Subject

TUBERCULOSIS

SCIENCE PRESENTATION

PRESENTED BY = Dev sharma

PRESENTED TO = Megha mam

presentation

1What Is Tuberculosis

2How TB spreads

3Treatment

CONTENTS of this

1. What is TB 2. Types of TB and their brief

introduction

1

What is TB

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) . It was first isolated in 1882 by a German physician named Robert Koch who received the Nobel Prize for this discovery, the bacteria usually attack the lungs. But, TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain.The most common form of TB is TB of lungs, commonly known as pulmonary TB. Second most common form of TB is TB of voice box known as Laryngeal TB.

1. What is TB

In human TB there are 2 types of TB

Latent TB Active TB

M.TUBERCULOSIS

Types of TB

Latent TB - Latent TB means a person is infected by TB bacteria ,but cannot infect others, and is not coughing or appearing sick. Latent TB means the body’s immune system has contained the infection. Persons with latent TB are identified by a positive skin test (PPD). Active TB - Active pulmon-ary and laryngeal TB means a person infected with the TB bacteria is sick and can infect others unless they are taking medicine prescribed by their physician to treat TB.

Latent And Active TB

Avian TBMost birds including parrots, parakeets, cranes, sparrows, starling and emus etc. have shown susceptibly to M. avium. It is believed that favorable conditions virtually all species of birds are susceptible to avian tuberculosis. It is most prevalent where there I population density, such as in zoos, or collections of birds. M. avium infections are considered to be "open" meaning infected birds consistently shed large amounts of organism into the environment. In some cases sudden death can occur in a bird with normal body weight and outer appearance. However, in most cases a bird with TB will develop symptoms such as progressive weight loss in spite of a good appetite, depression, diarrhea, increased and respiratory difficulty.

2

1. How TB spread 2.Diagnosis 3. TB’s influence on the World

How TB spreads

How TB spread TB is spread through tiny drops sprayed into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks, or another person breathes the air into their lungs containing the TB bacteria. In most cases, your body is able to fight off the germs. Tuberculosis is not, however, highly contagious compared to some other infectious diseases. Only about one in three close contacts of a TB patient, and fewer than 15% of more remote contacts, are likely to become infected. As a rule, close, frequent, or prolonged contact is needed to spread the disease. Of course, if a severely infected patient emits huge numbers of bacilli, the chance of transmitting infection is much greater.

People who are at greater risk of catching TB

I. close contacts of TB patients, including health care workers

II. People who have diabetes or chronic kidney failure; have any type of cancer; or are more than 10% below their ideal body weight

III. patients who have an illness or are taking a drug that can suppress the immune system

IV. Person who have HIV.

V. people from countries with high rates of TB

Diagnosis The diagnosis of TB is made on the basis of laboratory test results. The standard test for tuberculosis—which is the so-called tuberculin skin test—detects the presence of infection, not of active TB. Tuberculin is an extract prepared from cultures of M. tuberculosis. Today skin tests utilize a substance called purified protein derivative (PPD) is a good measure of the presence of tubercular infection. The PPD test is also called the Mantoux test. The Mantoux PPD skin test is not, however, 100% accurate; it can produce false positive as well as false negative results.

TB’s influence on the World

It injects about the one third of the world’s population and kills approximately 3 million people per year, making it the most important cause of death in the world.

There still are an estimated 8-10 million new cases of TB each year worldwide

Tuberculosis spread much more widely in Europe when the industrial revolution began in the late nineteenth century. The disease became widespread somewhat later in the United States, because the movement of the population to large cities made overcrowded housing so common.

3 Treatment

Treatment of TB Drug therapy Surgery Supportive care Prognosis Vaccination

Drug therapy

Five drugs are most commonly used today to treat tuberculosis:

• Isoniazid • Rifampin• Pyrazinamide• Streptomycin• Ethambutol

Most patients with TB can recover if given appropriate medication for a sufficient length of time. Three principles govern modern drug treatment of TB:

•Lowering the number of bacilli as quickly as possible. This measure minimizes the risk of transmitting the disease. When sputum cultures become negative, this has been achieved. Conversely, if the sputum remains positive after five to six months, treatment has failed.

•Preventing the development of drug resistance. For this reason, at least two different drugs and sometimes three are always given at first. If drug resistance is suspected, at least two different drugs should be tried.

SURGERY

Surgical treatment of TB may be used if medications are ineffective. There are three surgical treatments for pulmonary TB: pneumothorax, in which air is introduced into the chest to collapse the lung; thoracoplasty, in which one or more ribs are removed; and removal of a diseased lung, in whole or in part. It is possible for patients to survive with one healthy lung. Spinal TB may result in a severe deformity that can be corrected surgically.