ted talk transcripts

8/11/2019 TED Talk Transcripts

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Glenn Greenwald Why Privacy MattersTags: Government Surveillance, Privacy, JournalismBackground: Glenn Greenwald is an American lawyer and journalist who writes stories on globalsurveillance conducted by USA's National Security Act (NSA and U!'s Government "ommunications#ead$uarters (G"#%& As one o the irst journalists rivy to NSA whistleblower )dward Snowden*sarchives+ he has a uni$ue window into the inner workings o the NSA and Britain's G"#%& A vocaladvocate or civil liberties in the ace o growing ost,-.// authoritarianism+ Greenwald was a natural

outlet or Snowden+ who*d admired his combative writing style in Salon and elsewhere&Since his original Guardian e0os1s o Snowden*s revelations+ 2ulit3er winner Greenwald continues tostoke ublic debate on surveillance and rivacy both in the media+ on 4he 5ntercet+and with his newbook 6No 2lace to #ide7,, and suggests that the there are more shocking revelations to comee was one o the irst reorters to see 8 and write about 8 the )dward Snowden iles+ with theirrevelations about the United States' e0tensive surveillance o rivate citi3ens& 5n this searing talk+Greenwald makes the case or why you need to care about rivacy+ even i you*re 6not doing anythingyou need to hide&9

:// 4here is an entire genre o ;ou4ube videos devoted to an e0erience which 5 am certain thateveryone in this room has had& 5t entails an individual who+ thinking they're alone+ engages in somee0ressive behavior 8 wild singing+ gyrating dancing+ some mild se0ual activity 8 only to discover that+ in

act+ they are not alone+ that there is a erson watching and lurking+ the discovery o which causes them toimmediately cease what they were doing in horror& 4he sense o shame and humiliation in their ace isalable& 5t's the sense o+ 94his is something 5'm willing to do only i no one else is watching&9

: months+ the$uestion o why rivacy matters+ a $uestion that has arisen in the conte0t o a global debate+ enabled by therevelations o )dward Snowden that the United States and its artners+ unbeknownst to the entire world+ hasconverted the 5nternet+ once heralded as an unrecedented tool o liberation and democrati3ation+into anunrecedented 3one o mass+ indiscriminate surveillance&

/:?@ 4here is a very common sentiment that arises in this debate+ even among eole who areuncomortable with mass surveillance+ which says that there is no real harm that comes rom this large,scaleinvasion because only eole who are engaged in bad acts have a reason to want to hide and to care about

their rivacy& 4his worldview is imlicitly grounded in the roosition that there are two kinds o eole in theworld+ good eole and bad eole& Bad eole are those who lot terrorist attacks or who engage in violentcriminality and thereore have reasons to want to hide what they're doing+ have reasons to care about theirrivacy& But by contrast+ good eole are eole who go to work+ come home+ raise their children+ watchtelevision& 4hey use the 5nternet not to lot bombing attacks but to read the news or e0change recies or tolan their kids' ittle eague games+ and those eole are doing nothing wrong and thereore have nothingto hide and no reason to ear the government monitoring them&

?:?- 4he eole who are actually saying that are engaged in a very e0treme act o sel,derecation& hatthey're really saying is+ 95 have agreed to make mysel such a harmless and unthreatening and uninterestingerson that 5 actually don't ear having the government know what it is that 5'm doing&9 4his mindset hasound what 5 think is its urest e0ression in a ?- interview with the longtime ")C o Google+ )ric Schmidt+who+ when asked about all the dierent ways his comany is causing invasions o rivacy or hundreds o

millions o eole around the world+ said this: #e said+ 95 you're doing something that you don't want othereole to know+ maybe you shouldn't be doing it in the irst lace&9

=:/D Now+ there's all kinds o things to say about that mentality+ the irst o which is that the eole whosay that+ who say that rivacy isn't really imortant+ they don't actually believe it+ and the way you know thatthey don't actually believe it is that while they say with their words that rivacy doesn't matter+ with theiractions+ they take all kinds o stes to saeguard their rivacy& 4hey ut asswords on their email and theirsocial media accounts+ they ut locks on their bedroom and bathroom doors+ all stes designed to reventother eole rom entering what they consider their rivate realm and knowing what it is that they don't wantother eole to know& 4he very same )ric Schmidt+ the ")C o Google+ ordered his emloyees at Google tocease seaking with the online 5nternet maga3ine "N)4 ater "N)4 ublished an article ull o ersonal+rivate inormation about )ric Schmidt+ which it obtained e0clusively through Google searches and usingother Google roducts& 4his same division can be seen with the ")C o Eacebook+ Fark uckerberg+ who in

an inamous interview in ?/ ronounced that rivacy is no longer a 9social norm&9 ast year+ Farkuckerberg and his new wie urchased not only their own house but also all our adjacent houses in 2aloAlto or a total o = million dollars in order to ensure that they enjoyed a 3one o rivacy that revented othereole rom monitoring what they do in their ersonal lives&
http://firstlook.org/theintercepthttp://firstlook.org/theintercept


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D: months+ as 5've debated this issue around the world+ every single time somebodyhas said to me+ 95 don't really worry about invasions o rivacy because 5 don't have anything to hide&9 5always say the same thing to them& 5 get out a en+ 5 write down my email address& 5 say+ 9#ere's my emailaddress& hat 5 want you to do when you get home is email me the asswords to all o your emailaccounts+ not just the nice+ resectable work one in your name+ but all o them+ because 5 want to be able tojust troll through what it is you're doing online+ read what 5 want to read and ublish whatever 5 ind

interesting& Ater all+ i you're not a bad erson+ i you're doing nothing wrong+ you should have nothing tohide&9

Not a single erson has taken me u on that oer& 5 check that email account religiously all thetime& 5t's a very desolate lace& And there's a reason or that+ which is that we as human beings+ even thoseo us who in words disclaim the imortance o our own rivacy+ instinctively understand the rooundimortance o it& 5t is true that as human beings+ we're social animals+ which means we have a need or othereole to know what we're doing and saying and thinking+ which is why we voluntarily ublish inormationabout ourselves online& But e$ually essential to what it means to be a ree and ulilled human being is tohave a lace that we can go and be ree o the judgmental eyes o other eole& 4here's a reason why weseek that out+ and our reason is that all o us 8 not just terrorists and criminals+ all o us 8 have things tohide& 4here are all sorts o things that we do and think that we're willing to tell our hysician or our lawyer orour sychologist or our souse or our best riend that we would be mortiied or the rest o the world to

learn& e make judgments every single day about the kinds o things that we say and think and do that we'rewilling to have other eole know+ and the kinds o things that we say and think and do that we don't wantanyone else to know about& 2eole can very easily in words claim that they don't value their rivacy+ but theiractions negate the authenticity o that belie&

H:/ Now+ there's a reason why rivacy is so craved universally and instinctively& 5t isn't just a rele0ivemovement like breathing air or drinking water& 4he reason is that when we're in a state where we can bemonitored+ where we can be watched+ our behavior changes dramatically& 4he range o behavioral otionsthat we consider when we think we're being watched severely reduce& 4his is just a act o human nature thathas been recogni3ed in social science and in literature and in religion and in virtually every ield odisciline& 4here are do3ens o sychological studies that rove that when somebody knows that they mightbe watched+ the behavior they engage in is vastly more conormist and comliant& #uman shame is a veryowerul motivator+ as is the desire to avoid it+ and that's the reason why eole+when they're in a state o

being watched+ make decisions not that are the byroduct o their own agency but that are about thee0ectations that others have o them or the mandates o societal orthodo0y&

@:@ 4his reali3ation was e0loited most owerully or ragmatic ends by the /@th,century hilosoherIeremy Bentham+ who set out to resolve an imortant roblem ushered in by the industrial age+ where+ orthe irst time+ institutions had become so large and centrali3ed that they were no longer able to monitor andthereore control each one o their individual members+ and the solution that he devised was an architecturaldesign originally intended to be imlemented in risons that he called the anoticon+ the rimary attribute owhich was the construction o an enormous tower in the center o the institution where whoever controlledthe institution could at any moment watch any o the inmates+ although they couldn't watch all o them at alltimes& And crucial to this design was that the inmates could not actually see into the anoticon+ into thetower+ and so they never knew i they were being watched or even when& And what made him so e0citedabout this discovery was that that would mean that the risoners would have to assume that they were being

watched at any given moment+ which would be the ultimate enorcer or obedience and comliance& 4he?th,century Erench hilosoher Fichel Eoucault reali3ed that that model could be used not just or risonsbut or every institution that seeks to control human behavior: schools+ hositals+ actories+ worklaces& Andwhat he said was that this mindset+ this ramework discovered by Bentham+ was the key means o societalcontrol or modern+ estern societies+ which no longer need the overt weaons o tyranny 8 unishing orimrisoning or killing dissidents+ or legally comelling loyalty to a articular arty 8 because masssurveillance creates a rison in the mind that is a much more subtle though much more eective means oostering comliance with social norms or with social orthodo0y+ much more eective than brute orce couldever be&

/:H 4he most iconic work o literature about surveillance and rivacy is the George Crwell novel 9/-@D9+which we all learn in school+ and thereore it's almost become a cliche& 5n act+ whenever you bring it u in adebate about surveillance+ eole instantaneously dismiss it as inalicable+ and what they say is+9Ch+ well

in '/-@D'+ there were monitors in eole's homes+ they were being watched at every given moment+ and thathas nothing to do with the surveillance state that we ace&9 4hat is an actual undamental misarehension othe warnings that Crwell issued in 9/-@D&9 4he warning that he was issuing was about a surveillancestate not that monitored everybody at all times+ but where eole were aware that they could be monitored at


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any given moment& #ere is how Crwell's narrator+ inston Smith+ described the surveillance system thatthey aced: 94here was+ o course+ no way o knowing whether you were being watched at any givenmoment&9 #e went on to say+ 9At any rate+ they could lug in your wire whenever they wanted to& ;ou had tolive+ did live+ rom habit that became instinct+ in the assumtion that every sound you made was overheardand e0cet in darkness every movement scrutini3ed&9

//:/> 4he Abrahamic religions similarly osit that there's an invisible+ all,knowing authority who+ because

o its omniscience+ always watches whatever you're doing+ which means you never have a rivatemoment+ the ultimate enorcer or obedience to its dictates&

//:== hat all o these seemingly disarate works recogni3e+ the conclusion that they all reach+ is that asociety in which eole can be monitored at all times is a society that breeds conormity and obedience andsubmission+ which is why every tyrant+ the most overt to the most subtle+ craves that system& "onversely+even more imortantly+ it is a realm o rivacy+ the ability to go somewhere where we can think and reasonand interact and seak without the judgmental eyes o others being cast uon us+ in which creativity ande0loration and dissent e0clusively reside+ and that is the reason why+ when we allow a society to e0ist inwhich we're subject to constant monitoring+ we allow the essence o human reedom to be severely criled&

/?:?- 4he last oint 5 want to observe about this mindset+ the idea that only eole who are doingsomething wrong have things to hide and thereore reasons to care about rivacy+ is that it entrenches two

very destructive messages+ two destructive lessons+ the irst o which is that the only eole who care aboutrivacy+ the only eole who will seek out rivacy+ are by deinition bad eole& 4his is a conclusion that weshould have all kinds o reasons or avoiding+ the most imortant o which is that when you say+9somebodywho is doing bad things+9 you robably mean things like lotting a terrorist attack or engaging in violentcriminality+ a much narrower concetion o what eole who wield ower mean when they say+ 9doing badthings&9 Eor them+ 9doing bad things9 tyically means doing something that oses meaningul challenges tothe e0ercise o our own ower&

/=:?D 4he other really destructive and+ 5 think+ even more insidious lesson that comes rom acceting thismindset is there's an imlicit bargain that eole who accet this mindset have acceted+ and that bargain isthis: 5 you're willing to render yoursel suiciently harmless+ suiciently unthreatening to those who wieldolitical ower+ then and only then can you be ree o the dangers o surveillance& 5t's only those who aredissidents+ who challenge ower+ who have something to worry about& 4here are all kinds o reasons why we

should want to avoid that lesson as well& ;ou may be a erson who+ right now+ doesn't want to engage in thatbehavior+ but at some oint in the uture you might& )ven i you're somebody who decides that you neverwant to+ the act that there are other eole who are willing to and able to resist and be adversarial to thosein ower 8 dissidents and journalists and activists and a whole range o others 8 is something that bringsus all collective good that we should want to reserve& )$ually critical is that the measure o how ree asociety is is not how it treats its good+ obedient+ comliant citi3ens+ but how it treats its dissidents and thosewho resist orthodo0y& But the most imortant reason is that a system o mass surveillance suresses ourown reedom in all sorts o ways& 5t renders o,limits all kinds o behavioral choices without our even knowingthat it's haened& 4he renowned socialist activist Josa u0emburg once said+ 9#e who does not move doesnot notice his chains&9 e can try and render the chains o mass surveillance invisible or undetectable+ butthe constraints that it imoses on us do not become any less otent&

Bruno Giussani: Glenn, thank you. The case is rather convincing, I have to say, but I want to bring you

back to the last 1 months an! to "!war! Snow!en #or a #ew $uestions, i# you !on%t min!. The #irst one is&ersonal to you. 'e have all rea! about the arrest o# your &artner, (avi! )iran!a in *on!on, an! other!i##iculties, but I assume that in terms o# &ersonal engagement an! risk, that the &ressure on you is not thateasy to take on the biggest sovereign organi+ations in the worl!. Tell us a little bit about that.Glenn Greenwald: ;ou know+ 5 think one o the things that haens is that eole's courage in this regardgets contagious+ and so although 5 and the other journalists with whom 5 was working were certainly aware othe risk 8 the United States continues to be the most owerul country in the world and doesn't areciate itwhen you disclose thousands o their secrets on the 5nternet at will 8 seeing somebody who is a ?-,year,old ordinary erson who grew u in a very ordinary environment e0ercise the degree o rinciled couragethat )dward Snowden risked+ knowing that he was going to go to rison or the rest o his lie or that his liewould unravel+ insired me and insired other journalists and insired+ 5 think+ eole around theworld+ including uture whistleblowers+ to reali3e that they can engage in that kind o behavior as well&

BG: I%m curious about your relationshi& with "! Snow!en, because you have s&oken with him a lot, an! youcertainly continue !oing so, but in your book, you never call him "!war!, nor "!, you say Snow!en. -owcomeGG: ;ou know+ 5'm sure that's something or a team o sychologists to e0amine& 5 don't really know& 4he


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Christopher Soghoian Government Surveillance This is Just the BeginningTags: Government Surveillance, Privacy, TechnologyBackground: "hristoher Soghoian is a chamion o digital rivacy rights+ with a articular ocus on therole that third,arty service roviders lay in enabling governments to monitor its citi3ens& As therincial technologist at the American "ivil iberties Union (A"U+ he monitors the intersection oederal surveillance and citi3en's rights& Beore joining the A"U+ he was the irst,ever technologist orthe Eederal 4rade "ommision's Kivision o 2rivacy and 5dentity 2rotection+ where he worked on

investigations o Eacebook+ 4witter+ FySace and Netli0& Soghoian is also the creator o Ko Not 4rack+an anti,tracking device that all major web browers now use&

:// 4he ?// Arab Sring catured the attention o the world& 5t also catured the attention oauthoritarian governments in other countries+ who were worried that revolution would sread& 4o resond+they ramed u surveillance o activists+ journalists and dissidents who they eared would insirerevolution in their own countries& Cne rominent Bahraini activist+ who was arrested and tortured by hisgovernment+ has said that the interrogators showed him transcrits o his telehone calls and te0t messages&

:D/ C course+ it's no secret that governments are able to intercet telehone calls and te0tmessages& 5t's or that reason that many activists seciically avoid using the telehone& 5nstead+ they usetools like Skye+ which they think are immune to intercetion& 4hey're wrong& 4here have now been over thelast ew years an industry o comanies who rovide surveillance technology to governments+ seciicallytechnology that allows those governments to hack into the comuters o surveillance targets& Jather thaninterceting the communications as they go over the wire+ instead they now hack into your comuter+ enableyour webcam+ enable your microhone+ and steal documents rom your comuter&

/:/- hen the government o )gyt ell in ?//+ activists raided the oice o the secret olice+ and amongthe many documents they ound was this document by the Gamma "ororation+ by Gamma 5nternational&Gamma is a German comany that manuactures surveillance sotware and sells it only to governments& 5t'simortant to note that most governments don't really have the in,house caabilities to develo thissotware& Smaller ones don't have the resources or the e0ertise+ and so there's this market o esterncomanies who are hay to suly them with the tools and techni$ues or a rice& Gamma is just one othese comanies& 5 should note also that Gamma never actually sold their sotware to the )gytiangovernment& 4hey'd sent them an invoice or a sale+ but the )gytians never bought it& 5nstead+ aarently+

the )gytian government used a ree demo version o Gamma's sotware&

?:/? So this screenshot is rom a sales video that Gamma roduced& Jeally+ they're just emhasi3ing in arelatively slick resentation the act that the olice can sort o sit in an air,conditioned oice and remotelymonitor someone without them having any idea that it's going on& ;ou know+ your webcam light won't turnon& 4here's nothing to indicate that the microhone is enabled&

?:== 4his is the managing director o Gamma 5nternational& #is name is Fartin Fuench& 4here are manyhotos o Fr& Fuench that e0ist& 4his is erhas my avorite& 5'm just going to 3oom in a little bit onto hiswebcam& ;ou can see there's a little sticker that's laced over his camera& #e knows what kind osurveillance is ossible+ and so clearly he doesn't want it to be used against him& Fuench has said that heintends or his sotware to be used to cature terrorists and locate edohiles& C course+ he's alsoacknowledged that once the sotware has been sold to governments+ he has no way o knowing how it can

be used& Gamma's sotware has been located on servers in countries around the world+ many with reallyatrocious track records and human rights violations& 4hey really are selling their sotware around the world&

=:? Gamma is not the only comany in the business& As 5 said+ it's a L< billion industry& Cne o the otherbig guys in the industry is an 5talian comany called #acking 4eam& Now+ #acking 4eam has what isrobably the slickest resentation& 4he video they've roduced is very se0y+ and so 5'm going to lay you acli just so you can get a eel both or the caabilities o the sotware but also how it's marketed to theirgovernment clients&

D:=- "hristoher Soghoian: So+ it would be unny i it wasn't true+ but+ in act+ #acking 4eam's sotware isbeing sold to governments around the world& ast year we learned+ or e0amle+ that it's been used to targetForoccan journalists by the Foroccan government& Fany+ many countries it's been ound in& So+ #acking4eam has also been actively courting the U&S& law enorcement market& 5n the last year or so+ the

comany has oened a sales oice in Faryland& 4he comany has also hired a sokeserson& 4hey've beenattending surveillance industry conerences where law enorcement oicials show u& 4hey've soken at theconerences& hat 5 thought was most ascinating was they've actually aid or the coee break at one o thelaw enorcement conerences earlier this year& 5 can't tell you or sure that #acking 4eam has sold their
http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/media-resources/protecting-consumer-privacy/do-not-trackhttp://www.ftc.gov/news-events/media-resources/protecting-consumer-privacy/do-not-track


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technology in the United States+ but what 5 can tell you that i they haven't sold it+ it isn't because they haven'tbeen trying hard&


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Huertus !nae The "ar# Secrets o$ a Surveillance StateTags: uthoritarian 3egime, Government Surveillance, -istory, PrivacyBackground: #ubertus !nabe is a historian and the scientiic director o Berlin,#ohenschnhausenFemorial+ where he studies the inner workings o the )ast German Finistry o State Security (FS ,, orStasi ,, between /-D< and /-@-& #e studies the history o torture+ oression and surveillance in ormer)ast Germany& 4he memorial+ once the main torture rison used by the Stasi+ is devoted to raisingawareness o the brutal oression that once stemmed rom the agency& Beore the all o the Berlin

all+ !nabe was under surveillance himsel+ or smuggling banned books rom the )ast into estGermany& #e is the author o over a do3en books on German history+ including 15. Juni 1678 9 "in!eutscher u#stan!&Uni$uely owerul at sying on its citi3ens+ until the all o the Berlin all in /-@-+ the Stasimasterminded a system o surveillance and sychological ressure that ket the country under controlor decades& #ubertus !nabe shares stunning details rom the all o a surveillance state+ and showshow easy it was or neighbor to turn on neighbor&

:// 4his year+ Germany is celebrating the ?


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time the web and smarthones were not yet invented& C course+ the Stasi used all kinds o technicalinstruments to survey eole& 4elehones were wiretaed+ including the hone o the German chancellor inthe est+ and oten also the aartments& )very day+ -+ letters were being oened by these machines&4he Stasi also shadowed tens o thousands o eole using secially trained agents and secret cameras todocument every ste one took& 5n this icture+ you can see me as a young man just in ront o thisbuilding where we are now+ hotograhed by a Stasi agent& 4he Stasi even collected the smell o eole& 5tstored samles o it in closed jars which were ound ater the eaceul revolution& Eor all these tasks+ highly

seciali3ed deartments were resonsible& 4he one which was taing hone calls was comletelysearated rom the one which controlled the letters+ or good reasons+ because i one agent $uit theStasi+ his knowledge was very small& "ontrast that with Snowden+ or e0amle& But the vertical seciali3ationwas also imortant to revent all kinds o emathy with the object o observation& 4he agent who shadowedme didn't know who 5 was or why 5 was surveyed& 5n act+ 5 smuggled orbidden books rom est to )astGermany&

H:?> But what was even more tyical or the Stasi was the use o human intelligence+ eole whoreorted secretly to the Stasi& Eor the Finister o State Security+ these so,called unoicial emloyees werethe most imortant tools& Erom /-H< on+ nearly ?+ eole collaborated constantly with the Stasi+ morethan one ercent o the oulation& And in a way+ the minister was right+ because technical instruments canonly register what eole are doing+ but agents and sies can also reort what eole are lanning to do andwhat they are thinking& 4hereore+ the Stasi recruited so many inormants& 4he system o how to get

them and how to educate them+ as it was called+ was very sohisticated& 4he Stasi had its own university+ notar away rom here+ where the methods were e0lored and taught to the oicers& 4his guideline gave adetailed descrition o every ste you have to take i you want to convince human beings to betray theirellow citi3ens& Sometimes it's said that inormants were ressured to becoming one+ but that's mostly nottrue+ because a orced inormant is a bad inormant& Cnly someone who wants to give you the inormationyou need is an eective whistleblower& 4he main reasons why eole cooerated with the Stasi were oliticalconviction and material beneits& 4he oicers also tried to create a ersonal bond between themselves andthe inormant+ and to be honest+ the e0amle o the Stasi shows that it's not so diicult to win someone inorder to betray others& )ven some o the to dissidents in )ast Germany collaborated with the Stasi+ as orinstance 5brahim Bhme& 5n /-@-+ he was the leader o the eaceul revolution and he nearly became theirst reely elected 2rime Finister o the GKJ until it came out that he was an inormant&

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against the growing rotest o eole& 5t was esecially conused because in the mother country osocialism+ the Soviet Union+ a more liberal olicy took lace& 5n addition+ the regime was deendent on theloans rom the est& 4hereore+ no order to crash down the urising was given to the Stasi& Secondly+ in the"ommunist ideology+ there's no lace or criticism& 5nstead+ the leadershi stuck to the belie that socialism isa erect system+ and the Stasi had to conirm that+ o course& 4he conse$uence was that desite all theinormation+ the regime couldn't analy3e its real roblems+ and thereore it couldn't solve them& 5n the end+the Stasi died because o the structures that it was charged with rotecting&

/D:


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%lessandro %c&uisiti What will a 'uture without Secrets loo# li#e(4ags: Authoritarian Jegime+ Government Surveillance+ #istory+ 2rivacyBackground: Cnline+ we humans are arado0ical: e cherish rivacy+ but reely disclose our ersonalinormation in certain conte0ts& 2rivacy economics oers a owerul lens to understand this arado0+and the ield has been searheaded by Alessandro Ac$uisti and his colleagues' analyses o how wedecide what to share online and what we get in returnis team's surrising studies on acial recognition sotware showed that it can connect an anonymous

human ace to an online name ,, and then to a Eacebook account ,, in about = seconds& Cther workshows how easy it can be to ind a US citi3en's Social Security number using basic attern matching onublic data& ork like this earned him an invitation to testiy beore a US Senate committee on theimact technology has on civil liberties&4he line between ublic and rivate has blurred in the ast decade+ both online and in real lie+ andAlessandro Ac$uisti is here to e0lain what this means and why it matters& 5n this thought,rovoking+slightly chilling talk+ he shares details o recent and ongoing research 8 including a roject that showshow easy it is to match a hotograh o a stranger with their sensitive ersonal inormation&

:// 5 would like to tell you a story connecting the notorious rivacy incident involving Adam and )ve+ andthe remarkable shit in the boundaries between ublic and rivate which has occurred in the ast / years&:?H ;ou know the incident& Adam and )ve one day in the Garden o )den reali3e they are naked& 4hey

reak out& And the rest is history&:=@ Nowadays+ Adam and )ve would robably act dierently&:D= PQAdam ast nite was a blastR loved dat ale C:D< PQ)ve ye&& babe+ know what haened to my ants thoO:DH e do reveal so much more inormation about ourselves online than ever beore+ and so muchinormation about us is being collected by organi3ations& Now there is much to gain and beneit rom thismassive analysis o ersonal inormation+ or big data+ but there are also comle0 trade,os that come romgiving away our rivacy& And my story is about these tradeos&

/:/D e start with an observation which+ in my mind+ has become clearer and clearer in the ast ewyears+ that any ersonal inormation can become sensitive inormation& Back in the year ?+ about /billion hotos were shot worldwide+ but only a minuscule roortion o them were actually uloaded online& 5n?/+ only on Eacebook+ in a single month+ ?&< billion hotos were uloaded+ most o them identiied& 5n the

same san o time+ comuters' ability to recogni3e eole in hotos imroved by three orders omagnitude& hat haens when you combine these technologies together: increasing availability o acialdataT imroving acial recogni3ing ability by comutersT but also cloud comuting+ which gives anyone in thistheater the kind o comutational ower which a ew years ago was only the domain o three,letteragenciesT and ubi$uitous comuting+ which allows my hone+ which is not a suercomuter+ to connect tothe 5nternet and do there hundreds o thousands o ace metrics in a ew secondsO ell+ we conjecture thatthe result o this combination o technologies will be a radical change in our very notions o rivacy andanonymity&

?:=D 4o test that+ we did an e0eriment on "arnegie Fellon University camus& e asked students whowere walking by to articiate in a study+ and we took a shot with a webcam+ and we asked them to ill out asurvey on a lato& hile they were illing out the survey+ we uloaded their shot to a cloud,comutingcluster+ and we started using a acial recogni3er to match that shot to a database o some hundreds o

thousands o images which we had downloaded rom Eacebook roiles& By the time the subject reached thelast age on the survey+ the age had been dynamically udated with the / best matching hotoswhich therecogni3er had ound+ and we asked the subjects to indicate whether he or she ound themselves in thehoto&

=:/- Ko you see the subjectO ell+ the comuter did+ and in act did so or one out o three subjects&=:?@ So essentially+ we can start rom an anonymous ace+ oline or online+ and we can use acialrecognition to give a name to that anonymous ace thanks to social media data& But a ew years back+ we didsomething else& e started rom social media data+ we combined it statistically with data rom U&S&government social security+ and we ended u redicting social security numbers+ which in the UnitedStates are e0tremely sensitive inormation&

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(with D attemts But in act+ we even decided to develo an i2hone a which uses the hone's internalcamera to take a shot o a subject and then uload it to a cloud and then do what 5 just described to you inreal time: looking or a match+ inding ublic inormation+ trying to iner sensitive inormation+ and thensending back to the hone so that it is overlaid on the ace o the subject+ an e0amle o augmentedreality+ robably a creey e0amle o augmented reality& 5n act+ we didn't develo the a to make itavailable+ just as a roo o concet&

D: 5n act+ take these technologies and ush them to their logical e0treme& 5magine a uture in whichstrangers around you will look at you through their Google Glasses or+ one day+ their contact lenses+ and useseven or eight data oints about you to iner anything else which may be known about you& hat will thisuture without secrets look likeO And should we careO


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/:@ #ow long a delay do you think we had to add in order to nulliy the inhibitory eect o knowing thataculty would see your answersO 4en minutesO Eive minutesO Cne minuteO #ow about /< secondsOEiteenseconds were suicient to have the two grous disclose the same amount o inormation+ as i the secondgrou now no longer cares or aculty reading their answers&

/:=< Now 5 have to admit that this talk so ar may sound e0ceedingly gloomy+ but that is not my oint& 5nact+ 5 want to share with you the act that there are alternatives& 4he way we are doing things now is not the

only way they can done+ and certainly not the best way they can be done& hen someone tells you+ 92eoledon't care about rivacy+9 consider whether the game has been designed and rigged so that they cannot careabout rivacy+ and coming to the reali3ation that these maniulations occur is already halway through therocess o being able to rotect yoursel& hen someone tells you that rivacy is incomatible with thebeneits o big data+ consider that in the last ? years+ researchers have created technologies to allowvirtually any electronic transactions to take lace in a more rivacy,reserving manner& e can browse the5nternet anonymously& e can send emails that can only be read by the intended reciient+ not even theNSA& e can have even rivacy,reserving data mining& 5n other words+ we can have the beneits o bigdata while rotecting rivacy& C course+ these technologies imly a shiting o cost and revenues betweendata holders and data subjects+ which is why+ erhas+ you don't hear more about them&

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