Technologies for energy efficient buildings in cold …injapan.no/arctic2016-day1/files/2016/05/12.ASIW_KokiK...2016/05/12 · 1. A newly constructed public building by 2020 2. All
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■Session 5: Energy and infrastructure for sustainability in the Arctic Koki Kikuta Hokkaido University Technologies for energy efficient buildings in cold climate
Please look at this figure. This shows the change of outside air temperature in four cities; Sapporo, Tokyo, Narvik and Oslo. Compared with Japan and Norway, you can see that average temperature in Japan is very high. But, Sapporo is similar to Norway with winter climate.
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
KyushuShikoku
ChugokuKinkiTokai
HokurikuKanto
TouhokuHokkaido
Norway
Japa
n
Residential energy consumption MJ/household/year
Heating Cooling Hot water Light, home appliance and others
■Residential energy consumption (2011)
Sapporo 43º04′N
Tokyo 35º40′N
830 km
Source: 1) 2014 Household Energy Handbook, Jyukankyo Research Institute 2) Energy consumption 2012 Household energy consumption, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Next figure shows residential energy consumption; heating, cooling, hot water, and so on. As for heating, Hokkaido is about 4 times larger than Kanto where Tokyo is located. The reason is not only winter climate but also life style, for example, heating temperature setting and space heating area. As reference, Norway is about 1.5 times larger than Hokkaido. But as for hot water, Norway is much less than Japan.
1979: Second oil crisis 1980: Energy saving standards (Grade 2) 1992, 1999: Revised energy saving standards (Grade 3, 4) 2011: Great East Japan Earthquake 【turning point】
■Energy saving standards (Residential)
LevelUA valueW/m2/K
PEC(total)
PEC (heating+ventilation)
C valuecm2/m2
Top runner <= 0.18 Grade 5 <= 35 % <= 0.5
High level <= 0.22 Grade 5 <= 45 % <= 0.5
Standard level <= 0.28 Grade 5 <= 60 % <= 1.0
Basic level <= 0.36 Grade 5 <= 75 % <= 1.0
Minimum level <= 0.46 Grade 4 <= 90 % <= 1.0
2012: Sapporo eco-e house
2013: Revised energy saving standards (UA<=0.46) 2014: きた住まいる (new northern regional house project) 2020: Obligatory energy saving standards (newly built)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
This lists the history of energy saving on residential sector. After the second oil crisis, the energy saving standards was enforced and revised step by step. As you know, turning point is 2011. Because we had a great earthquake, tsunami and a serious nuclear accident in Fukushima. Soon after that, Sapporo eco-e house was established. There are 5 levels from top runner to minimum level. Top runner is equivalent to passive house in Germany or minergie house in Switzerland. In 2020, the energy saving standards will be obligatory under newly constructed houses. But, that is the same as minimum level of Sapporo eco-e house. Therefore, the aim of obligation is bottom up.
FY 2013million t-CO2
FY 2030million t-CO2
Reductionrate
Industry 429 401 7 %
Commercial and other 279 168 40 %
Residential 201 122 39 %
Transport 225 163 28 %
Energy conversion 101 73 28 %
■Estimated emissions of energy-originated CO2 (each sector)
2016: Act for the Improvement of the Energy Saving Performance of Buildings
2017: Obligatory energy saving standards (>= 2,000 m2) 2014~: Designed net zero energy building (ZEB)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
And now, according to Japan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, emissions of energy-originated CO2 will be reduced by 25% compared to FY 2013 level. Also, consumer sectors have to reduce about 40% CO2. Therefore, further energy saving and energy conversion are very important in our sector. Recently, this law was enforced. Among this, the energy saving standards will be obligatory under newly constructed buildings of 2,000m2 more than. On the other hand, net zero energy building called ZEB is designed by general contractor in Japan from 2014. But, ZEB concept is different from each company because it is not clearly defined.
The production of renewable energy on site (inside the premises), including the part of electricity sold (only the surplus power sold), should be taken into account.
■Definition of ZEB
■Aims to achieve net zero energy 1. A newly constructed public building by 2020 2. All newly constructed buildings on average by 2030
Source: 1) Definition of ZEB and future measures proposed by the ZEB Roadmap Examination Committee 2) Strategic Energy Plan
Presenter
Presentation Notes
In relation to that, the ZEB Roadmap Examination Committee defined 3 steps toward ZEB in Japan. Based on 50% reduction ZEB ready, if higher than “net” 75% or 100% energy saving is achieved, Nearly ZEB or ZEB status is given. Maybe, this kind of definitions is different from each country. For example, including elevators or not, and on site or off site. On the other hand, Strategic Energy Plan set the aims to achieve net zero energy. By 2020, a newly constructed “public” building, and by 2030, all newly constructed buildings “on average”. I think it is difficult to achieve the aims in cold climate because of the snow.
■ZEB chart
Source: Definition of ZEB and future measures proposed by the ZEB Roadmap Examination Committee
Presenter
Presentation Notes
This shows ZEB chart that is very famous in our field. It is easy to understand the definition of ZEB. The vertical line shows energy supply and the horizontal one energy consumption. Now, I’d like to move on to the next slide.
■Technologies for energy efficient buildings in cold climate
■Active technologies (AT) & Passive technologies (PT) 1. Highly insulated and airtight buildings (PT) 2. Small sized and high efficiency equipment (AT) 3. Promotion of utilization of renewable energy (AT & PT) 4. Person: use it wisely (PT) & ICT: control it optimally (AT)
■Heating & cooling loads in a office in the future Light: 20 W/m2 → 5 W/m2 (LED, OLED) OA: 20 W/m2 → 10 W/m2 (cloud, thin client) Interior heat gain ↓, cooling load ↓
→ However, heating load ↑, PT 【important】
■Toward energy efficient buildings or ZEB in Hokkaido What is a suitable HVAC system
for highly insulated and airtight buildings in cold regions?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
As you know, the technologies have 2 types; active and passive. This lists the approach to energy saving and this turn is very important. But highly insulated and airtight buildings are not popular compared to houses. Furthermore, cooling load in office in the future will be reduced. Because next generation active technologies as like organic LED or thin client will be introduced. As a result, passive technologies are particularly important in Hokkaido. So, what is a suitable HVAC system for highly insulated and airtight buildings in cold regions?
■Thermo active building systems (TABS)
■Highly insulated and airtight buildings Heating load ↓, building mass ↑ Water temperature closes to room temperature
→ Realization of high efficiency HVAC systems using renewable energy sources
The pipe is embedded in the central concrete core of a building’s construction. Next generation AC system 1) One of task and ambient AC system 2) One of AC system with separation process of latent heat and sensible heat
Source: Using Building Mass to Heat and Cool, ASHRAE
Presenter
Presentation Notes
As one of technologies, there is thermo active building systems called TABS. Warm & cool water flow through the pipe that is embedded in the central concrete core of a building’s construction. General air conditioning in Japanese office is multi system by convection heating & cooling using electricity. But not only energy saving but also thermal comfort and productivity will be improved by radiant heating & cooling of TABS. Also, water temperature closes to room temperature because heating load is reduced. As a result, it is possible to realize high efficiency HVAC systems using renewable energy sources. So, TABS contributes to next generation AC system as one of task and ambient AC system or one of AC system with separation process of latent heat and sensible heat.
Office 1,277 m2
CO2 -102 % PEC 293 MJ/m2/year TABS using low temp. waste heat from fuel cell
■Urban ZEB (2014)
Source: 1) Taisei Corporation, 2) Carbon Neutral Grand Award, JABMEE
Presenter
Presentation Notes
I’d like to introduce the cases of TABS. Frist of all, this building is very famous in Japan in order to win some prize as one of ZEB. Renewable energy source of TABS is low temperature waste heat from fuel cell. I am sorry. This figure was written in Japanese. These mean fuel cell, absorption chiller and human detection sensor. They control the indoor environment.
■Urban ZEB (2014)
■External evaluation Building and environmental performance LEED-NC platinum certification obtained (First in Japan) Energy conservation performance BELS ★★★★★ (First to reach the highest rank)
Source: Taisei Corporation
Presenter
Presentation Notes
External evaluation is very high status. BELS is similar to US energy star. You can see that energy balance is almost equal and ZEB is achieved.
Office 6,970 m2
CO2 -49 % PEC 1,081 MJ/m2/year TABS using naturally cool air
■Taisei Sapporo Building (2006)
Source: Taisei Corporation
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Next building is Taisei Sapporo Building nearby Odori Park in Sapporo. TABS using naturally cool air and natural ventilation are introduced. We collaborated with Taisei Corporation several years ago. We verified the performance of TABS by calculation and measurement. CO2 reduction rate achieved 49% in 2006. This result is equivalent to almost ZEB Ready now.
■Taisei Sapporo Building (2006)
Source: Taisei Corporation
■Monbetsu Branch of Kitami Shinkin Bank (2014)
Bank 1,141 m2
CO2 -41 % PEC 1,027 MJ/m2/year TABS using geothermal heat
This new building is Monbetsu Branch of Kitami Shinkin Bank. Monbetsu is located in the northeast of Hokkaido. TABS using geothermal heat and natural ventilation are introduced. Also, another radiant heating & cooling panel is installed This shows thermal image, and blue color is supply water side and green one return water side. Supply water side can dehumidify and return water side is the same as floor surface by TABS.
■Great earthquake and refuge gym
5 years ago
Mar. 11, 2011 Great East Japan
Earthquake
Jan. 17, 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake 21 years ago
Source: Wikipedia
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Finally, I’d like to talk to you about the importance of not only active technologies but also passive technologies. Once great earthquake occurred, we have to take refuge and stay at gym without heating, electricity and so on. After that, we may live here for a long time.
■Higashi Sapporo Elementary School (2014)
Highly insulated type Old standard typeH school A school
Shiroishi ward, sapporo Toyohira ward, sapporo2014 1984
522 people 195 people19 classes 7 classes
1F ~ 4F 1F ~ 3F1394 m2 1319 m2
SRC SRC, partly SWall PF 60 mm Foamed heat 25 mmRoof PUF 120 mm Cemented excelsior 25 mm
Ar Low-E double glazing Single glazing (double)
Classes (FY2014)Floors
Gym
Total floor areaStructure
Insulationspec.Opening spec.
TypeName
LocationConstruction periodStudents (FY2014)
Even if the heating of gym is stopped by a disaster in winter, a minimum indoor environment* is secured by only human body calorific value from evacuees**. * To = -10 ºC , Ti = 10 ºC ** 34 kW (480 people)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
And now, we try to design the highly insulated type of gym in Sapporo. Target performance is that even if the heating of gym is stopped by a disaster in winter, a minimum indoor environment is secured by only human body calorific value from evacuees. A minimum indoor environment means that the temperature difference between outside and inside without heating is 20 degrees Celsius. Next, please look at this table. Left side is target school and right side is A school of old standard type constructed in 1984. Insulation specification is so different and Ar Low-E double glazing is used at H school.
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1/29 1/31 2/2 2/4
Tem
pera
ture
ºC
Room temp.Outside air temp.
12/
A school
■Room temperature at gym (coldest week)
Ave 8.4 ºC, Max-Min 24.0 K
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
2/1 2/3 2/5 2/7
Tem
pera
ture
ºC
Room temp.Outside air temp.
15/
H school
Ave 12.2 ºC, Max-Min 7.4 K
Presenter
Presentation Notes
This shows the change of temperature during the coldest week. Temperature fluctuation was stable at H school compared to A school and minimum temperature was over 10 degrees Celsius. This means, if one of passive technologies, high insulation is designed, we can more approach energy efficient buildings, “energy safety and people safety” in cold climate.
■Technologies for energy efficient buildings in cold climate
■Active technologies (AT) & Passive technologies (PT) 1. Highly insulated and airtight buildings (PT) 2. Small sized and high efficiency equipment (AT) 3. Promotion of utilization of renewable energy (AT & PT) 4. Person: use it wisely (PT) & ICT: control it optimally (AT)
