Taxonomy

Unity and DiversityChapter 5page 89 -125

Taxonomy

The natural curiositynatural curiosity of humanity has led us to attempt to name all the different living organisms.

COMMON NAMES

•"local" names given by the natives of an area.

•often leads to confusion when scientists want to talk about organisms on a global basis.

COMMON NAMES

• What is the name of this mammal?

Mountain Lion

•a.k.a. - puma, cougar, panther, and the Indian devil

•This confusion led scientists to use a more logical system.

systematic naming and classifying of organisms

makes identification and comparison easier.

TAXONOMY

based on:habitathabitat - location where organism was found

basic structurebasic structure similarity

Early classification

Aristotle’s Classification Scheme

AristotleAristotle - divided all organisms into two large groups he called kingdomskingdoms.

Aristotle’s Kingdoms

They were the animalanimal and plantplant kingdomskingdoms.

Each kingdom had three subdivisions.

Plant Kingdom

Stationary green thingstreestreesshrubsshrubsherbsherbs

- one wood stem-many wood stems- soft stems

animal Kingdom

mobile things

landland

waterwater

airair

- live on land- live in water- fly

Later Developments in Taxonomy

Immutability of SpeciesImmutability of Species - Genesis led to the belief that a fixed number of living things existed

In time all of these organisms will be found, named, and identified.

• speciesspecies - a group of similar individuals with a common ancestor.

• Modern ConceptModern Concept - added that species must mate in nature & produce fertile offspring

John Ray (1700) - concept of species

Linneaus (1707-1778)

Swedish botanist

BinomialBinomial NomenclaturNomenclaturee

Binomial nomenclature

ScientificScientific NamesNames consisting of two names– GenusGenus name – SpeciesSpecies name

LATINLATIN used for names

Binomial nomenclature

Each unique organism is given two Latin names:– GenusGenus - kind of animal– speciesspecies - “specific” type

Why Latin?

1.1. language of the educated in language of the educated in Europe Europe

2.2. most languages of Europe most languages of Europe evolved from Latinevolved from Latin

3. as a “dead languagedead language” it’s meanings would not changemeanings would not change

Binomial nomenclature

Genus: FelisFelis (cat)– species: tigristigris (tiger)– species: familiarisfamiliaris (of the family)– species: domesticusdomesticus (of the house)– species: leoleo (lion)– species: concolorconcolor (puma)

Modern System of taxonomy

TAXONTAXON - (pl. taxa) a group of related organisms

Taxa are arranged in a hierarchyhierarchy that moves from diversitydiversity to unityunity.

Modern System of Taxonomy

KingdomKingdom - taxon of the mostmost differentdifferent kinds of organisms

SpeciesSpecies - taxon of the organisms with the mostmost similaritysimilarity

Hierarchy of Taxa

Kingdom – Phylum (pl. phyla)

Class– Order

FamilyGenus (pl. genera)species

Kingdom Systems

The number of kingdoms changed as new discoveries were made

Classification systems vary and change:– depending on use or purpose– depending on viewpoint

Kingdom Systems

TwoTwo KingdomKingdom: Plant and Animal ThreeThree KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, and

Fungi FourFour KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi,

and Protist FiveFive KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi,

Protist, and Monera SixSix KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi,

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protist

Fungi

Planta

Animalia

Protists

Eubacteria

Archaebacteriamethanogens

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms

Plant Kingdom

nutrition - autotrophicautotrophiccells - multicellularmulticellular cell type - eukaryoticeukaryoticlocomotion - nonnon motilemotilecell walls - cellulosecellulose

Animal Kingdom

nutrition - heterotrophicheterotrophiccells - multicellularmulticellular cell type - eukaryoticeukaryoticlocomotion - motilemotilecell walls – not presentnot present

Fungi Kingdom

nutrition – saprophyticsaprophytic(absorbs nutrients from “dead things”)

cells - multicellularmulticellular cell type - eukaryoticeukaryoticlocomotion - nonnon motilemotilecell walls - chitinchitin

Protist Kingdom

nutrition – autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic

cells - unicellularunicellular cell type - eukaryoticeukaryoticlocomotion – most motile motilecell walls – cellulose cellulose or not not

presentpresent

Eubacteria Kingdom

nutrition - autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic

cells - unicellularunicellular cell type - prokaryoticprokaryoticlocomotion - motilemotilecell walls - peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan

Archaebacteria Kingdom

nutrition - autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic

cells - unicellularunicellular cell type - prokaryoticprokaryoticlocomotion - motilemotilecell walls – not peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan

Archaebacteria

• Simplest and most primitive organisms

• ProkaryoticProkaryotic - no membrane bound organelles• methanogens of swamps• thermophiles of ocean vents

Eubacteria

SchizophytaSchizophyta (heterotrophs) -bacteria

CyanophytaCyanophyta (autotrophs) cyanobacteria

VirusesViruses ?? - obligate intercellular parasites

PrionsPrions ?? – naked proteins – “Mad Cow” disease

Schizophyta - bacteria

•Basic shapesbacillusbacillus - rodscoccuscoccus - roundspirillusspirillus - spiral

Viruses

Also called “phagesphages” from Greek word to eat.

Consist of proteinprotein covercover surrounding nucleic acids of either DNADNA or RNARNA

Types of Viruses

BacteriophagesBacteriophages - reproduce in bacterial cells

ZoophagesZoophages - reproduce in animal cells

PhytophagesPhytophages - reproduce in plant cells

Viral Life

Cycle

Protists

Protist Groups

•Two types of protists:•ProtozoaProtozoa - animal-like

•AlgaeAlgae - plant-like

Protozoa

•CiliataCiliata - move by cilia

•SarcodinaSarcodina - move by pseudopodia

Protozoa

• ZoomastigophoZoomastigophorara - move by flagella

• SporozoaSporozoa - move by spores

Algae

•ChlorophytaChlorophyta - green pigment

•RhodophytaRhodophyta - red pigments

•PhaeophytaPhaeophyta - brown pigments

Algae

•ChrysophytaChrysophyta - silica shell

•PyrophytaPyrophyta - fluoresce

Plant Kingdom

Phyla of plant kingdom are called divisions.– BryophytaBryophyta– PterophytaPterophyta– CycadphytaCycadphyta– GinkophytaGinkophyta– ConiferophytaConiferophyta– AnthophytaAnthophyta

Alternation of Generations– GametophyteGametophyte (haploid - n) – produces gametes– SporophyteSporophyte (diploid - 2n) – makes spores to reproduce

Division: Bryophyta

Mosses, Liverworts– No vascular tissue– No true roots, stems,

leaves– Gametophyte dominant– Sperm must swim to

egg– Sporophyte dependent

on gametophyte

Division: Pterophyta

Ferns– Rhizoid - root like

structure– Fronds - finely divided

leaves– Gametophyte – rarely

seen– Sporophyte – spore

sacs (sori) under leaves

Division: Cycadophyta

Gymnosperms - naked seeds Cone protects seeds Stems underground

Division: Ginkophyta

Gymnosperm Fan leaf “extinct” One species found in

China

Division: Coniferophyta

Gymnosperm Cone bearing Needle-shaped

leaves Many evergreen

Division: Anthophyta

Flowering plants Angiosperms -

(hidden seed)– Vascular tissue– Stems, roots, leaves– Sporophyte dominant– Gametophyte

dependent on sporophyte

Class: Monocotyledonae

Grass, Orchid, Bamboo

Monocot – FlowerFlower – 3 parts– LeavesLeaves – parallel

veins– SeedSeed – 1

cotyledon– StemsStems – scattered

vascular tissue– RootsRoots - fibrous

Class: Dicotyledonae

Apple, Sunflower Dicot

– FlowerFlower – 4 or 5 parts– LeavesLeaves – netted veins– SeedSeed – 2 cotyledons– StemsStems –vascular tissue

in rings– RootRoot – Tap root

Animal PhylaPoriferaPorifera ( L: hole bearer) sponges

•most sessile•most marine•asymmetry•fibrous

skeleton•numerous

holes

Animal Phyla

CoelenterataCoelenterata (L: hollow gut) hydra, jellyfish

• mouth surrounded by tentaclestentacles

• twotwo wayway digestivedigestive cavity• two cell layer body

• endodermendoderm – inner layer• ectodermectoderm – outer layer

• radialradial symmetrysymmetry

Coelenterates

hydrahydra

sea anemonesea anemone

Animal Phyla

• PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes - (L: flat worms) Planaria, tapeworms, flukes

• bilateralbilateral symmetry• three layers of cells

• endoderm-endoderm- inner layer• mesodermmesoderm – middle layer• ectodermectoderm – outer layer

• two way digestion• free living or parasitic

Platyhelminthes

tapewormtapeworm

flukefluke

Animal phyla

•NematodaNematoda - the round worms. Trichinella, Ascaris, filarial worms•Round body• oneone wayway digestiondigestion• tubetube inin a tubetube organization•free living and parasitic

ANIMAL PHYLA

• AnnelidaAnnelida (L: ring) segmented worms. leech, earthworm

• segmented bodies• one way digestion

Animal phyla

•ArthropodaArthropoda (L: jointed legs) insects, spiders, centipedes, lobsters• segmentedsegmented body• exoskeletonexoskeleton• jointedjointed appendagesappendages

Class: Crustacea

Two body regions

cephalothoraxabdomen

Two antennae

Class: Arachnoidea

Two body regions– Cephalothorax– Abdomen

Four pairs of legs

Class: Chilopoda

Multiple segmentsOne pair of legs

per segmentcarnivorous

Class: Diplopoda

multiple segments

two pairs of legs per segment

herbivorous & decomposers

Class: Insecta

three body regions– Head– Thorax– Abdomen

three pairs of legs two pairs of legs

Animal Phyla

•EchinodermataEchinodermata (L: spiny skinned) starfish, sea cucumbers• radial symmetry• internalinternal calcium

skeletonskeleton• water vascular

system

Animal Phyla

ChordataChordata (L: cord) fish, mammals, birds

•dorsaldorsal hollow nervenerve cordcord•gillgill slitsslits during development

•most vertebrates

Class: Agnatha

• (L: jawless fishes) hagfish, lamprey

Order: Chondrichthyes

•(Gr: cartilage fish) sharks, manta rays

white whalewhite whale

hammer headhammer head

Order: Osteichthyes

• (Gr: bony fish) bass, trout, barracuda, flounder

striped striped bassbass

barracudabarracuda

Class Amphibia

• (L & Gr: both lives) salamanders, newts, frogs, toads• moist skin

• larva aquatic with gills

• adult lungs but breathes through skin

• reproduce in water

Class Reptilia

•(L: to creep) Snakes, lizards, turtle, crocodile

• dry scaly skin• land dwelling• breathe with

lungs• amniotic egg with

leathery shell

cobracobra

crocadilecrocadile

iguanaiguana

box turtlebox turtle

Class Aves

•(L: birds) Avocet, barn owl, chaffinch•feathers•constant body temperature•amniotic egg with calcium

shell

avocetavocet barn owlbarn owl

chaffinchchaffinch

Class Mammalia

• (L: of the breast)

Order Monotremata

•(Gr: one hole) Spiny anteater, platypus

•lay eggs•feed young milk

spiny spiny anteateranteater

platypusplatypus

Order Protheria

•(Gr: early womb) kangaroo, opossum

• live youngyoung incompletelyincompletely developeddeveloped

• finish development in pouch (marsupiummarsupium)

Order Eutheria

•(Gr: true womb) Cats, dogs,

• bears, monkey, man•Bear live young from womb