TAXONOMYTAXONOMY

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

BIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY ZOOLOGY BOTANY

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

MORPHOLOGY: STUDYOF EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY: STUDYOF EXTERNAL FORM & STRUCTUREFORM & STRUCTURE

ANATOMY: STUDY OF INTERNAL ANATOMY: STUDY OF INTERNAL (SECTIONS) STRUCTURES(SECTIONS) STRUCTURES

HISTOLOGY: STUDY OF TISSUES HISTOLOGY: STUDY OF TISSUES UNDER MICROSCOPEUNDER MICROSCOPE

PHYSIOLOGY: STUDYOF PROCESSES & PHYSIOLOGY: STUDYOF PROCESSES & FUNCTIONS OF ORGANISMSFUNCTIONS OF ORGANISMS

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

TAXONOMY:TAXONOMY:

IT IS THE MOST IT IS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL BRANCH FUNDAMENTAL BRANCH

OF BIOLOGYOF BIOLOGY

IT DEALS WITH THE IT DEALS WITH THE IDENTIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION,

CLASSIFICATION & CLASSIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE OF NOMENCLATURE OF LIVING ORGANISMS LIVING ORGANISMS

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

SYSTEMATICS: THE STUDY OF SYSTEMATICS: THE STUDY OF ORGANISMS COMPARITIVE & ORGANISMS COMPARITIVE & EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPSEVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

CLASSIFICATION: IT IS A SUB-TOPIC OF CLASSIFICATION: IT IS A SUB-TOPIC OF SYSTEMATICS, DELS WITH ORDERING SYSTEMATICS, DELS WITH ORDERING OF ORGANISMSOF ORGANISMS

TAXONOMY: IT IS THE STUDY OF TAXONOMY: IT IS THE STUDY OF PRINCIPLES & PROCEDURE OF PRINCIPLES & PROCEDURE OF CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

EVOLUTION is study of EVOLUTION is study of cumulative changes in the cumulative changes in the characteristics of population & characteristics of population & organisms that occur during the organisms that occur during the course of time in response to course of time in response to changes in the environmentchanges in the environment

The theory of evolution is the The theory of evolution is the foundation upon which all of foundation upon which all of modern biology is builtmodern biology is built Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

HISTORYHISTORY

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) provided Charles Darwin (1809-1882) provided concepts of evolutionary change through timeconcepts of evolutionary change through time

Subsequent botanists incorporated these into Subsequent botanists incorporated these into classificationsclassifications

A different way to view taxaA different way to view taxagroupings on groupings on an evolutionary treean evolutionary tree

ContCont……

Knowledge commonly inscribed on walls of Knowledge commonly inscribed on walls of temples (e.g., Karnak)temples (e.g., Karnak)

Systematic knowledge originated as medicinal Systematic knowledge originated as medicinal and economically useful plants during and economically useful plants during Egyptian timesEgyptian times

Increasing written lore on uses of plants as Increasing written lore on uses of plants as medicines, food, ornamentalsmedicines, food, ornamentals

ContCont……

Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.), Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.), pupil of Aristotle, created first pupil of Aristotle, created first “artificial” plant groupings based “artificial” plant groupings based on habit (De Historia Plantarum)on habit (De Historia Plantarum)

Dioscorides (ca. 60 A.D.) wrote Dioscorides (ca. 60 A.D.) wrote treatise on medicinal plants (De treatise on medicinal plants (De Materia Medica)Materia Medica)

Greeks and Romans expanded Greeks and Romans expanded knowledge to other plant lifeknowledge to other plant life

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS OFOF CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMARTIFICIAL SYSTEM : :

CARLOS LINNAEUSCARLOS LINNAEUS

HABBIT OF PLANT HABBIT OF PLANT

NO. & UNION LENGTHNO. & UNION LENGTH

OF STAMENOF STAMEN

NATURAL SYSTEMNATURAL SYSTEM : :

BENTHAM & HOOKERBENTHAM & HOOKER

NATURAL AFFINITIESNATURAL AFFINITIES

PHYLOGENETIC PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM :SYSTEM :

ADOLF ENGLER & ADOLF ENGLER & KARL PRANTLKARL PRANTL

EVOLUTIONARY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY HISTORY

GENITIC GENITIC RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP

ETCETC

Why is classification important?Why is classification important?

THERE ARE MANY ORGANISMS THERE ARE MANY ORGANISMS

Why is classification important?Why is classification important?

SOME ARE SIMILAR SOME ARE SIMILAR

Why is classification important?Why is classification important?

SOME ARE LESS SIMILARSOME ARE LESS SIMILAR

Why is classification important?Why is classification important?

SOME VERY DISSIMILARSOME VERY DISSIMILAR

Cont…Cont…

THERE ARETHERE ARE ~ 1 million species of plants,~ 1 million species of plants, 5-10 million species of animals5-10 million species of animals + fungi, bacteria, etc.+ fungi, bacteria, etc. no good estimates of numbers of speciesno good estimates of numbers of species

Human mind needs to organize Human mind needs to organize informationinformation

Cont…Cont…

The main aim of a taxonomic study is to The main aim of a taxonomic study is to assign organism an appropriate place in a assign organism an appropriate place in a systematic framework of classification.systematic framework of classification.

This framework is called TAXONOMIC This framework is called TAXONOMIC HIERARCHYHIERARCHY

TAXONOMIC HIERARCHYTAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass Order Order FamilyFamily GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

KKing ing PPhil hil ccalled alled oold ld ffat at GGeorge eorge sstupid.tupid.

FIVE KINGDOM FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

R.H.WHITTAKER (1769)R.H.WHITTAKER (1769)

Kingdom Monera Kingdom Monera (Bacteria) (Bacteria)

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

FATHER OF TAXONOMYFATHER OF TAXONOMY Swedish BotanistSwedish Botanist May 23, 1701 -May 23, 1701 -

Jan. 10, 1778Jan. 10, 1778 He based his plant He based his plant

classification system on the classification system on the plant’s method of plant’s method of reproduction and structure reproduction and structure of reproductive partsof reproductive parts

Introduced ‘binomialIntroduced ‘binomial

nomenclature’nomenclature’ Carolus LinneausCarolus Linneaus

(aka Karl von Linné)(aka Karl von Linné)

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATUREBINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

The system of giving scientific names to each The system of giving scientific names to each of the identified plant or animal. of the identified plant or animal.

The names are unique and universally The names are unique and universally accepted.accepted.

Names consist of 2 parts hence called Names consist of 2 parts hence called BINOMIALBINOMIAL

Names are in Greek and LatinNames are in Greek and Latin

Cont…Cont…

11stst part is GENUS NAME - NOUN part is GENUS NAME - NOUN 22ndnd part is SPECIES NAME – ADJECTIVE part is SPECIES NAME – ADJECTIVE E.g. E.g.

shoe flower-shoe flower-

Hibiscus rosasinensisHibiscus rosasinensis

lion-lion-

Panthera leoPanthera leo

Cont…Cont…

Three “codes”Three “codes” Animals: Animals:

““International Code of Zoological Nomenclature”International Code of Zoological Nomenclature” Plants, Fungi, algae, etc.:Plants, Fungi, algae, etc.:

““International Code of Botanical Nomenclature”International Code of Botanical Nomenclature” Bacteria Etc:Bacteria Etc:

““International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes”International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes”

Plant classificationPlant classification

Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

Non-flowering

Plants

Flowering

Spore-bearing

Naked seeds

No roots

with roots

Mosses Ferns

Gymnosperms

1 seed-leaf

2 seed-leaves

Monocots Dicots

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