Technical information supporting the 2020

climate (projected temperature)

Environmental Trend and Condition Report

Card

Department for Environment and Water

November, 2020

DEW Technical note 2020/23

DEW Technical note 2020/23 i

Department for Environment and Water

Government of South Australia

November 2020

81-95 Waymouth St, ADELAIDE SA 5000

Telephone +61 (8) 8463 6946

Facsimile +61 (8) 8463 6999

ABN 36702093234

www.environment.sa.gov.au

Disclaimer

The Department for Environment and Water and its employees do not warrant or make any representation

regarding the use, or results of the use, of the information contained herein as regards to its correctness, accuracy,

reliability, currency or otherwise. The Department for Environment and Water and its employees expressly

disclaims all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice. Information contained in this

document is correct at the time of writing.

With the exception of the Piping Shrike emblem, other material or devices protected by Aboriginal rights or a

trademark, and subject to review by the Government of South Australia at all times, the content of this document

is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence. All other rights are reserved.

© Crown in right of the State of South Australia, through the Department for Environment and Water 2020

ISBN 978-1-925964-61-5

Preferred way to cite this publication

Department for Environment and Water (2020). Technical information supporting the 2020 climate (projected

temperature) Environmental Trend and Condition Report Card, DEW Technical report 2020/23, Government of

South Australia, Department for Environment and Water, Adelaide.

Download this document at https://data.environment.sa.gov.au

DEW Technical note 2020/23 ii

Acknowledgements

This document was prepared by Graham Green (DEW). Improvements were made to this report and the associated

report card based on reviews by Jason Vanlaarhoven, Fi Taylor and Michelle Bald.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 iii

Contents

Acknowledgements ii

Summary iv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Environmental trend and condition reporting 1

1.2 Purpose and benefits of SA’s trend and condition report cards 1

2 Methods 2

2.1 Data sources and collection 2

2.1.1 Projected changes in regional average daily temperatures 2

2.1.2 Change in Frequency of Days of Over 40oC in Adelaide 3

2.2 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4

2.3 Analysis of Trend, Condition and Information Reliability 7

2.3.1 Trend 7

2.3.2 Condition 8

2.3.3 Reliability 8

3 Discussion 11

3.1 Trend 11

3.2 Condition 11

4 References 12

List of figures

Figure 2.1 Climate: Project Temperature report card ‘top figure’ – projected changes in average annual

temperature in SA regions 2030 – 2050, compared with mean annual temperature in 1986 – 2005. 2

Figure 2.2. Climate: Project Temperature report card ‘bottom figure’ – the projected change in average annual

occurrence of days with a maximum temperature over 40oC in the period 2016-2045, compared with

average annual occurrence in 1986 – 2005. 3

List of tables

Table 2.1 Summary of information sources and analysis 4

Table 2.2. Trend definitions 8

Table 2.3. Guides for applying information currency 8

Table 2.4. Guides for applying information applicability 8

Table 2.5. Guides for applying spatial representation of information (sampling design) 9

Table 2.6. Guides for applying accuracy information 9

Table 2.7. Information reliability scores for projected temperature 10

DEW Technical note 2020/23 iv

Summary

This document describes the indicators, data sources, analysis methods and results used to develop the 2020

report card on Climate: Projected temperature. The reliability of data sources for their use in this context are also

described.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 1

1 Introduction

1.1 Environmental trend and condition reporting

The Minister for Environment and Water under the Landscape South Australia Act 2019 is required to “monitor,

evaluate and audit the state and condition of the State's natural resources, coasts and seas; and to report on the

state and condition of the State's natural resources, coasts and seas” (9(1(a-b)). Environmental trend and condition

report cards are produced as the primary means for the Minister to undertake this reporting. The Environment

Protection Act 1993, also requires the development of a State of the Environment Report (SOE), and states that the

SOE must:

Include an assessment of the condition of the major environmental resources of South Australia 112(3(a))

Include a specific assessment of the state of the River Murray, especially taking into account the Objectives for

a Healthy River Murray under the River Murray Act 2003 112(3(ab))

Identify significant trends in environmental quality based on an analysis of indicators of environmental quality

112(3(b)).

1.2 Purpose and benefits of SA’s trend and condition report cards

South Australia’s environmental trend and condition report cards focus on the State’s priority environmental

assets and the pressures that impact on these assets. The report cards present information on trend, condition and

information reliability in a succinct visual summary.

The full suite of report cards capture patterns in trend and condition at a state scale, and give insight to changes

in a particular asset over time. They also highlight gaps in our knowledge on priority assets that prevents us from

assessing trend and condition, and might impede our ability to make evidence based decisions.

Both the trend and condition are considered important, however, the report cards give particular emphasis to

trend. Trend shows how the environment has responded to past drivers, decisions, and actions, and is what we

seek to influence through future decisions and actions.

The recognised benefits of trend and condition report cards include to:

Provide insight into our environment by tracking its change over time

Interpret complex information in a simple and accessible format

Provide a transparent and open evidence base for decision-making

Highlight those knowledge gaps that will impede South Australia’s ability to make decisions

Drive alignment of environmental reporting, ensuring we ‘do once, use many times’

Identify opportunities for further investment and on-ground action.

The initial development of the South Australian environmental trend and condition report cards was guided by the

NRM State and Condition Reporting Framework (Government of South Australia 2012). The format, design and

accessibly of the report cards has been modified and improved with each release. Environmental Trend and

Condition Report Cards are designed to align with and inform both South Australian and National State of the

Environment Reporting.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 2

2 Methods

2.1 Data sources and collection

2.1.1 Projected changes in regional average daily temperatures

The text of the projected temperature report card discusses main features of the graphs presented in the two

figures. These are graphs of the projected changes in the average annual temperature (oC) in Landscape regions of

SA at future time horizons of 2030 and 2050. The projected temperature changes are relative to the mean

temperature projected by the same models for a historic baseline period of 1986 – 2005.

The ranges of temperature change described in the text of the report card are simply the range between the highest

and lowest mean projected temperature change under the intermediate and high emissions scenarios, in the eight

regions, as shown in the graph in Figure 2.1.

It should be noted that these time horizon years are not intended to represent the exact years by which

temperature is projected to change by these percentages. Rather, they are marker years, each for a thirty year

period spanning the marker year. For example, the temperature change projection for the 2050 time horizon

represents the difference in the mean temperature in the period 2036 – 2065, compared with the historic baseline

period of 1986 – 2005.

Figure 2.1 Climate: Project Temperature report card ‘top figure’ – projected changes in average annual temperature in

SA regions 2030 – 2050, compared with mean annual temperature in 1986 – 2005.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 3

The graph in Figure 2.1 was prepared using data from the regional projections of the SA Climate Ready / Goyder

Institute downscaled climate change projections dataset (Charles and Fu, 2015) and their mean projections of

temperature change in each region at the time horizons of 2030 and 2050.

The SA Climate Ready / Goyder Institute project generated detailed, local scale data for each region using 15 Global

Climate Models (GCM) and applying a technique called “downscaling” at selected weather stations. While using 15

GCMs provides a broader range of possible future climate changes, the Projected Temperature report card is based

on data from a subset of the 6 “best” GCMs. These models were chosen because they were found to perform better

at representing climate drivers that are particularly influential on temperature in South Australia, such as the El Nino

Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole. Further information on methods, data and outputs is

available in the full regional report available at www.goyderinstitute.org .

The graph shows only the mean projections of the six “best” climate models for each region and for intermediate

(RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.8) greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. There is considerable variability among the six

models in their projections of temperature change for each region. This variation is summarised in Table 1 (after

Charles and Fu, 2015).

2.1.2 Change in Frequency of Days of Over 40oC in Adelaide

The lower figure in the Climate: Projected temperature report card (Figure 2.2) shows the projected change in the

frequency of occurrence of days of over 40oC in Adelaide at the 2030 time horizon (2016 – 2045).

Figure 2.2. Climate: Project Temperature report card ‘bottom figure’ – the projected change in average annual

occurrence of days with a maximum temperature over 40oC in the period 2016-2045, compared with average annual

occurrence in 1986 – 2005.

The data in Figure 2.2 is derived from two sources:

i. The frequency of days over 40oC (1986-2005) in the first column is derived from a simple

count of the frequency of days with a daily maximum temperature of 40.0 oC or greater in

the 20-year period from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 2005 within the historic

observation record, drawn from the ACORN-SAT dataset for the Adelaide BOM station.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 4

ii. The projected frequency of days over 40oC (2016-2045) in the second column is drawn

from projections of changes in hot day frequency in Australia’s major cities, reported in

Chapter 7 of the CSIRO and BOM Climate Change in Australia Technical Report (CSIRO

and Bureau of Meteorology 2015). A range of frequency of 4.7 – 7.2 days per year is

projected for Adelaide for the 2030 time horizon under RCP4.5 greenhouse gas

concentration pathway (representing intermediate emissions). The frequency of 5.9 days

per year is the median projected frequency within this range.

2.2 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)

The graph of the mean projected changes in annual temperature includes projections that are conditional on two

scenarios of global atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, representing intermediate and high greenhouse

gas emission scenarios. Projections of temperature are included which accord to the climate model projections

under two representative concentration pathways: RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, which respectively represent intermediate

and high emissions scenarios through the 21st century. These are two of a range of four Representative

Concentration Pathways (RCPs), the greenhouse gas concentration trajectories adopted by the IPCC for its fifth (and

latest) Assessment Report (AR5).

The climate projection information provided by SA Climate Ready is based on selected future climate change

scenarios, projected to occur under two emissions scenarios defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC). The IPCC describe these as “representative concentration pathways” (RCPs). The high emissions

scenario referred to in this document is RCP8.5 and the intermediate emission scenario is RCP4.5. The IPCC’s

emissions scenarios are the product of an innovative collaboration between integrated assessment modellers,

climate modellers, ecosystem modellers as well as social scientists working on emissions, economics, policy,

vulnerability and impacts.

IPCC AR5 WG1 (2013), Stocker, T.F.; et al., eds., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1

(WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5),

Cambridge University Press, Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.

The content of the Climate: Projected temperature report card includes a combination of elements of textual

information, graphical figures, trend and condition ratings, and summary statements about the projected future

temperature in South Australia. The information sources and analyses applied to derive each element of the report

card content are summarised in table 2.1. The method of selection of the Trend, Condition and Information

Reliability ratings is described in section 2.2.

Table 2.1 Summary of information sources and analysis

Report card

element

Content Data sources

Trend quote Average daily maximum

temperatures across South Australia

are projected to increase by between

1.0 and 2.1 degrees Celsius (oC) by

2050 under plausible emissions

scenarios.

The range of projected temperature change

identified here (1 to 2.1 oC) is simply the highest and

lowest mean projected temperature change among

the regions included in the projected annual

temperature graph (top figure) at the time horizon of

2050. The temperature changes illustrated by the

graph are drawn from the regional projections of the

SA Climate Ready downscaled climate change

projections dataset (Charles and Fu, 2015) and their

mean projections of temperature change in each

region at the time horizon of 2050.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 5

Trend text This assessment draws from the

SA Climate Ready temperature

projections for South Australia. The

temperature projections are relative

to a baseline period spanning 1986-

2005.

Under an intermediate emissions

scenario, average maximum

temperatures could increase by

between 0.7 °C and 1.0 °C by 2030,

and by between 1.0 °C and 1.4 °C by

2050. Changes are even greater

under a high emissions scenario, with

projected increases of between 0.8 °C

and 1.3 °C by 2030, and between 1.4

°C and 2.1 °C by 2050 (top figure).

The average annual number of days

reaching 40oC or more in Adelaide in

the 30 years from 2016-2045 is

projected to be 5.9 days per year,

compared to 2.9 days per year during

the 1986-2005 period (bottom

figure).

The ranges of annual temperature change described

are simply the highest and lowest mean projected

temperature change among the regions included in

the annual temperature graph (top figure) at the time

horizons of 2030 and 2050.

The temperature changes illustrated by the graph are

drawn from the regional projections of the SA

Climate Ready downscaled climate change

projections dataset (Charles and Fu, 2015) and their

mean projections of temperature change in each

region at the time horizons of 2030 and 2050.

The projected temperature changes are relative to

the mean temperature projected by the same models

for a historic baseline period of 1986 to 2005.

Note, the time horizon years of 2030 and 2050 are

not intended to represent the exact years by which

temperature is projected to change by these

percentages. Rather, they are marker years, each for a

thirty year period spanning the marker year. For

example, the temperature change projection for the

2050 time horizon represents the difference in the

mean temperature in the period 2036 – 2065,

compared with the historic baseline period of 1986 –

2005.

The comment on the projected average frequency of

days over 40oC in the period 2016-2045 compared

with the baseline period (1986-2005) is a description

of the quantities illustrated in the graph in the

bottom figure of the report card.

Condition

quote

Because this assessment is of

projected temperatures under likely

climate scenarios, a condition rating

is not applicable.

The report card condition rating is intended to report

on the current status of the reported variable. As the

Projected Temperature report card reports only on

projected future temperature change, it does not

provide an assessment of the current condition of

temperature.

Condition text

The top figure shows the average

projected changes in temperature

between 2030 and 2050 for eight

regions across the state. The

projections are from a range of

global climate models under two

scenarios of global atmospheric

greenhouse gas concentrations

(representing intermediate and high

greenhouse gas emission scenarios).

Note that each model projects some

variability around the averages

shown.

As this report card does not report on the condition

of temperature, the condition text is replaced by

explanatory text on the nature and source of the

temperature projections.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 6

Quote Higher maximum temperatures and

more days above 40 oC are projected

for South Australia.

This is a general statement based on both the

projected increase in frequency of days above 40oC in

Adelaide, illustrated by the graph in the bottom

figure, and by the increases in average daily

temperatures projected for all regions illustrated in

the top figure.

Top figure

The graph of projected changes in average daily

temperatures for the regions of SA was prepared

using data from the regional projections of the SA

Climate Ready / Goyder Institute downscaled climate

change projections dataset (Charles and Fu, 2015)

and their mean projections of temperature change in

each region for the time horizons of 2030 and 2050.

The graphs show only the mean projections of the six

“best” climate models for each region and for

intermediate (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) greenhouse

gas emissions scenarios. There is considerable

variability among the six models in their projections

of temperature change for each region, which is not

conveyed within these graphs of mean projected

changes.

http://www.goyderinstitute.org/_r91/media/system/attrib/fi

le/82/CC%20Task%203%20CSIRO%20Final%20Report_web.

pdf

Bottom figure

The graph of the historic and projected frequency

(days per year) of days over 40oC in Adelaide was

constructed from data from two sources.

The baseline period frequency of days over 40oC in

the first column of the graph is derived from a count

of the frequency of days with a daily maximum

temperature of 40.0oC or greater in the 20-year

period from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 2005

within the historic observation record, drawn from

the ACORN SAT dataset for the Adelaide BOM station

(Bureau of Meteorology, 2018).

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/acorn-

sat/#tabs=ACORN%E2%80%90SAT

The projected frequency of days over 40oC (2016-

2045) in the second column is drawn from

projections of changes in hot day frequency in

Australia’s major cities, reported in Chapter 7 of the

CSIRO and BOM Climate Change in Australia

Technical Report (CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology,

2015). A range of frequency of 4.7 – 7.2 days per year

is projected for Adelaide for the 2030 time horizon

under RCP4.5 greenhouse gas concentration pathway

(representing intermediate emissions). The frequency

of 5.9 days per year is the median projected

frequency within this range.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 7

https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/media/ccia/2.

1.6/cms_page_media/168/CCIA_2015_NRM_TR_Chapter%20

7.pdf

Why is climate

important?

Climate affects almost every part of

our lives. Communities, industries,

landscapes and ecosystems all

develop with a tolerance for a range

of climate variation. If the climate

changes beyond that range of

tolerance, then they must either

adapt, migrate, transform or decline.

This is a general comment on the rationale for

providing a report on the status of sea level in South

Australia.

What are the

drivers?

According to the Australian Academy

of Science, ‘Earth’s climate has

changed over the past century. The

atmosphere and oceans have

warmed, sea levels have risen, and

glaciers and ice sheets have

decreased in size. The best available

evidence indicates that greenhouse

gas emissions from human activities

are the main cause. Continuing

increases in greenhouse gases will

produce further warming and other

changes in Earth’s physical

environment and ecosystems.’

This statement from the Australian Academy of

Science was selected to describe this pressure as it

encapsulates a statement of the primary cause of

warming, the effects on the Earth’s physical

environment in the past and future. The statement is

drawn from Australian Academy of Science (2015)

www.science.org.au/climatechange

What’s being

done?

Climate change projections, including

temperature projections, are

periodically improved and updated in

line with advancements in climate

modelling.

Management actions in response to

the changing climate include those

that mitigate the state’s emissions as

part of a global effort to stem further

change in the global climate. To

accelerate the transition to net zero

emissions by 2050, the South

Australian Government has set an

interim goal to reduce the state’s net

emissions by more than 50% from

2005 levels by 2030.

Information on the maintenance of temperature

monitoring and trend maps by the AWAP project are

drawn from the Bureau of Meteorology’s summary of

the Australian Climate Observations Reference

Network – Surface Air Temperature dataset website:

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/acorn-

sat/#tabs=ACORN%E2%80%90SAT

Information on climate change projections modelling

and advancements in the science are drawn from the

CSIRO / BOM Climate Change in Australia website:

https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/climate-

campus/modelling-and-projections/

2.3 Analysis of Trend, Condition and Information Reliability

2.3.1 Trend

The trend rating for projected temperature was determined to be ‘Getting Worse’ as the projected changes for all

regions are for a rise in temperatures in the future. A rise in temperature is assessed to be a trend that is ‘getting

DEW Technical note 2020/23 8

worse’ due to the increased risks of extreme heat events, higher water demand affecting water security and

potential impacts to agriculture and ecosystems that may result from higher average temperatures, particularly in

regions that already have a warm and arid or semi-arid climate.

Table 2.2. Trend definitions

Trend Trend Definition

Getting better Over a scale relevant to tracking change in the indicator it is improving in status with good

confidence

Stable Over a scale relevant to tracking change in the indicator it is neither improving nor declining

in status

Getting worse Over a scale relevant to tracking change in the indicator it is declining in status with good

confidence

Unknown Data are not available, or are not available at relevant temporal scales, to determine any

trend in the status of this resource

Not applicable This indicator of the natural resource does not lend itself to being classified into one of the

above trend classes

2.3.2 Condition

As this assessment is of projected temperature under future climate scenarios, a condition rating is not considered

to be applicable.

2.3.3 Reliability

The reliability of the information used in the report card is rated based on the average of subjective scores (1 [worst]

to 5 [best]) given for information currency, applicability, level of spatial representation and accuracy. Definitions

guiding the application of these scores are provided in Table 2.3 for currency, Table 2.4 for applicability, Table 2.5

for spatial representation and Table 2.6 for accuracy. The overall reliability rating for this report card is ‘Fair’. This is

the rating ascribed to an overall score of 2 (out of a maximum of 5), based on the average of the ratings ascribed to

applicability, currency and spatial representation of the information (Table 2.7).

Table 2.3. Guides for applying information currency

Currency score Criteria

1 Most recent information >10 years old

2 Most recent information up to 10 years old

3 Most recent information up to 7 years old

4 Most recent information up to 5 years old

5 Most recent information up to 3 years old

The temperature projections datasets of SA Climate Ready are less than 5 years old. A currency score of 4 is

determined for these data.

Table 2.4. Guides for applying information applicability

Applicability score Criteria

1 Data are based on expert opinion of the measure

DEW Technical note 2020/23 9

2 All data based on indirect indicators of the measure

3 Most data based on indirect indicators of the measure

4 Most data based on direct indicators of the measure

5 All data based on direct indicators of the measure

The projected changes in temperature are determined from a combination of large scale modelling of climate

systems and statistical modelling of historic weather at a location. The projections of future temperature change

that result from these modelling processes are data based on indirect indicators of the measure of future

temperature. An information applicability score of 2 is determined for these data.

Table 2.5. Guides for applying spatial representation of information (sampling design)

Spatial score Criteria

1 From an area that represents less than 5% the spatial distribution of the asset within the

region/state or spatial representation unknown

2 From an area that represents less than 25% the spatial distribution of the asset within the

region/state

3 From an area that represents less than half the spatial distribution of the asset within the

region/state

4 From across the whole region/state (or whole distribution of asset within the region/state)

using a sampling design that is not stratified

5 From across the whole region/state (or whole distribution of asset within the region/state)

using a stratified sampling design

The projected changes in temperature are determined from a combination of large scale modelling of climate

systems and statistical modelling of historic weather at a variable number of locations within each region. While the

large scale climate systems are representative of areas covering more than the whole of each region, the weather

station locations can only be representative of the climate of a fraction (typically <25%) of each region. A spatial

representation score of 2 is determined for the future temperature projections.

Table 2.6. Guides for applying accuracy information

Reliability Criteria

1 Better than could be expected by chance

2 > 60% better than could be expected by chance

3 > 70 % better than could be expected by chance

4 > 80 % better than could be expected by chance

5 > 90 % better than could be expected by chance

As the projected changes in temperature are only modelled projections of future changes in temperature under

scenarios of future greenhouse gas concentrations, the accuracy of the data cannot be compared against

measurement. However, the projection of regional temperature change under uncertain future climate scenarios is

subject to several layers of compounding uncertainty. As a result, the accuracy of the projections has been ascribed

a score of 1.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 10

Table 2.7. Information reliability scores for projected temperature

Indicator Applicability Currency Spatial Accuracy Reliability

Projected future average

daily temperature

4 2 2 1 2.3

DEW Technical note 2020/23 11

3 Discussion

The Climate: Projected Temperature report card reports on the decadal timescale outlook for temperature change

in South Australia under future climate scenarios, according to the projections of the SA Climate Ready

downscaled climate change projections for South Australia (https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/Climate/SA-

Climate-Ready/). These projections were developed by the CSIRO as the major component of the Goyder Institute

for Water Research project “An Agreed Set of Climate Change Projections for South Australia” (Charles and Fu,

2015).

The report card provides textual comments on the trends in projected future temperature in two graphs presented

in the card. These graphs show the mean percentage change in temperature, averaged across the projections of

the six selected climate models, for each region.

3.1 Trend

The trend rating for projected temperature was determined to be ‘Getting Worse’ as the projected changes for all

regions are for a decline in temperature in the future.

3.2 Condition

As this assessment is of projected temperature under future climate scenarios, a condition rating is not considered

to be applicable.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 12

4 References

Australian Academy of Science (2015). “The science of climate change: Questions and answers”, Australian

Academy of Science, Canberra, 2015. www.science.org.au/climatechange

Bureau of Meteorology (2018), Australian Climate Observations Reference Network – Surface Air Temperature

(ACORN-SAT), http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/acorn-sat/#tabs=ACORN%E2%80%90SAT

Charles SP and Fu G, (2015). Statistically Downscaled Projections for South Australia – Task 3 CSIRO Final Report,

Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 15/1, Adelaide, South Australia.

CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology (2015), Climate Change in Australia Information for Australia’s Natural

Resource Management Regions: Technical Report, CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology, Australia,

https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/climate-campus/australian-climate-change/australian-trends/

DEWNR (2017). Trend and Condition Report Cards for South Australia’s Environment and Natural Resources.

Report. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia. Available at:

https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/NRM-Report-Cards/Documents/Trend_Condition_Report_Cards_2017.pdf

Government of South Australia (2012a). Natural Resource Management State and Condition Reporting Framework

SA. Report. Adelaide. Available at:

https://www.waterconnect.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/DEWNR/91913%20NRM%20Reporting%20Framework

%202012%20Final%20Draft%20v7.pdf

IPCC AR5 WG1 (2013), Stocker, T.F.; et al., eds., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1

(WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5),

Cambridge University Press.

DEW Technical note 2020/23 13