Basic principles, Applications And Features

TELVASS SYSTEMS PRIVATE LIMITED

DEFINITION

A metallic apparatus for sending and receiving electromagnetic waves.

Usually it is a metallic device (rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves.

An antenna is a transitional structure between free-space and a guiding structure.

RADIATION MECHANISM

BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS

Radiation Resistance RA: The equivalent resistance which would dissipate the same amount of power as the antenna radiates.

Input impedance ZA : The ratio of the voltage to the current at the antenna terminals.

Polarization: The direction of the E-field.

BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS

Radiation pattern: The relative distribution of radiated power as a function of direction in space – an (hypothetical) isotropic antenna radiates equally in all directions.

Gain G : The ratio of the radiated power in the maximum direction to the radiated power of an isotropic antenna. The gain of an antenna represents the ability to focus its beam in a particular direction – an isotropic antenna has a gain of 0 dB.

Beam width: The angle between the two directions in which the radiated power is half of the maximum value of the beam.

Bandwidth: Half-power frequency band.

Antenna efficiency: e = Prad / Pin

Effective aperture: It describes the effectiveness of an antenna in the receiving mode. It is defined as the ratio of the power delivered to the load to the incident power density.

BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS

RF CONNECTORSTYPES OF CONNECTOR1) STANDERD TYPES:

N Connector [Neill] Designed : 1940 Designer : Paul Neill Pass Band : 0-18 GHz

BNC Connector [Bayonet Neill Concelman] Designed : 1951 Designer : Paul Neill, Pass Band : 0-3 GHz

RF CONNECTORS

1) STANDERD TYPES: 7/16 DIN Connector:

Designed : Designer : Spinner Pass Band : 0-18 GHz

C Connector [Carl Concelman] Designed : Designer : Carl Concelman] Pass Band : 0-11 GHz

RF CONNECTORS

1) STANDERD TYPES: F Connector :

Designed : 1950 Designer : Eric E. Winston Pass Band : 0-1 GHz

GR Connector: Designed : 1960 Designer : General Radio Corporation Pass Band :

RF CONNECTORS

1) STANDERD TYPES: TNC Connector [Threaded Neil Concelman]

Designed : 1950 Designer : Paul Neill & Concelman Pass Band : 0-11 GHz

UHF Connector: Designed : 1930 Designer :E.Clark Quackenbush Pass Band : 0-300 MHz

RF CONNECTORS

2) MINIATURE TYPES: MMCX Connector [Micro Miniature Coaxial]

Designed : 1990 Designer : Pass Band : 0-6 GHz

MCX Connector: Designed : 1980 Designer : Pass Band : 0-6 GHz

RF CONNECTORS

2) MINIATURE TYPES: UFL Connector :

Designed : 1990 Designer : Pass Band : 0-6 GHz

IPX Connector: Designed : 1990 Designer : Pass Band : 0-6 GHz

RF CONNECTORS

2) MINIATURE TYPES: SMA Connector[Sub Miniature Version A]

Designed : 1960 Designer : Pass Band : 0-26 GHz

SMB Connector[Sub Miniature Version B] Designed : 1960 Designer : Pass Band : 0-4 GHz

TEST SETUP FOR ANTENNA MEASUREMENT

TX’r RX’r

PORT 1 PORT 2

D

VNA

D= Distance Between Antenna In KM

TX’r= Transmitting Antenna

RX’r= Receiving Antenna

VNA= Vector Network Analyzer

FORMULAS REQUIRED FOR ANTENNA EVALUATION

Free Space Loss(FSL)=92.5+20 log(Freq in GHz)+20 log(D in KM) Total Loss(TL)= FSL + Measured Cable Loss Gain(G)= (TL - RSL)/2 If both TX’r and RX’r are same. Gain(G)= TL-RSL-Gr Front to Back Ratio(FBR)=RSL@0° - RSL@180°

RSL= Received Signal LevelGr= Gain of Reference antenna

Parabolic Dish Antenna : A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves.

Sector Antenna : A sector antenna is a type of directional microwave antenna with a sector-shaped radiation pattern.

Omni Antenna : An Omni directional antenna is an antenna which radiates power uniformly in all directions in one plane, with the radiated power decreasing with elevation angle above or below the plane, dropping to zero on the antenna's axis.

Patch Panel Antenna : A patch antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat surface.

Yagi Antenna : A Yagi-Uda array, commonly known simply as a Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna consisting of a driven element and additional parasitic element.

Grid Antenna : A Grid antenna is a directional antenna similar to parabolic dish antenna with narrow beam width.

Parabolic Dish Antenna: Microwave Relay links that carry Telephone and Television

Signals Wireless WAN/LAN links for data communicationSatellite and Spacecraft communication antenna

Sector Antenna:Antennas for cell phone base station sitesUsed for limited range distance of around 4 to 5 Km.WiFi Application

Patch Panel Antenna :WiFi/WiMAXLAN

Omni Antenna:Radio broadcasting Mobile Devices that use radio such as Cell Phones, FM

Radios, Cordless Phones… etc Grid Antenna :

WiFi/ WiMAXLANVideo and Audio Transmission

Yagi Antenna :Television broadcast bands Traditional Radios

Grid Antenna :WiFi/ WiMAXLANVideo and Audio Transmission

Wireless systems becoming an important infrastructure in our society.

A virtual global system is a good solution that can efficiently connect many dedicated wireless systems including 2G to 4G cellular systems, wireless LAN, broadcasting systems, etc.

THANK YOU