technical rescue awareness - wabash independent …members.wabash.net/~lfender/ncfpd_web/tra/tra...
TRANSCRIPT
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 2
General
• Course Requirements & Standards – Follows guidelines OSFM & NFPA 1670 – Provide a means to identify and properly react
to uncommon, dangerous and difficult rescues – Further training is required for actual rescue
operations and practices
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 3
General
• NOTE – This course DOES NOT contain hands on training – The AHJ is responsible for training per NFPA 1670
• Operations and Training at Technical Rescue Incidents – The AHJ must instruct members in EMS
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 4
General • Course content
– Structural collapse • Various types of building collapse
– Rope rescue • Various rescue situations require rope work
– Confined space • Rescues in confined spaces, vats, sewers, silos, etc.
– Vehicles & Machinery • Roadway extrication and industrial rescue / extrication
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 5
General
• Course content – Water
• Ice, surf, dive, and swift water – Wilderness search and rescue
• Search patterns and situation analysis – Trench & excavation
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 6
General
• OSFM requirements for certification – Certified Firefighter II – 100% attendance of the 8 hour awareness
course – Passing the state written exam by 70%
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 7
General
• Each AHJ needs to have an action plan and policies in place to handle technical rescues
• AHJ has complete control over all resources requested
• Authority to stop all rescue attempts
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 8
General
• AHJ must conduct risk and hazard analysis – Information to make informed decision – Likelihood of incident – Where it might occur – Effects on the community
• AHJ required to establish SOP’s / SOG’s
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 9
General – Awareness Level
• Basic initial company response – First on the scene in course of duty – Identify type of incident – Start initial company operations – Generally NOT considered rescuers
– Operations Level • Basic technical response
– Deal with most non-complex situations
– Technician Level • Considered expert in the field
– Deal with complex and difficult situations
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 10
General
• Safety at a technical rescue – Personnel accountability system (PAS)
• Account for all members at incident
• Evacuation procedures / guidelines – Every member must know SOG’s / SOP’s – Each sector must know its actions if evacuation
order is given
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 11
General • PPE
– Each AHJ is responsible for determining appropriate level of PPE
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 12
General
• Hazard & risk assessment (size-up) – Continuous – Every technical rescue, no matter what
magnitude, can change in a second – Initial size-up will set ground work for entire
incident
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 13
General • Size-up
– Scope, magnitude, nature of incident – Location and number of victims – Risk / benefit analysis
• Will the end result justify the means – Pre-plans
• Will address more than one way to get to an area – Environmental factors
• Loss of life – Extreme heat and cold
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 14
General
• Size-up (con’t) – Patient contact
• Your safety is paramount • Can you see or hear patients? • Hailing, tag lines, radios, con-space systems • Does the patient know where they are?
• Availability / needed resources – What resources do you have available?
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 15
General
• Incident Management System / Incident Command System – In order to manage the incident command and
control must be established – Sectors (minimum)
• Command – Responsible for entire incident
• Safety – Should be trained to level of incident
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 16
General
• IMS / ICS – Sectors
• Rescue – Establish rescue plan – Inform all sectors of plan – Insure the plan is carried out
• Optional Sectors – Logistics, staging, public info, rehab, suppression, EMS, others – Others outlined in NFPA 1561 Standard for FD Incident Management
RESCUE
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 17
General
• Scene control / initial company operations – Control zones
• Hot, warm, cold – Witness interviews
• Who, what, where, when, why from all people in area – Patient contact
• Control who talks to victim and what victim hears – Bystander interaction
• Control zones will keep non-essential people out of harms way
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 18
General • Scene control / initial company operations
– Police assistance • PD is a valuable resource
– Machinery / Vehicles • Find someone with expertise (machines) • What are the actions of a full cycles machine? • Use apparatus to block traffic, not personnel
– Utilities • Have their emergency numbers available on all apparatus
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 20
Structural Collapse
• Awareness level functions 1. Size-up
– Gather information • Swiftly & unemotional • Structural safety
– Important to pass on initial observations to technical rescue team
– Must realize there are many tasks to accomplish
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 21
Structural Collapse 1. Size-up (cont.)
– Identify the scene • Size of structure • Occupancy type
– Structure type – Collapse mechanism
• Weather • Exposures • Time of day • Location of victims
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 22
Structural Collapse 1. Size-up (cont.)
– Scene control • Isolate bystanders, family, personnel • Banner tape, cones, PD • Set up collapse zones
– Mitigate existing hazards • Gas • Electric • Water • Haz-mat
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 23
Structural Collapse
1. Size-up (cont.)
– Perform re-con • Complete survey of all 4 sides, top and bottom of
building if possible • Note possible entry points • Verify contact with viable victims
– This stage most hazardous to 1st due companies • Overwhelming urge to assist victims in need • Secondary collapse is high concern
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 24
Structural Collapse
2. Triage Criteria – Perform risk / benefit analysis – Occupancy
• Potential total number of occupants • Activity done in building
– Structure type • Materials • Access difficulty • Potential hazard mitigation
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 25
Structural Collapse
2. Triage criteria – Collapse mechanism
• How building failed • Types of voids • Victim survival
– Time of day – Prior intelligence
• Information from public, local authorities, 1st responders, etc. related to trapped victims
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 26
Structural Collapse
2. Triage criteria – Search & rescue resources available
• Beyond what is readily available – Heavy machinery, etc.
– Structural condition of the building • Can search and rescue ops proceed with minimum
stabilization effort
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 27
Structural Collapse • Destructive forces
– Earthquakes • Shaking • Greatest effect on weak, heavy structures dynamically coupled
to their site
– Wind • Damage
– Wind velocity – Airborne missiles – Tidal surge – Atmospheric pressure difference
» Effects mostly light, un-engineered buildings » Causes high uplift / blowout forces
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 28
Structural Collapse
• Destructive forces – Floods
• Riverine – Flash type, high water rise, high velocity – May produce wall of water effect – Slow, unconfined flow over low lying broad area
• Coastal – Caused by severe storms and high tide – Hurricanes Forces - step up surges and high winds
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 29
Structural Collapse
• Destructive forces – Floods
• Damage from flooding caused by hydrostatic lateral pressure/lifting
• Hydrodynamic forces due to velocity and wave heights
• Debris impact from waterborne objects
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 30
Structural Collapse
• Destructive forces – Snow and heavy rain
• Cause roof collapse due to overload • Occurs in long span, flat roof construction • Beams or trusses fail
– Partial collapse
• Snow – More complete collapse
» Failure of vertical supports
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 31
Structural Collapse
• Destructive forces – Construction problems
• Often caused by lack of lateral bracing & vertical shoring
• Failures during: – Concrete pours – Placing large beams / trusses – Lifting large concrete slabs – Overloading with stockpiles – Un-engineered alterations
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 32
Structural Collapse • Destructive forces
– Explosions • Natural gas build ups • Deliberately set bombs
– Weakest part blown out to reduce pressure » Light weight wood & steel » Roof, wall skins, windows
– Reinforced concrete buildings » Contain blast » Greater loss of life » Columns badly damaged, floors collapse
– Pre-cast concrete » Large members become disconnected » Progressive collapse
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 33
Structural Collapse
• Destructive forces – Structural decay
• Collapse of older building and bridges • Most devastating when vertical supports fail
– Multi-floor collapse
• Un-reinforced masonry – Exterior walls on older buildings may be standing – No bracing by pancaked floors – Walls could fall in or out
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 34
Structural Collapse
• Destructive forces – Fire
• Wood/metal roof collapse – Burn through – Pull exterior masonry/concrete walls in – Leave standing unsupported
• Steel left standing after a fire – Reduced strength – Loss of heat treatment
• Concrete – Damaged due to spalling – Sheer walls crack due to floor expansion
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 35
Structural Collapse • Destructive forces
– Transportation accidents • Structural collapse
– Impact – Spillage of large quantity of materials
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 36
Structural Collapse
• Roles within the response system – Initial spontaneous response
• Unskilled neighbors, community response teams, and passers-by
– Heroically help remove lightly trapped/injured victims – Act far beyond their level of skill – Save ¾ or more of victims – Survival rates are high
» Victims are only lightly trapped – FD, EMS, PD may help organize and participate
» Usually ends after 1st night
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 37
Structural Collapse • Roles within the response system
– Planned community response • Trained community response teams
– Call out and visual searches » Locate and rescue non-structurally collapsed trapped
– Some lifting of objects » Furniture » Loose bricks
– Mitigate small hazards » Extinguish small fires » Turn off gas » Observe/refer haz-mat
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 38
Structural Collapse • Roles within the response system
– Void space rescue • Performed by emergency rescue services
– Prioritize site(s) to make better risk analysis • Rescue using existing cavities
– Ducts – Plumbing shafts – Basements – Small cut openings in walls or floors
• Some shoring – Protect safe havens – Protect victims/workers
• This phase may start 1st day – Not until efforts are organized
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 39
Structural Collapse
• Roles within the response system – Technical, urban search & rescue
• Trained technical rescue specialists – Aided by equipment – Sites re-evaluated – Re-searched – Prioritized for 10-day long effort – Extensive cutting, shoring etc. – Use of cranes
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 40
Structural Collapse
• Collapse types – Lean-to – V-shape – A-type – Pancake – Cantilever
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 42
Structural Collapse
• Marking systems – Building marking system – Structure marking system – FEMA task force SAR marking system
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 44
Structural Collapse • Structure marking system
– Ground floor is 1, Second is 2, Third is 3, etc. – First floor below grade is B-1, Second is B-2, etc.
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 45
Structural Collapse • FEMA task force SAR marking system
– 2’x2’ Orange Box – Structure relatively safe for USAR operations
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 46
Structural Collapse • FEMA task force SAR marking system
– Structure significantly damaged – Shoring/removal of hazards may be required
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 47
Structural Collapse • FEMA task force SAR marking system
– Structure not safe for normal USAR operations – Extensive safety measures must be taken before
entry
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 48
Structural Collapse • FEMA task force SAR marking system
– To the right of the box: • Date • Hazards • Time • TF Id
28 JUN 03 NATURAL GAS
1432HRS NE-TF1
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 49
Structural Collapse • FEMA search assessment marking system – Single slash upon entry
into structure – TF id, date & entry time – Indicates an ongoing
search PA – TF1 18 SEP 00
1800
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 50
Structural Collapse • FEMA search assessment marking system
18 SEP 00 2130
– Crossing slash upon exit – Upon exit, date & time
noted in top field – Additional information
placed in open areas of “X”
PA – TF1 18 SEP 00
1800
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 51
Structural Collapse • FEMA search assessment marking system
18 SEP 00 2130
– Right - hazards – Bottom - # of victims
PA – TF1 18 SEP 00
1800 RATS
8 L 3 D
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 52
Structural Collapse • FEMA search assessment marking system
18 SEP 00 2130
– When new search is completed, cross out previous and complete new search assessment marking
PA – TF1 18 SEP 00
1800 RATS
8 L 3 D
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 53
Structural Collapse • FEMA search assessment marking system
18 SEP 00 2130
– When search is terminated prior to completion:
– Place filled circle at center of slash
– Place box below slash & note areas searched
– Use “F” to id floors – Use “Q” to id
quadrants – If only exterior
searched, write “No Entry” in box
PA – TF1 18 SEP 00
1800 RATS
8 L 3 D
F 1 – 4 F 5 Q A/B
Or NO ENTRY
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 55
Rope
• Standards – NFPA 1983
• Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components – Performance standard for rope & hardware
– NFPA 1670 • Operations & Training for Technical Rescue Incidents
– Identify & establish levels of functional capability
– NFPA 1006 • Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications
– Minimum job performance requirements
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 56
Rope
• Rope rescue – Providing aid to those in danger where the
use of rope and related equipment is needed to perform safe rescue
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 57
Rope
• Types of rope rescue – High angle
• Vertical rescue – Victim and rescuers have all
weight supported by rope
– Slope evacuation • Low angle
– Weight of rescuer on ground – Victims weight on litter tender or
rescuer
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 58
Rope
• Uses for rope rescue – Basic foundation for most rescue disciplines
• High / low angle • Confined space • Trench • Water • Wildland S & R
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 59
Rope • Rope rescue hazards
– Falls / elevation – Trip hazards – Uneven, wet ground – Entanglement, pinching hazards
• Hands caught – Falling objects – Utilities – Weather / atmospheric hazards – Untrained responders – Hostile by-standers / victims – Location
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 60
Rope
• General safety considerations – Pre-plan
• Potential rope rescue locations • Identify hazards
– Prepare for incident • Training • SOG’s / SOP’s
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 62
Rope • First due company ops
– Size-up • Scope, magnitude, nature of incident • Location of incident • Risk vs. benefit analysis
– Rescue or recovery? • Scene access • Environmental factors • Available / needed resources • Ability to contact victim
– Without endangering rescuers or victims
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 63
Rope
• First due company ops – Secure the general area
• 300’ area or more – Make area safe for rescuers
• Control / limit traffic • Control / limit access • Identify all hazards
– Reduce or remove them
– Notify qualified rescue team per SOG’s / SOP’s
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 65
Confined Space
• Confined spaces – OSHA law
• 29 CFR 1910.146 – IDOL
• Adopted OSHA law – Law identifies two types of spaces
• Non-permit • Permitted
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 66
Confined Space
• Confined space – Non-permit
• Large enough and so configured to bodily enter • Limited or restricted means of entry and exit • Not designed for continuous human occupancy
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 67
Confined Space
• Confined spaces – Permit required confined space
• A confined space that contains one of the following: – Contains or has the potential to contain hazardous
atmosphere (IDLH) – Contains a substance that could engulf the entrant – Contains inwardly converging walls/floors that could trap
the entrant causing asphyxiation – Other recognized serious health or safety hazard
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 68
Confined Space • Confined spaces
– Alternate entry procedures
• Only hazard posed is actual or potential hazardous atmosphere
• Must demonstrate continuous forced air ventilation to maintain space for safe entry
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 69
Confined Space
• OSHA statistics – Confined space deaths
• 60 – 80% of deaths are would-be rescuers • Up to 90% of deaths are due to atmospheric
problems
• Reasons to enter confined spaces – Inspections / maintenance – Rescue – Training
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 70
Confined Space • Hazards
– Bad atmospheres – Falls / trips / slips – Other hazards determined by AHJ – Utilities
• Electric • Gas • Pneumatic • Mechanical
– Drowning / engulfment – Excessive temperatures – Lack of special training & equipment
• SCBA / SABA
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 71
Confined Space • First due company ops
– Size-up • Determine best access to space • Make contact with victims if safe to do so • Attempt to determine # of victims • Interview attendants / acquire copy of permit
– Secure area around space • Control / limit traffic & sources of vibration
– Shut down vehicles and equipment • Control / limit access to general area by unnecessary personnel
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 73
Confined Space • Identify hazards
– Remove or reduce their impact • Lock out / Tag out
– OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147
• Notify qualified rescue team – Don’t get pushed into someone else’s emergency
• Law requires owner of space to provide rescue team • This does not always mean FD is obligated • Owner of space must have agreement with FD to do
rescues
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 74
Confined Space
• Initial rescue actions – Monitor atmosphere in space – Ventilate the space
• Reduce atmospheric hazards • Reduces environmental hazards
– Retrieve victims by non-entry rescue • Pre-rigged devices
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 76
Vehicles & Machinery
• Size-up – Environmental conditions
• Extreme heat & cold • Rain, sleet and snow • Darkness
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 77
Vehicles & Machinery
• Size-up – Patient injuries
• Mechanism of injury • Trauma
– Head, face, hand and arms » Windshield, airbags, steering wheel, A/B post, rear
view mirror, roof, auger, roller, conveyor, belt etc. – Chest, stomach and hips
» Steering wheel, airbag, door, seat belts, etc. – Legs and feet
» Steering wheel, dash board, door, etc.
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 78
Vehicles & Machinery
• Size-up – Patient injuries
• Internal – Organs, spine, brain, blood vessels, etc.
• External – Head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, legs, feet, back, hips, etc.
» Bruises, fractures, lacerations, amputations
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 79
Vehicles & Machinery
• Scene conditions – Vehicle stability
• Maximize contact surface between car & ground • Support key points on machines
– Prevents further injury to victim
– Hazardous materials • Identify • Control • Remove
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 80
Vehicles & Machinery
• Scene conditions – Electrical hazards
• Vehicles – Batteries
• Utilities – Power lines
• Machines – Lock out / tag out – Multiple sources
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 81
Vehicles & Machinery
• Scene conditions – Fire
• Fuels – Crowd control – Hydraulic bumpers
• Shocks, hood/hatch pistons, suspension – Survey scene
• Eight-sided approach
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 82
Vehicles & Machinery
• Identify & notify resources – Safe & effective operation
• Police – Crowd control – Traffic control – Preserve scene
» Accident reconstruction » Investigation
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 83
Vehicles & Machinery
• Identify & notify resources – Fire department
• Maintain scene safety – Extinguish fires – Prevent fires – Spills / leaks
» Fuels » Haz-mat
• Maintain vehicle safety – Fuel system – Electrical system
• Assist EMS / extrication
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 84
Vehicles & Machinery
• Identify & notify resources – EMS
• Patient assessment • Packaging • Assess patient disentanglement & extrication • Patient handling • Transportation
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 85
Vehicles & Machinery
• Identify & notify resources – Extrication personnel
• Vehicle stabilization • Create safe access for EMS • Safe disentanglement of patient • Assist EMS
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 86
Vehicles & Machinery • Identify hazards
– Air bag systems • Logos
– SRS, SLR, airbag, side airbag, knee impact airbags, head impact airbag, head curtain bag, etc.
• Electrical drain time – After battery disconnected
» 30 seconds – 30 minutes – Safety distances
» Keep space between rescuers / patients » 5” – side airbags » 10” – drivers airbag » 18” – passengers airbag
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 87
Vehicles & Machinery
• Identify hazards – Fuel systems
• Gasoline • Diesel
– Large quantities
• Compressed natural gas or LPG • Electrical systems
– Electric cars / industrial machines » Battery acid
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 88
Vehicles & Machinery
• Identify hazards – Hydraulic shocks
• Absorbing bumpers • Hood / hatch back pistons • Suspension
– Battery locations • Under hood (high or low) • Under back seat • Trunk • Wheel wells
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 89
Vehicles & Machinery
• Identify hazards – Seat belt pretensioners
• Low and mid B post • C post low • Inner front and rear seat bucklers
– Gears, chains, pulleys, augers & conveyor belts • Power source
– Electric, motor, air or hydraulic – Lock out / tag out
• Rugged construction • Chemical hazards • Stored potential energy • Full cycle machines
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 90
Vehicles & Machinery
• Identify hazards – Gears, chains, pulleys, augers & conveyor belts
• Remote areas – Delay getting to patient
• Disassembly of machines – Maintenance personnel
» Very helpful
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 91
Vehicles & Machinery
• Initial company operations – Scene safety
• Protection of rescuers #1 priority • Control access
– Initial access to vehicle or machine – Initial stabilization
• Cribbing
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 92
Vehicles & Machinery
• Scene control – Traffic control
• Rescuer safety – Crowd control
• Crowds restrict rescuers’ activities – Machines
• Shut off power – Main disconnect(s)
» Lock out / tag out
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 93
Vehicles & Machinery
CAUTION! Beware of stored potential energy or full cycle machinery
Example: machinery that continues to move after power is removed
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 95
Water
• Need for water rescue awareness – Most FD’s have some body of water – Potential for flooding – Many water incidents require resources beyond
capability of FD • Operations and technician trained • Proper PPE • Technical rescue equipment
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 96
Water
• NFPA 1670 – Water related disciplines
• Dive • Ice • Surface • Swift water
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 97
Water
• Hazards associated with water rescue – Firefighter (human) nature
• Action oriented – Need to do something now
• Make rescue attempts without proper training or equipment
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 98
Water • Environmental hazards
– Extreme temperatures • Cold
– Hypothermia, frostbite, equipment malfunctions » Effects ability to think clearly & fine motor
skills • Heat
– Hyperthermia, overheating in PPE – Underwater survival time lost in hot temperatures
» Exhaustion, dehydration
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 99
Water
• Environmental hazards – Weather
• Rain, snow, high winds, fog – Accelerates hypothermia – In still water, body heat is lost 25 times greater than in still
air at the same temperature
– Aquatic environment • Animal life, fish, insects • Plant life, seaweed • Biohazards, bacterial, viral
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 100
Water • General hazards
– Utilities • Electric, gas, sanitary, communications • Hazardous materials • Personal hazards – water’s edge
– Tripping, falling – Steep, slippery terrain – Drop-offs – Holes – Hidden obstructions
» Cause injury, entanglement
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 101
Water
• Dive operation hazards – Barotraumas
• Decompression sickness • Nitrogen narcosis • Oxygen toxicity • Embolism
– Drowning • Fatigue • Lost diver • Loss of air • Anxiety reactions
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 102
Water
• Ice operation hazards – Cold injuries
• Frostbite, hypothermia – Thin ice
• Sudden immersion • Entrapment under ice
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 103
Water
• Surf operation hazards – Breaking waves
• Generate extreme force – Undertows, tides, current
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 104
Water • Swift water operation hazards
– Awesome, relentless power of moving water – Strainers & debris
• Stationary objects – Holes – Obstructions
• Above the water surface • Below the water surface
– Upstream “V” – Downstream “V”
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 105
Water
• Swift water operation hazards – Current patterns
• Laminar flow • Helical flow
– Upwelling
• Eddies – Back current
– Heavy downpours • Make quiet streams swiftwater
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 106
Water • Low head dam hazards
– The killing / drowning machine • Boil line
– Point where water breaks in two directions • Illusion
– Cannot be perceived from upstream – Do not look dangerous
• Hydraulic – Vertical whirlpool
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 107
Water • Water rescue PPE
– Firefighting helmets, boots, and turnout gear are NOT appropriate for water rescue
• Thermal protection – Wet suits / dry suits / exposure suits
• PFD’s (whistle & knife) – Worn by all personnel
» In or near water » On a boat
• Taglines / lifelines • Helmet
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 108
Water
• Cold water near drowning – Age of victim – Temperature of water
• Below 70oF • Patient could be below thermocline
– Length of submersion • Under 90 minutes
– Still rescue mode • Quality BLS & ALS treatment
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 109
Water
• First due company operations – Size-up
• Scope, magnitude, type of water rescue incident
• Environmental factors – Change in weather conditions – Loss of daylight – Water levels – Current changes
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 110
Water
• First due company operations – Size-up – Assessment of hazards – Location & number of victims – Risk / benefit analysis
• Rescue vs. recovery – Access to scene
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 111
Water
• First due company operations – Initial tasks
• Scene control • Establish IC • Accountability & safety
– Proper training & equipment
• Evaluate patient condition – Can patient assist with rescue?
• Needed resources
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 112
Water
• First due company operations – Initial tasks
• Secure & interview witnesses – Keep witnesses at scene – Interview witnesses separately – Collect witnesses’ personal information
• Establish last seen point – Triangulate with multiple witnesses – Use a reference object – Hole in ice is great last seen point
» Don’t destroy it
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 113
Water
• First due company operations – Initial tasks
• Evaluate physical evidence – Notes – Clothes – Footprints – Tire tracks – Debris – Oil slick – Bubbles
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 114
Water • Water rescue beyond the awareness level
– AHJ must have emergency response plan • Operations & technician level personnel • Police & evidence technicians • Specialized equipment
– Boats, tow trucks, etc. • EMS response
– Ambulance for patient(s) – Ambulance for divers – Aeromedical transport
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 115
Water
• Rehab personnel early • Operational plan
– Reach, throw, row, go • Request divers early in an incident
– Victims at the surface may submerge – Keep incident operating in rescue mode
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 117
Wilderness SAR
• National Search and Rescue Plan – Established by US Air Force – 1956
• Executive agent for inland S & R • Covers continental US
– Except navigable waterways
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 118
Wilderness SAR
• Core elements – Locate the victim
• Most time spent here – Reach the victim – Stabilize the victim – Evacuate the victim
• Reduced survivability
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 119
Wilderness SAR
• SAR Components – Pre-planning
• Organization and management guidelines – Includes callout SOP’s & equipment
– Notification • Have to be notified to handle it
– Planning & strategy • Gathering information to do assessment
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 120
Wilderness SAR
• SAR Components – Tactics
• Type of response • Solution to handle problem
– Operations • Field phase where tactical solutions are carried out
– Suspension • Discontinue operation
– Critique • Evaluation of participants, methods and strategy
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 121
Wilderness SAR
• Resources – Search dogs
• Cover more area than humans in shorter time
– Trackers – Aircraft – Ground / air search specialist – Rope rescue specialist – Water rescue specialist – Trench rescue specialist – Collapse rescue specialist
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 122
Wilderness SAR • Calculating search urgency
– Factors • Subject profile • Weather profile • Equipment profile • Subject experience profile • Terrain and hazards profile • History of incidents in this area • Bastard search
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 124
Wilderness SAR • Broad types of responses
– Depends on search urgency • Emergency response
– Based on information » Convinced death, serious injury if no help
– Blitz or hasty team » Minimum number of experienced rescuers sent to
locate victims – Followed by support team
» Additional equipment – Narrow margin of safety – Perceptible amount of risk
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 125
Wilderness SAR • Broad types of responses
– Measured response • Appropriate information on hand is
insufficient to dictate exact outline of S & R action plan
– Evaluative response • Occurs when reported problem is
unconfirmed • Seems likely to resolve itself
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 126
Wilderness SAR
• Lost person(s) report – Interview and obtain information from
• Participants • Witnesses
– Goal = devise an effective course of action
– Each person lost receives a file • Part I - Information critical in determining decisions
of the initiation phase of search • Part II – May be significant later in mission
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 127
Wilderness SAR
• Wilderness SAR hazards – Personal
• Blisters, scrapes, scratches, falls, blows, bruises, dehydration, etc.
– Environmental hazards • Insect bites, stings, poisonous plants, exposure,
snow-blindness, altitude illness, lightning, sunburn, animals
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 128
Wilderness SAR
• Wilderness SAR hazards – Terrain
• Cliffs, avalanches, standing / moving water, ice, caves, mines, wells, winds, snow, surf, etc.
– Man-made hazards • Booby-trapped stills & drug labs, haz-mat dumps,
attack dogs, etc.
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 129
Wilderness SAR
• Establishing probable search areas – Theoretical method
• Using tables that express area as a function of distance traveled by the lost subject
– Reliable point last seen (PLS) – Radius is maximum distance victim could have journeyed
» In given terrain » In time elapsed since last seen
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 130
Wilderness SAR
• Establishing probable search areas – Statistical method
• Based on data from case studies – Subjective method
• Historical data • Intuition • Location of natural barriers & clues • Consideration of physical & mental limitations
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 131
Wilderness SAR
• Establishing probable search areas – The Mattson Method
• Balances subjective & objective information • Uses individual personnel to view probable search
area • Combines percentage of all individuals • Total percentage from all
– Greatest percentage is where search will start
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 132
Wilderness SAR
• Search Tactics – Type I (Detection phase)
• Hasty teams – Type II
• Open grid • Fast & efficient • Search of locales of high probability • Using methods to produce highest results / hour
– Dogs – Planes – Open grid sweeps
» 3-7 searchers spaced 300-600 ft. apart
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 133
Wilderness SAR
• Search Tactics – Type III
• Close grid – 30 searchers – Walk a line 15-20 ft. apart – Maybe less for evidence recovery
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 134
Wilderness SAR
• Initial tasks of first-in companies – Establish ICS – Evaluate search urgency – Obtain lost person report – Determine type of response – Determine available resources – Determine probable search area
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 136
Trench & Excavation
• Trench defined • Deeper than it is wide • Less than 15’ wide • Over 5’ deep
– Shallower with special hazards
• OSHA 29 CFR 1926 – IDOL has adopted
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 137
Trench & Excavation
• OSHA requires escape routes
• Air quality monitoring • Other protective
measures in all trenches
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 138
Trench & Excavation
• Trench hazards – Secondary collapse is most lethal
• Trench walls collapse is less than 1/10th of a second • 65% of all deaths are cave-ins on would-be rescuers
– Many hazards are hidden and unpredictable – Trench rescues are NOT common occurrences
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 139
Trench & Excavation • Trench hazards
– Types of collapses • Slough-in • Sidewall-in • Shear-in • Spoil-in
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 140
Trench & Excavation
• Trench hazards – OSHA guidelines
• Trenches up to 20’ deep & 15’ wide – Excavations beyond these dimensions
» Special engineering by registered professional engineer (RPE)
• Easy to get fooled into entering an unprotected trench – Trapped / injured / ill worker
» Pressure from victim, co-workers, family
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 141
Trench & Excavation
• Trench hazards – Rescues are long-term
operations • 4-10 hours • Victims cannot just be
pulled out from under dirt
• Victims must be completely uncovered
• Extensive equipment not readily available
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 142
Trench & Excavation
• Trench hazards – Effects on trench stability
• Exposure to elements / gravity • Superimposed loads • Underground utilities • Surface encumbrances • Water
– Undermines trench walls – Drowning hazard
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 144
Trench & Excavation
• Soil classifications – Class A
• Most stable, cohesive, clay – Class B
• Somewhat cohesive, not as good as Class A – Class C
• Sandy soils, gravel, wet Soils
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 145
Trench & Excavation
• Soil classifications – Analyze soil immediately
after excavated • Re-analyzed periodically
for changes – Wet soils
• Added weight • Loss of friction • Water moves through soil
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 146
Trench & Excavation
• Soil classifications – Layered soils
• Trench walls will expose different layers
– Fissured soils • Cracks
– Visible in trench wall – Area around trench
» Cave-in shortly
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 147
Trench & Excavation
• Previously disturbed soils – Most stable
• Undisturbed for thousands of years – Least stable
• After is has been dug up – Utilities, roads, building
• Vibrations – Speed up collapse
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 149
Trench & Excavation
• Dirt – 1 cubic foot averages 100 lbs. – 100 lbs. / square foot – Small cave-in
• 1.5 cubic yards • 4000 lbs.
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 150
Trench & Excavation
• Protective systems – Sloping
• Cutting back sides to angle where earth will no longer slide
– Angle of repose
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 151
Trench & Excavation
• Protective systems – Shielding
• Very strong metal box • Engineered to withstand
pressure of earth • Protects against moving dirt
– Must be even or above lip – No more than 2’ off bottom
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 152
Trench & Excavation
• Protective systems – Shoring
• Support system within trench
– Pressurizes trench walls – Creates arch effect – Not strong enough to stop
moving dirt
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 153
Trench & Excavation
• Protective systems – Shoring systems
• Cross brace • Uprights • Walers
– Shoring materials • Lumber • Screw jacks • Pneumatic • Hydraulic
• OSHA charts – Timber & hydraulic
shoring – Dry trench
• 15’ wide • 20’ deep • Bigger must be
engineered by RPE or • Tabulated data from
manufacturer
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 155
The weaker, the deeper, and the wider the trench is, the stronger and more numerous the shoring
members must be.
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 156
Trench & Excavation
• Initial tasks of first-in companies – Typical first-in company not trained or
equipped – Non-entry options
• Place a ladder in trench for victims to self-rescue – Initiate trench rescue response plan – Establish ICS – Do NOT allow personnel to enter trench
• Secondary collapses
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 157
Trench & Excavation
• Initial tasks of first-in companies – Stops all sources of vibration within 300’ – Set up control zones
• Limit access to trench – Set up ground pads to stand on around trench – Move spoils pile at least 2’ back from trench lip – Locate victims position
• Approach trench from ends to recon
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 158
Trench & Excavation
• Initial tasks of first-in companies – Mark victims location
• Score ground on both sides • Estimate or measure depth
– Interview co-workers • Victims last position
January, 2001 Technical Rescue Awareness 159
Trench & Excavation
• Prepare for unexpected injuries
• Fractures • Lung injuries • Head injuries • Spinal injuries • Injuries from lack of O2 • Hypothermia • Crush syndrome