temporal and spatial distribution of blue tongue in india
DESCRIPTION
Blue tongue is an important disease of ovines in India but other domestic and wild ruminants might be serving as reservoir.TRANSCRIPT
Temporal and Spatial trends of Bluetongue in India
Dr. M.Senthil Murugan (Student MVSc. , EDM)Dr. Bhoj R Singh, Principal Scientist (VM)
I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India.
TeleFax +91-581-2302188
Temporal and Spatial distribution
Temporal distribution
distribution of disease in relation to time,
e.g. occurrence of disease incidents in different seasons
Spatial distributiondistribution of
disease in relation to position in space,
e.g. Incidence of disease in specified geographical areas
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007
Blue Tongue - Indian Scenario
Endemic in India
22 serotypes are recorded in India out
of 26 serotypes of BTV
Morbidity and mortality – High in
Sheep, low in Goats
Cattle and Buffaloes – Seroprevalence
is evident without clinical disease (Prasad
et.al . 1992)
Major Vectors
MidgesSouth IndiaCuliciodes brevitarsisCulicoides imicola(Ilango et.al 2006)
North IndiaCulicoides oxistomaCulicoides monocoli(Maheswari, 2012)
Vector Breeding placesManure pitsBiogas slurry
wasteIncessant rain in
rainy seasonWind based
movement of midges
Serotypes reported in India
Through Virus Isolation (11)
1,2,3,4,8,9,15,16,17,18,23
Through detection of Neutralising antibodies(11)
5,6,7,10,11,12,13,14,15, 19,20
StateSerotypes
Neutralizing Ab’s
Virus Isolation
J&K - 23
Himachal 4 3,4,9,16,17
Harayana 2,8,12,16 1,4
Rajastan - 1
UP 23 9,8,13
UK - 23
MP 18,23 23
Gujarat 1,2,3,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,20
6
Maharashtra
2,3,4,5,5,7,8,10,12,13,16
1,9,16,18,4,17
Andhra 4,6,12,13,14,17,18,19
2,9,15
Karnataka 1,2,4,12,16,17,20 18,23
TN 1,3,4,5,6,7,11,12,14,15,16,17,19,20
1,2,3,16,23Newer Concepts in Animal Diseases, 2011, IVRI
Blue Tongue Serotypes in India
Srinivasalu ., et al 2004
BT Outbreaks in India
Source: IBVNet, 2005
Incidence of BT, DAHF, Govt of India
2001-
2002
2003-04
2004-05
2006-07
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
At-tack
2001-2002
2003-04
2004-05
2006-07
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Outbreak
SeasonalityCyclical occurrenceJune to September
South-western monsoon
October to December North eastern Monsoon
Monsoon leads to High Vector population
Overall Morbidity 9.3%Mortality 2.7%CFR 28.8% (Srinivasalu et.al 2004)
Month wise outbreak in Karnataka( Source: PDADMAS 2010-11)
Higher incidence in
winter months
November and
December
Moist soil after flood
with ideal wind
speed- large scale
breeding of
Culicoides
Prevalence of BTV antibodies in Sheep and Goats
Northern India- Harayana, H.P, J&K, Punjab, Rajastan, UP
Central India– M.PWestern India– Gujarat,
MaharashtraSouthern India– Andhra,
Karnataka, Kerala and T.NNorth Eastern India– No
reports (Prasad et.al 2000)
(Bitew.,et.al, 2013, African J. Biotech)
Seroprevalence in Cattle and Buffaloess
First Reported in Annual Report of
IVRI,1978
3.7% Cattle positive for BTV
23% •Native
71.9% •Exotic
70% •Cattle
37.5 %
•Buffaloes
Punjab Andhra Pradesh
Srinivasalu., et.al 2004
Seroprevalence in Cattle and Buffaloes
Currently Seroprevalence has been (Sub clinical) reported in North Eastern States too.
Joardar SN, et.al Vet.World, 2013Rev.Sci.Tech.Off.Int.Epiz:1992 Prasad
et.al
58.2 %
31.79 %
70 %
Why endemic in India?
22 serotypes reported
Clinical signs not reported in Goat, Cattle, Buffalo
and deer RESERVOIR??
Seroprevalence in Camels, Deers and Elepahant (Prasad
et.al,1992)
Knowledge of fauna & biology of Culicoides spp. is
poorly known in India.
Vaccines – Not very good have Poor immunogenicity Prasad,et.al 1992
Periodic Hyper Endemicities are associated with
MonsoonPoor flock nutritionHigh parasitic burdenLack of affordable veterinary careSheep rearing in poorest areas in
India as major source of incomePoor immunogenicity of the
inactivated vaccines Ilango et.al 2006
How BTV reached India? 1964 – BTV reported in Maharashtra ,U.P –
Movement of infected animals/Vector form Paksitan?
It is probable because India shares long border with Pakistan.
Import of cattle, Sheep and Goat for cross breeding?
1973 – outbreak in Hisar in Russian Merino
1975- outbreak in CSBF, Hisar - Corridale Sheep – Indo Australian project
1974 - outbreak in Dorset breed, Andhra
Srinivasalu et.al 2004
Prasad,et.al 1992
Prevention and Control Effective vaccination may reduce
incidence
Many Countries eradicated BT
and possible in India. (UK 2008)
Restricting animal movement
Insecticide sprays,
Habitat removal - Vector
Timely announcement of satellite
based weather forecasting and
educating sheep farmers
Community Participation
Bhanuprasad., et al 2009
Vaccines in IndiaTechnology
transferred from IVRI, July 2012.
BTV serotypes are 1, 2, 10, 16 and 23
Under All India Network Project on Blue Tongue, ICAR, efforts are concentrated on developing effective vaccine