telephony notes

7/30/2019 Telephony Notes

1/15

[TELE-1] TELEPHONY:[TELE-1] TELEPHONY:

HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGYHISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY

WITH GLOSSARYWITH GLOSSARY

Telecommunications, also called telecommunication, is the exchange ofinformation over significant distances by electronic means.

T-Carrier System T1 (1.5 Mbps) T3 (44.7 Mbps)

The T-carrier system, introduced by the Bell System in the U.S. in the1960s, was the first successful system that supported digitized voicetransmission. The original transmission rate (1.544 Mbps) in the T1 lineis in common use today in Internet service provider (ISP) connectionsto the Internet. Another level, the T3 line, providing 44.736 Mbps, isalso commonly used by Internet service providers.

The T-carrier system is entirely digital, using pulse code modulation(PCM) and time-division multiplexing (TDM). The system uses fourwires and provides duplexcapability (two wires for receiving and two

for sending at the same time). The T1 digital stream consists of 24 64-Kbps channels that are multiplexed. (The standardized 64 Kbpschannel is based on the bandwidthrequired for a voice conversation.)The four wires were originally a pair of twisted copper wires, but cannow also include coaxial cable,optical fiber, digital microwave, andother media. A number of variations on the number and use ofchannels are possible.

A T1 line in which each channel serves a different application is knownas integrated T1or channelized T1. Another commonly installed serviceis a fractional T1, which is the rental of some portion of the 24

channels in a T1 line, with the other channels going unused.

In the T1 system, voice or other analog signals are sampled 8,000times a second and each sample is digitized into an 8-bit word. With 24channels being digitized at the same time, a 192-bit frame (24channels each with an 8-bit word) is thus being transmitted 8,000times a second. Each frame is separated from the next by a single bit,making a 193-bit block. The 192 bit frame multiplied by 8,000 and the
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Mbpshttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/ISPhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/pulse-code-modulation-PCMhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/time-division-multiplexinghttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/duplexhttp://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/channelhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/multiplexinghttp://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/bandwidthhttp://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/coaxial-cablehttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/optical-fiberhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-T1http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/fractional-T1http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/channelhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/framehttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Mbpshttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/ISPhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/pulse-code-modulation-PCMhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/time-division-multiplexinghttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/duplexhttp://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/channelhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/multiplexinghttp://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/bandwidthhttp://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/coaxial-cablehttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/optical-fiberhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-T1http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/fractional-T1http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/channelhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/frame


2/15

additional 8,000 framing bits make up the T1's 1.544 Mbps data rate.The signaling bits are the least significant bits in each frame.


3/15

What is MiFi?

MiFi is a portable broadband wireless device about the size of a creditcard that combines functions of a modem, router and access point.The

internal modem accesses a wireless signal and the internal routershares that connection among users and devices. MiFi is sometimescalled a personal hotspot.

MiFi was designed to simplify setting up a small local area network(LAN). The device supports five users and can also network Wi-Fi-capable devices including digital cameras, notebooks, MP3 players andgaming systems. A MiFi device could be used to set up an ad-hocnetwork with a shared Internet connection anywhere with cellularconnectivity.

Here are some of MiFi's other features:

Storage capacity. The ability to host applications. Support for EV-DO or UMTS/HSDPA3G technologies. Four hours active use, forty hours standby before the

internal battery needs to be recharged. Can be configured for automatic email synching and virtual

private network (VPN) connection. Support for remote management.

Novatel, who developed MiFi and trademarked the name, call theirassociated product line "Intelligent Mobile Hotspots." Novatel marketsthe devices, which require a data plan, through carriers. According toNovatel, MiFi stands for "my Wi-Fi" and is pronounced as "my-Fi."

A wireless service provider (WSP) is a company that offerstransmission services to users ofwireless devices (handheld computersand telephones) through radio frequency (RF) signals rather thanthrough end-to-end wire communication. Generally, a WSP offers either[1] cellular telephone telephone service, [2] personal communication

service (PCS) service, or [3] both. The term also seems applicable tosatellite television and Internet access providers.

Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in whichelectromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signalover part or all of the communication path. Some monitoring devices,such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/hot-spothttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/digital-camerahttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/notebook-computerhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/ad-hoc-networkhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/ad-hoc-networkhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/EV-DOhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/UMTShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/HSDPAhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/3Ghttp://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-private-networkhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/wirelesshttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cellular-telephonehttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PCShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/satellitehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/hot-spothttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LANhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/digital-camerahttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/notebook-computerhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/ad-hoc-networkhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/ad-hoc-networkhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/EV-DOhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/UMTShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/HSDPAhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/3Ghttp://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-private-networkhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/wirelesshttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cellular-telephonehttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PCShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/satellite


4/15

the range of human hearing; these are also sometimes classified aswireless.

The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th centuryusing radiotelegraphy (Morse code). Later, as modulation made it

possible to transmit voices and music via wireless, the medium cameto be called "radio." With the advent of television, fax, datacommunication, and the effective use of a larger portion of thespectrum, the term "wireless" has been resurrected.

Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include:

Cellularphones and pagers -- provide connectivity for portableand mobile applications, both personal and business

Global Positioning System (GPS) -- allows drivers of cars andtrucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to

ascertain their location anywhere on earth Cordless computer peripherals -- the cordless mouse is a

common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked to acomputer via wireless

Cordless telephone sets -- these are limited-range devices, not tobe confused with cell phones

Home-entertainment-system control boxes -- the VCR control andthe TV channel control are the most common examples; some hi-fi sound systems and FM broadcast receivers also use thistechnology

Remote garage-door openers -- one of the oldest wireless

devices in common use by consumers; usually operates at radiofrequencies

Two-way radios -- this includes Amateur and Citizens RadioService, as well as business, marine, and militarycommunications

Baby monitors -- these devices are simplified radiotransmitter/receiver units with limited range

Satellite television -- allows viewers in almost any location toselect from hundreds of channels

Wireless LANs or local area networks -- provide flexibility andreliability for business computer users

Wireless technology is rapidly evolving, and is playing an increasingrole in the lives of people throughout the world. In addition, ever-largernumbers of people are relying on the technology directly or indirectly.(It has been suggested that wireless is overused in some situations,creating a social nuisance.) More specialized and exotic examples ofwireless communications and control include:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/modulationhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/faxhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cellular-telephonehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Global-Positioning-Systemhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/cordless-mousehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/satellitehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/wireless-LANhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/modulationhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/faxhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cellular-telephonehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Global-Positioning-Systemhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/cordless-mousehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/satellitehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/wireless-LAN


5/15

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) -- a digitalmobile telephone system used in Europe and other parts of theworld; the de facto wireless telephone standard in Europe

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) -- a packet-based wirelesscommunication service that provides continuous connection to

the Internet for mobile phone and computer users Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) -- a faster version of

the Global System for Mobile (GSM) wireless service Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) -- a

broadband, packet-based system offering a consistent set ofservices to mobile computer and phone users no matter wherethey are located in the world

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) -- a set of communicationprotocols to standardize the way that wireless devices, such ascellular telephones and radio transceivers, can be used forInternet access

i-Mode -- the world's first "smart phone" for Web browsing, firstintroduced in Japan; provides color and video over telephone sets

Wireless can be divided into:

Fixed wireless -- the operation of wireless devices orsystems in homes and offices, and in particular, equipmentconnected to the Internet via specialized modems

Mobile wireless -- the use of wireless devices or systemsaboard motorized, moving vehicles; examples include theautomotive cell phone and PCS(personal communicationsservices)

Portable wireless -- the operation of autonomous, battery-powered wireless devices or systems outside the office,home, or vehicle; examples include handheld cell phonesand PCS units

IR wireless -- the use of devices that convey data via IR(infrared) radiation; employed in certain limited-rangecommunications and control systems

Modem Modulation and Demodulation

A computer with an online or Internet connection that connects over aregular analogphone line includes a modem.The term modem isderived by combining beginning letters from the words modulator anddemodulator. In a modem, the modulation process involves theconversion of the digital computer signals (high and low, or logic 1 and0 states) to analog audio-frequency (AF)tones. Digital highs are
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSMhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GPRShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/EDGEhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/UMTShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/WAPhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/i-Modehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/fixed-wirelesshttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PCShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/IR-wirelesshttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/analoghttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/modemhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSMhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GPRShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/EDGEhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/UMTShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/WAPhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/i-Modehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/fixed-wirelesshttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PCShttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/IR-wirelesshttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/analoghttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/modem


6/15

converted to a tone having a certain constant pitch; digital lows areconverted to a tone having a different constant pitch. These statesalternate so rapidly that,if you listen to the output of a computermodem, it sounds like a hiss or roar. The demodulation processconverts the audio tones back into digital signals that a computer can

understand. directly.

Bandwidth -- In computer networks, bandwidth is often used as asynonym for data transfer rate - the amount of data that can be carriedfrom one point to another in a given time period (usually a second).This kind of bandwidth is usually expressed in bits (of data) per second(bps). Occasionally, it's expressed as bytes per second (Bps). A modemthat works at 57,600 bps hastwice the bandwidth of a modem thatworks at 28,800 bps. In general, a link with a high bandwidth is one

that may be able to carry enough information to sustain the successionof images in a video presentation.

It should be remembered that a real communications path usuallyconsists of a succession of links, each with its own bandwidth. If one ofthese is much slower than the rest, it is said to be a bandwidthbottleneck.

byte (B) -- A sequence ofadjacentbits (binary digits) that can beoperated on as a unit by a computer; the smallest usable machineword; nearly always eight bits, which can represent an integer from 0

to 255 or a single character of text. In most computer systems, a byteis a unit of data that is eight binary digits long.A byte is the unit mostcomputers use to represent a character such as a letter, number, ortypographic symbol (for example, "g", "5", or "?"). A byte can also holda string of bits that need to be used in some larger unit for applicationpurposes (for example, the stream of bits that constitute a visualimage for a program that displays images or the string of bits thatconstitutes the machine code of a computer program).

In some computer systems, four bytes constitute a word, a unit that acomputer processor can be designed to handle efficiently as it reads

and processes each instruction. Some computer processors can handletwo-byte or single-byte instructions.

A byte is abbreviated with a "B". (A bit is abbreviated with a small "b".)Computer storage is usually measured in byte multiples. For example,an 820 MB hard drive holds a nominal 820 million bytes - or megabytes- of data. Byte multiples are based on powers of 2 and commonlyexpressed as a "rounded off" decimal number. For example, one
http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/data-transfer-ratehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/modemhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sequencehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adjacenthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bithttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/operatedhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unithttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/computerhttp://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=machine_word&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=machine_word&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/representhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/integerhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/binaryhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/wordhttp://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/data-transfer-ratehttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/modemhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sequencehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adjacenthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bithttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/operatedhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unithttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/computerhttp://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=machine_word&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=machine_word&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/representhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/integerhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/binaryhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/word


7/15

megabyte ("one million bytes") is actually 1,048,576 (decimal) bytes.(Confusingly, however, some hard disk manufacturers and dictionarysources state that bytes for computer storage should be calculated aspowers of 10 so that a megabyte really would be one million decimalbytes.)

According to Fred Brooks, an early hardware architect for IBM, projectmanager for the OS/360 operating system, and author ofThe MythicalMan-Month, Dr. Werner Buchholz originated the term byte in 1956when working on IBM's STRETCH computer.

Broadband -- In general, broadband refers to telecommunication inwhich a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information.Because a wide band of frequencies is available, information can bemultiplexed and sent on many different frequencies or channels withinthe band concurrently, allowing more information to be transmitted in

a given amount of time (much as more lanes on a highway allow morecars to travel on it at the same time). Related terms are wideband (asynonym), baseband (a one-channel band), and narrowband(sometimes meaning just wide enough to carry voice, or simply "notbroadband," and sometimes meaning specifically between 50 cps and64 Kpbs).

Various definers ofbroadband have assigned a minimum data rate tothe term. Here are a few:

Newton's Telecom Dictionary: "...greater than a voice grade

line of 3 KHz...some say [it should be at least] 20 KHz." Jupiter Communications: at least 256 Kbps. IBM Dictionary of Computing: A broadband channel is "6

MHz wide."

It is generally agreed that Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable TVare broadband services in the downstream direction.

Kbps -- In the U.S., Kbps stands for kilobits per second(thousands ofbits per second) and is a measure ofbandwidth (the amount of data

that can flow in a given time) on a data transmission medium. Higherbandwidths are more conveniently expressed in megabits per second(Mbps, or millions of bits per second) and in gigabits per second(Gbps, or billions of bits per second).

bit (binary digit) --A unit of information expressed as either a 0 or 1 inbinary notation. Coined byJohn Tukey in 1946 as an abbreviation of
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/bandhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/basebandhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/narrowbandhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/cable-TVhttp://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/bandwidthhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Mbpshttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Gbps-billions-of-bits-per-secondhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tukeyhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/bandhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/basebandhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/narrowbandhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/cable-TVhttp://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/bandwidthhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Mbpshttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Gbps-billions-of-bits-per-secondhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tukey


8/15

binary digit, probably influenced by connotations of small portion.First used in print 1948 by Claude Shannon.

Smartphone -- A smartphone combines telephony and computing in asingle device.The term "smartphone" did not appear until 1997, when

Ericsson described its GS 88 "Penelope" concept as a "Smart Phone". Asmartphone is a mobile phone built on a mobile operating system,with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than afeature phone.The first smartphones combined the functions of apersonal digital assistant (PDA) with a mobile phone. Later modelsadded the functionality ofportable media players, low-end compactdigital cameras, pocket video cameras, and GPS navigation units toform one multi-use device. Many modern smartphones also includehigh-resolution touchscreens and web browsers that display standardweb pages as well as mobile-optimized sites. High-speed data access isprovided by Wi-Fi and Mobile Broadband.

The mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern smartphonesinclude Google's Android, Apple'siOS, Nokia's Symbian, RIM'sBlackBerry OS, Samsung's Bada, Microsoft's Windows Phone, Hewlett-Packard's webOS, and embedded Linux distributions such as Maemoand MeeGo. Such operating systems can be installed on many differentphone models, and typically each device can receive multiple OSsoftware updates over its lifetime.

A mobile operating system, also referred to as mobile OS, is theoperating system that operates a smartphone, tablet, PDA, or otherdigital mobile devices. Modern mobile operating systems combine thefeatures of a

[1] personal computer operating system with

[2] touchscreen,

[3] cellular,

[4] Bluetooth,

[5] WiFi,

[6] GPS mobile navigation,

[7] camera,

[8] video camera,
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binary_digithttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maemohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeeGohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binary_digithttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maemohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeeGohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera


9/15

[9] speech recognition,

[10] voice recorder,

[11] music player,

[12] Near field communication,

[13] personal digital assistant (PDA), and other features.

The most common mobile operating systems are:

Android from Google Inc.[4] (free and open source)[5]

The Galaxy Nexus running Android 4.0.1Android was developed by a small startup company thatwas purchased by Google Inc. in 2005, and Googlecontinues to update the software. Android is a Linux-derivedOS backed by Google, along with major hardware and

software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Samsung,Motorola and eBay, to name a few), that form the OpenHandset Alliance.[6] Released on November 5th 2007, the OSreceived praise from a number of developers upon itsintroduction.[7] Android releases prior to 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6)were used exclusively on mobile phones. Most Androidphones, and some Android tablets, now use a 2.x release.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-ICS_is_coming_to_AOSP_-_Android_Building-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galaxy_Nexus_smartphone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galaxy_Nexus_smartphone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-ICS_is_coming_to_AOSP_-_Android_Building-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-7


10/15

Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does notofficially run on mobile phones. The current Android versionis 4.1. Android releases are nicknamed after sweets ordessert items like Cupcake (1.5), Frozen Yogurt (2.2),Honeycomb (3.0), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0) and Jelly Bean

(4.1). Most major mobile service providers carry an Androiddevice. Since the HTC Dream was introduced, there hasbeen an explosion in the number of devices that carryAndroid OS. From Q2 of 2009 to the second quarter of 2010,Android's worldwide market share rose 850% from 1.8% to17.2%. On 15 November 2011, Android reached 52.5% ofthe global smartphone market share.[8]

The Apple iPad tablet computer uses a version of iOS.bada from Samsung Electronics (closed source, proprietary)

This is a mobile operating system being developed bySamsung Electronics. Samsung claims that bada will rapidlyreplace its proprietary feature phone platform, convertingfeature phones to smartphones.The name 'bada' is derivedfrom, the Korean word for ocean or sea. The first deviceto run bada is called 'Wave' and was unveiled to the publicat Mobile World Congress 2010. The Wave is a fully

touchscreen running the new mobile operating system. Withthe phone, Samsung also released an app store, calledSamsung Apps, to the public. It has close to 3000[9] mobileapplications.Samsung has said that they don't see Bada as asmartphone operating system, but as an OS with a kernelconfigurable architecture, which allows the use of either a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_iPadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bada_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Wave_S8500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_iPadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bada_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Wave_S8500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-9


11/15

proprietary real-time operating system, or the Linux kernel.Though Samsung plans to install bada on many phones, thecompany still has a large lineup of Android phones.

BlackBerry OS from RIM (closed source, proprietary)This OS is focused on easy operation and was originally

designed for business. Recently it has seen a surge in third-party applications and has been improved to offer fullmultimedia support. Currently Blackberry's App World hasover 50,000 downloadable applications. RIM's futurestrategy will focus on the newly acquired QNX, havingalready launched the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet running aversion of QNX and expecting the first QNX smartphones inearly 2012.[10]

iOS from Apple Inc.[4] (closed source, proprietary, on top of opensource Darwin core OS)

The Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and second-generationApple TV all use an operating system called iOS, which isderived from Mac OS X. Native third party applications werenot officially supported until the release of iOS 2.0 on July11th 2008. Before this, "jailbreaking" allowed third partyapplications to be installed, and this method is stillavailable. Currently all iOS devices are developed by Appleand manufactured by Foxconn or another of Apple'spartners.

S40 (Series40) from Nokia (closed source, proprietary)

Nokia uses S40 OS in their low end phones (aka featurephones). Over the years over 150 phone models have beendeveloped running S40 OS.[11] Since the introduction of S40OS it has evolved from monochrome low resolution UI to fulltouch 256k color UI.

Symbian OS from Nokia and Accenture[4] (open public license)Symbian has the largest smartphone share in most marketsworldwide, but lags behind other companies in the relativelysmall but highly visible North American market.[12] Thismatches the success ofNokia in all markets except Japan. In

Japan Symbian is strong due to a relationship with NTTDoCoMo, with only one of the 44 Symbian handsetsreleased in Japan coming from Nokia.[13] It has been used bymany major handset manufacturers, including BenQ,Fujitsu, LG, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp,and Sony Ericsson. Current Symbian-based devices arebeing made by Fujitsu, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, and Sony
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_PlayBookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_(Apple)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_(Apple)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accenturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_PlayBookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_(Apple)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_(Apple)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accenturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-OS_MS_3Q10-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson


12/15

Ericsson. Prior to 2009 Symbian supported multiple userinterfaces, i.e. UIQ from UIQ Technologies, S60 from Nokia,and MOAP from NTT DOCOMO. As part of the formation ofthe Symbian OS in 2009 these three UIs were merged into asingle OS which is now fully open source. Recently, though

shipments of Symbian devices have increased, theoperating system's worldwide market share has declinedfrom over 50% to just over 40% from 2009 to 2010. Nokiahanded the development of Symbian to Accenture, whichwill continue to support the OS until 2016.[14]

The Palm Pre running HP (formerly Palm) webOS. HP purchasedPalm in 2010.Windows Phone from Microsoft (closed source, proprietary)

On February 15th, 2010, Microsoft unveiled its next-generation mobile OS, Windows Phone. The new mobile OSincludes a completely new over-hauled UI inspired by

Microsoft's "Metro Design Language". It includes fullintegration of Microsoft services such as Microsoft SkyDriveand Office, Xbox Music, Xbox Video, Xbox Live games andBing, but also integrates with many other non-Microsoftservices such as Facebook and Google accounts. The newsoftware platform has received some positive receptionfrom the technology press.[15][16][17]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Prehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Design_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SkyDrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Livehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Binghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palm-pre-webos-lg.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palm-pre-webos-lg.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Prehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Design_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SkyDrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Livehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Binghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-17


13/15

OS Customer Satisfaction

According to a Readers' Choice Awards survey conducted by PC

Magazine in 2012, iOS and Windows Phone customers gave theirphones a rating of 8.7 on a 0 (extremely dissatisfied) to 10 (extremelysatisfied) scale, an improvement of 0.3 and 0.6 points respectively.Android received a 7.9 (the same rating it received in 2011), followedby webOS (7.7), Symbian (7.4) and Blackberry OS (6.8).[42]

The biggest reasons given by readers when asked why they chosetheir mobile phones are as follow: operating system (51%) and 4Gcapability (51%) for Android, quality of email experience (46%) forBlackberry, availability of apps (63%) for iOS and operating system(78%) for Windows Phone.

Bluetooth -- The word "Bluetooth" is an anglicised version of theScandinavian Bltand/Bltann, the epithet of the tenth-century kingHarald I of Denmark and parts ofNorway who united dissonant Danishtribes into a single kingdom. The idea of this name was proposed byJim Kardach who developed a system that would allow mobile phonesto communicate with computers (at the time he was reading FransGunnar Bengtsson's historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings andking Harald Bluetooth).[4]The implication is that Bluetooth does thesame with communications protocols, uniting them into one universalstandard. Bluetooth provides a secure way to connect and exchange

information between devices such as faxes, mobile phones,telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global PositioningSystem (GPS) receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles. Itwas principally designed as a low-bandwidth technology.

MPOE (Minimum point of entry) -- The closest logical and practicalpoint within the customer domain for the placement of a demarcationpoint (demarc), which sets the boundary of responsibility between thePSTN carrier and the customer. In a high-rise office building, forexample, the MPOE typically is defined as a point of the entrance cable

12 inches from the inside wall.

PSTN -- Synonymous with PSTS (Public Switched Telephone System).The generic term for the domestic public telephone network, which istraditionally is a public utility providing a circuit-switched networkoptimized for voice communications. The PSTN comprises all of thetelecom infrastructure, including inside plant (ISP) and outside plant(OSP) owned by the carrier or carriers. Customer premises equipment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_I_of_Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Kardach&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Gunnar_Bengtssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Gunnar_Bengtssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_I_of_Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Kardach&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Gunnar_Bengtssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Gunnar_Bengtssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console


14/15

(CPE) and other equipment and facilities owned by end users areconsidered private and, therefore, not part of the PSTN.


15/15

AT&T Notes

AT&T Mobile Business AgreementThe AT&T Mobile Business (AMB) Agreement extends additional savings to meet the

unique needs of small businesses like yours. Leverage small business pricing on

AT&T's wireless plans, equipment, and services with an AT&T Mobile Business

Agreement.

Easy Eligibility

To sign up, your company must have a valid Federal Tax ID Number (aka Employer

Identification Number) and at least one (1) Corporate Responsibility User(CRU). As

soon as your company has an approved Agreement, you and your employee users can

start taking advantage of plans and support designed especially for small businesses.

Additional 8% Service Discount

As your company grows, you can take advantage of an additional benefitmonthly

savings on qualified wireless service. Specifically, when your company maintains a

minimum of five (5) or more employee users (with at least 1 CRU) subscribing to

wireless service, your company can receive an 8% service discount off the monthly

service charge of your CRUs' eligible voice and data plans priced at $30.00 or higher.*

And, when you and your qualified CRUs save on wireless service, your qualified

individually liable employees can save, too. Specifically, employees who activate as

Individual Responsibility Users (IRUs) on eligible plans priced at $30.00 or higher witha 2-year service agreement can also receive an 8% discount off the monthly service

charge for their qualified plan(s).

Additional Business Benefits

As a small business customer with an AT&T Mobile Business Agreement, you're

automatically enrolled in the AT&T Exclusively Business program. This means you cantake advantage of the combined benefits offered under the program (such as waived

activation fees for qualified users) and your Agreement. Together, they provide added

savings and value that center on your specific business needs.
https://www.wireless.att.com/businesscenter/popups/general/cru-iru-important-information.jsphttps://www.wireless.att.com/businesscenter/popups/general/cru-iru-important-information.jsphttps://www.wireless.att.com/businesscenter/popups/general/cru-iru-important-information.jsphttps://www.wireless.att.com/businesscenter/popups/general/cru-iru-important-information.jsphttps://www.wireless.att.com/businesscenter/popups/general/cru-iru-important-information.jsphttps://www.wireless.att.com/businesscenter/popups/general/cru-iru-important-information.jsphttps://www.wireless.att.com/businesscenter/popups/general/cru-iru-important-information.jsp

telephony notes

Documents