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Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

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Page 1: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Taxonomy

The science of classifying living organisms

Page 2: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

History

During the 1700’s naturalists were bringing many examples of new species back to Britain

Scientists needed a way to keep all the organisms straight

Carolus Linnaeus came up with a classification system that we use today

Page 3: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

History continued…

Linnaeus’ system originally had two kingdoms:– Plantae and Animalia

New kingdoms have been added as we learn new information

Now there are 6 kingdoms

Page 4: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

The Seven Levels

Organisms are sorted into seven levels of classification:– Kingdom (the broadest, many type of organisms)

– Phylum

– Class

– Order

– Family

– Genus

– Species (the narrowest, one type of organism)

King Philip cameover for great spaghetti

Page 5: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

The Seven Levels

Organisms are first put into kingdoms based on their similar characteristics– They are then further sorted through the seven levels

As you move DOWN the levels, the organisms in each level share more and more characteristics– The more levels two organisms share in common, the

MORE related they are

Page 6: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

The Seven Levels for a Mountain Lion

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Kingdom: AnimaliaQuickTime™ and a

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C la ss: M a mma li a

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Page 7: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

How do scientists classify organisms?

Scientists put organisms into groups based on SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS– Always look for what characteristics organisms

have in common

Scientists first began using physical evidence to classify organisms.– Now they also use fossil and DNA evidence

Page 8: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Classifying Organisms

Physical Evidence– Scientists examine:

• Skeletal Structure– Homogolous structures: Bones that are similar

• Common behaviors

• Similar appearance

• Habitats

• And more…

Page 9: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Classifying Organisms

Fossil Evidence– Scientists examine fossils to determine what

organisms have common ancestors

– Organisms with a recent common ancestor are more closely related than those with a very old common ancestor

Page 10: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Classifying Organisms

Genetic Evidence– Scientists have more recently started examining

similarities in DNA and proteins

– The more similar the DNA sequence, the more closely related are two organisms

– Upon using genetic evidence, scientists found some previous classifications were incorrect

Page 11: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Classifying Organisms

DNA is the best evidence when classifying organisms

As scientists learn more about an organism, it’s classification may change

Page 12: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Scientific Names

Carolus Linnaeus came up with a system for assigning two name scientific names to an organism– His system is known as binomial nomenclature

Each organisms scientific name consists of it’s Genus name followed by it’s Species name

Page 13: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Scientific Names

When looking to identify commonly related organisms, use their first name– For example: Felis concolor (Pumas) are more

closely related to Felis domesticous (house cats) than they are to Pinus concolor (white pine trees)

Page 14: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Scientific Names

Scientific names are used so that scientists from different countries can communicate easily about various types of organisms

Some organisms have more than one common name (ex. Mountain lion, puma, cougar) or different common names in different languages

Page 15: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

Identifying Organisms

Scientists often need to identify organisms, so they know if it is a previously identified species– They use tools called a Dichotomous Key

– Dichotomous Keys compare two traits in a step-by-step fashion to help one identify an organism

Page 16: Taxonomy The science of classifying living organisms

A Dichotomous Key1. Has green colored body ......go to 2 Has purple colored body ..... go to 4

2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3 Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis

3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus

4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5

5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis Does not have ears ...…go to 6

Identify Organism D


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