telecommunications/ networking team 1. the antagonists presenting telecommunications and networking...
TRANSCRIPT
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Telecommunications/Networking
Team 1
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The AntagonistsPresenting Telecommunications and Networking
The team name highlights our partial non-alignment
with certain governmental ideas
Introducing our team members… Don Patrick Aaron Austin Dan Mike Glenn
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Circuit Switched Networks
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Circuit Switched NetworksA telephone network uses circuit switching to create an end-to-end connection with the dialed phone before the caller speaks
1960’s…
Creating a circuit makes exclusive allocations
of transmission/receptio
n resources for the duration of the call
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The telephone network is the largest global system ever created...50 year-old phones can still operate with today’s equipment !!The basic design was in the early 1900s… Mr. Alexander Graham Bell
`+-
Circuit Switched Networks
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The Public Switched Telephone Network (a circuit-switched network) is today’s worldwide collection of interconnected public telephone networks, designed primarily for voice traffic
A dedicated circuit (aka “channel”) is established for the duration of any transmission, such as a phone call, and can be easily contrasted with packet switching networks, in which messages are divided into small segments (packets) and where each packet is sent individually
Circuit Switched Networks
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Circuit Switched Networks
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This is a guarantee that any successful connection will fully own the resources necessary to allow a high quality interaction
When a call ends, the circuit is broken & resources are freed up for new connection
The capacity of a network to allow any two endpoints to be interconnected…
Switched Networks
Circuit Switched Networks
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Circuit Switched Networks
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Telephone Signals
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Telephone Signals Telephones originally used continuous analog signals, which vary in amplitude & frequency (signal strength & pitch) A phone converts sound into electrical signals with the microphone (mouthpiece) and with the speaker (earpiece) at the other end, converts the signals back to sound Today’s digital signals differ significantly, as they are both discrete & discontinuous Digital signals exist in predetermined states as binary signals are limited to only zeroes & ones These can be transmitted “bazillions” of times better (both faster and more quality) than the old-fashioned analog approach…
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Analog
Digital
Telephone Signals
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Telephone Signals• Dialing today’s phones is done using DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency) tones…these are from the row & column of the buttons you press (0-9, etc) to make a call
>>>> Listen…• Additional DTMF tones (“ABCD tones”) are used by the U.S. military & some PBX systems
• Special phones are equipped with keys to allow specific protocol usage:
A – Flash,B – Flash override priority,C – Priority communication, andD – Priority override
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Multiplexing
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Multiplexing Multiplexing is the means of subdividing a “physical media” into more than one channel
Telephone lines use “frequency multiplexing” to carry voice & DSL signals simultaneously;frequencies up to 4,000 Hz carry voice and the 25 kHz - 1.5 MHz band carry DSL
Optical lines carry literally several orders of magnitude more data than do phone lines
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Multiplexing
T1
T1c
T2
T3
T4
24x64k bps < 1.544Mbps
(8k bytes)…1,202bps “gap”
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VirtualizationVirtualization is generally non-specific with respect to the subjects shared above (Circuit-switched networks, Telephone signals and Multiplexing)…
More details will be shared as we progress.
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Digitizing Voice SignalsThe process is conversion of analog waves to
digital dataTake samples to find the amplitudeConvert the different amplitudes into binary
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Digitizing Voice Signals
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Digitizing Voice SignalsThis image has 8 levels (0-7)
This is 3-bit (000-111)
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Digital TelephoneAdvantages of Digital Telephone
Increased qualitySecurityCompatibility with newer technologies
Hierarchal set up
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T-Services
T-Service T-1 Equivalency # of Voice Channels
Speed (Mbps)
T-1 1 24 1.544
T-1C 2 48 3.125
T-2 4 96 6.312
T-3 28 672 44.746
T-4 168 4032 274.176
• High speed connection– Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)–Multiple types of T-Services
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Physical Layer TechnologiesTransmission Link Types
Conducting MediaRadiating Media
Common Cable MaterialsCopper
InexpensiveEasy to connectSmall form factorSpan several hundred feet
Fiber
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Types of CopperCoaxial
Solid Copper CoreHighly resistant to EMI
Twisted PairCopper pairs twistedStandards
Cat5, 5e,6, etc….STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
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Copper Cabling Specifications
Category Speed Application
Cat3 10Mbps 10Base-T
Cat5 100Mbps 100Base-T
Cat5e 1000Mbps 1000Base-T
Cat6 1000Mbps 1000Base-T
Cat6a 10Gbps 10Gbase-T
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Optical-Fiber MediaFiber Cabling
Transmits using light signalsWaves of light travel within the glass core
AdvantagesNot susceptible to EMICan travel longer distancesHigher bandwidthHarder to tap
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Optical Fiber TypesName Medium Distance Speed
100BaseTX 62.5 micron fiber 412 meters 100mbps
1000Base SX 62.5 micron fiber 220 meters 1000mbps
1000Base SX 50 micron fiber 550 meters 1000mbps
Connector Types
ST
SC
LC
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Multiple data streams across a single connectionStreams separated by wavelengthSeparate wavelengths also called lambdas
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Fiber-Based Advanced Transport Technologies
Increases in fiber deploymentFaster SpeedsLower production costsEasy to maintain
Fiber Network TechnologiesFDDISONETEthernet
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FDDIFiber Distributed Data Interface
Operates on layers 1 and 2Ring topologyUses two unidirectional fiber ringsSecondary ring provides failoverReplaced by Fast EthernetSupports
100mbps500 nodesDistances of 200km
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SONETSynchronized Optical Network
Provides very high data ratesUsed primarily for backbone connectionsStarts at 51.84mbps
SONET can use copper or fiberSTS (Synchronous Transport Signal)
Used for copperOC (Optical Carrier)
Used for fiber
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Optical Carriers
OC Level Bandwidth
OC-1 51.84 mbps
OC-3 155.52 mbps
OC-12 622.08 mbps
OC-24 1244.16 mbps
OC-48 2488.32 mbps
OC-192 9953.28 mbps
OC-768 39813.12 mbps
OC-3072 159252.48 mbps
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Where is the technology headed?
Physical media will not changeCopperFiber
Cable bandwidth will increaseCat7 +Smaller fiber cores
Lower cost fiber WAN’s
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OSI Model
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Internetworking Technology
Internet Protocol Suite Commonly known as “TCP/IP “ Consists of 4 Layers
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Link LayerARP
Address Resolution Protocol
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
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Internet LayerIP
Internet Protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
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Transport LayerTCP
Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
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Application LayerHTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
DNS Domain Name Service
FTP File Transfer Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
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Net NeutralityWhat is it?
Non-discriminatory Does not favor any one destination or application
over another
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Net Neutrality Cont’d.December 21st,2010
FCC’s stand on Net Neutrality Rules is reported
February 22nd,2011 U.S. House of Representatives Vote on Net
Neutrality funding
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VOICE OVER IPVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) refers to the
transmission of voice telephony over IP networks.
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VOICE OVER IP (cont)Benefits
Operational CostDon’t need two separate data plansFeatures that traditional telecommunication
companies normally charge extra for, are available free of charge from open source implementations
FlexibilityLocation independenceThe ability to transmit more than one telephone call
over a single broadband connection.
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VOICE OVER IP (cont)Pitfalls
Quality of serviceSusceptible to power failureMakes users harder to locate during emergency
callsSecurityFax handling
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Licensed WirelessOperates within the part of the radio spectrum
designated by government regulators.
Reserved for individual license holders.Expensive to obtain a license Long process
EquipmentVery expensiveTime consuming set-up
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Licensed Wireless (cont)Cellular structure
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Licensed Wireless (cont)Operators are permitted exclusive use of part of
the band over an assigned geographic area. 6.0 GHz in the U.S. 50 MHz of the 4.9 band available for public safety
Latest Licensed Wireless“Auction 92” July 19, 2011
16 licensesAT&T and Verizon
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Unlicensed WirelessThe unlicensed part of the spectrum does not
promise exclusive use of the band.5.4 and 5.8 GHz in the U.S.
Eliminates the delay/expense of obtaining a license
EquipmentFar less expensiveEasier to set-up
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Future of WirelessNew wireless: N
Double the speed of GWider Range than GVoIP capable
Old Wireless: G
GN
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Wireless G vs. N
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Frame Relay / ATMFrame Relay
• physical / logical link layers
• packet switching methodology
• standardize the communications of DS-0 and DS-1(T1) Lines
ATM• switching technique• asynchronous time-
division multiplexing• fixed-sized cells• ATM is a core protocol
used over the SONET/SDH
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GigabitUsually refers to LAN speed connections rather
than WAN links
BUT….
https://primeaccess.att.com/shell.cfm?section=2641
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Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)
• 14 current versions of DSL from ADSL to VDSL2
• More are in development• Speeds vary by location and proximity to a
Central office as well as what version of DSL is running in your area. Documented speeds can reach up to 200Mbit/s and are increasing
• Uses existing telephone communication infrastructure but requires proper frequency hardware to separate the voice channels and data channels
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Future of DSL http://www.dslreports.com/shownews/North-Carolinas-Fibra
nt-Plans-200-Mbps-111307
“In the case of ADSL, competition in Internet access caused subscription fees to drop significantly over the years, thus making ADSL more economical than dial up access. Telephone companies were pressured into moving to ADSL largely due to competition from cable companies…”
1 Gigabit DSL? Department of Electrical Engineering
Stanford University
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Digital CableDOCSIS most common form of data services
Current version 3.0 which supports IPv6 and speeds 30.72 Mbit/s per 6 MHz channel, or 10.24 Mbit/s per 3 MHz channel
Possible Speeds up to 100Mbps at your home
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Future of all connection technologies
Digital Cable, DSL, ATM, Frame Relay, Ethernet, ?
What’s the Magic Number ? (referring to speed)
Reducing Price or no price increase
FIBER to the door. Verizon – FIOS
http://www.google.com/appserve/fiberrfi/Google http://www.google.com/appserve/fiberrfi/
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What is an IPv6 Address IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses
A typical example of an IPv6 address is: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
The 128-bit IPv6 address can be abbreviated with the following rules: Rule one: Leading zeroes within a 16-bit value may be omitted.
fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329 may be written as fe80:0:0:0:202:b3ff:fe1e:8329
^ 0 Removed Rule two: A single occurrence of consecutive groups of zeroes
within an address may be replaced by a double colon. THIS CAN BE DONE ONLY ONCE in an a address fe80:0:0:0:202:b3ff:fe1e:8329 becomes fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329
Installed example at Runzheimer International
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IPv6 FeaturesMulticasting
One send many recipients
Required IPSec support at the network layer securitySame security Standard used in VPN
Easier routingRegardless of the longer address this is easier to
process
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Why Upgrade to IPv6
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IPV4 vs. IPV6Upgrade concerns
Conversion technology6to4 protocol
128-bit address compared to 32-bit IPv4 address
How many addresses is that?
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
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Virtualization Overview
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Virtualization & Networking
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Virtualization & Storage Area Networks
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Virtualization & Site Disaster Recovery
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Cloud Computing OverviewWhat is the Cloud?
Definition of Cloud Computing
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Cloud Computing Types
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Cloud Features & Comparison
Private Public Hybrid
Performance * High Low Combined
Availability * Limited Unlimited Combined
Scalability * Limited Unlimited Combined
Customization Unlimited Limited Combined
Skill Level High Low Combined
Security ? ? Combined
Cost * High Low Combined
* Items that must be carefully analyzed by IT management.
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In ConclusionWe have discussed current and
future trends of telecommunications and networking
Any questions?
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SourcesFrenzel, C. W., & Frenzel, J. C. (2004). Management of Information
Technology. Boston: Course Technology.
Gross, G. (2011, February 22). Net Neutrality Rules Face Uncertain Future After House Vote. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from PC World: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/220310/net_neutrality_rules_face_uncertain_future_after_house_vote.html
Lawson, S. (2010, December 21). House Passes Defunding of Net Neutrality Rules. Retrieved February 28, 2011, from PC World: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/214400/fcc_approves_compromise_net_neutrality_rules.html#tk.mod_rel
Webopedia. (2011, February 27). Retrieved February 27, 2011, from Webopedia: http://www.webopedia.com/
What is Net Neutrality? (2009, April 8). Retrieved February 27, 2011, from Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L11kLmWha6o
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SourcesCircuit Switched Networks
MSDN: Circuit-Switched Networkshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa934680.aspx
Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN)http://www.linfo.org/pstn.html
Pulse dialing (rotary dials)...excellent imageryhttp://www.classicrotaryphones.com/forum/index.php?topic=2866.0
Telephone SignalsDTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) Tones
http://www.tech-faq.com/what-are-the-dtmf-tone-frequencies.html Cell phones and DTMF
http://lgknowledgebase.com/kb/index.php?View=entry&EntryID=6452
MultiplexingT1 lines and up…
http://www.abouterp.com/erpsystemswordst/T1_T1c_T3_T4_T9_Ta_Tablepc_TAbkey.html
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Sourceshttps://piomail.carrollu.edu/owa/redir.aspx?C=4d8d163dccc74400861cfcc8306b6728&URL=http%3a%2f%2f4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com%2ftopics%2f4g-wirelessevolution%2farticles%2f127528-fcc-announces-700-mhz-band-license-auction-july.htm
http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Section.3083.html
http://gigaom.com/cleantech/smart-grid-debate-licensed-vs-unlicensed-wireless-spectrum/
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Sourceshttp://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Products/Wireless%20Networks/Wireless%20Broadband%20Networks/Point%20to%20Multi-point%20Networks/Unlicensed/_Documents/Static%20Files/Licensed%20Versus%20Unlicensed%20Wireless.pdf?localeId=228