liosomaphis himalayensis
with host plant, Berberis asiaticum (Ghosh et al. 1985). The highly migratory species,
S.scripta widely distribution records show that the species is capable of acclimatizing
itself to different climates. The described species is collected for the first time from
localities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Chitral, Bumborat, Mahodand, Thal and
Timergara) Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Bajaur Agency) and Gilgit Baltistan
(Ghakuch, Naltar, Hunza).
119
5 SUMMARY
Syrphidae is the nearest relative of the family Pipunculidae. Syrphids belong to
superfamily Syrphoidea, order Diptera. The family Syrphidae is nearly distributed
worldwide. Its larvae mainly feed on aphids but also predators of many other groups
of different insects, while its adult are pollinators. In addition to aphids, syrphid larvae
also feed on Adelgidae, Aleyrodidae, Aphrophoridae, Cercopidae, Cicadellidae,
Coccidae, Dactylopiidae, Diaspididae, Ortheziidae, Pseudococcidae, Delphacidae,
Flatidae, Fulgoridae, Cicadidae, Membracidae, Miridae, Phylloxeridae, Psyllidae,
Tingidae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysomelidae eggs and Larvae, Chrysophidae eggs,
Coccinellidae, Derodontidae larvae, Chironomidae larvae, Diptera adults, Syrphidae
larvae, Lepidoptera, Tenthredinidae larvae, Thysanoptera, Acari and Cecidomyiidae
lavae.
The adult syrphids were collected from Northern Dry Mountains Region
which is one of the important agroecological region covering Gilgit-Baltistan, Chitral,
Lower Dir, Upper Dir, Swat, Buner, Malakand agency, Bajaur Agency, Mohmand
Agency, Khyber Agency, FR Kohat and FR Peshawar. As no comprehensive study
has been conducted on biology and taxonomy of family Syrphidae in this region,
therefore the present work was planned to explore the syrphid fauna. Non rigorous
collection, poor sampling and surveys, inaccessible far flung areas and lack of
taxonomic expertise are some of the reasons for this previous non comprehensive
study. More than 500 specimens of the family Syrphidae were examined. The
constructed key is the first key for genera and species identification of the above
mentioned areas.
Total of 10 genera and 24 species under two subfamilies (Syrphinae and
Eristalinae) are recognized in the present study. Subfamily Syrphinae is the most
generic subfamily with 7 genera belonging to 2 tribes. Syrphinae is found to be one of
the highest species (17) containing subfamily in the current study which is followed
by Eristalinae with 7 species.
The available literature was used for the identification of specimens. The total
number of 24 species were identified and described in the present study. The
specimen adult body length was measured from the apex of frontal tubercle to apex of
last abdominal tergite.The distribution, host range, male and female description and
economic importance of these syrphids are also given. The male genitalia of almost
V. SUMMARY
120
all the species are figured. Species identifications were conform by male genitalic
dissection of the species. Several photographs of specimens/parts were taken using
Nikon camera of model DS-Fi2-L3 attached to Nikon SMZ 745T from the most
proximal to the most distal focus point. These raw photos/images were later combined
to make one final focused image using Helicon Focus Software. Adobe Photoshop
CS6 was used to retouch the processed images, by balancing the black and white
levels, sharpening and cropping. Line drawings and photos are given at the end of
thesis.
121
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In extensive survey to explore syrphid fauna of Northern Dry Mountains about
500 specimens belonging to two families, seven genera and 24 species were collected
and identified. Syrphinae (having aphidophagous larvae) with 17 species was found to
be speciose subfamily. Genus Eristalinus Rondani, Eristalis Latreille, Chrysotoxum
Meigen, Eupeodes Osten Sacken, Scaeva Fabricius, and Sphaerophoria Lepeletier
and Serville each have three species in the current research. Genus Episyrphus was
the second most speciose genus with two species. Three species, viz, Eristalinus
(Eristalodes) paria, Spilomyia manicata (Rondani) and Chrysotoxum antiquum
Walker were reported first time from Pakistan.
Base on the available data it is recommended that:
The areas should be thouroughly explored and rigorous collection should be
made for more species and so increasing the available collection. Different
techniques should be developed for their effective shipment and release.
Release rates, stage to be released, stage which can be stored at low
temperature need to be determined.
The role of syrphid as biocontrol agent to various insect pests should be shared
with farmer‘s community by executing the species as a part of IPM. Unwise
uses of pesticides affect the natural enemies and disturb natural balance of
ecosystem. The farmers should be informed about their role as friendly
organism.
The sibling and cryptic species (apparently morphologically inseparable
species) which are difficult to determine using traditional morphological
method can be identified by latest scientific tools and techniques i.e., DNA
barcoding and molecular systematics of insects.
Well and latest equipped labs, rigorous collection and sampling, easily
accessible literature, guidance from taxonomic experts, easy accessibility to
international collections for holotypes and paratypes are prerequisites of
starting taxonomic research.
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
122
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1
2
5
4 3
4
Figures 1-5. 1-4, Eristalinus (Eristalodes) paria, male. 1. Male specimen1 habitus, dorsal
view. 2. Male specimen2 thorax and abdomen, dorsal view. 3. Thorax and abdomen with
legs, ventral view. 4. Head of male specimen1 with dark wide gap present between two
fasciae, dorsal view. 5. Female habitus, dorsal view.
167
Figures 6-10. 6-9, Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) aeneus, male. 6. Male habitus,
dorsal view. 7. Male, thorax and abdomen, ventral view. 8. Male, Head, Compound
eyes with spots, dorsal view. 9. Head (frons enlarged) and Thorax (mesonotum with
five greyish pollinose vittae), laterodorsal view. 10. Female habitus, mesonotum with
five vittae, dorsal view.
6 7
9
8 10
168
Figures 11-14. Male heads, lateral view. 11. Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) aeneus.
12. Eristalinus (Eristalodes) paria. 13. Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) obscuritarsis.
14. Eristalis (Eristalis) Tenax.
11 12
14 13
169
Figures 15-19. 15-17, Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus) obscuritarsis, male. 15. Male
habitus, tergum 2 with pale macula, dorsal view. 16. Male, thorax and abdomen with
legs, tibiae 2 with mainly yellow, ventral view. 17. Male, Head, Compound eyes with
spots, dorsal view. 18. Female head, triangular area at base of antenna, posterodorsal
view. 19. Female habitus, dorsal view.
18
4
17
4
16
4
15
4
19
+
170
Figures 20-23. 20-22, Eristalis (Eoseristalis) arbustorum, male. 20. Male habitus,
tergum 2 with pale macula, dorsal view. 21. Male, Head, arista orange, half plumose
basally, anterior view. 22. Male, habitus, tibia 2 distinctly darkened at tip, lateral view.
23. Female habitus, dorsal view.
21 20
22
23
171
Figures 24-28. 24-27, Eristalis (Eoseristalis) cerealis, male. 24. Male habitus, tergum 2 with
large triangular spots, dorsal view. 25. Male habitus, tergum 3 with pale macula reaching
lateral margin, lateral view. 26. Arista orange, plumose except apically, lateral view. 27.
Male, thorax, fascia 2 broader and irregularly margined, scutellum black pilose centrally,
dorsal view. 28. Female habitus, dorsal view.
24
26
27 28
25
172
Figures 29-32. 29-31, Eristalis (Eristalis) tenax, male. 29. Wing, dorsal view:
abbreviations as in Fig. 150. 30. Head, male, anterior view, eye with two bands of
pile and broad facial vitta. 31. Male, dorsal view. 32. Female, dorsal view.
29
32
30
31
173
Figures 33-36. Spilomyia manicata, male. 33. Habitus, dorsal view. 34. Habitus,
calcar on femur 3, lateral view. 35. Abdomen with posterior yellow fascia on tergum
4 slightly curved, dorsal view. 36. Abdomen, ventral view.
34
35 36
33
174
Figures 37-43. Spilomyia manicata, male. 37. Head, lateral view. 38. Mesonotum
and scutellum, dorsal view. 39. Male apical segments with circus and surstylus,
ventral view. 40. Head, dorsal view. 41. Protarsi mainly black, 5th
tarsomere brown
yellow, dorsal view. 42. Pleuron, lateral view. 43. Antennae with arista, lateral view.
38
41
37
42
43
39
40
175
Figures 44-47. Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) politus, male. 44. Head, lateral view.
45. Head, uniformly pilose, anterior view. 46. Abdomen, tergum I to tergum V,
dorsal, view. 47. Wing extensively bare, with almost all of cells c, br, bm and cup
bare, dorsal view.
St 8
V
I
45
46
44
47
176
Figures 48-51. 48-49, Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) politus, male. 48. Male habitus,
dorsal view. 49. Male Abdomen with legs, ventral view. 50. Female head, frons
black, silvery white pilose, dorsal view. 51. Female habitus, dorsal view.
48
50
51
49
177
Figures 52-57. 52-56, Paragus (Serratoparagus) serratus, Male, 52. Wing with
Microtrichia, bare areas shown by arrow, dorsal view. 53. Scutellum with 15
teeth. 54. Male habitus, dorsal view. 55-56. Head, frontal view. 57. Female, dorsal
view.
52
56 57
55
53 54
178
Figures 58-66. 58-64, Chrysotoxum antiquum, male. 58. Abdomen with lateral
margin black, dorsal view. 59. Abdomen with posterior margin black, ventral view.
60. Head and mesonotum with femora black on basal 1/4, ventral view. 61. Head,
dorsal view. 62. Head, anterior view. 63. Thorax, dorsal view. 64. Wing, dorsal view.
65. Femal head, lateral view. 66. Female habitus, dorsal view.
58 59 60
61
62 63
65
65
64
66
179
Figures 67-71. Chrysotoxum baphyrum, male. 67. Abdomen with terga 2 to 4
posterolateral corner without spine, dorsal view. 68. Abdomen with sterna 2
entire interrupted black fascia, ventral view. 69. Head and thorax with yellow
legs, posterodorsal view. 70. Head, anterior view. 71. Male habitus, dorsal.
71
68
70
67
69
180
Figures 72-78. 72-76, Chrysotoxum intermedium, male. 72. Wing, dorsal view.
73. Abdomen with sterna 2 anteromedian yellow spot and posterolateral corners
yellow, ventral view. 74. Thorax with yellow scutellum, dorsal view. 75.
Abdomen with lateral margin yellow and black, dorsolateral view. 76. Head,
Anterior view. 77. Female habitus, dorsal view. 78. Female head, lateral view.
72
73
75
76 78
77
74
181
Figures 79-83. 79-82, Episyrphus (Episyrphus) balteatus, male. 79. Thorax and
abdomen, dorsal view. 80. Head, lateral view. 81. Abdomen with central spot in
sterna, ventral view. 82. Male habitus, dot above antenna, dorsolateral view. 83.
Female habitus, lateral view.
80
79
81
83
82
182
Figures 84-89. 84-88, Episyrphus (Episyrphus) viridaureus, male. 84. Male
habitus, dorsal view. 85. Abdomen with complete or incomplete subposterior,
transverse black band, ventral view. 86. Wing, posterior margin with black
sclerotized dots. dorsal view 87. Wing, dorsal view. 88. Wing, enlarged posterior
portion, dorsal view. 89. Female habitus, dorsal view.
89 88
87
86
85
84
183
Figures 90-96. 90-93, Ischiodon scutellaris, male. 90. Male habitus, dorsal view.
91. Male habitus, lateral view. 92. Ventral calcar on metatrochanter, ventral view
93. Anterior part of thorax, katepisternum pile patches broadly separated
posteriorly, ventral view. 94. Female habitus, dorsal view. 95. Female abdomen
apex, dorsal view. 96. Female elongate basoflagellomere, ventral view.
91
92
94
96
90
93
95
184
97 98
99
101
103
100
102
Figures 97-103. 97-101, Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) bucculatus, male. 97. Male habitus,
dorsal view. 98. Male abdomen tergum 5 with median black spot, dorsal view. 99. Head,
anterior view. 100. Head with postocular orbit, dorsolateral view. 101. Scutellum
medially black Pilose. 102. Female Head, anterolateral view. 103. Female habitus, lateral
view.
185
Figures 104-108. 104-106, Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) corollae, male. 104. Male
habitus, large terminalia, dorsal view. 105. Head, lateral view. 106. Male habitus,
femora 1/2-3/4 black, lateral view. 107. Female habitus, dorsal view. 108. Female
Head, dust spot reduce to fingerlike and separated from each other, lateral view.
104
106
107 108
105
186
Figures 109-113. 109-111, Eupeodes (Macrosyrphus) confrater, male. 109. Male
habitus, tergum 2 spot more or less broadly confluent, dorsal view. 110. Male
habitus, metafemur with broad annulus, lateral view. 111. Male head, anterior
view. 112. Female habitus, dorsal view. 113. Female habitus, lateral view.
112
113
110
109
111
187
Figures 114-118. 114-117, Scaeva albomaculata, male. 114. Male habitus,
tergum 2 with pale spot not extending to lateral margins, dorsal view. 115. Male
habitus, metafemur, lateral view. 116. Abdomen with black spots with ends
oriented upward, ventral view. 117. Scutellum with yellowish white hairs at least
anteriorly, dorsal view. 118. Female habitus, tergum 5 with pale spot sinuate,
dorsal view.
116 117
115
118
114
188
124
122
123
121 120
119
Figures 119-124. 119-122, Scaeva latimaculata, male. 119. Male habitus, tergum
2 with pale spot confluent with lateral margin, lateral mesonotal bright yellow,
lateral view. 120. Male head, lateral view. 121. Abdomen with tergum five lateral
margins mainly yellow, dorsal view. 122. Scutellum with yellowish white hairs
on anterior one-third, dorsal view. 123 and 124. Female abdomen, dorsal view.
189
Figures 125-128. 125-126, Scaeva pyrastri, male. 125. Male habitus, tergum 2
with lunulate pale spot, tergum 3 and tergum 4 light yellow spots lunulate whose
endings are spatulate, dorsal view. 126. Male habitus, lateral mesonotal margin
dull yellow, lateral view. 127. Female habitus, dorsal view. 128. Female abdomen
with characteristic spot, dorsal view.
125
127
126
128
190
Figures 129-135. 129-132, Sphaerophoria bengalensis. 129. Male habitus,
tergum 2 with yellow strip reaching lateral margin in total width, lateral view.
130. Male habitus, dorsal view. 131. Head, lateral view. 132. Head, anterior view.
133. Femur only yellow hairs. 134. Female abdomen with tergum 6 yellow with a
subtriangular vertical black spot. 135. Female habitus, dorsal view.
129
131
133
134
130
135
132
191
Figures 136-141. Sphaerophoria Indiana, male. 136. Scutellum (yellow hairs),
scutum and pleauron (yellow lateral margin complete), lateral view. 137. Thorax,
dorsal view. 138. Leg, ventral view. 139. Head, face completely yellow except
faintly brownish dark median facial tubercle, lateral view. 140. Head, anterior
view. 141. Abdomen, dorsal view.
140 141
137
136
138
139
192
Figures 142-145. 142-144, Sphaerophoria scripta, male. 142. Male habitus,
dorsal view. 143. Head, anterior view. 144. Male femur 3 with heavy black
spinules posteroventrally on apical one-third. 145. Female habitus, tergum 2 with
yellow fascia deeply notched on hind margin or narrowly divided in centre,
tergum 6 with a subtriangular anteromedian black spot surround by two similar
spots on posterior margin, dorsal view.
144
145
142
143
193
Figures 146-147. Structural characters of Syrphid. 146. Head, dorsal and lateral
view. 147. Antenna (Chrysotoxum, Pakistan, Gilgit Baltistan, Astore), lateral
view.
Scape Pedicel Flagellum
Basoflagellomere
Arista Aristomere
146
147
194
Figures 148. Abdomenal base and thoracic parts, lateral view. 1 (anterior
anepisternum); 2 (posterior anepisternum); 3 (anterior anepimeron); 4
(dorsomedial anepimeron); 5 (posterior anepimeron); 6 (katepimeron); 7
(posterior spiracular pile area); Ist s, first sternum; 2nd s, second sternum; Ist t,
first tergum; 2nd t, second tergum; anatg, anatergum; anepm, anepimeron; anepst,
anepisternum; aspr, anterior spiracle; cx1(procoxa), cx2 (mesocoxa), cx3
(metacoxa); epm3, metaepimeron; eps3, metaepisternum; kepm, katepimeron;
kepst = katepisternum (sternopleuron); ktg, katatergum; mr, meron; ms,
metasternum; pal cal, post alar callus; pprn, postpronotum; prepm, proepimeron;
prepst, proepisternum; pspr, posterior spiracle; sbsc, subscutellum; sct= scutum;
sctl, scutellum; spal area, supra alar area; trun sut, transverse suture.
148
195
b
Figures 149-150. 149. Leg, lateral view; 150. Wing of Syrphid fly, dorsal view.
Veins: A1, A2 branches of anal vein; C, costa; Cu, cubitus; CuA, anterior branch
of cubitus; CuA1, CuA2, anterior branches of cubitus; CuP, posterior branch of
cubitus; M, media; M1 (apical crossvein), M2, posterior branches of Media; R,
radius; R1, R2+3 ( second vein), R4+5; Rs, radial sector; Sc, subcosta; sv,
spurious vein; Cells: a1, a2, anal; bc, basal costal; bm, basal medial; br, basal
radial; c, costal; cua1, anterior cubital; cup, posterior cubital; d, discal; dm, discal
medial; m1, medial; r1(marginal cell), r2+3, r4+5 (apical cell), radial; sc,
subcostal; Crossveins: bm-cu, basal medial-cubital; dm-cu, discal medial-cubital;
h, humeral; r-m, radial-medial.
150
149
196
Figures 151-153. 151. Eristalis (Eoseristalis) arbustorum, female head and
anterior part of thorax, postpronotum pilose and exposed, dorsal view. 152.
Episyrphus (Episyrphus) balteatus, male, head and anterior part of thorax,
postpronotum bare, dorsal view. 153. Eristalinus (Lathyrophthalmus)
obscuritarsis, male abdomen tergum 5 not visible, dorsal view.
151 153
152
I
IV
197
epad
sur
supl
adl
hypd
sur
adl
basvl
supl cerc
hypd
epad
Figures 154-156. Male genitalia, ventral and lateral view. 154-155, Eristalodes
paria. 156. Lathyrophthalmus obscuritarsis, lateral view. Acronyms: Adl,
aedeagal lobe; basvl, basoventral lobe of surstylus; cerc, circus; epad, epandrium;
hypd, hypandrium; supl, superior lobe; sur, surstylus.
155
154
156
198
Figures 157-158. Male genitalia, E. (Lathyrophthalmus) aeneus. 157. Ventral
view. 158. Lateral view.
158
157
199
sur
cerc epa
d
sur
sur
hypd
adl
supl
159
Figures 159-160. Eristalis (Eoseristalis) arbustorum. 159. Male genitalia, lateral
view. 160. Aedeagus, lateral view. Acronyms: Ad api, apical part of aedeagus; ad
dor, dorsal part of aedeagus; adl, aedeagal lobe; cerc, circus; epad, epandrium;
hypd, hypandrium; supl, superior lobe; sur, surstylus.
ad dor
ad api
160
200
Figures 161-165. 161-162, Eristalis (Eoseristalis) cerealis. 161. Male genitalia,
lateral view. 162. Aedeagus, lateral view. 163-165, Eristalis (Eristalis) tenax.
163. Male genitalia, lateral view. 164. Aedeagus, lateral view. 165. Apical part of
hypandrium, ventral view.
161
163
164
162
165
201
Figures 166-169. Spilomyia manicata. 166. Male genitalia, ventral view. 167.
Superior lobe and Aedeagus 168. Genitalia, lateral view. 169. Ejaculatory apodeme.
167
166
sur
epad
supl
ad
169
epad
c
sur
c
hypd
supl
c
cerc
168
202
s
Figures 170-173. 170-171. Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) politus. 170. Male
genitalia, lateral view. 171. Epandrium, dorsal view. 172-173. Paragus
(Serratoparagus) serratus. 172. Male genitalia, lateral view. llad = lateral lobe of
aedeagus. 173. Epandrium, dorsal view.
epad
sur
cerc supl
hypd
epad
sur cerc
171 170
173 172
supl
llad
lingula
203
epad
sur
cerc
epad hypd
surl
ad dis
supl
adb
cerc
Figures 174-179. 174-175, Chrysotoxum antiquum. 174. Epandrium, dorsal view.
175. Male genitalia, lateral view. 176-177, Chrysotoxum intermedium. 176.
Epandrium, dorsal view. 177. Male genitalia, lateral view. 178-179, Chrysotoxum
baphyrum. 178. Epandrium, dorsal view. 179. Male genitalia, lateral view.
174 175
176 177
179 178
204
Figures 180-184. 180-181, Episyrphus (Episyrphus) balteatus. 180. Male
genitalia, lateral view. 181. Male genitalia, ventral view. 182-184, Ischiodon
scutellaris. 182. Epandrium, dorsal view. 183. Male genitalia, lateral view. 184.
Male genitalia, ventral view. Acronyms: Ad ap, aedeagal apodeme; adb,
aedeagal base; ad dis, distal part of aedeagus; cerc, cercus; epad, epandrium;
hypd, hypandrium; supl, superior lobe; sur, surstylus; sur ap, surstylar apodeme.
epad hypd
sur
supl ad dis
cerc ad ap
sur ap
ad dis
adb
sur
epad hypd
supl
sur
epad
cerc
180
183 184
182
181
205
Figures 185-188. 185-186, Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) bucculatus. 185. Aedeagus,
lateral view. 186. Hypandrium, ventral view. 187-188, Eupeodes (Metasyrphus)
confrater. 187. Male genitalia, lateral view. 188. Male genitalia, ventral view.
188
epad hypd
sur supl
ad dis
adb
cerc
sur ap
supl
187
186
adb
ad dis
185
206
Figures 189-191. Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) corollae. 189. Male genitalia, lateral
view. 190. Hypandrium, ventral view. 191. Aedeagus, dextrolateral view.
ad dis
adb
ad dis
hypd
supl
191
190
epad
hypd
sur
supl
ad dis
cerc
sur ap
adb
189
207
Figures 192-193. Scaeva albomaculata. 192. Male genitalia, lateral view. 193.
Hypandrium with aedeagus and superior lobe, ventral view.
hypd
supl
adb
193
192
208
Figures 194-196. Scaeva pyrastri. 194. Male genitalia, lateral view. 195.
Hypandrium with aedeagus and superior lobe, ventral view.196. Epandrium with
circus, dorsal view.
epad
sur
ad dis
cerc
sur ap
cerc
epad
hypd
supl
adb
ad dis
195
196
194
209
Figures 197-201. Sphaerophoria bengalensis. 197-199. Surstylus, lateral view,
arrow on figs. shows setae. 200. Lateral view showing inner view of surstylus.
201. Epandrium, dorsal view.
197 198
200 201
199
210
202 203
204
Figures 202-204. Sphaerophoria Indiana. 202. Male terminalia dry specimen,
nearly lateral view. sur avl, anteroventral lobe of surstylus. 203. Epandrium,
dorsal view. 204. Surstylus, lateral view.
epad hypd
sur avl
211
Figures 205-206. Sphaerophoria scripta. 205. Male genitalia, lateral view. 206.
Male genitalia, ventral view. Acronyms: Ad ap, aedeagal apodeme; adb,
aedeagal base; ad dis, distal part of aedeagus; avl, anteroventral lobe of surstylus;
epad, epandrium; hypd, hypandrium; inl, inner lobe of surstylus; pdl ,
posterodorsal lobe of surstylus; supl, superior lobe; sur, surstylus; sur ap, surstylar
apodeme.
206 205
pdl
inl
addis
avl
adb
supl
sur ap
ad ap
hypd
epad
