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Electric Vehicles House Select Committee on Energy Independence & Alternative Fuels Anne Tazewell Transportation Program Manager December 7, 2011

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Page 1: Tazewell - EVs 12-7-11.ppt€¦ · Energy Office •CFAT provides education, outreach and sub award grant funding for emission reduction projects. Project grant recipients also contribute

Electric VehiclesHouse Select Committee on Energy Independence & Alternative Fuels

Anne TazewellTransportation Program Manager

December 7, 2011

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NC Solar Center• Part of the College of Engineering at NC 

State University, • grant /contract/state appropriated 

funding• Created in 1988 & serves as 

clearinghouse for information, training, technical assistance deployment, demonstration and applied research

• Example programs: renewable energy, sustainable building, industrial efficiency , and clean transportation

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Page 3: Tazewell - EVs 12-7-11.ppt€¦ · Energy Office •CFAT provides education, outreach and sub award grant funding for emission reduction projects. Project grant recipients also contribute

This Presentation

• Why electric vehicles?• Overview of hybrid and electric vehicles• EV Support• Resources

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Why Electric Vehicles?

Electric motors are far more efficient than internal combustion engines. For example with gasoline engines up to 33% of the fuel energy is lost in exhaust emissions alone. Electric vehicles have zero tail pipe emissions!

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• Over 50% of oil used in U.S. is imported. 

• This equates to $1B spent per day on imported petroleum

• Transportation accounts for 2/3 of U.S. oil use.

• Gasoline accounts for 2/3 of oil used in transportation.

Source Energy Information Agency http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/demand_text.htm#U.S.%20Consumption%20by%20sector

Petroleum Consumption

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• PNNL study concluded half of oil imports could be displaced with 73% fleet adoption of PHEVs

From Pacific Northwest National Lab  report "Impacts Assessment of Plug‐in Hybrid", Kintner‐Meyer et. al., 2006 http://energyenvironment.pnnl.gov/ei/pdf/PHEV_Economic_Analysis_Part2_Final.pdf

Petroleum Reduction

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EV Benefits• Lower operational costs‐ $.50‐.70 per gallon equivalent‐ Reduced maintenance

• Improved air quality‐ Over 3,042,647 NC residents have health problems that can be attributed to and/or aggravated by poor air quality

Lower Cost

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CV disease  1,742,726

Chronic bronchitis, asthma 

& emphysema                            840,175

Diabetes                                      459,746

American Lung Association 2011 State of the Air Reporthttp://www.stateoftheair.org/2011/states/north‐carolina

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Neighborhood Electrics (NEVs)• NEVs can fulfill many tasks especially in urban centers, campus 

environments, etc.• Range is typically 30 to 50 miles/charge.• Speed limited by federal law to 25 mph, can be driven on 

streets zoned up to 35 MPH. • No special recharging 

infrastructure required. Can be plugged into 110 outlet.

• May have A/C or D/C drive systems.

• Most have lead/acid batteries, typically on a 72v platform.

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Plug In Hybrid Electric VehiclesWhen the Battery in a PHEV has   exhausted its charge the vehicle will become a conventional hybrid!

Plug In Hybrids (PHEV) extend the electric performance of hybrids• PHEVs utilize a lithium‐ion 

battery pack and electric motor to propel the vehicle on electricity for 10‐ 40 miles.

• PHEVs can be plugged into a 120 or 240 VAC outlet to receive its charge.

• Range of a PHEV battery is noted in the vehicle description: i.e. Toyota Prius PHEV‐10.

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Slide: Mike Waters, Progress Energy

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Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)• Toyota is testing a fleet of 

150 PHEVs. These are PHEV‐14 vehicles (14 mile EV range) & are targeted for summer 2012 production with an estimated cost of $28K.

• Progress Energy is evaluating PHEV Ford Escapes. 

• Ford C‐Max Energi PHEV slated for production starting late 2012 (electric assisted range unknown)  Raleigh is a first market

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Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREV)

• Volt is unique;  it is an EREV, not a PHEV. Capable of going in all electric mode for up to 40 miles and has back up gasoline generator to extend range 300+ miles when needed.

• Production start date: Nov 2010. GM has delivered over 6,000 as of Nov 2011 and will ramp up to 30,000 by 2012. 

• MSRP $32,780 ( after $7,500 fed tax credit)

• 340v lithium‐ion batteries

• 1.4 liter gasoline engine

• Engine only generates electricity, not connected to drive train.

• This differentiates it from a hybrid.

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Battery Electric Vehicles (EV or BEV) • EVs operate only batteries alone.• EVs require inverter, converter & 

electronics similar to hybrids ( No ICE!).• Nissan’s LEAF was the first large volume 

manufacturer on the market.• Lithium batteries provide a range of 70‐

100 miles  depending on many factors (weather, terrain, etc.)

• LEAF‐ MSRP $35,000 production began in Dec 2010, over 8,700 units sold to date.

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PHEV or EREV ALL ELECTRICPr

oduc

tion

Dem

o/C

once

pt

GM PHEV Chevrolet Volt

Ford Escape PHEVVW Golf TwinDrive

Toyota FT-EV

Mini-E

Mitsubishi iMIEV

Chrysler/Fiat EV Subaru R1eBMW Concept

Hyundai Blue-Will Volvo C30Kia Ray Mercedes BlueCell

Cadillac ConverjBYD 3DFM

Ford TransitConnect

Nissan Leaf?Toyota Prius?

TeslaFisker Karma

Smart

Tesla Model S

Ford Focus

Plug Ins Planned: Next 3 Years

Mike Waters, Advanced Transportation, Progress Energy

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Heavy Duty Hybrids & Electrics

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• Trucks & buses that stop & go frequently & vehicles that idle to operate on board equipment are an excellent applications for hybrids

‐ Design Line hybrid & electric  buses are manufactured in  Charlotte NC

‐ Freightliner Business Class M2 hybrid trucks made in Mt Holly, NC 

‐ Thomas Built hybrid school buses made in High Point, NC

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Partnerships Are Important• NC Solar Center’s Clean Fuel Advanced Technology Project (CFAT) 2006‐2012 is sponsored by NC DOT ( $3M) with  an additional $400,000 contributed  by  State Division of Air Quality and State Energy Office  

• CFAT provides education, outreach and sub award grant funding for emission reduction projects. Project grant recipients  also contribute significantly.  While only 20% cost share was required on average  40%  of total project costs was contributed by  CFAT 2006‐2010 emission reduction grant recipients. 

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NCSC CFAT Projects: HEVs & EVs*Provides up to 80% of vehicle and infrastructure costs based on emissions benefits 33 Hybrid vehicles ( heavy duty & passenger)Big Boys Truck Stop, Kenly NC electrification project ( 24 spaces)35 Neighborhood Electric Vehicles2 electric passenger vehicles 8  EV charging stations

*FFY 2013‐2015 will only cover incremental cost difference between HEV or EV & conventional vehicles

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Potential Growth in EV MarketVarious PEV market share estimates based on:‐ scenarios for future oil prices

‐ State and federal incentives

‐ How vehicle manufacturers respond to increased fuel economy requirements

EPA & NHTSA are coordinating CO2 and CAFE standards for MY 2017-25- Proposing that manufacturers get extra credit for EVs in meeting fleet wide fuel economy standards

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Summary: Opportunities & Challenges

• Electric drive platforms (hybrid, PHEV, EREV, EV) provide much greater efficiency than conventional vehicles.

• On the order of 25% for hybrids, 60% for EVs• Adoption of electric drives strongly incentivized by federal energy 

policy. Currently up to $7,500 for EVs• Supply and cost of rare earths for electric motors and *lithium for 

batteries are some challenges.• National electrical grid needs to  become “smart” to take FULL 

advantage of all that EVs can provide to support air quality and energy independence initiatives

* Lithium production is expanding in NC!

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Page 19: Tazewell - EVs 12-7-11.ppt€¦ · Energy Office •CFAT provides education, outreach and sub award grant funding for emission reduction projects. Project grant recipients also contribute

To Learn More

• NC Solar Center www.cleantransportation.org• Advanced Energy www.advancedenergy.org/transportation/• Triangle Clean Cities www.trianglecleancities.org• Go Electric Drive  goelectricdrive.com/• U.S. DOE Alternative Fuels Advanced Vehicle Data Center 

www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/electricity.html

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Questions & Comments

[email protected] 513-7831

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