teacher centered methods
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TEACHER CENTEREDMETHODS
Instructional Methods
Presentation
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THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD
What is it?
VERBAL EXPLANATION + LIVE DISPLAY
USING APPARATUS/MODELS
= DEMONSTRATION.
TELLING
DEMONSTRATION SHOWING
DOING3/20/2012 2Presented by Dr. D. Bernard-Johnson SOTAVE Feb 2012
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PURPOSE OF DEMONSTRATION
Teaching a skill, concept or principle.
Delicate and dangerous experiments involving
careful manipulation. Experiments involving difficult and complex
operations.
Use of costly apparatus.
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Several experiments are to be performed in one
period to establish connections between them
to derive conclusions.
Number of operations in an experiment are too
many.
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ADVANTAGES
Concrete things are shown. So students dont
enter into false imagination as it happens in a
lecture.
Students get confidence in the application of
scientific principles as they observe them
working and not simply hear about them.
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Motivates the students for further learning.
Number of equipment is less and students aremore, this is an ideal method.
Method is aligned to the principle, Learning ismore in seeing than in hearing; Learning ismore in doing than in seeing and hearing;
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GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVEDEMONSTRATION
Specify the objective of the demonstration.
Prepare a plan for your demo listing the various
steps in the proper sequence.
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Decide what information should be presented
to the students BEFORE, DURING and AFTER
THE Demonstration.
Choose appropriate equipment, tools and
other accessories.
Practice or rehearse the presentation.
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Arrange the physical setting so that each
student will be able to see clearly.
Arrange the equipment to be demonstrated in
order. It is convenient to keep the equipment
to be used on the left hand side and the used
ones on the right hand side.
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Demonstrate step by step. match explanationwith manipulation. Avoid lengthy
explanations.
Use a pointer to highlight the details/specificfeatures.
Do not show how Not to do a particular thing.
Provide opportunities for studentsparticipation in the demonstration.
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Illustration Method
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Illustration
An illustration can deal with animate or
inanimate, objects or it can be an analogy,
comparison, similes, metaphor, personal
experience, examples, or a graphic. Think back
for a moment. In Learning Theories you
learned about learning styles. We talked about
the learner who has to see it to believe it?
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Illustration
Well chosen illustrations can:
help to impress on the mind of the learner what
is being taught
stimulate interest and highlight the important
points.
Stir the learners thinking process. Have an emotional impact on learner
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Lecture Method
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Types of Lecture
A. Traditional oral essay The teacher is an orator and the only
speaker.
B. Participatory Lecture begins with learners brainstorming ideas on
the lecture topic on what they have read in
preparation.
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C. Feedback Lecture Consists with mini lectures with 10-minute
small group discussion opportunity to manipulate the lecture content
D. Mediated Lecture
Use of media such as films, slides, Web-based images along with traditional lecture.
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Purposes of Lecturing
Lectures can be an efficient means ofintroducing learners a new topic.
It can be used to stimulate students interest
in a subject.
It can also be used to inspire people.
To integrate and synthesize a large body of
knowledge. (Parker, 1993)
The lecture is valuable where knowledge is
advancing and up-to-date textbooks are not
available. Jones 1990 3/20/2012 17Presented by Dr. D. Bernard-
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Advantages of theLecture Method
1. It is economical in terms of student time. A great deal of information can be
communicated in a one hour lecture. More pertinent information can be taught
to a student.
2. The lecturer can supplement a textbookby enhancing a topic and making it cometo life.
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3. The teacher serves as a role model forstudents.
4. Lectures bring enjoyment to thelearners.
5. It helps students develop theirlistening skills.
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Disadvantages of theLecture Method
1. It lends itself to the teaching of the facts
while placing little emphasis on problem
solving, decision making, analytical thinking,
or transfer of learning. (Black. 1993)
2. Lecturing is not conducive to meeting
students individual needs.
3. Lecturing brings with it the problem of
limited attention span on the part of the
learners.
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Delivering the Lecture
1. Control your anxiety. An effective control mechanism is
imaging.
2. Spontaneity Avoid reading to the class.
Do not write your lecture out in fullsentences. Rehearse the delivery at home.
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3. Voice quality
Beware of lecturing inmonotone.
4. Body languageDo not stand glued to the podium.Use your hand for emphasis but not too
much.Be aware of your body language.Maintain eye contact.
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4. Speed of delivery
Affects both the learnerscomprehension and enjoyment of thematerial.
5. Getting of the right foot
Casual conversation for a minute to
establish rapportGive an opening attention getter
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The Art of Explaining
The distinguishing mark of good teaching
Teachers role to simplify, clarify, guide, lead
and explain complex concepts for optimum
understanding of material
First requisite is for the teacher to fully
understand the content him/herself
Must understand how to do the operation
properly, why it is being done in a specific
manner and know the related information.3/20/2012 24Presented by Dr. D. Bernard-
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The Art of Explaining
Teachers should learn basic principles then
learn the historical evolution and processes,
as well as the manual skills and standards of
occupational areas.
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The Art of Explaining
How to explain:
Use simple language; language of the learner
Be patient and resourceful Make liberal use of analogy, comparison,
example, illustration
Use visual aids Develop good sequence of simple-to-difficult,
step-by-step techniques in explaining
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The Art of Explaining
Use students knowledge as a base
Explain and define new terms
Use the technique of show and tell Point out relationships of parts/processes
Use logic and reasoning to explain
Develop concepts, history and uses
Ensure that the group understands the goal of
explanation
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The Art of Explaining
Make use of the board in dev. explanation
Keep eye contact with the class
Encourage questions and ask them too Call attention to highlights
Use medial summary to strengthen
explanation
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The Art of Explaining
Essential to the successful completion of the
demonstration. The purpose of the
explanation is to make clear to the learner
what he/she is expected to understand.
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Thank you
3/20/2012 31Presented by Dr. D. Bernard-J h SOTAVE F b 2012