(TENSES) iâä

·àk,Z£:Š~²[ZzgQgŠz~öë÷X Subject »x™äzZáÃZ‹~ :Subject-1

ZzgQgŠz~Bwë÷X Object Tq6,»xHYg;ƒQkqÃZ‹~ :Object-2

ZÅâqìX ZzgQgŠz~÷ë÷X}: Verb �»xƒg;ƒQk»xÃZ‹~ :Verb-3

ìX Verb ÷ Write ìZzgr Object Bw Letter ìZzgâ subject ö Aslam Zk¿~ZÅiâäãCŠ~îg6,&ƒD÷X

z{â‘ÇX }: Future w( ÷ z{âqåX3XWäzZÑ) }: Past âè( ÷ }:z{âqìX2X¦/gZƒZ) Present é1Xñ�Š{)¢›ÿE

Lqw(

Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)

~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~@*ìÔCìÔ@*ƒVÔD÷DƒÔC÷z){W@*ìX Tense z~¶Kã:XSk QgŠ

Å«ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q Subject »§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ F,À™ä Z‹~

Subject+Ist form of verb

»ZŸ†™D÷X esc*s Æ‚B Verb ƒÂ (Singular Noun) c*(He,She,It)Subject â^:þþZ¤/øgZ

»ZŸ†7HY@*X esc* s Æ‚B verb ÆPlural noun c*,we,you,they, I Zzg

I write a letter. ~âqƒVX }:XHe writes a letter. z{âqìX

She writes a letter. z{â—ìX

Aslam writes a letter. ZÅâqìX

Aslam and Akram write a letter. ZÅZzgZ™xâ˜÷X

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb

»ZŸ†7HY@*X es c*s Æ‚B Verb ZEwƒäÅßg]~ Does ZEwƒ@*ìX does not Æ‚B Singular Noun Zzg He,She,It â^:X

ZEwHY@*X do not Æ‚B Plural noun c*,we,you,they, I Zzg

I do not write a letter. ~â7qƒVX }:XHe does not write a letter. z{â7qìX

She does not write a letter. —ìX 7 z{âAslam does not write a letter. qìX 7 ZÅâ

Aslam and Akram do not write a letter. ˜÷X 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ

Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative)

Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

» es c*s Æ‚B Verb ZEwƒäÅßg]~ Does ZEwƒ@*ìX Does ¿ÆÑzq~ Æ‚B Singular Name Zzg He,She,It â^:X

¿ÆÑzq~ZEwHY@*X do Æ‚B Plural noun c*,we,you,they, I Zzg ZŸ†7HY@*X Do I write a letter? H~âqƒV? }:X

Does he write a letter? z{âqì? H

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Does she write a letter? z{â—ì? H Does Aslam write a letter? ZÅâqì? H Do Aslam and Akram write a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâ˜÷? H

Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)

þþz){W@*ì ~Ô} , ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~@*åÔC¶ÔC‰ÔDÔZ³ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk

ÅŠzu~ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q Subject QgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:X

Subject+2nd form of verb

I wrote a letter. ~âqåX }:XHe wrote a letter. z{âqåX

She wrote a letter. z{â—¶XAslam wrote a letter. ZÅâqåX

Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.X¸ ZÅZzgZ™xâ˜

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+did not+Ist form of verb

ZEwƒ@*ìÂQ did ~Z# Interrogative Zzg Negative ~z,Šzu~ÃgxZEwƒCì1 Past Indefinite Tense â^:

~~~~ZZZZEEEEwwwwƒƒƒƒCCCC Past Indefinite Tense(Simple) ŬÃgxZEwƒCìXc*ŠgO7g~Z‹¤/Z%~Šzu~ÃgxÜsZzgÜs Verb

ZEwƒ@*ìX did Å«qªÐ¬ Verb ¿Æn (Negative)ÔììììXXXXI did not write a letter. ~â7qåX }:X

He did not write a letter. qåX 7 z{âShe did not write a letter. —¶X 7 z{â

Aslam did not write a letter. qåX 7 ZÅâAslam and Akram did not write a letter. ¸X 7˜ ZÅZzgZ™xâ

Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

ÿÆÑzq~˜÷X did ¿~ (Interrogative) ÎZD

Did I write a letter? H~âqå? }:X Did He write a letter? z{âqå? H

Did She write a letter? z{â—¶? H Did Aslam write a letter? ZÅâqå? H

Did Aslam and Akram write a letter? HZÅZzgZ™xâ˜?

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)

~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~ÇÔÏÔÐz){W@*ìX Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk

Å«ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q shall c*will ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb

»ZEwZ«™Šï÷X shall Zzg will ZEwƒ@*ìXZzgZ¤/!*]izgŠ}™:ƒÂQ will !*¹ƒÆ‚B Shall Æ‚B We )Wð(Zzg I â^:X

I shall write a letterX �VÇ ~â }:X

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We shall write a letter. ëâKÐXHe will write a letter.X ‘Ç z{â

She will write a letter.X ‘Ï z{âAslam will write a letter.X ‘Ç ZÅâ

Aslam and Akram will write a letter.X KÐ ZÅZzgZ™xâ

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb

I shall not write a letter. 7�VÇX ~â }:XWe shall not write a letter. KÐX 7 ëâ

He will not write a letter. ‘ÇX 7 z{âShe will not write a letter. ‘ÏX 7 z{â

Aslam will not write a letter. ‘ÇX 7 ZÅâAslam and Akram will not write a letter. KÐX 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ

Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +?

Shall I write a letter? �VÇ? H~â }:XShall we write a letter? ëâKÐ? HWill he write a letter? ‘Ç? z{â HWill she write a letter? ‘Ï? z{â H

Will Aslam write a letter? ZÅâ‘Ç? HWill Aslam and Akram write a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâKÐþ? H

Present Continuous Tense (Simple)

g;ìÔg;ƒVÔg„ìÔg„ƒVÔgì÷Ôgìƒz){W@*ìX ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk

ing Å«ÃgxÎD÷XQ Verb ÎD÷Q is/am/are ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ÎD÷X

Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing

Ãå¦Åßg]~„1Y@*ìX You ZEwƒ@*ìXZ‹¤/Z%~ is zZuÆ‚B are ¦Æ‚B am )Wð(Æ‚B I â^:X

I am writing a letterX Ég;ƒV ~â }:XYou are writing a letter. ƒX Égì ?â

He is writing a letter. g;ìX É z{âAslam is writing a letter.X g;ì É ZÅâ

Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X Égì÷ ZÅZzgZ™xâPresent Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing

I am not writing a letter ~â7Ég;ƒVX }:XYou are not writing a letter. ÉgìƒX 7 ?â

He is not writing a letter. g;ìX É 7 z{â

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Aslam is not writing a letter. g;ìX É7 ZÅâAslam and Akram are not writing a letter. Égì÷X 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ

Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Am I writing a letter? Ég;ƒV? H~â }:XAre you writing a letter? ?âÉgìƒ? H

Is he writing a letter? g;ì? É z{â HIs Aslam writing a letter? g;ì? É ZÅâ H

Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâÉgì÷? HPast Continuous Tense (Simple)

z){W@*ìX ¸ Ôg„‰Ôgì ¶ Ôg„ å g; ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk

ing Å«ÃgxÎD÷XQ Verb ÎD÷Q was/were ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ÎD÷X

Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing

ÎD÷XZ‹¤/Z%~ were Æ‚B they,we,you,plural Nouns ZEwƒ@*ìXZzg¦ª was Æ‚B he,she,it,I,singular noun â^:XzZuª

Ãå¦Åßg]~„1Y@*ìX You

I was writing a letterXå ~âÉg; }:XYou were writing a letter.X¸ ?âÉgì

He was writing a letter.Xå g; É z{âAslam was writing a letter.Xå g; É ZÅâ

Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.X¸ Égì ZÅZzgZ™xâPast Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing

I was not writing a letter ~â7Ég;åX }:XYou were not writing a letter. Égì¸X 7 ?â

He was not writing a letter. Ég;åX 7 z{âAslam was not writing a letter. Ég;åX 7 ZÅâ

Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter. 7Égì¸X ZÅZzgZ™xâPast Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Was I writing a letter? H~âÉg;å? }:XWere you writing a letter? ?âÉgì? H

Wa she writing a letter? g;å? É z{â HWas Aslam writing a letter? g;å? É ZÅâ H

Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter? Égì? ZÅZzgZ™xâ HFuture Continuous Tense (Simple)

z){W@*ìX ƒVÐ gì ƒÏÔg„ƒVÏÔ Ôg;ƒVÇÔg„ ƒÇ g; ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk

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will be/shall be ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ÎD÷X ing Å«ÃgxÎD÷XQ Verb ÎD÷Q

Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing

»ZEwZ«™Šï shall Zzg will ZEwHY@*ìXZzgZ¤/!*]izgŠ}™:ƒÂQ will ZEwƒ@*ìXZzg!*¹ƒÆ‚B shall Æ‚B we )Wð(Zzg I â^:X

÷XI shall be writing a letter ~âÉg;ƒVÇX }:X

You will be writing a letter.X ƒVÐ ?âÉgì

He will be writing a letter.X ƒÇ g; É z{âAslam will be writing a letter.X ƒÇ g; É ZÅâ

Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.X ƒVÐ Égì ZÅZzgZ™xâFuture Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing

I shall not be writing a letter 7Ég;ƒVÇX ~â }:XYou will not be writing a letter. ÉgìƒVÐX 7 ?â

He will not be writing a letter. Ég;ƒÇX 7 z{âAslam will not be writing a letter. Ég;ƒÇX 7 ZÅâ

Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter. 7ÉgìƒVÐX ZÅZzgZ™xâFuture Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing

Shall I be writing a letter? H~âÉg;ƒVÇ? }:XWill you be writing a letter? ?âÉgìƒVÐ? H

Will he be writing a letter? g;ƒÇ? É z{â HWill Aslam be writing a letter? g;ƒÇ? É ZÅâ H

Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâÉgìƒVÐ? HPresent Perfect Tense( Simple)

~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~[ìÔ[ƒVÔ_ìÔ`÷Ôc*ìÔ~ìÔ}÷Ô}ìz){W@*ìX Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk

ÅŠ~ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q has/have ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb

Æyou )Wð(Zzg I ZEwƒ@*ìX have Æ‚B They, we,you,I,plural nouns ª Zzg¦ has Æ‚B he,she,it,singular noun â^:XzZuª

ZEwƒ@*ìX have ‚BÌI have written a letter ~âÉ[ƒVX }:X

You have written a letter. ?âÉ`ƒXHe has written a letter. z{â[ìX

Aslam has written a letter. ZÅâ[ìX

Aslam and Akram have written a letter. ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`÷XPresent Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb

I have not written a letter 7É[ƒVX ~â }:X

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You have not written a letter. `ƒX 7 ?âÉHe has not written a letter. [ìX É7 z{â

Aslam has not written a letter. É[ìX 7 ZÅâAslam and Akram have not written a letter. É`÷X 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ

Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+?

Have I written a letter? H~âÉ[ƒV? }:XHave you written a letter? ?âÉ`ƒ? H

Has he written a letter? [ì? É z{â HHas Aslam written a letter? [ì? É ZÅâ H

Have Aslam and Akram written a letter? ? HZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`÷Past Perfect Tense( Simple)

z){W@*ìX Ôc*åÔ~¶Ô}¸ Ô` ¶ Ô_ å ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~[ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk

Zôm,~Æ Tense ÅŠ~ÃgxÎD÷Xt Verb ÎD÷Q had ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬~HY@*ìZzg�»xˆ~ƒZ Past Perfect Tense Z+ßg]~�»x¬ƒZQk»F,À }:X)eZËÆWäЬ%!%[å( %“ÓV~ÌZEwƒ@*ìX

™,ÐZzgeZˈ~Wc*Zk{ Past Perfect Tense ~HY@*ìXZz6,zZá¿~%!¬%ZZ=Zk{»F,À~ Past Indefinite Tense Qk»F,À

The patient had died before the doctor came. ~™,ÐX Past Indefinite Tense »F,À

Subject+had+3rd form of verb

I had written a letterXå ~âÉ[ }:XYou had written a letter.X¸ ?âÉ`He had written a letter.X É[å z{â

Aslam had written a letter.X å ZÅâÉ[Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X¸ ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`

Z[¼%“ÓVÅVB:X

The bell had rung when I reached the school. Z#~jwàÂp#_¶XThe patient had died before the doctor came. eZËÆWäЬ%!%[åX

He had gone out before finished his work. z{»x»™äЬ!*CÙŠHX

ZEwƒ@*ìX Tense ~¼Z,%“¿ÌZEwƒD÷X~ÜsZq-„ Tense Zk

He had never seen the lion before. }:XZkäè¬L7Š¬åX

I had already finished my work. ~䬄»x»™1åX

Past Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+had not+3rd form of verb

I had not written a letter 7[åX ~âÉ }:XYou had not written a letter. ¸X `7 ?âÉ

He had not written a letter. 7É[åX z{âAslam had not written a letter. [åX 7É ZÅâ

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Aslam and Akram had not written a letter. É`¸X 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ

Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

had+Subject+3rd form of verb+?

Had I written a letter ? H~âÉ[å? }:X Had you written a letter? ? ?âÉ` H

Had he written a lette? [å? É z{â H Had Aslam written a letter? [å? É ZÅâ H

Had Aslam and Akram written a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`? H

Future Perfect Tense( Simple)

z){W@*ìX ƒVÐ Ô_ƒVÏÔ` ƒÏ ÇÔ_ V Ô[ƒ ƒÇ ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~[ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk

ÅŠ~ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q will have/shall have ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb

ZEwHY@*ìX will have ZEwƒ@*ìXZzg!*¹ƒÆ‚B shall have Æ‚B we )Wð(Zzg I â^:X

I shall have written a letter ~âÉ[ƒVÇX }:XYou will have written a letter.X ƒÐ ?âÉ`

He will have written a letter.X ƒÇ z{âÉ[Aslam will have written a letter.X ƒÇ ZÅâÉ[

Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.X ƒVÐ ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`

Future Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb

I shall not have written a letter ~â7É[ƒVÇX }:XYou will not have written a letter. É`ƒÐX 7 ?â

He will not have written a letter. É[ƒÇX 7 z{âAslam will not have written a letter. É[ƒÇX 7 ZÅâ

Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter. É`ƒVÐX 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ

Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+?

Shall I have written a letter? H~âÉ[ƒVÇ? }:XWill you have written a letter? ?âÉ`ƒÐ? H

Will he have written a letter? z{âÉ[ƒÇ? HWill Aslam have written a letter? ZÅâÉ[ƒÇ? H

Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`ƒVÐ? H

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)÷âèŒÛd$Yg~( PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

» PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Ty:TQgŠzÆ¿ÆWy~@*g;ƒVÔDgì÷ÔCg„ƒVÔ@*g;ìÔCg„ìÔCg„÷z){W@*ìz{]

»ZEw™D÷XZzgZ¤/¬xz‰Üª since »f™ƒÂ¿~ Point of Time ™ÌHY@*ìXZ¤/¿~{mz‰Üª f ~z‰Ü» Tense ƒ@*ìXâ^:Zk

ZEwƒ@*ìXZzgŠz‚ßVÔŠz since ZEwƒ@*ìXÓx‹ÆŠâVÔ‚ßVÔð÷áxÔz‰ÜÆ‚B for )�¥x:ƒYƒ(»ZEwƒÂZ+ßg]~ Period of time

ZEw™D÷X for [RVÆ‚BSubject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:

ZEwƒ@*ìX have been Æ‚B Plural Noun Zzg has been Æ‚B He,She,It, singular noun

He has been playng hockey for two hours. }:z{Šz[RVÐ;Åög;ìX

He has been playng hockey for two days. Ð;Åög;ìX ŠâV z{ŠzŠ

You have been singing a song since 8'clock. ?WJWÐÇ**ÇgìƒX

I have been building this house since 1970. âÐtky¯g;ƒVX 1970~

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)

Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing

He has not been playng hockey for two hours. 7ög;ìX }:z{Šz[RVÐ;ÅHe has not been playng hockey for two days. z{ŠzŠŠâVÐ;Å7ög;ìX

You have not been singing a song since 8'clock. ?WJWÐÇ**7ÇgìƒX

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive)

Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Has he been playng hockey for two hours? }:Hz{Šz[RVÐ;Åög;ì?

Has he been playng hockey for two days? Hz{ŠzŠŠâVÐ;Åög;ì?

Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock? H?WJWÐÇ**Çgìƒ?

Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ì? g; HiZ@ŠzŠyÐjwÐ)q¢

Yg~( ê ÷âè PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

~Ìz‰Ü»f™ƒ@* Tense »ƒ@*ìXZk Past Perfect Continuous Tense Ty:TQgŠz¿ÆWy~@*g;åÔCg„¶ÔDgìz){Wñz{]

ZEwƒ@*ìX for Æ‚B Period of Time Zzg since Æ‚B Piont of Time ìX

Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing F,À™ä»§i:

I had been reading this book for two months. }:~Šzâ{ÐtÂ[7,|g;åXHe had been sleeping since morning. z{ðÐÎ@*g;åX

You had been playing hockey for two hours. ?Šz[RVÐ;Åögì¸X

We had been reading this lesson since Sunday. ëZÂZgÐt$7,|gì¸X

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)

Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing

I had not been reading this book for two months. 77,|g;åX }:~Šzâ{ÐtÂ[He had not been sleeping since morning. z{ðÐ7Î@*g;åX

You had not been playing hockey for two hours. ?Šz[RVÐ;Å7ögì¸X

We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday. ëZÂZgÐt$77,|gì¸X

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)

Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Had I been reading this book for two months? H~Šzâ{ÐtÂ[7,|g;åX }:Had He been sleeping since morning? Hz{ðÐÎ@*g;åX

Had You been playing hockey for two hours? H?Šz[RVÐ;Åögì¸X

Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday? HëZÂZgÐt$7,|gì¸X

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple) )¢›ÿE

LwYg~(

»ƒ@* PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Ty:TQgŠzÆ¿ÆWy~@*g;ƒÇXCg„ƒÏÔ@*g;ƒVÇÔDgìƒVÐÔCg„ƒVÏz){W@*ìz{]

ZEwZEwƒ@*ìX for Æ‚B Period of Time Zzg since Æ‚B Point of Time ~Ìz‰Ü»f™ƒ@*ìXZk~Ì Tense ìXZk

ZEw™D÷X will have been Zzg!*¹Æ‚B shall have been Æ‚B we )Wð(Zzg I

Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing Z‹~¯ä»§i:

I shall have been reading this news for two months. }:~Šzâ{Ðt7,kg;ƒVÇXYou will have been playing since noon. W\ŠzPÐÈgìƒVÐX

The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning. ‚yðÐXRV~I`@*g;ƒÇXFUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)

Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing

I shall not have been reading this news for two months. 77,kg;ƒVÇX }:~Šzâ{Ðt

You will not have been playing since noon. W\ŠzPÐ7ÈgìƒVÐXThe farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning. ‚yðÐXRV~I7`@*g;ƒÇX

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)

Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Shall I have been reading this news for two months? }:H~Šzâ{Ðt7,kg;ƒVÇ?Will You have been playing since noon? HW\ŠzPÐÈgìƒVÐ?

Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning? H‚yðÐXRV~I`@*g;ƒÇ?

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ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE

PERSONS OF PRONOUNS

Cases

qª

First Person

1

Second Person

q¢

Third Person

¸T$

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Subjective

Case

ÃZqª

I

~

We

ë

You

?You

?He/She/It

z{)Zq-(

They

z{)ic*Š{(

Objective

Case

Bàqª

Me

=

Us

…

You

»

You

»

Him/Her/It

QÐ

Them

Q7

Possessive

Case

$Ó»4-öGG

qª

My

Mine

÷Z

Our

Ours

øgZ

Your

Yours

vgZ

Your

Yours

vgZ

His/Her/Its

Qk»Their

Theirs

Qy»

~®Y({™s™@*ƒVX ~»xpŠHY@*ìX} Active Voice

®Y({íЙsHY@*ìX ~»x™Zc*Y@*ìX} Passive Voice

Objectà Subject ÎD÷Zzg by Îäƈ ÅŠ~Ãgx verb Ι is/am/are ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject »Object Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X

I clean the blackboard. }:X~®Y({™s™@*ƒVX

The blackboard is cleaned by me. ®Y({íЙsHY@*ìX

Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι is/am/are ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X Object à Subject

}:X~®({™s™@*ƒVX

Voice) I clean the blackboard. ( Active

®({íЙsHY@*ìX

The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice)

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

ÅŠ~ verb Ι not Ι is/am/are ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject »Object Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X Subjectà Object ÎD÷Zzg by ÃgxÎäƈ

}:X~®({™s™@*ƒVX

I clean the blackboard. ( Active Voice)

®({íЙs7HY@*ìX

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subject verb object

S verb object

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The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice)

Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ÎD÷Q is/am/areObject ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X Object

I polish the shoes. X }:X~�D0*×™@*ƒV

Are the shoes polished by me H�DíÐ0*×GYD÷?Are the shoes not polished by me? ? YD H�DíÐ0*×7G

Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

¯Šï÷X Object à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι was/were ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι was not/ were not ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬Šï÷X

Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb ÷Q Šï ¯ subjectà object ÎD÷Q was/were ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬Šï÷X

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι will be/shall be ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬Šï÷X

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι will not be/shall not be ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X Object

Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb ÎD÷Q be ¯Šï÷Q subjectà object ÎD÷Q will/shall ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷XZzgWy~?ÎD÷X Object Ã

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Direct and Indirect Narration

ëËZq-¿ÆìІƒñZÖpËŠ}¿Æ‚tŠz§bÐ7™Mh÷:X1ÆZÖpËŠ}¿Æ‚t!*ÇZϧbÒy™ŠñYNX 1X

1ÆZÖp~ðhZ¹gŠz$+w™ÆZk§b7HYñāZkÆ|x~�Ût:Wä0*ñX 2X

Narration ÃX~ Sentences ë÷XZ, Indirect Narration ZzgŠzu}§jà Direct Narration ¬§jÃ

ë÷ZzgZ7 Reported Speech ñ�ŠƒÔŠz”V~„HYYìXZq-z{z�1ÆZ-ZÖp6,Œƒ@*ìZÐ

~g3Y@*ìXZzgŠzuZzz{ƒ@*ì�1%zZá¿ÆZ-ZÖpŠzCÙZäЬZLìÐ ( " " ) Inverted commas

Verb ë÷ZzgZk{Æ Reporting Speech Æ!*CÙƒ@*ìXZÐ Inverted Commas 1áƒñZÖp6,Œƒ@*ìXt

eZÑY@*ìX (,) Comma ÆWy~ZÖpƈ Reporting speech ë÷Xt!*]c*ŠgOāz‰Ü Reporting Verb Ã

@*āŠzâV{ZµZµƒYNX

~$+%»‡°{ Indirect Speechà Direct speech

Reported ~ps™Dz‰Ü Indirect Speech ~ƒÂ Future Tense c*Present Tense Z¤/Reporting Verb 1

shall c*will say ~ Tellà say )Bw(Šc*ƒÂ Object 6,ÃðZW,:ƒÇXpZ¤/ZkÆÃð TenseÆVerbÆSpeech

~$+s÷X} shall tell c*will tellà say

Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense)

Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office.

Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense)

Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.

~$+wŠï÷X} toldà said ~ƒÂ Past Tense Z¤/Reporting Verb 2X

Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song." (past Tense)

Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song.

ÎD÷X that U™ZyÅ( inverted commasÆReported Speech Zzg comma »Wy~ Reporting speech 3X

)ö(Æ subject ÆReporting Verbà pronouns Æ( I, we, ) First person ÆReporting Speech 4X

_.$+wŠï÷X} Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill.

Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.

)Bw(Æ_.$+w object ÆReporting Verbà pronoun Æ(you) second person ÆReported Speech 5X

Šï÷X

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pronounsÆ(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonÆReported speech 6X

~ËnÅÃðp~7ƒCXDrect speech: She will say, " You are at fault."

Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.

~ps™D÷Xª Past Tense à verbs ÆÓx Reported speech ~ƒÂ Past Tense Z¤/Reporting Verb 7X

Present Perfect ~Ô Past continuous à Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite à Present Indefinite

~$+wŠï÷ Past perfect continuous à Present Perfect continuous ~Zzg Past Perfect Ã

present ~past continuous à present continuous ~Ô past perfect à Past Indefinite ZkÆ´z{~$+wŠï÷X past perfect continuous à present perfect continuous ~Zzg past perfect à perfect

~$+wŠï past perfect continuous à past continuous ~Zzg past perfect à indefinite past ZkÆ´z{ ~X} would à will c* shall ÷XZzg

Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today."

Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day.

custom )¬KCð(c* Universal Truth ~Ãð Reported speech ~ƒp Past Tense Z¤/Reporting Verb 8X

„~gLìX} Present Tense 6,ÃðZW,7ƒ@*Xªz{ tense Æverb ÆReported speech )gzZ`(ñ�ŠƒÂQ

Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one."

Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.

Ãv.sª»™Šc*Y@*ìX well Zzg all right, No, Yes 9X

z‰ÜZzg(ªCÙ™äzZáZÖp~qgzfsp´VƒC÷:X 01X

hither ~Ô then à now ~Ô thence à hence ~Ô those à these ~Ô that à this ~Ô there à here

next ~Ô next dayà tomorrow ~Ô that day à today ~Ô before à ago ~Ô so à thus ~Ô thither Ãprevious à last night ~Zzg previous dayà yesterda ~Ô that night à tonight ~Ô following day à day

~$+s÷X night

~ps™Dz‰Üqgzfs!*ÂV»ìwgO:X Indirect Narrations )¬c*Zi(à Imperative Sentences 11X

forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised ÃLzVÅâÎÆ_. Reporting Verb Z,LzVÆ )Z(

~$+wŠc*Y@*ìX proposed c*

¯fe÷X infinitive verb ΙZÐ To Ь verb Æ Imperative Sentences )[(

)¬ÔZiÔÃz){ÆLzV~(

4ìX not to Ь verb Åßg]~ Negative Sentences )`(

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c*proposed à Reporting Verb Ë?m,c*æ¾ÆnZEwHYñ let Z¤/ )Š(

ZiÆpŠ} let ZEwHY@*ìXpZ¤/ should ƈ ~$+wŠc*Y@*ìXZzgZk suggested

ZEwHY@*ìX permit c* allow ~$+w™Zkƈ Requested à Reporting Verb

(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb )ÎZDL}(ŠznƃD÷)1(�Ë Interrogative sentences 11X

sentences Æ‚BŠc*Y@*ìX)2(z{ No c*yes Æ‚BÑzqƒD÷ZzgZy»�Z[ shall, has,have,had may, might)

Æ‚BÑzqƒD÷ How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) zZ᪠wh �Ë

ZzgZyÆ�Z[~å]W@*ìX

~$+s÷X inquired c*asked à Reporting Verb ~$+sz‰Ü Indirect à Interrogative Sentences Z,

Reporting ÐÑzqƒD÷ZyÆ helping verb L} X� that Îc*Y@*ìZzg:„ To ZhZäЬZy~: commas

ZEw7 that ªÒ6¯Šc*Y@*ìXZk~ statement Îc*Y@*ìZzgL}à whether c*if ƈ object Æ verb

™DX

zZÑÂZ(„g�Šï÷XÎZD§iÃ$+w™L}à wh ~$+sz‰Ü Indirect zZáÂÐÑzqƒD÷Z¹ wh �ÎZDL}

ZEw7™DX that )Ò6(~ps™Šï÷Zzg statement

~ps indirect Ð direct ¹Y@*ìXZ,LzVÃ Exclamatory Sentences Z,L}X~¯g~_."»ZÖgƒZ7 21X

™äÆnqgzfs!*ÂV»ìwgec:X

~$+w Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy à Reporting Verb Z¤/L}ÐËpÙ»ZÖgƒÂZkÆ )Z(

Ί,X that Š,XZkƈ

Exclaimed c*Exclaimed with sorrow à Reporting Verb Z¤/L}Ð˧Æ_."»ZÖgƒÂZkÆ )[(

Ί,X that ~$+wŠ,XZkƈ sorrowfully

z){Ã:KX Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha _./Ô§Ôc*ä]ªCÙ™äzZáZÖp} )`(

~ps™ä Indirect Ð Direct ¹Y@*ìXZ¹ Optative Sentences Z,L}X~ËŠ¬c*pZé»ZÖgƒZ¹ 31X

Ænqgzfs!*ÂV»ìwgec:X

Ί,X that ~ps™,ZzgZkƈ wished c*Prayed à Reporting Verb )Z(

ÎNX respectfully ƈ Reporting Verb ñ�ŠƒÂps”{ Sir ~Z¤/ Reporting speech 41X

~$+wŠ,X bade farewell à Reported Speech ÐÑzqƒÂ Farewell ÂReporting speech Z¤/ 51X

Reporting ÐÑzqƒÂ Good day c*Good night c*Good evening c*Good morning Z¤/Reported speech 61X

Å bade z){~$+s÷X bade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning à speech

ÌZEwƒ@*ìX wished (

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PERSONS OF PRONOUNS

Cases

qª

First Person

1

Second Person

q¢

Third Person

¸T$

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Subjective

Case

ÃZqª

I

~

We

ë

You

?You

?He/She/It

z{)Zq-(

They

z{)ic*Š{(

Objective

Case

Bàqª

Me

=

Us

…

You

»

You

»

Him/Her/It

QÐ

Them

Q7

Possessive

Case

$Ó»4-öGG

qª

My

Mine

÷Z

Our

Ours

øgZ

Your

Yours

vgZ

Your

Yours

vgZ

His/Her/Its

Qk»Their

Theirs

Qy»

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