TELECOMMUNICATION

SERVICES FOR

HIGH RISE BUILDINGSTaylor’s University

School of Architecture, Building and Design

Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Hons)

Building Services I [BLD60403]

Assignment 1 - Presentation

Introduction

Telecommunication

• Exchange of information over a distance using

different kind of technologies

• Through physical medium like signal cables or

through electromagnetic waves

• The system consists of transmitters, channel and

receivers

High-rise Buildings

• A building that is at least 23m or 75 feet tall

• Popular in high population density countries as

they are able to save space

• However, it pose design challenges for engineers

Challenges of High-rise Buildings

• Fire safety system, HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), elevator evacuation and wind danger concerns

• Efficient telecommunication service, able to provide services to every user in the tall building

• Must be precise and operate at maximum efficiency to avoid error and cause losses

Application

Fibre

OpticsCopper

• Requires high capacity | high speed service

• Commercial vs Residential

• Sophisticated structure

Spaces• The amount of space is vital for

telecom systems

• Must solely be for system storage

Pest Control & Sufficient Coating on Surfaces

Rats chewing on

rubber tubing of

wires

Result of chewed wires

Safety

• Smoke detectors

• Sealed with fire

retardant material

• Stay away from

heat and moisture

• Fire extinguishers

Containment Systems

• Specified Bend Radius

• Radius has to be 10 times the diameter. (trunking)

• Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

STRUCTURED

CABLING

SYSTEMS

STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS

• Cabling & associated with

hardware.

• Comprehensive

telecommunications infrastructures.

• Wide range for electronic devices.

• Provides telephone line or transmit

data through computer network.

Network Cabling System

• Specializes in design and installation.

• New construction and corporate relocations.

• Distributed Network Architecture (DNA)

• Centralized Network Architecture (CNA)

STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS

Opening Cabling System

• Electrical system in surface mounted conduits and raceway.

• Visible and directly accessible from building interior.

• Home Run Cabling.

• Zone Distribution Cabling.

STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF)

• Signal distribution frame to interconnect and manage

telecommunication wiring.

• Connects equipment to cables and subscriber carrier.

• Cable supplies services lines end up at MDF.

• Line distributed to equipment within local exchanges such as Private

Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX).

• Cabinets provides termination of individual twisted pairs of

telephony local loops for onward connection back to nearest

telephone exchange.

• MDF located in room on ground floor.

• Independent of exchange equipment, external cables

entering exchange be terminated.

• Cabling is drawn to building through overhead cable.

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF)

• Consist cable trays or riser which

transmit the services.

• To show internet connection connect

from the lowest to highest floor (riser).

MAIN TELECOM ROOM (MTR)

VERTICAL CABLING

• Arrangement of network computers.

• Several processors on scattered machines, but working

independently and jointly.

• Powerful analytical tools allow prediction of system response to

operator actions & event via use of real time and achieved

data.

• Local Area Network (LAN).

DISTRIBUTED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (DNA)

DISTRIBUTED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (DNA)

• Offer access service to stations(user) by distributing functions among

AC and multiple TPs.

• Centralized all network equipment in single location instead of

distributing among floors.

• LAN housed together, CNA reduces the time & cost of tasks.

• Provides fewer points of failure & less space utilized in

telecommunications closets.

CENTRALIZED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (CNA)

CENTRALIZED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (CNA)

Horizontal

Cabling

Systems

A) Home Run Cabling

B) Zone Distribution Cabling

A) Home Run Cabling

B) Zone Distribution Cabling

Management

Systems

Private Branch Exchange (PBX) and its Variations

Private Branch Exchange (PBX)

Earliest version: Several years

after the invention of telephone

(1878)

Operators connect the phone

line by hand.

Manned by women.

Private Automated Branch Exchange (PABX)

Automated version of PBX

Cheaper to run; No live

operator.

Same structure as the

traditional PBX.

Hosted PBX (Virtual PBX)

Does not require operation by the

company.

Hosted by a third party, thus

eliminated hardwares.

Extended capabilities:

Call Forwarding Menus

Call Recording

Extension Calling

Internet Protocol PBX (IP-PBX)

Voice + Data on the

same line.

Ultimately saves long run

maintenance costs.

Possible

Problems

Damage to The Cable Wiring

• Mainly caused by poor workmanship

• May be exposed to weather, other services wiring

or it is faulty wiring

• May cause the telecommunication system to shut

down partially or completely

• However, it can also cause huge damages

Negligence of Maintenance

• Owners often neglect the maintenance and repairs of the system. Safety rules are also not followed.

• This causes the system to malfunction and cause damages.

• One example of safety precautions: proper trunking should be provided for laying and protecting the cables

Space Shortage

• Limited space in telecommunication room will cause

cable transmission problems and impact cable

performance.

• The room is packed with cables, telecommunication

equipment and other modern equipment.

• The space is getting more cramped and this causes

uncomfortable working conditions for the workers.

Telecommunication Rooms Examples

Space Shortage

• Manufacturers are trying to make smaller and

denser telecommunication equipment.

• Cabling designers are trying out new and better

designs for the systems.

• These issues are now given more thought

compared to before.

Space Shortage

• Before: brought up too late in the construction process and must be worked around other building systems.

• Now: during the early stages, further changes to the room are envisioned that could emerge from the installing of other equipment.

• The space needed is then planned accordingly.

Airflow Management, Electrical

Distribution and Ventilation

• The heat generated by systems such as servers and

cables causes issues like airflow management.

• Recommended to develop data centre heat maps

using ventilation requirements and equipment

power consumption.

• Leads to an optimal layout for efficient space uses,

electrical distribution and ventilation.

Types of

Cables

Twisted Cable

• Two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the

purpose of cancelling out electromagnetic interference (EMI)

from external sources.

Advantages

Lower signal attenuation loss as

compared to the twisted and

coaxial cable.

Immune to electrical noise,

electromagnetic interference and

radio frequency interference.

Less restrictive in harsh environments.

Disadvantages

Components are expensive.

The lack of standardization in the

industry has also limited the

acceptance of fibre optics.

Optical Fiber Cable

Consist a bundle of glass threads, transmitting messages

modulated onto light waves.

Advantages

The components are cheaper relative

to their availability.

Perfect to be use in small local area

network with limited number of users.

Disadvantages

Very susceptible to signal distortion

errors and the relatively low

transmission rates they provide

over a long distance.

Coaxial Cable

An inner conductor surrounded by a turbular insulating layer

which is surrounded by a tubular conducting shield.

Advantages

Sufficient frequency range.

Allows lower error rates, because of

the inner conductor which is located in a Faraday shield .

The greater spacing between

amplifiers coax's cable shielding

reduces noise and crosstalk.

Disadvantages

More expensive to install compare

to twisted pair cable.

Thicker cable = more difficult to work with.

Case Study

Petronas Twin Towers

Petronas Twin Towers

Tower’s Internal

The Towers are "intelligent" buildings built with a system that

coordinates perfect telecommunications, environmental control, fire

and smoke control, power supply, lighting and, building safety.

o The floors of the PTT are RAISED to

facilitate cabling system and

provide flexibility in installing.

o Physical structured cabling network

system comprises of vertical and

horizontal cabling.

o Also has inter-building cabling for

global connection.

o The tower’s Central

Telecommunications Office (CTO)

controls all of the communication

needs within the building and

connects the building globally.

o The system is designed as a local

loop communications system

o Providing direct connections from

the main subscriber distribution

frame to the end user

o Using a high speed fibre-optic

network.

local loop?

Local loop = circuit between central office

and the customers

Shen Milsom & Wilke, LLC

o SM&W was the telecommunications, audiovisual and acoustic

consultant for the Petronas Twin Towers project in Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.

o SM&W designed a sophisticated cabling infrastructure, voice and

data network to support the PTT’s worldwide operations.

o The Petronas Twin Towers represents

the world’s biggest, single-site,

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

network.

o The network supports roughly 7,000

user office connected to over 200.155

Megabits per second (Mbps) ATM

fibre-optic backbones.

o The backbone cables are linked to a fully matrixed bundle of core

ATM switches in the Network Control Center (NCC) with fully

repetitious connections to over 100 Ethernet and ATM-connected

servers.

o Extensive use of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) allows

provisional networks to be created as needed using drag-and-drop

network management software.

KLCC Holdings has established a specialized

facility management firm to deliver a facilities

management service for the Petronas Towers,

KLCC park, infrastructure and other

developments.

End