technology perspective & capability roadmap 2013 (india)

7/28/2019 Technology Perspective & Capability Roadmap 2013 (India)

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HEADQUARTERS INTEGRATED DEFENCE STAFF

MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE ANDCAPABILITY ROADMAP

(TPCR)

APRIL2013APRIL2013APRIL2013APRIL2013


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CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS

ChaptersChaptersChaptersChapters SubjectSubjectSubjectSubject

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Chapter1 Introduction

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Chapter2 TechnologyPerspectiveKeyTechnologyRequirementsAviationLandWarfareMaritime

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Chapter3 CapabilityRoadmapCapabilitiesEnvisagedAviationLandWarfareMaritime

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Chapter4 Summation

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CHAPTER1CHAPTER1CHAPTER1CHAPTER1

DISCLAIMER

Participation of the industry in the Technology Perspective andCapability Roadmap of Indian Armed Forces is solely at its owndiscretion.

GoI would not be responsible for any loss by the industry whilstcomplying with the stipulations in this document or with changedrequirements due to any reason.


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONOur defence forces require timely and cost effective acquisition of defenceequipment to enable them to meet any challenge to countrys security. If theyhave to effectively meet these challenges, we must adopt a holistic approachtowards defence acquisition right from the planning to final disposal of theweaponsystemwithoutcompromisingtransparency,fairnessandprobityatanylevel. ShriAKAntony,HonbleRakshaMantri1. IndianArmedForcesarepoisedformajormodernisationinthenextfifteenyears.Thisprocesswouldinvolveupgradesofhardwareandsystemsaswellaspurchase of new state of art equipment to enable them meet the securitychallengesinthecomingdecades;thevolumesarehighandthefinancialoutlayslarge.ThereissubstantialscopeintheprocessforIndianindustrytoharnessthismarket(aroundUS$100billion)todevelopindigenouscapability;especiallyinhightechnologyareas.2. Capacity Building process in the Armed Forces proceeds along a wellcrafted path. Perspective plans determine the capability sought by the ArmedForceswhichin-turndrivetheprocurementofplatformsandequipmentandthetechnology required to attain this capability. The plans focus on bridging thecapability gaps andbuilding force levels to ensure that the Armed Forces areoptimallystructured, equipped andweaponisedto achieve thedesired combatpotentialacrosstheentirespectrumofconflict.

3. TheArmedForcesLongTermIntegratedPerspectivePlan(LTIPP)coversa period of 15 years. It identifies the shape and size of the Forces over thedesignated time period based on foreseeable strategic trends. From thisdocument flow the 5 year plans which translate the LTIPP into an action planwithcommittedfunding.These5yearplansrunconcurrentwiththenational5yearplans.MoreimmediatecommitmentsandcapitalacquisitionsareincludedintheAnnualAcquisitionPlans(AAP)toenableeffectiveoversightofcommittedfunding vis-a-vis progress. The unpredictability of the global events in anincreasingly Flat world necessitates a periodic review of the Long TermPerspective Plans, which is a continuous exercise. It facilitates mid-coursecorrections based on discernible emerging trends and the need to adapt to

newer technologies. However, thefundamental capabilities enumeratedin the15Yearplanremainessentiallythesame.4. The future battle space will be shaped by technology and technologicalsuperiority willdeterminetheoutcomeof futurebattles.It isthereforeessentialthattechnologicalself-relianceremainsthemantraforthefutureandacollectivenationaleffortbeinitiatedtoachievethisinthequickestpossibletimeensuringthat technological developments are commensurate with our desired militarycapability.


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5. The importance of being self-reliant in the defence sector needs noemphasisasitisnotonlyofcriticalstrategicandnationalimportancebutalsoanessentialcomponentofthenationalpower.Insixdecadessinceindependence,thecountryhasmadesignificantprogressinachievingthisgoal.However,muchremains tobedone.MoDrecognisesthatprogressneedstobeacceleratedbyharnessingournationalcapabilityinallitsforms.6. Indianindustryhas made rapid strides inrecenttimes.Developinglatesttechnologies, providing state-of-the-art products to the customer and adoptingbest practices inmanagement hasenabled it tonot only holdtheirownin theglobal arena but also contribute to Indias emerging status as an economicpowerhouse. Thiscomingofageof the Indian industrymust find expression inthedefencesectoraswell.Stepshavebeeninitiatedthroughregularinteractionbetween the MoD, individual services and industry and there is a growingconsensus on the need for greater industry participation in defence sector.However,themodalitiesonhowtoachievethisneedtobestreamlinedandrolethatboth-MoDandtheindustryhasneedstobeclearlydefined.7. The MoD has, in the last few years, sought to untangle the cobwebsassociatedwiththeDefenceProcurementProcedures-2002(DPP-02).Basedonthe experience gained and feedback obtained, DPPs have gone throughconstant iterations through the amendments in 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009and2011.InputsreceivedfromvarioussourceshaveenabledtheMoDtonotonly simplify theprocedures but also address the challenges faced in keepingpace with rapid technological advancement. Defence Procurement Procedure-2013iscurrentlyinforceandPara9(a)hasaddressedtheindustrysrequestformoreinformationtobemadeavailable.

8. Developmentofcuttingedgetechnologyhavingdefenceapplicationneedsconsiderableinvestmentintermsoftime,moneyandhumanresource.IfIndianindustry isto becomea participant inthenationalendeavour ofachieving self-relianceindefenceequipment,itwouldhavetomakethisinvestment.Itrequiresthem to be aware of the capabilities the Armed Forces are seeking and thetechnologiesrequiredtoachievetheseoverareasonableperiodoftime.9. Induction of new weapon systems is cost and time intensive. Buildingcomplexplatformslikeships,submarines,tanksandfighterjetshasalongleadtime which is constantly challengedby the race to keep-up with therelentlessmarchoftechnology.Itisthereforeimperativethatthelongtermrequirementof

capability be identified and understood for appropriate technology to bedevelopedindigenously.10. The Indian Armed Forces have identified technologies required to beinducted in development of future capability. The Defence ProcurementProcedurehasarticulatedthemeansofobtainingtheseeitherthroughtheBuy(Indian),Buy(Global),BuyandMake,MakeorthenewlyintroducedBuyandMake (Indian) categories. The country has had to perforce resort to Buy(Global) option in the past due to a host of reasons, which has been anexpensiveproposition.Over-relianceonimportedhardwarehasthepotentialto


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compromise countrys defence preparedness in times of crisis, throughimpositionofvarioustechnologydenialregimesbythesupplier.11. This document titled Technology Perspective & Capability Road Map,intends toprovidetheindustryanoverviewof thedirectionin whichtheArmedForcesintendtoheadintermsofcapabilityoverthenext15years,whichinturnwould drive the technology in the developmental process. It is based on theLTIPPoftheArmedForces.ThedocumentisbeingputupinthepublicdomaininlinewiththevisionofShriAKAntony,RakshaMantri,..toestablishalevel..toestablishalevel..toestablishalevel..toestablishalevelplaying field for the Indian defencplaying field for the Indian defencplaying field for the Indian defencplaying field for the Indian defence industry, both public sector and privatee industry, both public sector and privatee industry, both public sector and privatee industry, both public sector and privatesectorsectorsectorsector.IndustrywouldbeexpectedtointeractwiththeMoDonaregularbasisandofferfirmcommitmentsinpartneringwithMoDindevelopingcontemporaryandfuturetechnologiesaswellasproductionalisingequipmentrequiredbytheArmed Forces. Effective participation based on mutual trust and cooperationwouldgoalongwayinachievingthedesireddegreeofself-reliance.

12. Thedocumentwouldbeupdatedperiodicallyasandwhenfurtherdetailsbecome available or changes occur in future iterations of Services LTIPP.


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CHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTER2222

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYPERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE


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TECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTSOFINDIANARMEDFORCESTECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTSOFINDIANARMEDFORCESTECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTSOFINDIANARMEDFORCESTECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTSOFINDIANARMEDFORCES1. Technology superiority is increasingly going to be the decisive factor infuture battles. The development of technology to meet our future joint warfighting shouldaim ata broad-based programme spanning alldefence relatedsciences. The strategy should be to ensure that we are able to develop andtransform superior technology into affordable and critical military capabilitykeepinginmindaffordability,timeliness,dualuse,technologybaseandmodulardesign.ThiswouldenablethecountrysR&Destablishmentstofocusonspecificcapability requirements and work out appropriate technologies needed to fulfiltheserequirements.Itwouldbepossibletoidentifycriticaltechnologiesthatarelikelytobedeniedandeffortsconcentratedonindigenousdevelopmentofthese.The focus should be on newly emerging areas of warfare that have beenidentifiedasessentialforjointwarfighting.Therewouldbemanycapabilitiesinsingle service specific areas that are being addressed by respective ServicesandmayneedinclusioninfutureversionsofServicesPlanDocuments.2. It is envisaged that R&D Agencies (both Public and Private) would beabletoworkoutadetailedplantodeveloptheneededtechnologies,includingthenecessaryfundingandtheirresearchobjectivesinspecificareas.Thiswouldincludeplansforthedevelopmentofcapabilityinareasthatareconsideredanddraw-up a roadmap towards achieving it by tapping all available nationalresources including the civilian industry, private as well as governmententerprisesandtheacademia.

KEYTECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTSKEYTECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTSKEYTECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTSKEYTECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTS

3. This section intends to provide the Indian Industry an overview of theIndianArmedForcescommonrequirement,whichinturnshoulddriveresearchanddevelopmentintechnology.BattlefieldTransparencyBattlefieldTransparencyBattlefieldTransparencyBattlefieldTransparency4. Acombatantmusthavetheabilitytocontinuouslylookdeep,ie,beyondthephysicaldomainofbattlefieldsoastogaininformationabouthisadversary.Future technologies should focus on integration of information obtained from

various sensors to enhance situational awareness. This, coupled with smartdecisionsupporttools,shouldleadtoinformationassurance,management,andrepresentationinaneasilycomprehensibleform. Whilstthiswillleadtoeffectiveutilisationofresources,itwouldalsoleadtoenhancedcombatefficiency.CommandandCommandandCommandandCommandandControlArchitectureControlArchitectureControlArchitectureControlArchitecture5. Exploiting battlefield transparency requires real-time, robust, reliableandnetworked command, control, communications, computers and intelligence


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processing systems in order to reduce the decision making time. Thedevelopmentandfieldingofautomatedsensorsforvariouslevelsofoperationsand their integration with requisite fool proof communications will provide themuchneededforcemultipliereffect.Adequateredundancymustbebuilt-inintothesystemstoprovideareliable,fail-safearchitecture.

CommunicationSystemsCommunicationSystemsCommunicationSystemsCommunicationSystems

6. There is a need of integrated platforms to support voice, data, image,multi-media applications and networking. Core and access network hardwaremustbeindigenised.Real-timesecuremobilecommunicationlinksshouldformthebackboneofmodernwarfare.Smartdevicessupportinglongtermevaluation(4G) and mobile satellite terminals with systems and applications supportingindigenous GPS would confer a battle winningadvantage. The Armed Forcesneed supporting architecture and infrastructure towards achieving networkcentricity. Towards this a defence communication system with encryption withadequate band width isessential. This must also includedata linking facilities.Fractalantennaforcommunicationsystemswouldalsoberequired.

SmartRadiosSmartRadiosSmartRadiosSmartRadios

7. The application of digital technology will lead to increasingly intelligentradios. The future should be characterised by robust and high capacitycommunication networks. Much needs to be invested in the development ofSoftwareDefinedRadios(SDR)includingman-packversions.Theseareradioswhich are reminiscent of computersand will alter their propertiesaccording tohowtheyhavebeenprogrammed.

InformationDominanInformationDominanInformationDominanInformationDominancececece

8. In the battlefield milieu, information, its integration and conversion intoreal-time actionable intelligence shall provide the battle winning edge to aCommander.Wealsoneedtoexploittheelectromagneticspectrumtosafeguardown combat systems, intercept and decipher the adversarys informationsystems in a time bound manner. In addition, we must have the capability topreventanattackorcontainitandaffectswiftrecovery,whileatthesametimehave the ability to target adversarys critical infrastructure and militarycapabilities.

9. The strategic forces need to be facilitated/ supported by real-timeinformation.ThesewillincludesatellitesthatproducesubmetricresolutionandbackedupbyUAVswithgreatstayingpowerintheareaofinterest.ElectronicWarfareElectronicWarfareElectronicWarfareElectronicWarfare

10. Withanunprecedentedgrowthinbattlefieldelectronics,ElectronicWarfarewill form an integral part of all future conflicts. The problem of jamming andavoiding disruptionof ones own systems isgoing togetcomplexday-by-day.


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SpacebasedEW,remotelycontrolledandexpendabledecoysandemploymentofUAVsforEWwouldbethenorminthefuture.WidebandSIGINT,COMINTandEWsystemsalsoneedtobedeveloped.

NanoNanoNanoNano----TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology/MEMS/MEMS/MEMS/MEMS

11. Advances innanotechnology will drive thenextparadigm shift inmilitarycapabilities.Nano-technologywouldusherin lightweight,strong,multifunctionaladvanced materials for use in combat systems, while enhancing surveillance,protection and connectivity. Nanotechnology should give rise to new materialswhich in themselves are multi-functional with entirely new properties. Suchmaterials may reduce power and weight requirements, increase protection ofplatforms and durability and thereby enhance operational effectiveness ofplatforms. Carbon composites, metal matrixcomposites, stealth coatings, selfhealingmaterials,adaptivecamouflagematerialsandstructuresandsmartskinmaterialsshallbethemainstructuralmaterialsforthefuturecombatandsupportsystems. Capability for development of Micro Electro Mechanical System(MEMS)basedsensors,actuators,RFdevicesandfocalplanearrayswouldalsoneedtobedeveloped.

ArtificialIntelligenceandRoboticsArtificialIntelligenceandRoboticsArtificialIntelligenceandRoboticsArtificialIntelligenceandRobotics

12. This technologywill introduceparallel soft computingmethods like fuzzylogic,neuralnetworking,evidentialreasoningandgeneticalgorithmintophotonicor quantum applications. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics shall have thefollowingapplications:-

(a) Imageinterpretationfortargetidentificationandclassification.

(b) Expert systems for diagnosis and maintenance of sophisticatedweaponsystemssuchasradarsandmissiles.

(c) Robotic equipment can be used to provide precision targetingsupportandcarriageofammunitionandaccuracy.Cameraequippedandshock-resistantplatformstoprovidefirepowerremotelyarealsopossibleapplications.

Chemical,Biological,RadiologicalandNuclear(CBRN)DefenceChemical,Biological,RadiologicalandNuclear(CBRN)DefenceChemical,Biological,RadiologicalandNuclear(CBRN)DefenceChemical,Biological,RadiologicalandNuclear(CBRN)Defence13. TheCBRN defence should include technologies to detectanddefeat allkindsofCBRNthreats,minimisetheirlethaleffects,developcountermeasures,casualty prevention and management. The defence against CBRN mustencompassindividualprotectiveequipment,collectiveprotection(bothfixedandmobileshelters)andalsodecontaminationsystemsandequipment.MiniaturisationMiniaturisationMiniaturisationMiniaturisation

14. As the world moves towards miniaturisation, the benefits from thistechnology which should lead to development of Microsystems. Microsystemtechnology should play a key role in development of navigation systems andwarhead guidance. This should lead to weapons becoming smaller and more


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effective incorporating multiple sensors which work together. Miniature SAR &ISARtechnologiesalsoneedtobedeveloped.

UnmannedSystemsUnmannedSystemsUnmannedSystemsUnmannedSystems15. Thesewillalso benefit fromminiaturisationwhichwillmake itpossibletodesign small unmanned vehicles. But the future unmanned vehicle, shouldbecome steadily more intelligent. Still further in the future, unmanned vehiclesshouldbecapableofworkingingroupswithothervehicles,bothunmannedandmanned.

AdvancedAdvancedAdvancedAdvancedWeaponSystemWeaponSystemWeaponSystemWeaponSystemssss 16. The Armed Forces must possess weapons of suitable capability toachievethedesireddestructions.Intodaysbattlefield,itisessentialtominimisecollateral damage. The weapons must possess desired accuracy, explosivescontentto destroy the target whileminimisingthe collateral damage. Weaponscatering for counter-insurgency operations, urban warfare, as also normalbattlefieldoperationsrequirediverseapproach.Theweaponsmustincludebothkineticandnon-kineticweaponscapableofproducingthedesiredlethalornon-lethaleffects.

(a)PrecisionAirPrecisionAirPrecisionAirPrecisionAir----GroundWeaponsGroundWeaponsGroundWeaponsGroundWeapons. The weapons must haveprecision capability, and shouldbe capable of independent, reliableandall-weatherdayornightdeliverytoachieveCEPof threemetersor less.Theyshouldbeimmunetojammingandshouldnotbefullydependentonanyground,airorspacebasedsystem,therebyrenderingthemvulnerableto any sort of data blanking by the enemy. They should be capable of

independentnavigationfromreleasetoimpactwhileincorporatingthefallbackoptionofpilotintheloopcontrolintheterminalstages.Theweaponsshouldbecapableoflaunchandcontrolfromindependentplatformsandcapable of trajectory shaping to cater to specific target types. Thewarheads must be inter-changeable to suit the target types, i.e. blastpenetrationtype,pre-fragmented,purekineticenergy/boostedpenetrationtype or general purpose. The weapons should have a beyond visualrange,i.e.stand-offlaunchcapability.(b)AirAirAirAir----totototo----AirWeaponsAirWeaponsAirWeaponsAirWeapons. Theair-to-airweapons,i.e. missilesmustbecapable of beyond visual range launches and should be fire-and-forget.

Bothactiveandpassiveseekersneedtobedeveloped.Theclosecombatmissiles must incorporate dual seeker capability therebyenhancing theiranti-jammingcapabilityandmustbecapableoffullhemisphericallaunch.This would includemissiles with imaging IR seeker heads, which woulddefeatpresentdayECMmeasures.Theseekershouldhavetheabilitytodefeat known infrared counter measures. Cued launch from anotherairborneplatformshouldbepossible.

(c)SurfaceSurfaceSurfaceSurface----totototo----AirWeapons(SAMsAirWeapons(SAMsAirWeapons(SAMsAirWeapons(SAMs)))).AvitalpartoftheinventoryofanymoderndayArmedForce,theSAMsareessentialforthedefenceofcivil


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aswellasmilitaryassets.FutureSAMsshouldincorporatethelatestEWcapabilities, coupled with enhanced ranges and accuracy and SSKP of90%andbetter.Thecapabilitiesof thepresentmissilesystemscouldbeimprovedwithbettertechnologyforlowlevelquickreaction.Collaborativeventures with other countries would facilitate technology inflow helpfultowardsfutureindigenousdevelopment.(d)HardKillOptionsHardKillOptionsHardKillOptionsHardKillOptions. Hardkilloptions,specificallyinthefieldofanti-radiation weapons need to be inducted both of the air launched andgroundlaunchedvariety.Theymustincorporatelongon-stationtimehovercapabilities,therebyfacilitatingfire-and-forgetcapability.

ElectroElectroElectroElectro----MagneticPulseMagneticPulseMagneticPulseMagneticPulse((((EMPEMPEMPEMP))))WeaponsWeaponsWeaponsWeapons17. Electromagnetic weapons represent both threats and possibilities in thecontextofnetwork-baseddefence.TheHPMweaponcouldbeusedagainstanopponentsnetworkandbecometheheavyartilleryintheageofnetworkbaseddefence. One useful aspect in thecontext of operations is that HPM weaponsknockoutelectricalequipmentratherthanpeople.Infuture,HPMweaponsmaybe used to counter incoming anti-ship/anti-aircraft/ anti-tank missiles or topreventotherships/aircraftfromapproachingtooclosely.AdaptiveWarheadsAdaptiveWarheadsAdaptiveWarheadsAdaptiveWarheads

18. In the future battles, all major weapon systems should have highlyenhanced accuracy. Research efforts must focus towards the engagement ofballistic missiles. In warhead design, the attempt should be to make it moreintelligent, wherein, it must itself be able to select and direct its effects for

optimum lethality. A single warhead may also combine a range of differentcapabilities.WeaponGuidancWeaponGuidancWeaponGuidancWeaponGuidanceeee

19. Ammunition in future would need to have its own stabilisation andguidance system based on the Global Positioning System. In the absence ofGPS,ammunitionshouldbeequippedwithInertialNavigationSystems(INS)thatincludes RLG/FOG with minimal drifts. Such systems shouldhave redundancybuilt-inandshouldbedifficulttojam.Miniaturisingthegyroswouldalsoplayanimportant role. Warheadsshouldbecome increasingly intelligent, toadapt the

weaponeffectstomatchthetarget.Theyshouldalsoblindtheenemyswarningandcountermeasuressystemssothatthelethalpartsofthewarheadreachthetargetundisturbed.SpaceSpaceSpaceSpace----BasedRadarsBasedRadarsBasedRadarsBasedRadars

20. Withtheadventofdigitaltechnology,thereneedstobequantumleapinradartechnology.Thereisanincreasingtrendtowardsthephysicalseparationoftheradarstransmittersandreceiversbyplacingthetransmitterinspaceandthereceiversontheground.


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StealthStealthStealthStealth

21. Stealth technologyneeds tobe developed to minimise detection of ownplatforms. This could include not only stealthy design features, but alsoabsorbent materials, noise suppressors etc. With stealth technology gainingimportanceinternationally,thereactiontimeofourownmilitarysensorsmustbeimprovedasthepermissibletargetdetectiontimewouldbecomeshorter.Targettrackingandguidanceradarsmustrespondmorerapidly,otherwisetheweaponsystemswillbeunabletoengagethetargets.DigitalSystemsDigitalSystemsDigitalSystemsDigitalSystems

22. Digitalsystemshaverevolutionisedradioandradarsystems.Digitalradarcan achieve resolutions in centimetres and low frequencies can be used todetect stealth aircraft. Capability also needs to be developed for low powerdissipatinghighcapacitydigitalcomputingelements.AlsoneededareadvancedDSPtechniquesandhardwaredesign.

AdaptiveAntennaSignaturesAdaptiveAntennaSignaturesAdaptiveAntennaSignaturesAdaptiveAntennaSignatures

23. Future smart antenna systems should consist of electrically controlledactiveantennaethatcanhandleanumberofdifferenttargetsatthesametime.Future antennae should be able to control their own signatures to avoiddetection.Suchantennaewillhavegreatlyincreasedcapabilitieswhichwouldbebased on constantly improved and refined subsystems and individualcomponents. Common aerial working systems also need to be developed toremovetopdeckclutteronships.

SAGWSAGWSAGWSAGW

24. AirDefenceinVulnerableAreasrequirestobestrengthened.ThenumberofVAsandVPsthatneedtobeprotectedwouldcontinuetoincreaseovertheyears. Their protection will require augmentation of SAGW. Air Defence andweaponlocatingradarstoprovidecoverovertheTacticalBattleAreawouldalsobecriticalcomponentofmaneuverwarfare.SensorsSensorsSensorsSensors

25. While India has performed commendably in the field of space-bornesensors, the indigenousexpertise in the field of airborne sensorsstill remainslow.Similarly,fundamentalknowledgeinthefieldofradars,electro-opticalandIRsensorshasbeengood,buttranslationofthisknowledgeintomilitarysystemshas not been adequate. In the future, the operational capability of the ArmedForceswoulddependtoagreatextentonthecapabilitiesofitstargetingsystemsand precision weapons. It is envisaged that the R&D organisations and theIndustrywouldinvestmoretowardsevolvingsensortechnologiesandevenmoreimportantly towards managing projects that would ensure availability of worldclasssystems.Thecriticalsensortechnologieswouldbe:-


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(a) AdvancedEOandIRsensorswithopticalcorrelationandIRimagingcapabilitiesfortargetingandweaponseekers.

(b) Emerging radar technologies such as AESA (Active ElectronicallyScannedArray)Radarwithmulti-modecapabilitiesandNon-CooperativeTargetRecognition(NCTR)facility.(c) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Inverse SAR (ISAR)capabilitieswithenhancedprocessingfeaturesandcapabilities.(d) Development of High Frequency Surface Wave Radar and LowProbabilityofIntercept(LPI)radars.(e) LASERbasedsystemsfordetectionandimagingoftargets.(f) Night vision devices incorporating state-of-the-art thermal imagingtechnology.(g) Groundbasedsensors,bothattendedandunattended.

SensorFusionSensorFusionSensorFusionSensorFusion26. Theamountofinformationavailabletodaytoanyoperator,beitthemanatthe launch pad of a SAM or a pilot in the cockpit of the latest fighter, isoverwhelming. With a plethora of sensors available andproviding information,thereisaneedforpropersensorfusion,toensurethatonlytherelevantdataisprovided to the operator in the appropriate form, facilitating timely and correct

decision-making.Thereistheneedtoimprovethequalityandthefilteringofthedatathroughacentralisedagencyforappropriateactionbytheoperators.

AVIATIONAVIATIONAVIATIONAVIATION

27. EnablingtheaviationarmoftheServicestoeffectivelysupporttheentiregamut of surveillance tasks, integral combat ops, offensivemissions in all thethreedimensionswouldrequiretobewellsupportedbyfuturistictechnologies.Itwouldincludevarioussystemsrequiredforaircraftsuchaspropulsion,avionics,

nav-attack systems, radar technology, airframe structures, Electronic Warfareetc. The future technology imperatives in this group are enumerated in thesucceedingparagraphs.

AircraftStructuresAircraftStructuresAircraftStructuresAircraftStructures

28. In the short term, increasing use of composites should be encouraged.The knowledge gained with indigenous development programme should beutilised for the future projects. Platform design and employment of advanced


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CFDtoolsinthefieldofFiniteElementAnalysisandstructuraloptimisationarerequired.

PropulsionTechnologyPropulsionTechnologyPropulsionTechnologyPropulsionTechnology

29. Although, there has been a gap between indigenous developments /capabilitiesandthecapabilitiesofaeronauticallyadvancednationsinthefieldofair breathing engines, the industry must intensify its collaborative ventures toleapfrog and catch-up in this field. The Indian Armed Forces require highperformance turbo fan engines for their fighter and transport fleet. The nextgeneration fighter aircraft should invariably have three-dimensional thrustvectored nozzles. Development of variable bypass engine would need to becommencedwithinthenexttenyears.Fundamentalenginetechnologiessuchassingle crystal blade design, high temperature materials, combustion chamberdesign,andCFDprogramsshouldevolvebetweentheshortandmidterms.30. EngineSystemsEngineSystemsEngineSystemsEngineSystems. All the aircraft engines must incorporate FullAuthorityDigitalEngineControl(FADEC)systems,withfullmanualbackup.Thiswillfacilitatemorefuel-efficientandsurgeresistantengineoperations.

AvionicsAvionicsAvionicsAvionics

31. The technology of core avionics displaysystems and their software hasbeen witnessing a rate of growth higher than other related fields. Indigenouscapabilitiesinthefieldofavionicssuchasmissioncomputer,displayprocessorsetc,havealreadybeennoteworthyandalleffortsshouldbemadetoensurethatweremaincontemporaryinthisfield.

(a) DisplaySystemsDisplaySystemsDisplaySystemsDisplaySystems. Therewouldbearequirementtoimpartgreaterimpetus to the development of display technologies such as optical thinfilms, thin TFTs, collimators for wide angle holographic HUDs, head/helmetmountedsightingsystemsandheadlevelorheaddowndisplays.ThetechnologyabsorbedthroughToTsforthedisplaysystemsofvariousaircraftandintegrationofhelmet-mounteddisplaysystemshouldformthefoundation for future developments. All aircraft must incorporate Smartelectronic displays, which can be easily re-configured as the situationdemands. The Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) must be capable ofoverlaying and displaying a variety of data from a multitude of sensors,with suitable clarity and resolution. In addition, the Mission

Computers(MC)andDigitalMapGenerators(DMGs),whichwillbeapartoftheentirepackage,mustbecapableofprovidinga3-dimensionalimageof the terrain over-flown along with enemy radar ORBATS displayed,therebyfacilitating independent fly-through capability by the aircraft.TheMCs must be reliable, Electro-Magnetic Pulse(EMP) proof, dual-redundantandcapableof independent operation intheeventof one MCfailure. Furthermore, the MC must have sufficient memory capacity andRAMtofacilitatetakingontasksthatthesituationswoulddemand.


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(b) NavigationCapabilityNavigationCapabilityNavigationCapabilityNavigationCapability. All the platforms should have anindependent,jamproof,reliableandredundantnavigationcapability.Thenavigation systems must incorporate the ability for feeding the missionfromaportabledataloaderandwithinthenextdecademustbecapableofuploading the mission directly from the ground via the data link. Inaddition, the navigation systems mustbecoupledwith recoveryaids likeVOR/ILSandTACANforallfixedandrotarywingaircraft,tofacilitatesafeaircraft launch and recovery under adverse weather conditions. Theseaids will also aid in other aircraft missions like Air-to-Air Refuelling.Correspondinggroundinfrastructurewouldalsoneedtobedevelopedandinducted.

(c) AutoAutoAutoAuto----PilotPilotPilotPilot. All aircraft must incorporate advanced autopilots,which must include all modes of horizontal and vertical navigation andaircraft recovery linkedtothe aircraft FlightManagement System (FMS).Dependingontheaircraftrole,itmustincorporateTerrainFollowing(TF),heightrecovery,approach,aircraftautomaticrecoveryandhorizon/wingslevelmodesetc.(d) Airborne sensors including UAVs operating at high and mediumattitudes with extended endurance periods, capable of withstandingadverseconditionslikehighwindsorjetstreamphenomenon.(e) Night/Night/Night/Night/AllAllAllAll----weatherweatherweatherweatherCapabilityCapabilityCapabilityCapability. All the aerial platforms mustpossesssuitablenightvisionandall-weathercapabilities.Thistranslatesinto the platforms possessing the necessary systems, facilitating fullmission operability with devices such as NVGs (Fourth Gen) and IRsystemslikenextgenerationFLIRs.

32. FlightControlSystemsFlightControlSystemsFlightControlSystemsFlightControlSystems.Alltheaircraftofthefuture,beitfighter,transportor helicopters will necessarily have Fly-By-Wire/ Fly-By-Optics Technologies.Presently,alreadyincorporatedonmostfighters,theymustallbefullauthority,multi-redundantsystemsandbattlehardy,enablingrecoveryevenintheeventofmultiple channelfailure. Inthe case ofhelicopters, incorporationof these flightsystemswouldbefocusedonthemediumtermperspective.

33. AircraftSafetySystemsAircraftSafetySystemsAircraftSafetySystemsAircraftSafetySystems.Aircraftsafetysystems,akintoTrafficCollisionAvoidanceSystem(TCAS) and Enhanced GroundProximity Warning Systems(EGPWS) must be incorporated,with the facility being available to thepilot to

disablethesystemforanyspecificmission.Inaddition,allaircraftwouldneedtoincorporate Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) capability, as allaircraftoperatingaboveFL150needtobeRVSMcompliant.

34. AircraftSurvivabilityAircraftSurvivabilityAircraftSurvivabilityAircraftSurvivability. Develop technologies to enhance aircraftsurvivability including multi-spectral signature control, active / passivevulnerability reduction technologies, damage-tolerant aircraft structures;defensive avionics and counter SAM capabilities, including missile and laserwarning systems, expendables, and passive and active countermeasures;defenceagainstMANPADS;andmulti-spectralthreatwarning.Theaircraftmust


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becapableofsurvivingbattledamageandtheremustbesufficientredundancyinallcriticalaircraftsystems,facilitatingpositiveaircraftrecoveryand,ifpossible,missionaccomplishmentevenintheeventofadualsystemfailure.

35. DataLinking/TransferDataLinking/TransferDataLinking/TransferDataLinking/Transfer. Inthedenseandtechnologyintensebattlefieldof today, situational awareness is of paramount importance. Therein, theprovisionofrapid, near real-timedata acquirescritical importance. All airborneplatformstherebymusthavethefacilityforsecuredatalinkingforthereal-timetransferofdatabetweenthemselvesandalsowithanyground-basedagency.Inaddition,consideringthevariednatureoftheIndianArmedForcesgroundandairbornefleet,commonalityofthedatalinkingabilitiesisessential.

36. Information OperationsInformation OperationsInformation OperationsInformation Operations (Low(Low(Low(Low----costcostcostcost Computer Network MonitoringComputer Network MonitoringComputer Network MonitoringComputer Network MonitoringCapabilityCapabilityCapabilityCapability)))). Airborne network attack capabilities; improved communicationnetworkexploitation,includingjamming.

37. ElectronicAttackElectronicAttackElectronicAttackElectronicAttack. Develop airborne sensors todetecthostile electronicemissions with improved noise and deceptive jamming capabilities. Thesesensors would need to incorporate better techniques, more power, improvedreaction, increased performance in dense threat environments and broaderspectrum coverage. Develop airborne EA technologies that can effectivelydeceive or degrade advanced search and tracking radars, effectively disruptmodern communication and data links (both conventional, military andasymmetric) and disrupt asymmetric, non-traditional targets such as RFtriggeringdevices.Theaimshouldbetoachievereducedcockpitworkloadandautomatedsignalcorrelation.

38. Information Electronic Warfare (Information Electronic Warfare (Information Electronic Warfare (Information Electronic Warfare (IEW)IEW)IEW)IEW) SystemsSystemsSystemsSystems. Modern day RWRsgivinghighdetectionrangesofupto200kmneedtobeinductedonallaircraft.Furthermore, for platforms capable of undertaking the hard-kill option againstgroundemitters;thetechnologyofHADF(HighAccuracyDirectionFinder)mustbe incorporated, capable of providing very high angular detection resolution,facilitatingidentificationofspecificemitterseveninaclusterofemitters.RWRsmust operate over the full range of the utilised electronic spectrum. Due tolooselyguardedproliferation,availabilityofshoulderfiredIRguidedSAMsevenwith small time insurgents cannot be ruled out. It is essential for all airborneplatformstobeintegratedwithMAWS(MissileApproachWarningSystems)andLWS (Laser Warning Systems). Coupled with the detection capability thepossibility of incorporating a workable Directed Infrared Countermeasure

(DIRCM)systemmustbeconsidered.

39. PersistentTargetDetectionPersistentTargetDetectionPersistentTargetDetectionPersistentTargetDetection.Developtechnologiestodetect,identifyandtrack surface combatants in all-weather conditions, in both day and nightoperations, over long standoff ranges (beyond projected surface threatenvelopes). The systems should have high probability of mission kill and lowprobability of collateral damage, to support the engagement of surfacecombatants, landing craft, and other high value surface assets in the mostchallengingscenarios.


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40. TargetIdentificationandDiscriminationTargetIdentificationandDiscriminationTargetIdentificationandDiscriminationTargetIdentificationandDiscrimination. Develop technologies toenable automatic detection and discrimination of small targets (eg. periscope)fromallaltitudesand/orstandoffranges,andimproveactive/passive/multi-staticidentificationalgorithmstominimisefalsetargets.

41. AntiAirWarfareAntiAirWarfareAntiAirWarfareAntiAirWarfare.Developtargeting,engagementsystemsandweaponstechnologiestodetect,track,identify,andengageadvancedairthreatsoutsideoftheirprojectedsensorrangesandthekinematicrangeofemergingmissilesinanElectronicAttackenvironment.

42. StrikeMissionsStrikeMissionsStrikeMissionsStrikeMissions. Develop technologies that enable all-weatherendurance over a large area of responsibility and neutralisation of a range oftime critical targets over multiple locations, including maritime and all types ofshoretargetsinthemostchallengingscenarios,withlittlecollateraldamage.

43. EnhancingLegacyWeaponsEnhancingLegacyWeaponsEnhancingLegacyWeaponsEnhancingLegacyWeapons. Enhance capability of legacy weaponsandarmamenttoprovideimprovedranges,abilitytobedeployedinall-weatherconditionsandprecisionattack.

44. SupporttoMissionsSupporttoMissionsSupporttoMissionsSupporttoMissions. Developtechnologiesthatpermitnewmissionstoberapidlyplannedandongoingmissionstoreceiveflexiblelogisticsupportinresponse to unanticipated changes in the operational tempo. Integrateoperational, maintenance, and logistic planning and distribution systems toreduce or eliminate the operational pause and enable persistent combatoperations.

45. CommunicationandNetworksCommunicationandNetworksCommunicationandNetworksCommunicationandNetworks.Developtechnologiestoimproveaircraftcommunications and network connectivity performance (speed, range,

observability,communications)throughoutthebattlespace.Thecommunicationsshouldcoveralargebandwidthandprovideahighdatarateforvoice,data,andimagery and video transmissions. There should be a high level of networksecuritywithencryption/decryptioncapability.

46. Safety,Safety,Safety,Safety,AvailabilityandAffordabilityAvailabilityandAffordabilityAvailabilityandAffordabilityAvailabilityandAffordability. Develop, integrate and transitiontechnologies to improve system safety, increase availability, extend useableservice life, and reduce maintenance actions and environmental impact onoperations, basing and training. Develop and implement methods andtechnologies that predict and identify performance problems, reduce thedevelopment,support,maintenanceandacquisitioncostsofsystems,including

airplatforms,weapons,trainingsystemsandaircraftcarriers.Nichetechnologieslikesolid-statetechnologyandGalliumNitrateT/Rmodulesmustbeutilisedforenhancedsystemeffectiveness.

47. TrainingTrainingTrainingTraining. Developmentoffull-motionaircraftsimulatorsforexistingandfutureaircraftinductions,rearcockpittrainersformissiontraining,aero-enginesand aircraft system simulators for technicians to provide better and realistictraining.


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UAVsUAVsUAVsUAVs48. ThefutureUAVsshouldbesmallerandeasiertotransportandhavethefollowingessentialfeatures:-

(a) The size as well asmodernstealth technologyshould make themdifficulttodetect.Theyshouldalsobeabletomakeownassessmentofthe surroundings and use it as a basis for autonomous smart decisionsrelatingto,forexample,itschoiceofrouteandtheuseofsensors.(b) Develop technologies to enable unmanned, highly autonomousstrikecapabilitiesagainstthefullspectrumofpotentialtargets.FlexibilityofUAVs to operate from multiple platforms would rationalise manning andfinancialeffects.Inaddition,controlofmultipleUAVplatformsfromremotelocations would incorporate flexibility in basing and operationaldeployment. Automated flight control and take off/landing systems aredesiredtoenhanceredundancy.(c) The pay load and sensors need to be upgraded with changingtechnology. The future of the military aviation is moving towards theunmanned sector capable of undertaking multiple tasks. Capable ofextended loiter times, it would provide a continuous flow of desiredinformationtothepilotthroughthesensorfusionofalldataautomaticallyonboard. In the medium term, with the increase in thecomputingpoweronboard the UAVs, there would be a gradual shift towards greaterutilisation of these vehicles in all spheres of military operation.It isdesirable that indigenousdevelopment,as wellas collaborative venturesfor future generation UAVs must be intensified now in order to have a

crediblecapability.

49. LongEnduranceUAVsLongEnduranceUAVsLongEnduranceUAVsLongEnduranceUAVs.

(a) HighAltitudeLongHighAltitudeLongHighAltitudeLongHighAltitudeLongEndurance(HALE)UAVsEndurance(HALE)UAVsEndurance(HALE)UAVsEndurance(HALE)UAVs. The ArmedForces require HALE UAVs having all-weather capability to operate ataltitudesof36,000-65,000ftwithenduranceforaminimumenduranceof96hrswithapayloadupto1500lbs.(b) MediumMediumMediumMediumAltitudeLongEndurancAltitudeLongEndurancAltitudeLongEndurancAltitudeLongEndurance(Me(Me(Me(MALE)ALE)ALE)ALE)UAVsUAVsUAVsUAVs. The MALEUAVsrequiredshouldhaveall-weathercapabilitytooperateataltitudesof

25,000-36,000ftwithenduranceof36-48hrsatacruisingspeedofatleast90knots.

50. TacticalUAVsTacticalUAVsTacticalUAVsTacticalUAVs. UAVs,operating up to amaximum altitude of 15000ftandhavinganenduranceof24HrswithapayloadofIR/EOsensors.51. Mini/Mini/Mini/Mini/MicroUAVsMicroUAVsMicroUAVsMicroUAVs.These may be hand-launched UAVs in the weightcategorylessthan30kgsandshouldhaveaminenduranceupto120mins.


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52. VTOLUAVsVTOLUAVsVTOLUAVsVTOLUAVs. The Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) UAVsshouldhavethecapabilityto carrya payloadofupto2000lbs,enduranceupto12hrsandarangeofatleast100nm.ThepayloadsshouldincludeaSyntheticApertureRadar(SAR),EO/IRsensors,communicationrelay,COMINT,SIGINT,ELINTpayloads.

53. UnmannedCombatAirVehicles(UCAVs)UnmannedCombatAirVehicles(UCAVs)UnmannedCombatAirVehicles(UCAVs)UnmannedCombatAirVehicles(UCAVs).Unmannedvehiclescapableofengagingtargetsarealreadyontheanvil. TechnologiestoprovidetheUAVswith light weight weapons having precision strike capability would provideoperational flexibility. The UCAVs should evolve into full mission capableplatforms,withtheabilitytocarryandreleaseprecisionguidedmunitions.Thesewouldminimisecollateraldamagewhichwillbeanimportantcriteriainallfutureconflicts.TheseweaponsshouldhaveaCEPof3metresorless.AerostatsAerostatsAerostatsAerostats54. A less costly alternative for surveillance and communication needs thathas emerged is a high altitude Aerostat. In future, instead of the anchoredsystems,wecouldthinkofmobileAerostats.Itisalsopossibletohaveasmallersystemofaerostats,whichactascommunicationrelayfacilityforanetworkofsensors.Also,AerostatswithElectronicIntelligence(ELINT)andCommunicationIntelligence(COMINT)payloadsareessential.AerospaceAerospaceAerospaceAerospace

55. SatellitesSatellitesSatellitesSatellites. With miniaturisation, the future trends should be towardssmaller satellites. In fact, a network of satellites capable of working togethershouldbecapableofseeingamovingtargetonthegroundoratseaanywherein

the world. With the advent of anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) a concept ofwatchdogsatellitestoguardothersatellitescouldalsobeexplored.56. Satellites are being utilised for meeting reconnaissance, surveillance,meteorological, navigation, SAR and communication requirements. Newprogrammesarerequiredtoencompassgrowingneedsofdata-intensivemodernweaponsystems.Areasthatmeritspecialconcernare:-

(a) CommunicationsCommunicationsCommunicationsCommunications. SATCOM would bethe conjoint medium usingtechnologyforbroadbandcommunication.Suchasystemistoalsocaterforcriticalredundancies(duringcontingency).

(b) MeteorologyMeteorologyMeteorologyMeteorology. Geo-stationary satellite and constellation of LEOsatellites for near real-time high resolution weather data are required.DataprocessingfacilitywithinIAFforprocessingMetdatafromKALPANA,INSAT 3D, OCEANSAT and MEGHA TROPIQUE meteorology satellitesand generating various meteorological products would be required forweatherforecasting.(c) Satelliteswithimprovedsensors,resolutionandrevisitschedules.


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EnvironmentFriendlyEnvironmentFriendlyEnvironmentFriendlyEnvironmentFriendlyTechnologiesTechnologiesTechnologiesTechnologies57. TheIndianArmedForceshaveadoptedinnovativeapproachestoreducethe carbon footprint and promote eco-friendly systems in establishments andenvironment friendly technologies to conserve nature. The Armed Forces arelookingforeco-friendlysolar,windandelectricpowerandpropulsionsystemsaswellasHybridMarinePower(HMP)systems(forthemaritimedomain)whicharecapable of lowering fuel consumption, reduce pollution and better energyefficientwhilehelpingvesselstooperatequietly.

LANLANLANLANDWARFAREDWARFAREDWARFAREDWARFARE

58. An overview of technology requirements for land warfare to achieve thedesiredcapabilitiesarecoveredinthesucceedingparagraphs.Therequirementsaredynamicinnatureandbeviewedasanindicativeguideonly.

59. Future Combat SystemsFuture Combat SystemsFuture Combat SystemsFuture Combat Systems. The future combat systems including battletanks and infantry combat vehicles must be highly maneuverable and haveenhanced protection against various forms of threats, namely, tanks, anti-tankguided missiles, armed attack helicopters and anti-armour mines. Othertechnologies which are necessitated so as to enhance the vital ingredients ofmobility,lethalityandsurvivabilityare:-

(a) MobilityMobilityMobilityMobility. Compact power packs and electro mechanical drivesand advanced suspension systems remain the primary concerns. Theplatform be capable of operating not only on land but also have an

amphibiouscapability.(b) LethalityLethalityLethalityLethality. Theimperativeare:-

(i) Developmentofelectronic guns exceedingmuzzlevelocitiesofconventionaltubes.(ii) HighvelocityKineticEnergyammunitionalongwithchemical,HighExplosiveAntiTankandthermo-baricmunitions/missiles.(iii) Trajectory Correction munitions systems that would provide

enhancedaccuracyandlethality. (iv) Advancedfirecontrolsystems.(c) SurvivabilitySurvivabilitySurvivabilitySurvivability. Smaller and more compact armoured vehiclescoupled with effective signature management to enhance survivabilityalongwithprotectionandcounter-measuresystems.

60. Guns,RocketsandMissileSystemsGuns,RocketsandMissileSystemsGuns,RocketsandMissileSystemsGuns,RocketsandMissileSystems.Theneedisforlongrangesystemswithhigheraccuraciesandlethality.RadarbasedTrajectoryCorrectionSystems


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withinertialnavigationsystemsremainessentialfeatures.Anti-missileactiveandpassiveseekerdefencetechnologiesforsupersoniccruisemissiles,shortrangemissilesandlongrangesub-soniccruisemissilesarealsosought.61. RoboticsRoboticsRoboticsRobotics. Robots to assist troops in combat for tasks such assurveillance, reconnaissance, anti mine and anti IED role, urban area combatandcasualtyextractionetc.

62. BioBioBioBio----TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology. The bio-technological R&D should be extended todevelopmentof biodegradable ammunition which causes minimum damage totheenvironment,lighterfoodandfuelforcarriagebyindividualcombatants,andbio production mechanisms to enable soldiers to generate food, fuel andmaterials from raw materials in the field, allowing for extended operation inremoteareas.63. NonNonNonNon----LethalWeaponsLethalWeaponsLethalWeaponsLethalWeapons.Sub-lethalordisablingmilitarytechnologysuitableinanurbanorcomplexenvironment.Importantareasofresearchinthisfieldcouldbe:-

(a) StunGrenadesStunGrenadesStunGrenadesStunGrenades.Lowimpactgrenadeswhichcanstunorimmobiliseadversaries.(b) OpticalWeaponsOpticalWeaponsOpticalWeaponsOpticalWeapons.Opticalmunitionstocripplesensorsanddazzle,ifnotblind,soldiers.(c) AcousticWeaponsAcousticWeaponsAcousticWeaponsAcousticWeapons.Weaponsthatemitsonicfrequenciestocausesensationsasdisorientation,debilitatingdizzinessandmotionsicknessornausea,asalsogeneratingvibrationsofbodyorgans,resultinginextremepainorseizures.

MARITIMEMARITIMEMARITIMEMARITIME

64. The full rangeof operationsin whicha nationsmaritimeforcesmaybeinvolved isextremelywide, includinghigh intensitywar fightingat oneextremeanddisasterreliefoperationsattheother.Thisbroadrangeofoperationscanbebroken into distinct roles each demanding a specific approach to conduct ofoperations (Military, Diplomatic, Constabulary and Benign Roles). Based onthese,thecapabilityroadmapisdrawnup.Apartfromthetechnologieslisted

above, the technologies required by the Indian Armed Forces in the maritimedomainareappendedinthesucceedingparagraphs.65. Technologyfordevelopmentoffollowingcapabilitieswouldbesignificantformaritimewarfare:-

(a) Ship launched / recovered UAVs and UCAVs with integratedradars/IR/LASER/videosurveillancesystem.(b) LASERbasedwakedetectioncapability.


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(c) Lowfrequencytransducersforunderwaterdetection.(d) Surface-to-Subsurfacestrikecapabilitiescomprisingdevelopmentoflong, short and medium range super-cavitating torpedoes, with activehomingheads.(e) Developmentofshipfittedgunsandmountingswithlimitedsurfaceattackcapabilitytoengageunarmedmerchantshipping,beachsoftening,AntiAirDefence,IncludingtheCIWSgunmountscapableofengagingthelow flying sea skimming missiles, with Fire Control Systems for targetacquisitionandtargetidentification.(f) ImprovedammunitionwithlimitedprecisionguidanceforincreasingtherangeandlethalityofSR/MRguns.(g) Towed array, variable depth and seabed surveillance sonarsystems.(h) DevelopmentofhigheraccuracyRLGbasedINSsystems.

66. Laser CommunicationsLaser CommunicationsLaser CommunicationsLaser Communications. Laser communications could be adopted infuture to achieve two-way real-time communications with submarines atoperationaldepths. This technologywould also offerexchange ofdata at veryhighrate.67. Amphibious AircraftAmphibious AircraftAmphibious AircraftAmphibious Aircraft. These need to be developed for missions likeintelligencegathering, HADR,SAR, logisticsandcommunicationduties in fleet

support,alongwithconventionalaircraftcarrier.68. Unmanned Underwater VehiclesUnmanned Underwater VehiclesUnmanned Underwater VehiclesUnmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs)(UUVs)(UUVs)(UUVs). Technology in the field ofunmannedvehiclescanalsobeusedtodevelopUUVswhichcouldbeusedassmall,high-speedsubmarinehunters.Mineclearancewouldbeanothersuitableapplicationforthem.ThenextgenerationofsubmarinescouldcarryanumberofUUVs capable of penetrating shallow rivers or canals while the mothersubmarine lies safely out in deeper water. The UUVs could also be used asforwardsensors,asameanstodetectminefieldsorasweaponcarriers.69. Underwater SurveillanceUnderwater SurveillanceUnderwater SurveillanceUnderwater Surveillance. The thrust in future should be towardsdevelopmentofadvancedsonars.Inthelongerterm,itmaybepossibletodepictobjectsinthreedimensionsusinglasertechnology.Underwaterradarforcloserangesurveillanceisalsobeingconsideredbysomeadvancednavies.70. AirborneASWAirborneASWAirborneASWAirborneASW. Improved underwater multi-spectral detection,localisation, and identification with an emphasis on passive methods; remoteinterrogation andpropagation of unattendedASW sensor fields; andimproveddata-linkcapability forsharingASW information anddatawith submarines andsurfaceships.


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71. AirAirAirAir----LaunchedLaunchedLaunchedLaunchedWeaponagainstUnderseaThreatsWeaponagainstUnderseaThreatsWeaponagainstUnderseaThreatsWeaponagainstUnderseaThreats. DevelopadvancedprecisiondeliveryASWweaponsforall-altitudeattackoftargetatanydepthandatlongrangeswithhighsuccesscriteria.Theweaponswouldneedtobe light-weight, perform engagements at high speeds and be equipped withintelligence,loiterandselfdetectioncapabilities.72. TrainingTrainingTrainingTraining. Development of simulators and 3D walk-through model ofshipsusingvirtualrealitytoprovideshipscrewbetterandrealistictraining.73. TetheredandExpendableBuoyTetheredandExpendableBuoyTetheredandExpendableBuoyTetheredandExpendableBuoy.Thistechnologyneedstobedevelopedtoachievetacticalcommunicationswithunderwaterplatforms.

MarineEngineeringMarineEngineeringMarineEngineeringMarineEngineering74. Majorequipmentandsystemssuchaspropulsionplants,prime-moversforpower generation, air conditioning and refrigeration plants employed onboardshipsneedtobespecificallydesignedformarineapplicationormarinisedfromcommercialmodels.75. Engineering equipment have been broadly tabulated into followingcategoriesforhighlightingtherequirements:-

(a) MainPropulsionEquipment.

(b) PrimeMoversforPowerGenerationEquipment.

(c) AuxiliaryEquipment.

(d) MachineryControlSystems/Equipment.

(e) MiscellaneousEquipment

76. GasTurbinesGasTurbinesGasTurbinesGasTurbines.... Gasturbines,intherangeof11-15MWand20-25MWarerequiredforfitmentonboardfutureshipsasmainpropulsionunits.Presently,allgasturbinesfittedinnavalshipsareofforeignorigin.Thereisanurgentneedtodevelopindigenousgasturbines.77. DieselEnginesDieselEnginesDieselEnginesDieselEngines....Dieselenginesintherangeof1-7MWareusedasmainpropulsionunits.Theprimaryrequirementisforlownoiselevels,highavailability

and reliability. Indigenous manufacture / development of high power dieselenginestonavalspecificationswillgreatlyreduceourdependenceonimports.Inadditiontoabovethefollowingspecificrequirementsalsoexist:-

(a) MotorBoatEnginesMotorBoatEnginesMotorBoatEnginesMotorBoatEngines....TheSurveymotorBoats(SMB)andtheRigidInflatableBoats(RIBs)arepoweredbydieselenginesinthepowerrangeof100-250HP.Theseenginesarerequiredtobelightweightandruggedindesign and having a high Mean Time between Overhaul / Failures(MTBO/MTBF). The survey motorboats are operated at sea for 8 to 10hourscontinuously.


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(b) NonMagneticEnginesNonMagneticEnginesNonMagneticEnginesNonMagneticEngines.Theminesweepingvesselsarefittedwithnon-magnetic 250HP engines. Presently, no indigenous diesel enginemanufacturer is manufacturing non-magnetic engines. Indigenousmanufacturers could enter into strategic tie-ups with reputed foreignmanufacturers of Non Magnetic diesel engines to develop indigenouscompetence and capability in this field for meeting requirements of theNavy.

78. GearboxGearboxGearboxGearbox.Gearboxgeneratednoiseisamajorfactorintheoverallunderwaternoisesignatureofship.Indigenousdevelopmentofultralownoisegearboxtoachievequieteroperationsistheneedofthehour.PrimeMoversforGeneratorsPrimeMoversforGeneratorsPrimeMoversforGeneratorsPrimeMoversforGenerators79. Diesel Engines, Steam Turbines and Gas Turbine Prime MoversDiesel Engines, Steam Turbines and Gas Turbine Prime MoversDiesel Engines, Steam Turbines and Gas Turbine Prime MoversDiesel Engines, Steam Turbines and Gas Turbine Prime Movers....Indigenousdevelopment/licensedproductionofdieselengineandgasturbineprime movers in the higher power range (1 to 3 MW) will enable importsubstitutionandalsoprovidepromptandreliableproductsupportfortheNavy.MachineryControlSystemsMachineryControlSystemsMachineryControlSystemsMachineryControlSystems80. MachineryControlSystemsMachineryControlSystemsMachineryControlSystemsMachineryControlSystems....Thedesignofallmachinerycontrolsystemsforfutureshipbuildingprogrammesarebeingevolvedaroundopenarchitecturestandards.This will ensureindigenous availability ofcore hardware aswell assoftwareofmachinerycontrolsonallnewconstructionships.Forexistingships,conversiontoindigenousequivalentdesignshavebeenplannedforafewclassofshipsinthenext10yearsandidentificationofsuitabledesignsisinprogress.

81. EngineeringInstrumentationEngineeringInstrumentationEngineeringInstrumentationEngineeringInstrumentation.... DMESpecificationshavebeenformulatedfor indigenisation and standardisation of all engineering instrumentation(Pressure gauges, 4-20mA gauges, pressure / temperature switches etc).Compliance to DME specs is mandatory for supplying instrumentation for thenew construction ships and progressive replacement of the importedinstrumentation-fitfortheshipsincommission.AuxiliaryEquipmentAuxiliaryEquipmentAuxiliaryEquipmentAuxiliaryEquipment82. Shafting/ControllablePitchPropellers(CPP)Shafting/ControllablePitchPropellers(CPP)Shafting/ControllablePitchPropellers(CPP)Shafting/ControllablePitchPropellers(CPP). At present, someheadway has been made in indigenous development of Fixed Pitch Propellershafting systems withforeign collaborationwherethecritical componentssuchasPropeller,SternTubeBushes,ABracketBushes,PlummerBlockbearingsare still being imported. There is need to indigenously develop CPP shaftingsystemswith agreater indigenouscontentof criticalcomponentsfor the futureindigenousshipconstructionprojects.83. Propeller Shaft Sealing ArrangementsPropeller Shaft Sealing ArrangementsPropeller Shaft Sealing ArrangementsPropeller Shaft Sealing Arrangements.... Shaft sealing devices arerequiredtopreventingressofseawaterthroughthesterntube.Atpresent,theseshaftsealsarebeingimportedfromforeignfirmsviz.DeepSeaSeals,UKetc.


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Thereisaneedtodevelopreliableindigenousglandsealingarrangementfortheshaftingsystemofthenewconstructionshipsandalsoforreplacingtheimportedassembliesinstalledonexistingshipsasandwhendueforrenewal.

84. Stabilisers/Steering GearsStabilisers/Steering GearsStabilisers/Steering GearsStabilisers/Steering Gears.... These constitute hydraulically poweredstabilizers / steering systems with digital controls adapted for Naval warshipapplications. The systems include high pressure hydraulics including variabledelivery pumps, hydraulic manipulators and rams having predominantly highprecision high reliability hydraulic components. Presently, all critical hydraulicitems (hydraulic pumps & control valvesetc) and controls arebeing imported.Indigenousexpertiseinthisfieldisyet toconsolidateandmaybefacilitatedbytechnicaltie-upswithreputedforeignmanufacturers.85. PropulsionSystemIntegrationPropulsionSystemIntegrationPropulsionSystemIntegrationPropulsionSystemIntegration.... Navalshipsarepoweredwithsuitablepropulsion plants to meet the specified targets of speed, endurance, andmaneuverabilityaspertheirenvisagedroles.Thepropulsionplantcouldconsistof a Diesel Engine, Gas or Steam Turbine or combination of these. In-depthstudiesare required for selectionand integrationof the PrimeMover, Gearboxandshaftingarrangementfor evolving aneffective propulsionsystem tomatchships hull and tonnage. The propulsionsystem designand integration studiesarepresentlybeingsub-contractedtoforeignshipdesignersandvendors.Withalarge number of indigenous shipbuilding programmes envisaged in the future,there is a need for the Indian industry to acquire adequate expertise and in-house competence in propulsion system machinery selection, design andintegration studies. Diesel-electric propulsion of ships and Integrated ElectricPropulsionGeneratoraresuchcriticalareaswherethetechnologyneedstobeharnessedbytheindustryinfuture.

86. AirConditioningandReAirConditioningandReAirConditioningandReAirConditioningandRefrigerationPlantsfrigerationPlantsfrigerationPlantsfrigerationPlants.... Airconditioningplantsinthenavyrangefrom30tonsto500tonscapacity.AlthoughIndianmanufacturersarecapable of supplying the higher range AC plants, the import content for suchplantsisintheorderof50-70%.Also,inthelightofIMOregulationsforphasingoutofozonedepletingCFCs,thereisrequirementtoconvertexistingR-11plantstooperateonR-22refrigerant.Indigenousindustryhasalargeroletoplayindeveloping associated technologies for converting AC plants to run on R-22 /non-CFC based refrigerants. Also, there is a requirement to indigenouslydevelopscrewcompressorsforhighercapacityACplants.

87. AirConditioningandVentilationSystemsforShipsAirConditioningandVentilationSystemsforShipsAirConditioningandVentilationSystemsforShipsAirConditioningandVentilationSystemsforShips. TheNavyhasnowtransformedfromtheearlierconventionalchange-oversystemtoamuchmoresecure and advanced methodology of TACS (Total Atmospheric ControlSystem).ATACSsystemshipisalwaysunderanoverpressureascomparedtotheatmosphereandairisconstantlybeingsuppliedthroughAirFiltrationUnits.WhilsttheHVACsystemisdesignedbyINdesignorganization,theneedofthehouristohaveindigenousvendorswhoarecapableofcarryingouttheHVACdesign implementation on turn-key basis onboard IN ships, which necessarilyinvolves the work on trunkings, installation, trials, commissioning, proving ofsystem and post-commissioning support. The scope of work also involvesinterfacing HVAC with the ships chilled water system. The HVAC equipment


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manufacturers should introduce modern technologies while also evolvingcompactnessinsizeandreductioninweight.88. HPAirCompressorsHPAirCompressorsHPAirCompressorsHPAirCompressors....AirCompressorsareemployedonboardforvarietyof requirements. The capacity, pressure and quality of discharged air isdependent on the end use. There exists a large inventory of Soviet origincompressorsofvaryingdischargepressure(200to400bar)andcapacity(upto100cubicmt/hour)andthereisamplescopeforindigenoussubstitutioninthisfield.89. Control Air CompressorsControl Air CompressorsControl Air CompressorsControl Air Compressors.... In order to provide oil and moisture-free airrequired for operation of machinery controls, servo air compressors of importorigin are fitted onboard various ships. Ample scope exists for indigenousmanufacturers to meet the requirements of new construction ships andreplacementofimportedcompressorsforshipsincommission.90. DesalinationandROPlantsDesalinationandROPlantsDesalinationandROPlantsDesalinationandROPlants....Allmarinevessels,largeandsmall,requireequipment for producing potable water for domestic consumption. In addition,there isalso a requirement of desalination plants toproduce highpurity waterwith maximumchloride content of 1 PPM for useasboilerfeed water, aircraftservicesandbatteryfluidforsubmarinebatteries.TheReverseOsmosisplantsarebeingprocuredfromasingleindigenoussource,whichalsohaslargeimportcontent. There is a requirement to develop additional indigenous sources ofsupplyoftheROplantswithconsiderablereductioninimportcontent.

91. CentrifugesCentrifugesCentrifugesCentrifuges.... A large number of Russian Origin Lube Oil and Fuelcentrifugesarepresentlyinuseonboardships.Effortsneedtobeputtoidentify/developindigenoussourcesformanufacturingoflubeoilcentrifugesofcapacity

1000to4000litresperhourasreplacementforSoviet-origincentrifuges.92. Centrifugal PumpsCentrifugal PumpsCentrifugal PumpsCentrifugal Pumps.... Fire pumps, AC and Ref plant seawater pumps,dewateringpumps,andfreshwaterpumpsofRussianoriginarefittedonships.Thesepumpsareofdischargepressurerangingfrom2kgf/cmto12kgf/cmandcapacity10tonsperhourto250tonsperhour.Indigenoussubstitutesofthesepumps are being developed through reputed Indian pump manufacturers. Thevolumes involved are quite substantial and should prove attractive for moreIndian industry players to venture and meet the growing demands for newconstructionshipsandreplacementforimportedpumpsonexistingships.

93. Gear/Gear/Gear/Gear/ Screw Type PumpsScrew Type PumpsScrew Type PumpsScrew Type Pumps.... Gear and Screw pumps are widely usedonboardforconveyingPOLsandcombustiblefluidsduetotheirlessturbulentpumping action. Given the large numbers and diversity of the pumps, there isamplescopeformanufacturerstoventureinthisfield.94. HPAirandHydraulicSystemValvesHPAirandHydraulicSystemValvesHPAirandHydraulicSystemValvesHPAirandHydraulicSystemValves....Airandhydraulicsystemvalvesforhigh-pressureapplication(upto400bar)arenotavailableindigenouslyandarebeingimportedfromUKandRussiaforalltheindigenousshipbuildingprojects.ThesecouldbetakenupfordevelopmentbyIndianvalvemanufacturers.


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95. SeaWaterSystemValvesSeaWaterSystemValvesSeaWaterSystemValvesSeaWaterSystemValves.... Seawatersystemvalvesarewidelyusedinthe critical systems of ships. There is a recurring demand for valves in largenumbers of sizes 25 mm to 250 mm. Navy has specified Nickel AluminiumBronze(NAB)valves for sea watersystems.This relativelylow technology buthighvolumefieldpresentsanattractiveopportunityfortheindustrytostep-inandsupplyreliableandqualityproductsforNavyscurrentandfuturerequirements.MiscellaneousEquipmentMiscellaneousEquipmentMiscellaneousEquipmentMiscellaneousEquipment96. Fire FightersFire FightersFire FightersFire Fighters Thermal Imaging CameraThermal Imaging CameraThermal Imaging CameraThermal Imaging Camera.... Thermal Imaging Cameras(TICs)areusedonboardshipsbyFireFightersforlocatingthesourceoffireinsmoke-filled compartments and also to locate trapped personnel. Presently,Thermal Imaging Cameras are being imported and there is a requirement todevelopthemindigenously.97. CannedMotorPumpsCannedMotorPumpsCannedMotorPumpsCannedMotorPumps.OwingtoadvantageslikehighMTBO/MTBF,lownoiseandcompactsize,leak-freeandvirtuallynilmaintenance,INisconsideringthe induction of Canned Motor Pumps for new construction ships and as areplacementofexistingcentrifugalpumpsonboardtheshipsincommission.Therequirementwould be from 02Kgf/Cm2 to 12Kgf/Cm2and capacity 02 TPH to250TPH.Amplescopeexitsforpumpmanufacturersinthisfield.98. Magnetic BearingCompressorsACPlantMagnetic BearingCompressorsACPlantMagnetic BearingCompressorsACPlantMagnetic BearingCompressorsACPlant. In pursuance to the Navy'sendeavourtoinductlowABN/SBNandhighMTBOequipment,INisconsideringthe induction of magnetic bearing compressor chillers (AC plants), usingenvironmentfriendly134A(nonCFC)refrigerantsfornewconstructionshipsandexistingplatformsasreplacementofconventionalACplantsfrom60TRto250TRcapacity. Ample scope exists for AC plant suppliers providing solution on this

contemporary technology based equipment with long term product supportperspective.

99. ScrewScrewScrewScrew CompressorsCompressorsCompressorsCompressors. The AC compressors are all traditionallyreciprocating type and maintenance intensive. AC plants with screwcompressors have now been inducted on new construction ships and asreplacementofreciprocatingcompressorsonexistingshipsduetoadvantagesoflowSBN/ABNlevelsandhighMTBO.ThereisamplescopeofACplantswithscrewcompressorsincapacityrangeof40TRto200TR.100. Protective SuitsProtective SuitsProtective SuitsProtective Suits. The Navy has a requirement of Nuclear, Biological,ChemicalprotectivesuitsforusebypersonnelinaCBRNenvironment.Thesuitsshould be of reusable type with preferably, spherical carbon absorbed basedtechnology. Also suits with non-woven / woven carbon fibres are acceptablesubjecttotheconditionthattheymeetalluserrequirements.Presently,onlytheDRDOisintheprocessofdevelopingre-usablesuits.Indigenousmanufactureofthesuitswithtechnicalcollaborationfromestablishedmanufacturerswouldservethelargerequirementsofallthethreeservices.101. Fire Fighters Protective ClothingFire Fighters Protective ClothingFire Fighters Protective ClothingFire Fighters Protective Clothing. There is a requirement to developNomex based fire fighters approach suits for use onboard ships during fire


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fighting operations. The Nomex based protective suit should meet the Navalrequirements, which are based on EN 469, an International Standard for fireprotectiveclothing.102. Acoustic EnclosuresAcoustic EnclosuresAcoustic EnclosuresAcoustic Enclosures.... With increasing emphasis on stealth, Navy isengaged in finding ways and means to attenuate the radiated noise levels.Acoustic enclosures are one of the ways to suppress the airborne noise toacceptablelevels.SuitablymarinisedversionsofCOTSacousticenclosurescanbereadilyadaptedforauxiliarymachinery.103. Infrared (IR) Suppression DevicesInfrared (IR) Suppression DevicesInfrared (IR) Suppression DevicesInfrared (IR) Suppression Devices.... Significant improvements in IR-sensing devices make ships increasingly vulnerable to IR detection and IR-seekingmissiles.ThereisaneedtodevelopIRsuppressiondevicestoreduceIR signatures of the ships and increase their survivability. These includesuppression devices forexhaustgasesfromGas TurbinesandDieselEnginesandactivehullcoolingsystemsforreducingsolarheatingofthehull.ThisisapracticallyunexploredfieldfortheindustryandtheycanworkinconsultationwiththeDRDOorganisationforaninitiationintoIRsuppressionsystems.HullSystemsHullSystemsHullSystemsHullSystems104. The futuristic technologies for hull systems must incorporate stealthdesign, long lasting paints, preservation technologies and improved hullsignaturemanagement.

ElectricalEngineeringElectricalEngineeringElectricalEngineeringElectricalEngineering105. The indigenous production of the under mentioned Electrical/ Electronicequipmentneedsexamination:-

(a) GyrosGyrosGyrosGyros.... TillrecentlyallWestern&RussiangyrosinusebyIndianNavy worked on the principle of rotating mass for angular measurementreference.However,presentlytheNavyisinductingnewgenerationgyroslikeRingLaserGyros(RLG).ThesearebeingprocuredfromabroadandNavywouldliketohaveindigenousmanufacturingofsuchgyrosbasedonlatesttechnology(likeRLGorfiberoptics)tobeavailableinIndiaforbettersystemavailabilityandproductsupport.

(b) LogsLogsLogsLogs.... Navy is using Logs to obtain ships speed based on

electromagnetic measurement concept and these Logs are required togiveahighaccuracyforintegrationwithvariousweaponcontrolsystemsandfornavigation.IndigenousdevelopmentofmodernlogsandtheirdatatransmissionunitsisthusrequiredtobeundertakencompletelyinIndia.

(c) EchoSounderEchoSounderEchoSounderEchoSounder....TheEchoSoundersplayanimportantroleindepthsounding especially for safe navigation. Navy is looking for modernindigenousEchoSounders,whichcanbenetworkedwithshipsdatabussystemforreal-timeinformationavailability.


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(d) Microprocessor Based ACBsMicroprocessor Based ACBsMicroprocessor Based ACBsMicroprocessor Based ACBs.... Microprocessor based releasemechanismfortheACBshavebeenintroducedoflate,andthereisaneedtoindigenisethese.

(e) Static Frequency ConvertersStatic Frequency ConvertersStatic Frequency ConvertersStatic Frequency Converters.... The required specific secondarysuppliesforsystemslikegyros&radarsarederivedfromtheshipsmainsupplies by using separate rotary frequency converters which haveinherentmaintenanceproblemsduetomovingpartsalongwithEMI/EMCproblems. Static frequency converters are better suited for suchapplicationsandneedtobedesignedanddeveloped.

(f) New Generation Zero Maintenance BatteriesNew Generation Zero Maintenance BatteriesNew Generation Zero Maintenance BatteriesNew Generation Zero Maintenance Batteries.... Advancedgeneration maintenance free batteries with high cranking amps & highdeepdischargecapabilityneedtobeintroducedassuitablereplacementforleadacidbatteries.

(g) AutomatedPower ManagementSystem(APMS)AutomatedPowerManagementSystem(APMS)AutomatedPowerManagementSystem(APMS)AutomatedPowerManagementSystem(APMS).... APMSisanewsystem being planned for induction by Navy. There is however notechnology for such systems within the country. In order to exploit theautomation in power generation and distribution systems, such systemsare going to be installed onboard all future warships and need to beindigenised.

(h) ModemsModemsModemsModems....Navysfuturerequirementwouldincludeincorporationofhigh speed online data & voice encryption/ decryption devices in theexistingSATCOMsystemsinordertoobtainmessagesecurity.

(j) Electronic ChartDisplaysElectronicChartDisplaysElectronicChartDisplaysElectronicChartDisplays.... Thereisaneedtohaveproductionof

the ECDIS systems in India along with training to enhance navigationalsafetyofships.

(k) Command & Control SystemCommand & Control SystemCommand & Control SystemCommand & Control System.... Command, Control, andCommunication(C3)systemisaninformationsystem,whichincorporatesstrategicandtacticalsystemslikeacombatdirectionsystem,tacticaldatasystem,orwarningandcontrolsystemwithassociatedhumanfunctions.C3systemsarerequiredtobedevelopedtoincorporatefollowingareasinsupportofcommandersengagedincommandandcontrol:-

(i) ReconnaissanceandSurveillance.

(ii) EnvironmentalObservationandForecasting.

(iii) IntelligenceAnalysis.

(iv) ElectronicWarfare.

(v) Navigation.

(vi) IntegrationandManagement.


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(vii) StrategicandTacticalWeaponsDeployment.

(viii) LogisticsandSupply.

(l) Development of Indigenous High Speed Data Link for CAIODevelopment of Indigenous High Speed Data Link for CAIODevelopment of Indigenous High Speed Data Link for CAIODevelopment of Indigenous High Speed Data Link for CAIO....RequirementexiststoidentifyindigenoussourcescapableofdevelopmentoffuturisticHighSpeedDataLinksforU/VHFandLBandoperations.

(m) Multifunction Consoles (MFC)MultifunctionConsoles(MFC)MultifunctionConsoles(MFC)MultifunctionConsoles(MFC).... MFCsneedtobeproductionisedwithinthecountryforbettersystemavailabilityandproductsupport.(n) LBTSLBTSLBTSLBTS. New construction ships have a plethora of sensors andweapons from diverse sources, which are required to be integratedtogetherwithCombatManagementSystemsandDataNetworksonboard.TheNavyislookingtowardsvendorscapableofdevelopmentoftestbedswhere ship borne systems could be integrated and de-risked priorattemptingintegrationonboard.

SubmarineSubmarineSubmarineSubmarinessss106. SubmarineEquipmentandSystemsSubmarineEquipmentandSystemsSubmarineEquipmentandSystemsSubmarineEquipmentandSystems.Submarineequipmentandsystemsarerequiredtoconformtostricterand superiormaterialand quality standards.Additionally, future developments in the field of stealth like RCS reduction byRAM/RAP,noisereduction,signaturemanagementetchavealargeapplicationonthesubmarinesandaffect theiroperations.Thereisalso aneedtodevelopthecapabilityformanufactureofsubmarinepropulsionsystemsaswellastheFireControlSystemanditsintegrationwiththetorpedotubes.

107. AntiAntiAntiAnti----Air WeaponsAir WeaponsAir WeaponsAir Weapons. Submarine Launched Surface-to-Air missiles arebeing developed by some advanced Navies. This weapon provides a viabledefencetoasubmarinefromASWHelos.Similarlyahoistable,mast-mountedgunforsubmarinescouldbeavitalpartofasubmarinesweaponfitinthefuture.108. SuperSuperSuperSuper----Cavitating TorpedoesCavitating TorpedoesCavitating TorpedoesCavitating Torpedoes. Developments in the domain high speedSuper-cavitatingtorpedoesarelikelytodefinetherealmofunderwaterwarfareinthefuture.Connectedtothiswillalsobethedevelopmentofcountermeasuresagainstthesuper-cavitatingweapons.


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CHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTER3333

CAPABILITYCAPABILITYCAPABILITYCAPABILITYROADMAPROADMAPROADMAPROADMAP


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CAPABILITIESENVISAGEDCAPABILITIESENVISAGEDCAPABILITIESENVISAGEDCAPABILITIESENVISAGED1. The existing and emerging security scenario, both global and regional,requirestheArmedForcestomaintainahighdegreeofpreparednessacrosstheentirespectrumofconflict.IdentifyinganddevelopingthecapabilitiesrequiredbytheArmedForcestomaintainthedecisiveedgewillbethecornerstoneoffuturedefence planning. Thetremendousadvancement intechnologyas well astherapidlyevolvingscenariointhesecurityenvironmentrequiresawellthoughtoutcapability road map, adequatelysupported by technology, to achieve optimumcombatpreparedness.Achievingself-relianceinprovidingthedesiredcapabilityrequiresqualityaswellasquantity.Capacity-buildingisthereforeanequallybigchallenge. Achieving both capability and capacity will be possible only withproperplanningandensuringthataclearandcoherentwayaheadisunderstoodbyallstakeholderstoachieveoptimumutilisationofscarceresources.Synergybetween the Ministry of Defence, including the Armed Forces, the DRDO andindustry is essential to identify and achieve the desired results. The ability toachievethisthroughindigenousmeansshouldbeanationalendeavour.

2. Theeffectiveharnessingofthescientificandtechnologicallytrainedpoolofmanpower, the R&D skillsand the technologicalexpertiseavailablewiththepublicandprivatesectorwouldbethekeytoachievingself-reliance.3. ThischapteraimstoidentifythecurrentcapabilitiesoftheArmedForcesand highlight both, the augmentation of these and development of newcapabilitiestoachievethedesiredlevelofcombatpreparedness.Althoughthisdocument serves to highlight the capability road map for the next 15 years, itmustbeunderstoodthatthisisacontinuousprocessandthedynamicsofthe

evolving national and international scenario will require periodic review andconstantadaptabilityforit tobecomemeaningful.Achievingthedesiredsynergywill require a pro-active approach from all agencies, a clear understanding oftheir constraints and a focussed approach to address these and achieve thedesired progress. Definite timelines, committed finances and constructiveinteractionateverystagewouldbeofessencetoachievethedesiredresults.4. Thecurrentandfuturedesiredcapabilityovera15yearperiodfrom2012to2027,asrequiredbytheIndianArmedForces,isenumeratedbelow.

5. Information SuperiorityInformation SuperiorityInformation SuperiorityInformation Superiority. Information Superiority (IS) encompasses thecapabilitiesofIntelligence,Surveillance,TargetAcquisitionandReconnaissance(ISTAR) and Command, Control, Communications and Computers (C4) toacquire and assimilate information needed to dominate and neutralise theadversaryandeffectivelyemployownforces . ThiswillrequireIStoincludethecapabilityfornearreal-timeawarenessofthelocationsandactivitiesofbothownandenemyforcesthroughoutthebattlespace.Italsoincludesaseamless,robustC4 network connecting all own forces to provide a common picture of thebattlespace.Thecapabilityofinformationwarfareisalsoneededtoaffectenemyinformation systems while protecting ones own. Operational and functional


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capabilities needed to achieve IS are highlighted later. Pursuing key IStechnologiestodevelopasystemsystemsystemsystem----ofofofof----systemssystemssystemssystemswillpavethewayforachievingIS.

6. NetworkCentricOperationsNetworkCentricOperationsNetworkCentricOperationsNetworkCentricOperations.Airborneplatformswouldoperateinanet-centric environment in co-operation with space-based systems, surface andunderwater platforms and joint assets to provide reliable and realisticintelligence. Communication throughout the battle space will require to besecure,reliableandprovidinginformationinreal-time.AseamlessintegrationofinformationfromintelligenceandsurveillanceresourceswillberequiredtobuildaCommonOperationalPicture.

7. InformationTechnologInformationTechnologInformationTechnologInformationTechnologyyyy.Thesalientcapabilitieswhichmaybeincludedunderthiscategoryareasfollows:-

(a) Existing NetworksExisting NetworksExisting NetworksExisting Networks. The existing networks are varied with a widevarietyofapplicationsrunningonthem.ThereisaconstantrequirementtoenhanceexistingnetworkstokeepwiththelatesttechnologiesandtosupportresourceintenseapplicationslikeVideoConferencing.Moreover,most of the network supports only IPv4. There isneed toprogressivelymigratetoIPv6tobeincoursewiththechangeworldover.(b) IT Security ProductsIT Security ProductsIT Security ProductsIT Security Products. Defence Networks, due to the nature ofinformation resident on them, are always prone to attacks. Certain ITSecurity products like cryptographic tools, firewalls, Anti-virus Solutions,RightManagementSystemetcarealreadybeingutilised.However,sincethe type and methodology of attacks are always changing and rapidlyemerging, there is a constant requirement to upgrade existing tools ordevelopnewproductstoplugvulnerabilities.

(c) SensorNetworksSensorNetworksSensorNetworksSensorNetworks.Applicationsusingsensornetworksneedtobedeveloped to collect, collaborateand disseminate information at a rapidpace. Wireless Sensor Network is an emerging field which has foundvariedapplications,especiallyfortheMilitary.ApplicationsusingSensorNetworks, including underwater sensors need to be explored anddevelopedfurther.(d) Green ITGreen ITGreen ITGreen IT. Currently, a lot ofemphasis is being givenforclimatechangeacrosstheglobe.ITproductswhicharedeveloped/boughtforthearmedforcesshouldbeprogressivelyshiftedtoGreenITproducts.Also,

thereisrequirementtoeffectivelyre-use/disposetheITwastegenerated.Support from industry is required to take back IT waste either forrefurbishmentorfordisposaldependinguponthestatusoftheequipment.(e) CloudComputingCloudComputingCloudComputingCloudComputing.ThistechnologyisbeingharnessedbytheotherDefence Forces as a part of their modernization plans, which will makecommunication and data transfer seamless, secure and fast. All theapplicationsusedbytheDefenceForcescanbehostedintheCloud.ThiswilldrasticallyreduceITcosts.


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8. CommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunication.

(a) StrategicStrategicStrategicStrategic.(i) TerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrialTerrestrial.AnIP/MPLSbasednetworkwithOFCmediacanprovide unlimited bandwidth to naval users. A large numbers ofnaval operational applications are envisaged to be ported on thenetwork.Inaddition,anothernetworkbasedonIP/MPLStechnologyisenvisagedtointerconnectallNavalandCoastGuardusers.Thenetwork would shift, collate and fuse varying data for maritimedomainawareness.(ii) SatelliteSatelliteSatelliteSatellite.Asatellite-basedcommunicationnetworkwithhighdata rate and multiband operation for voice, data and alliedapplicationsforprovidinganextendedcoveragewithinIndianOceanRegion.(iii) VLFVLFVLFVLF.Up-gradationoftheexistingVLFcommunicationsetupand construction of another facility at a stand by location forimprovedcommunicationbetweenshoretosubmarines.

(b) TacticalTacticalTacticalTactical.(i) RadioRadioRadioRadio.Progressivelydigitisetacticaldata-linkbackbonewithcapabilitytotransmit/receivedatauptotheratecommensuratewiththatexistinginthemarket.(ii) CDMAandWiMaxCDMAandWiMaxCDMAandWiMaxCDMA and WiMax. CDMAandOFDMA basedtechnologies

for application in naval operations. These technologies supportservices similar to TDMA viz. Voice, Data and video stream withmuchbetterQoSanddatarates.

(c) Communicationcapabilitieswithhighbandwidthandhighdataratefor voice, data, imagery and video transmissions through VHF/UHF/HFandVLFbandcommunicationnetsandUHFtoKu-bandcommunicationviasatellites.(d) Highdegreeofnetworksecuritywithincreasedlevelsofencryption/decryption capability. Frequency hopping communication sets with high

burstdatatransmissionandsecurespeechencryption.

9. ElectronicWarfareElectronicWarfareElectronicWarfareElectronicWarfare.... ElectronicWarfareisthecapabilitytodisruptanddisruptanddisruptanddisruptanddegrade an enemys defences and protect our own through the use of thedegrade an enemys defences and protect our own through the use of thedegrade an enemys defences and protect our own through the use of thedegrade an enemys defences and protect our own through the use of theelectromaelectromaelectromaelectromagnetic spectrumgnetic spectrumgnetic spectrumgnetic spectrum including directed energy systems. It includes thecapabilityofdeceiving,disruptinganddestroyingthesurveillanceandcommandandcontrolsystemsasalsotheweaponsandsensorsofanenemysintegratedair defence network. It should also include the capability to detect similarattempts by the enemy and initiate countermeasures and also protect own


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systems through redundancy andhardening. The capabilitiesof interest inEWareasfollows:-

(a) State-of-the-artEWsystemsemployingcuttingedgetechnologies.

(b) Amalgamation of EW support systems with advanced informationandcommunicationtechnologies.

(c) Miniaturised EW systems as payloads on UAVs, satellite andAerostats.

(d) EW systems operating in networked environment for enhancedbattlefieldtransparency.

10. MissilesMissilesMissilesMissiles.

(a) AreaMissileDefenceAreaMissileDefenceAreaMissileDefenceAreaMissileDefence....JointAreaMissileDefenceisthecapabilitytouse AD assets of the three services in conjunction with the surveillancesensors of other agencies to detectdetectdetectdetect,,,, track, acquire and destroy incomingtrack, acquire and destroy incomingtrack, acquire and destroy incomingtrack, acquire and destroy incomingtheatre ballistic and cruise missiles.theatre ballistic and cruise missiles.theatre ballistic and cruise missiles.theatre ballistic and cruise missiles. It encompasses the seamless flow ofinformationonmissilelaunchbyspecialisedsurveillancecapabilities,throughtrackingbytheweaponsensorstomissilenegationanddestruction.

(b) TheSurface-to-AirStrikecapabilitiescomprisingbothLongRangeandShortRangeSurface-to-Air Missiles with capabilityto engagethe low flyingseaskimmingmissileswithintegratedfirecontrolsystems.

(c) Surface-to-SurfacestrikecapabilitiescomprisingAnti-ShipSSMs,andLandAttackCruiseMissileswithfire-and-forgethomingheads.

(d) Telemetry systems formonitoring missile flightparametersarecriticalfor operational preparedness and compact, cost-effective, state-of-the-arttelemetrysystemswouldgoalongwayinenhancingthecombatefficiencyoftheArmedForces.

(e) Developmentofmediumrangeandlongrangelandattackandanti-shipmissilesforaircraft,includinglightweight,anti-shipmissiles.

11. CombatIdentificationCombatIdentificationCombatIdentificationCombatIdentification....Inanybattlefieldscenario,itisimperativethatthewarfighterisabletohaveaclearandunambiguousawarenessoftheidentityofallthosepresentinthearea.BeingabletoidentifyFriendfromFoe,asalsotohave a clear picture of all neutrals, is critical for ensuring successfulengagements with optimal utilisation of armament, avoiding fratricidalengagements and minimising collateral damage. Modern technologies insurveillance sensors, communication & computing have enabled the task ofachieving, sharing and maintaining battle-space awareness. However, combatidentificationremainsamajorchallenge.PresentIFFsystemscanatbestenableaconfirmationwhetheracontactisfriendlyornot.Whatisessentialtoknowis,whetheritishostileorneutralasalsoitstype,sizeandotherdetails,ifbattle-


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space awareness is to be truly achieved. This would require