technical reference document c5 plant identification guide · lucas specific module on soil (soil...

Regional statistics and Geographic Information

Author: E4.LUCAS (ESTAT)

TechnicalDocuments 2018

LUCAS 2018 (Land Use / Cover Area Frame Survey)

Technical reference document C5 Plant Identification Guide

C5 - Plant Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation

Table of Contents

Scope and Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 5

B11 Common wheat 6

B12 Durum wheat 6

B13 Barley 8

B14 Rye 8

B15 Oats 9

B16 Maize 11

B17 Rice 12

B18 Triticale 12

B19 Other Cereals Buckwheat 13

B21 Potatoes 16

B22 Sugar Beet 16

B23 Other Root Crops 17

B31 Sunflower 19

B32 Rape and turnip rape 20

B33 Soya 21

B34 Cotton 23

B35 Other fibre and oleaginous crops 24

B36 Tobacco 26

B37 Other Non-permanent industrial crops 26

B41 Dry pulses 27

B42 Tomatoes 31

B43 Other fresh vegetables 31

B44 Floriculture and ornamental plants 37

B45 Strawberries 38

B52 Lucerne 40

B53 Other Leguminous and mixtures for fodder 40

B54 Mix of cereals 41

B55 Temporary grassland 42

B71 Apple fruit 43

B72 Pear fruit 45

B73 Cherry fruit 46

B74 Nuts-trees 47

B75 Other fruit tree and berries 47

B76 Oranges 48

B77 Other citrus fruits 50

B81 Olive groves 51

B82 Vineyards 52

B83 Nurseries 53


B84 Permanent industrial crops 53

B84 Permanent industrial crops (cont.) 54

Sources 56


DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD

ISSUE DATE CHANGE AUTHORITY / AUTHOR REASON FOR CHANGE AND AFFECTED SECTIONS

V0.1 2014/05/08 Eurostat / E4.LUCAS

V0.2 2017/05/03 Eurostat / E4.LUCAS Formatting. Introduction for LUCAS 2018

V1.0 2018/02/20 Eurostat / E4.LUCAS Fine tuning


Scope and Introduction This document is part of a series of reference documents defining the framework of the Land Use / Cover Area frame statistical Survey (LUCAS). The document at hand provides images that will help in the identification of the different crop species, organized by their classes in the LUCAS classification.

The drafting of the document was part of the Eurostat contract N° 40301.2011.004-2011.256 on Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey (LUCAS) 2012 Lot 6 Technical Assistance & Quality Control entrusted to LuxSpace Sàrl and was developed by Prof. Dr. Hans Peter Piorr (University of for Sustainable and Applied Sciences – Eberswalde).

The LUCAS reference documents are periodically improved and adapted taking into account the experience from the implemented surveys and the requirements of the LUCAS data & information users.

LUCAS stands for Land use and land cover area frame survey. It is a survey that takes place in the field, and in the current form it has been run every 3 years since 2009. LUCAS survey 2018 can be divided in 3 parts:

LUCAS core

LUCAS specific module on grassland (Grassland module)

LUCAS specific module on soil (Soil module)

LUCAS core includes the identification of the point, different aspects of land cover and land use information and land and water management. The grassland module is a test module on 3734 points, to assess the practical and scientific feasibility to collect the relevant information. The soil module, which takes place in 26,014 LUCAS points, consists of different parts. In all points a topsoil sample is collected either on its own (standard soil sample), or with the bulk density sample (9000 points). Furthermore a sample for biodiversity is collected in 1000 points and in 1470 points specifically selected the extend of the organic horizon is assessed. The feasibility of the LUCAS core part and the standard topsoil sample have been assessed over the years and a thorough quality control takes place for these parts. On the other hand the grassland module, some smaller additions to the core part (EUNIS, Copernicus) and the new parts of the soil module have been introduced for testing purposes. The practical feasibility and in some cases the scientific feasibility of these modules are to be assessed during the LUCAS survey 2018. It is therefore of uttermost importance that this part of the survey is carefully planned and the assessment is done thoroughly. However the quality assessment is not as strict as in the other parts and aims at assessing the general plausibility of the results. On the other hand a request for correction is always possible. To assess the scientific validity of the grassland module a detailed vegetation survey will take place in a selected number of points in parallel to the LUCAS survey. The data collected during the LUCAS survey is used to produce statistical tables on land cover and land use, it is used for modelling agro-environmental aspects and it is used as ground control for satellite images. More information on land cover/use statistics and on LUCAS in general can be found on the Eurostat website: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/lucas/introduction. The LUCAS survey is co-ordinated by the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat).

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/lucas/introduction


Seed/Grain

Germinated seed with roots, coleoptile and first leaf

©W.Lehnert

Spike without awns

Spike with awns Wheat without awns, time for harvesting

Time for harvesting, strutting apart of awns because of thick kernels

B11 Common wheat

Wheat with awns Wheat without awns

©USDA-ARS


Young Durum spike, beginning of bloom

Seed/Grain

Often cropped in warmer climates (southern European countries). Danger of confusion with barley, common wheat with awns, triticale, rye In case of doubt choose common wheat Typical stalk Long awns of Durum, often black

Crop of Durum

©W.Lehnert

Emmer

©P.Piorr

B12 Durum wheat

Gappy crop of Durum


B13 Barley

©USDA-ARS

Auricles

Big overlapping auricles of Barley

Seed, glume connected with kernel Slim two-row Barley

Slim two-row Barley, generally Barley has the longest awns.

Slim two-row Barley, time for harvesting

Four-row Barley, Common barley, time for harvesting

Four-row barley, Common Barley

Four-row barley, Common Barley

Slim two-row Barley

Four-row barley, typical long awns Common Barley

©W.Lehnert


Gappy crop Crop of Rye Auricles hardly visible

Typical slim spike at the beginning of bloom

Grain, long thin kernels are typical Stage of maturity Graining phase Typical slim spike

©W.Lehner

t

©USDA-ARS

B14 Rye


Standing crop of Oats

Tillering of Oats Shooting phase before panicles appear

Oats have no auricles but a bigger sized ligule

Panicle of Oats Slim grains of Oats Maturation phase of Oats

©W.Lehnert

©USDA-ARS

B15 Oats


Standing crop of Maize

Maize ear abloom Maize ear abloom Seeding of Maize with red seed dressing of kernel

Male flowers of Maize

Maize ear at the end of maturity Big Maize kernel Wide row spacing of Maize Maize ear with green husks

©W.Lehnert

B16 Maize


©Robert Soreng

©Steve Hurst

©USDA-ARS

Seed

Finished tillering phase

Development of first leaves after planting

B17 Rice

Standing crop of Rice Rice abloom


Spikes always with awns

Auricles

Grains

Spiking stage of Triticale

Spikes during maturation

©W.Lehnert

©USDA-ARS

Might be confounded with Rye. Wheat with awns looks different, compare. If you are not sure choose Wheat. Rye typically is cropped under cooler climate conditions in northern EU.

Danger of confusion with Rye

Spikes always with awns

B18 Triticale

Big, eugenic spikes are typical for Triticale

Big, eugenic spikes are typical for Triticale


Typical triangular kernels of Buckwheat

©W.Lehnert

©USDA-ARS

White blossom

Typical triangular leaves Crop of Buckwheat Buckwheat is no cereal, cotyledons still visible in two leaf stage o ceral

Gappy crop Beginning of bloom

B19 Other Cereals Buckwheat


©W.Lehnert

Seed/Grain

©USDA-ARS

Sorghum bicolor

Millet (Pennisetum americanum)

Millet (Panicum miliaceum)

Sorghum after crop covering

Panicles of Sorghum during maturation Leaves look like Maize leaves, panicles are positioned terminal

Maturity of Sorghum

B19 Other Cereals Sorghum (Millet)


Field view: Potatoes after harrowing Red Blossom

Cultivation of Potatoes

©P.Piorr

First leaves of Potatoes

White blossom

Normally Potatoes are cropped in Potatoe hills

B21 Potatoes


Seeds

©W.Lehnert

Wide row spacing of Sugar Beets Sugar Beets are cultivated on fertile soils

Four leaf stage, cotyledons are still visible

Only beet top of Sugar Beets can be seen

Eugonic leaves of Sugar Beets completely covering the soil

B22 Sugar Beet


Shallots Onions

Onions

Garlic Garlic

Radishes

Vegetable and fodder carrots



Daucus carota: Development of carot root has begun

Daucus carota: Two slim cotyledons and 3 leaves are visible

©P.Piorr

©P.Piorr

B23 Other Root Crops


Red beet

Cylindric body of Red beet Bigger part of the root grows above ground. Root body can be more cylindric

Scheme of other crops: A=Radish, B=Root celery, C=Cabbage turnip

©Franke 1998

©F

ranke 1

998

Cabbage turnip (red) Cabbage turnip (white)

©P.Piorr

©P.Piorr ©P.Piorr

©P.Piorr

B23 Other Root Crops (cont.)


Seed

Seeding of Sunflower with blue seed dressing of kernel

©W.Lehnert

Sun flowers in an early growing stage Cotyledons still visible

Blossoms of Sunflower

Maturation of Sunflower

Short before harvest Bud of Sunflower

B31 Sunflower


Seeds Short before harvesting

Blooming rapefield

Blossom

Rape blossom, elder siliquae are already in the grain filling stage

©W.Lehnert

Rape after development of first two leaves.

Typical broad cotyledons.

High plant density of standing crop

B32 Rape and turnip rape


Seeds of Soya beans are white, yellow or dark brown

©W.Lehnert

Soya bean blossom

Scheme of Soya bean plant during the ripening phase

Typical leaf arrangement of Soya beans

Standing crop of Soya bean Soya beans in a field with minimum tillage, straw of previous crop is visible

Soya beans sown on ridges

Hairy pods of Soya beans

Pods of Soya beans typically contain two or three seeds

Soya beans in maturation phase

B33 Soya


White blossom Red blossom

Leaf

Premature capsule of Cotton Cotton short before picking Mature opened Cotton capsule typically with 3 – 5 seeds with fibres

Characteristic big cotyledons of cotton seedling. Cotton seedling still carrying the seed coat coloured by the seed dressing.

Wide ridge spacing of Cotton

B34 Cotton


Hemp

Typical leaf of Hemp

Hemp Flax/Linseeds

Flax/Linseeds

Flax/Linseeds

Flax/Linseeds ready for harvest

Oil squash

Oil squash in main growth stage Blossom of oil squash

Oil radish frequently used as intercrop

Oil radish short before harvest

B35 Other fibre and oleaginous crops

Oil radish frequently used as intercrop

Oil radish short before harvest


Poppy capsule with seeds

Poppy seeds short before harvest Bud of Poppy seeds before bloom

Poppy seeds Young Poppy plant

White Poppy blossom Mustard seeds

Mustard seeds Mustard seeds

Mustard seeds Mustard seeds

Mustard seeds

B35 Other Fibre and oleaginous crops (cont.)


Seed/Grain

©W.Lehnert

Tobacco plants, basal leaves are already harvested

Blossom

Typical leaves

©P.Piorr

Standing crop of Tobacco

Wide row spacing of Tobacco Tobacco planted on ridges

B36 Tobacco


Hops

Hops

Hops

Hops

Hops

Thistle

Thistle

Thistle

Sage Parsley Parsley

B37 Other Non-permanent industrial crops


Young Field beans (Faba beans)

Field beans during maturation, after threshing used as grain feed

Field beans

Standing crop of Field beans Blossoms of Field beans

Field beans with typical tetragonal stem

Green Bean pods are used vegetables, dried grains for cooking

Dry beans abloom

Young Bean plants Beans

Four leaf stage of Beans Beans, cotyledons still visible

B41 Dry pulses


Chick pea

Chick pea Chick pea

Chick pea

Field pea Field pea

Field pea Field pea, easily to be identified because of their cirrus

Field pea during maturing, after threshing used as grain feed

Field pea, green pods and green grains are used as vegetables

Chick pea

B41 Dry pulses (cont.)


Lentil Lentil Lupin with typical leaves Lupin with white blossoms

Lupin with blue blossom Lupin

Lupin buds during maturing, after threshing used as grain feed.

Lupins

Vetch

Vetch Vetch

Vetch

B41 Dry pulses (cont.)


Tomatoes during blossom

Yellow blossom

Tomatoes short before ripening

Wide row spacing of Tomatoes Tomatoes cultivated in foils with drip irrigation

B42 Tomatoes


Pepper Pepper

Pepper

Leek Leek

Leek Artichoke

Artichoke Artichoke Egg-plant Egg-plant

Chilli

B43 Other fresh vegetables


Pumpkin

Pumpkin

Zucchini Zucchini

Pumpkin

Zucchini Field view: Asparagus after harvest, green above-ground plant

White Asparagus, latest growing stage to harvest belowground white stems

Green Asparagus, green above ground stem is harvested

Asparagus after harvest, plants provide nutrients for recovering of rootstocks

B43 Other fresh vegetables (cont.)


Broccoli

Cauliflower White cabbage White cabbage Cauliflower

Broccoli Honeydew melon

Honeydew melon

Water melon Water melon Field view: Red cabbage Red cabbage

©P.Piorr ©P.Piorr



Brussels sprouts

Butterhead lettuce

Iceberg lettuce Iceberg lettuce

Red butterhead lettuce Red butterhead lettuce

Butterhead lettuce with drip irrigation

Brussels sprouts Brussels sprouts

Dandelion

Iceberg lettuce with drip irrigation Field view: Iceberg lettuce

©P.Piorr ©P.Piorr



Spinach Spinach

Field view: Celery root

Field view: Celery

©P.Piorr



Narcissus Narcissus

Yellow tulip Oleander Red tulip, typical leaves

Lavender Rose Lilium

B44 Floriculture and ornamental plants


Blossom

Short after planting

©USDA-ARS

Strawberries in foil cultivation with drip irrigation

B45 Strawberries


Clover Seeds (White clover) Clover Seeds (Red Clover)

White Clover

Red Clover

Typical leaves Red blossom

©W.Lehnert ©W.Lehnert

B51 Clover


Leaf Blossoms of Lucerne (Alfalfa)

Typical leaves of Lucerne

Lucerne with typical spiralled seeds

B52 Lucerne


Clover/Grass ley after harvest

Clover/Grass ley

Vetch/Clover/Grass ley Alfalfa/Grass ley Clover/Grass ley

Barley/Pea mixture Rye/Vetch mixture Pea/Barley/Oats mixture

Alfalfa/Grass ley Vetch/Grass/Legume mixture Clover/Grass ley Red Clover/Grass ley

B53 Other Leguminous and mixtures for fodder


Barley/Oats mixture Wheat/Barley mixture

Wheat/Barley mixture Wheat/Barley mixture

B54 Mix of cereals


Young Grass ley on arable land

Grass ley Grass ley

Grass ley in graining phase possibly for harvest of seeds

Gappy Grass ley after harvest with few Clover plants

Grass ley

Young Grass ley on arable land

Grass ley

Grass ley in graining phase possibly for harvest of seeds

Grass ley

B55 Temporary grassland


Blossom

Leaves Fruit and leaves of Apple

B71 Apple fruit


B72 Pear fruit


Typical blossom

Typical blossom

Red cherry fruit

Leaves

B73 Cherry fruit


Young Hazelnut plant

Blossom of Chestnut

Leaves of Hazelnut Walnuts Walnuts

Almond tree

Almond tree

Almond tree Almond tree

Pistachio tree with stone fruits Almond plantation

Chestnut

B74 Nuts-trees


Apricot

Peach

Mirabellas Plums

Blossom apricot

Blossoms of Peach

B75 Other fruit tree and berries


Blossom

Time for harvesting

Time for harvesting

Fruit of Orange

B76 Oranges


Grapefruit

Lemon

Grapefruit

Mandarine

Lemon Mandarine

Lime

Lime

B77 Other citrus fruits


Green olive

Olive grove, soil kept free from weeds to prevent water competition

Young buds of olives

Blossom and leaves Buds of olives shortly before bursting

Young olive tree plantation with drip irrigation

Time for harvesting

Young intensive Olive plantation with drip irrigation

Young traditional cultivation type of Olives



B81 Olive groves


Elder Vineyard, soil kept free from weeds to prevent water competition

Vineyard with soil cover to prevent erosion

Young vine plantation with single plant pruning

Special form pruning

Wine espalier for Table grapes Wine espalier for Table grapes Flower cluster of Wine

Leaves Leaves and inflorescence of sapling

White grape

Red grape

Typical vineyard

B82 Vineyards


Fir tree Fir tree

Fir tree

Nursery under foil of trees Rododendron nursery

Diverse plants in a tree nursery Broadleaf tree nursery Young Fir tree nursery

Tree nursery with drip irrigation Tree nursery in ridge cultivation Diverse Coniferous trees Olive tree nursery

B83 Nurseries


Lavender

Lavender

Lavender

B84 Permanent industrial crops


Osier plantation Osier

Miscanthus Sprouting Miscanthus Miscanthus Miscanthus

Miscanthus

B84 Permanent industrial crops (cont.)


Sources

Britton, N.L., and A. Brown/. USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Vol. 2: 260.

Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possession/ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Vol. 2: 193.

Elaine Haug @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Hitchcock, A.S./ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database (rev. A. Chase). 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. Washington, DC.

Jeff McMillian @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Lehnert, W. 2012. HNE-Eberwalde, Germany

Mark W. Skinner @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Piorr, H.-P. 2012. HNE-Eberswalde, Germany

R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Rusty Russell @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Susan McDougall @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database