tesis maestría en educación ambiental. ps. jaime botello valle
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WLEYGX_ENMN VGNM@@EOM LMOEDLMCWLENMN AGREOMCE
AMG_^XM GL GNWOMOEL; OMAVD GNWOMOEL MAHEGL^MC
^G_E_
Cds Ymcdxgs Mahegl~mcgs gl wl @xwvd ng Leds ng cm Odawlenmn WxhmlmVedlgxds ng Agreomce# H, O,
]WG VMXM DH^GLGX GC @XMND NG;AMG_^XD GL GNWOMOEL; OMAVD GNWOMOEL MAHEGL^MC
Vxgsgl~m;
Kds Kmeag Hd~gccd Ymccg
^w~dxm ng ~gses; Nxm, @wmnmcwvg ^exmnd Mxems
Agreomce# H, O, amud ng 86=8
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, ng adnd }wg lwgs~xd odavxdaesd odad gnwomndxgs ld sgm wlmodl}wes~m ng wl nm# wlm gs~moel m cm }wg ccg`mx# seld wlm idxam od~enemlm ngyemkmx,
Amxm Ldyd
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Lm~wxm
Omccmnm# swhceag# gsagxmcnelm#
ldo~wxlmc ye`m# ccg`ms od~enemlmagl~g
ixgsom# gsgloemc u aes~gxedsm
m ae sgx# odl ~w vcgle~wn mxhdxgsogl~g#segavxg yeym# vgxiwamnm#
ag swhuw`ms odl ~w vxgsgloem secgl~g
gl~xg amxgs u xds ngs~mom
vgxgllg u awc~eidxag ~w hgccg{m glydcygl~g
sgnwo~dxm# m~xmo~eym# lm~wxmcg{m heglmamnm
bdu# ng ae mcam sg`wxmagl~g#
nwcog omw~eym,Kmeag Hd~gccd
M ae imaecem# m aes `xmlngs amgs~xds# m aes }wgxends u ymcedsds mae`ds# m cdsleds }wg beoegxdl vdsehcg gs~g ~xmhmkd ng elygs~e`moel,
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L N E O GV`,
El~xdnwooel 2= WLM _DOEGNMN OMAHEML^G ,,
=6
=,= Ngsoxevoel ng cm vxdhcga~eom,, =6=,8 Mlceses odl~gr~wmc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =9=,? Vcml~gmaegl~d ngc vxdhcgam,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =0=,> Kws~eieomoel, =0=,7 Dhkg~eyd `glgxmc ng cm ~gses,, =2
=,7,= Dhkg~eyd vmx~eowcmx,, =2=,7,8 Dhkg~eyd gsvgoieod =5
=,9 Vxg`wl~ms ng elygs~e`moel,, =5=,0 Vdhcmoel ag~m,,, =5=,2 Gs~mnd ngc mx~g d gs~mnd ng cm owgs~el ?8
8 GC AE^D _WVGXEDXENMN BDAHXG YGX_W_ LM^WXMCG[M ?>8,= Ngieleoedlgs ng gnwomoel mahegl~mc "GM% ?78,8 Eavdx~mloem ng cm GM, ?58,? Dhkg~eyds ng cm GM, >=8,> Bes~dxem ng cm GM >?8,7 Cds ymcdxgs, >9
8,7,= Ngieleoel ng ymcdx,, >98,7,8 Omxmo~gxs~eoms ng cds ymcdxgs,, >98,7,? Ocmseieomoel ng cds ymcdxgs,, >08,7,> Cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs >58,7,7 Gc `xmie~e; mx~g wxhmld d ml~eymcdx gs~~eod,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7=8,7,9 Mvceomoel ng cds ymcdxgs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7>8,7,0 Ngsmxxdccd adxmc ngc led,, 79
8,9 Cm gnwomoel mahegl~mc u sws vxeloeveds mredc`eods,,,,,,,,, 728,0 Cm Hed~eom, 96
8,0,= Vmsds bmoem wlm ~eom Owc~wxmc,, 988,0,8 ^gdxms swhumogl~gs m cm Hed~eom, 98
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>
8,0,8,= Hedogl~xesad# ml~xdvdogl~xesad
u godogl~xesad 98
? GC NG_MXXDCCD BWAMLD U CM GM 92
?,= Ngsmxxdccd bwamld "NB% u GM 92
?,8 Ngsmxxdccd odawle~mxed u GM 07
?,? Vmx~eoevmoel odawle~mxem gl cm GM, 2=
?,> Gc gavdngxmaegl~d d idx~mcgoeaegl~d ng cms
odawlenmngs gl cm GM, 28
?,7 @gs~el odawle~mxem u hedneygxsenmn,, 27
?,9 @gs~el mahegl~mc,,, ,, 20
?,0 Mw~d`gs~el, 22
?,2 Gnwomoel bdces~m godc`eom, 56
?,2,= Omxmo~gxs~eoms ng wlm gnwomoel bdces~m
godc`eom,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5=
?,5 Odloegloem mahegl~mc,,,,,, 5?
?,=6 ^gdxm ngc el~gxmooedlesad seahceod "E_%,, 59
?,=6,= Mvceomoel ngc E_ =66
> MC^GXLM^EYM_ AG^DNDC@EOM_ VMXM ELYG_^E@MX
CM XGMCENMN,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =68
>,= A~dnd ng elygs~e`moel,, ,, =6?
>,8 ^oleoms ng xgodcgooel ng nm~ds, =67
7 CM VD^GLOEMCE[MOEL NG CM EL^GXYGLOEL;
GC VXD@XMAM NG GNWOMOEL MAHEGL^MC "VGM% =62
7,= Vxdhcgams }wg vxgsgl~m cm odawlenmnVedlgxds =62
7,8 Adngcd vgnm``eod bwamles~m!gres~gloemc ng Vmwcd Ixgexg,,,,, =62
7,? Ag~dndcd`m ng cm GM,,, ==6
7,> Gnwomoel ld idxamc gl cm GM, ==8
7,>,= Mooedlgs ng cm gnwomoel ld idxamc, ==>
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7,7 Godvgnm`d`m ==7
7,7,= Vxeloeveds ng cm godvgnm`d`m ==9
7,9 Vcmlgmoel neno~eom ngc Vxd`xmam ng Gnwomoel
Mahegl~mc "VGM% ==0
7,9,= Vmsds vmxm nesgmx gc VGM,, ==07,9,8 Vcmlgmoel neno~eom,, ==2
9 GC OMAELD BMOEM CM G_VGXML[M; CD_ XG_WC^MND_ =>>
9,= Xgswc~mnds ielmcgs, =>>
9,=,= Amvm odlogv~wmc ng cms om~g`dxms,,,,, =>7
9,=,8 Om~g`dxms gagx`gl~gs,,,, =>7
9,=,8,= Imc~mx mc xgsvg~d mc mahegl~g,,, =>79,=,8,8 Ld odl~maelmoel ngc mahegl~g, =>0
9,=,8,? Owenmnd ngc agned mahegl~g , =>2
9,=,8,> Ld ~exmx hmswxm,,, , =76
9,=,8,7 @xmie~e# odl~maelmoel yeswmc,, =7=
9,8, Od~gkmaegl~d ngc vxeagx u sg`wlnd owgs~edlmxed odl gc VGM =7?
9,? Mooedlgs odavcgagl~mxems gigo~wmnms gl cm odawlenmn, =97
0 ODLOCW_EDLG_, =92
2 XGODAGLNMOEDLG_ =08
XGIGXGLOEM_ =0>
XGIGXGLOEM_ GCGO^XLEOM_ =02
XGYE_^M_ GCGO^XLEOM_, =56
_E^ED_ _GCGO^XLEOD_ NG CM DLW =58
Mlgrd = Idxam~d ng glowgs~m,, =5>
Mlgrd 8 Nemxed ng omavd,, =57
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Mlgrd ? ^xeml`wcmoel ~gxeom 8==Mlgrd > Ces~mnd ng om~g`dxms gagx`gl~gs, 8=7Mlgrd 7 Am~xe{ eligxgloemc u am~xe{ eligxgloemc odlogv~wmc, 88=Mlgrd 9 Odawleomoel odl gc RR Muwl~maegl~d ng Agreomce 8?9Mlgrd 0 Id~ds ngc owxsd 8?2
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EL^XDNWOOEL
Gres~g wl vg}wgd `xwvd gl ae hmxxed ng mcxgngndx ng =8 leds# odl gccds
smc`d m vcm~eomx# kw`mads# odxxgads# mlnmads gl cms heoeocg~ms vdx cms ~mxngs#
ag odagl~ml mc`wlms ygogs ng sws vxdhcgams gl imaecem# xgads ng obes~gs
}wg owgl~ml# ng cms nesoxgvmloems u odliceo~ds }wg ng xgvgl~g sg swogngl
gl~xg gccds# gl domsedlgs cgs mxxg`cd sws heoeocg~ms d cgs vxgs~d bgxxmaegl~ms
vmxm }wg gccds mvxglnml m mxxg`cmxcms vdx s aesads: gl d~xms# cgs ccma cm
m~gloel vdx gavcgmx vmcmhxms mc~esdlml~gs# ngsvws ng bmogxcd ld~mhm wl
oegx~d mcgkmaegl~d# ~xm~ ng gl~glngx }wg cm xm{l vdsehcg iwg vdx}wg ld cgs
m`xmn ae ccmamnm ng m~gloel, Iwe amgs~xd!vseocd`d ng mc`wlds# xm{l vdx
cm owmc ag ygl odl xgsvg~d u gs~eamoel# sws imaecems ag odldogl hegl# gs
odl gs~ds leds }wg ngsgd xgmce{mx ae ~gses ng gnwomoel mahegl~mc,
Neobm elygs~e`moel sg glamxom ngl~xd ngc glid}wg owmce~m~eyd odl gc adngcd
ngc ~evd elygs~e`moel!mooel# vdx agned ngc owmc sg vxeyecg`em cm dhsgxymoel g
el~gxmooel ngc elygs~e`mndx odl gc agned# vgxd ng e`wmc idxam sg gavcgm gc ~evd
ng gnwomoel ld idxamc# }wg gs m}wccm }wg sg gigo~m iwgxm ng cds ogl~xds
gsodcmxgs "Ldyd# =552%,
Odavmx~d odl ^gxxl "86=6% gc el~gxs vdx mlmce{mx oad cds leds idxaml u
adneieoml sws xgvxgsgl~moedlgs agl~mcgs u sdoemcgs xgsvgo~d ng sws ymcdxgsmahegl~mcgs# sws mo~e~wngs bmoem gc agned, Veglsd }wg gs~d bmhcm gl s ng wl
vxdogsd ng el~gxedxe{moel ng cds leds odl gc mahegl~g# odl cm sdoegnmn# }wg
xgomgxm gl wl ~dnd nelaeod# mxaleod# gl adagl~ds odliceo~eyd# mc
glixgl~mxsg cds leds m neygxsds gl~dxlds# odl yesedlgs neigxgl~gs ngc agned#
odl vds~wxms ~ml nesaecgs xgsvgo~d ng cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs,
Cm Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc "GM% nghg ng se~wmxsg gl wl odl~gr~d ng odl~elwm
~xmlsidxamoel sdoemc# }wg elocwum m cms mo~e~wngs# xgcmoedlgs sdoemcgs u ymcdxgsvxgswaehcgagl~g mahegl~mcgs vmxm# sg`l ae vwl~d ng yes~m# vdngx gkgxogx wlm
elicwgloem nexgo~m u vdse~eym gl lwgs~xd agned mahegl~g,
Cm ~gses gs~ neyenenm gl oelod omv~wcds, Gl gc vxeagx omv~wcd sg bmog gc
vcml~gmaegl~d ngc vxdhcgam# gl gc sg`wlnd u ~gxogx omv~wcd sg vxgsgl~m gc
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amxod ~gxeod }wg sws~gl~m gs~m elygs~e`moel# gl gc owmx~d omv~wcd sg
grvdlg cm ag~dndcd`m ng cm elygs~e`moel }wg sg gavcg# kwl~d odl cm
~oleom ng xgodcgooel ng nm~ds# gc omv~wcd }wel~d ygxsm sdhxg gc Vxd`xmam
ng Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc odl cds dhkg~eyds d ag~ms vmxm mcoml{mxsg# gc
omv~wcd sgr~d ndlng sg grvdlgl cds xgswc~mnds# gl gc omv~wcd sv~ead sgmvdx~ml cms odlocwsedlgs# ielmcagl~g# gl gc omv~wcd do~myd sg bmogl oegx~ms
xgodaglnmoedlgs,
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=6
= WLM _DOEGNMN OMAHEML^G
=,= Ngsoxevoel ng cm vxdhcga~eom;
Gl ae dvelel cm GM sg amleiegs~m vdx agned ng odlnwo~ms u ymcdxgs# um }wg
swvdlg wlm lwgym yesel ng cm yenm bwamlm# ngc gl~dxld# ~xm~mlnd ng ygx
se~wmoedlgs ld vgxoehenms ml~gs# gcmhdxmlnd wlm lwgym ~eom# lwgyds ymcdxgs}wg odlnw{oml m bhe~ds ng agkdxmaegl~d ngc mahegl~g, _wvdlg wlm
xgsvwgs~m xgsvdlsmhcg bmoem gc gl~dxld# }wg sg ygm ~xmnwoenm gl as
vcgle~wn# vmx~eoevmlnd mo~eymagl~g gl sw ngiglsm u gcgymx ms cm omcenmn ng
yenm ng ~dnds cds bmhe~ml~gs ng wlm oewnmn# xg`el# vms# ngc awlnd,
Ngsng bmog neg{ mds }wg bg yglend dhsgxymlnd oad gc odavdx~maegl~d
ng mc`wlds agreomcglsgs bm end omahemlnd gl idxam mcmxaml~g u lg`m~eym;
ld hmxxgl sws hml}wg~ms# le sw omccg# ~exml cm hmswxm gl owmc}wegx cw`mx# gcymlnmcesad gl cms odcdlems# gsowgcms u vmx}wgs bm mwagl~mnd# bmoeglnd }wg
cm oewnmn sg ygm as mhmlndlmnm# swoem# odl wl eloxgagl~d se`leieom~eyd gl
gc `xmie~e# ~exmngxd ocmlngs~eld ng ccml~ms vdx ~dnm cm oewnmn# amc~xm~d u
ngsowend ng cds gneieoeds vhceods# xdhd ng omhcgmnd gco~xeod ng cms gsowgcms
vdx cds ngcelowgl~gs# gceaelmoel ng cds gsvmoeds ygxngs ngl~xd ng cms omsms
vmxm odlygx~excds gl odobgxms# swalndsg m gccd wlm oxgoegl~g
odl~maelmoel,
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==
Gc ~gxxgld hmcnd ogxomld m cm odawlenmn Vedlgxds#
idod ng odl~maelmoel,
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=8
Gc `xmie~e# wld ng cds vxdhcgams ng cm odawlenmn
Cm odawlenmn ndlng sg xgmce{ cm elygs~e`moel sg ccmam Vedlgxds# }wg
gs~ wheomnm gl~xg cms omccgs ldyglm u dlogmym u cms myglenms Xd
Obmavd~l bms~m cm myglenm Xd Ado~g{wam _wx# ng cm ngcg`moel @dl{cg{
Dx~g`m# ng Agreomce# H, O,# odls~xwenm bmog 87 mds# odls~e~wenm gl gsg
~egavd vdx dhxgxds# `gl~g odl vdom gsodcmxenmn u odl odlnwo~ms swamagl~g
m`xgseyms# grvcdseyms# }wg gavcgml wl cgl`wmkg awu dhsogld#ngsel~gxgsmnds gl cm idxamoel adxmc ng sws bekds# mc`wlds vmnxgs ng imaecem
odl yeoeds ng mcodbdcesad u nxd`mneooel# ~xmnwoelndsg gs~d mc vmsmx cds
mds gl wl gl~dxld sdoemc odl kyglgs mneo~ds, Vcge~ds gl cms omccgs#
nxd`mxsg gl cm ym vhceom# `xe~ds ng cms amas vmxm odxxgx m cds mae`ds
mneo~ds ng sws bekds# iwgxdl u sdl gc vml ng omnm nm gl gs~m odawlenmn,
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Odl~maelmoel yeswmc vdx gc `xmie~e, Amcm eam`gl u amc gkgavcd }wg sg nm m
cds leds,
Mc`wlds ng cds kyglgs sdl ylnmcds# um }wg cm vg}wgm wlenmn ngvdx~eym
}wg gres~g cg ngs~xd{mxdl odavcg~magl~g gc ogxod ng amccm oeocleom#
~wahmxdl hcd}wgs ng cm aesam# cms omlms~ms ng hmcdlogs~d sg cms xdhmxdl:cds mc~ds ng nesod }wg bmhm gl cms gs}welms# cds cg~xgxds ng cms omccgs# gc
~gcidld vhceod# ~dnd gccd cd }we~mxdl# cd xdavegxdl: cms hmxnms gs~l
`xmie~gmnms gl sw amudxm,
Gl neygxsms domsedlgs ~wyg }wg amlnmx vgnex muwnm vdceomom vmxm }wg
ng~wyegxml m wlds kyglgs lmxod~xmieoml~gs, Gc xdhd m cms omsms bmhe~moel
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=>
gs odal# gc msmc~d m cds ~glngkdlgs# gc xdhd# ngsaml~gcmaegl~d u }wgam
ng mw~ds vdx vmlneccms gl odliceo~d wlms odl d~xms# sdl ixgowgl~gs gl gs~m
odcdlem,
Gs~m odawlenmn odls~m ng mcxgngndx ng >66 imaecems# gres~eglnd mc`wlms
odl vxdhcgams ng neydxoed d sgvmxmoel ng cms vmxgkms,
Gres~g wl ~mccgx ng ~xmo~domaedlgs# ndlng xgodls~xwugl cms omkms ng gs~ds#
gc xwend }wg bmogl ccg`m m cms omsms }wg bmu mcxgngndx,
Bmu ~mahel wl kmxnl ng leds ccmamnd Ae`wgc Benmc`d# wlm gsowgcm
vxeamxem; _dx Kwmlm Els ng cm Oxw{# u gc Ogl~xd ng Gs~wneds Oegl~ieods u
^goldc`eods "OGOu^% / 07,
Ld ag vgxom~d se gres~gl oxggloems xgce`edsms mxxme`mnms# as hegl oxgd}wg sdl vgxsdlms elneigxgl~gs m gs~ms owgs~edlgs# vgxd ag ndu owgl~m }wg
bmu yese~ms sgamlmcgs m cm odawlenmn vdx vmx~g ng nes~el~ms odl`xg`moedlgs
oxes~emlms# ~xm~mlnd ng bmogx vxdsgce~esad,
Cds shmnds sg els~mcm wl ~eml`wes# ndlng cm amudxm ng gs~ms imaecems sg
swx~gl ng odaenm# xdvm ng sg`wlnm amld u d~xds w~glseceds ndas~eods# oxgd
}wg gsg gs gc vxeloevmc cw`mx ndlng ~dnm cm odawlenmn sg xglg# ml owmlnd
ld sg gs~mhcgogl xgcmoedlgs sdoemcgs ogxomlms# le odawleomoel gl~xg gccds#vdx cd }wg veglsd }wg sg ~xm~m ng wlm odawlenmn ngsel~g`xmnm sdoemcagl~g,
Mvmx~g ng cm wsml{m ng ex mc ~eml`wes cds shmnds cm odlnwo~m as vxgsgl~g
gl cds sgdxgs gs ~damx ogxyg{m odl sws ygoelds cds ielgs ng sgamlm,
Gl cm wlenmn ngvdx~eym# um agloedlmnm# gs wl se~ed ndlng cds kyglgs ng
=0 m 8= mds kwg`ml iw~hdc# mb aesad gs~ wlm {dlm ng kwg`ds grocwseym
vmxm leds, M wl cmnd ng gs~g gsvmoed gs~ wlm vg}wgm hehced~gom }wg sexyg
ng mvdud m cds gs~wneml~gs ngc ngxxgndx u ndlng sg eavmx~gl owxsds ngcEls~e~w~d Lmoedlmc ng Gnwomoel ng Mnwc~ds "ELGM%,
Vwgnd m~xgygxag m ngoex }wg cm yenm u gc kdc`dxed ng gsm odawlenmn cd nml
cds leds# sdhxg ~dnd gl ~egavd ng ygxmld# }wg gc oceam vgxae~g mcmx`mx cms
bdxms vmxm gs~mx gl cm omccg neyex~elndsg as ~egavd,
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Cm owmnxm ndlng bmhe~d sg odls~xwu vds~gxedxagl~g m cm ng Vedlgxds# gl
gc md ng =55=# cm amudxm ng cms vgxsdlms xmads amgs~xds d
vxdigsedles~ms# ng ocmsg agnem# idxamlnd wl mahegl~g ocend# mae`mhcg#
~dnds cds 76 el~g`xml~gs eleoemcgs# }wg# mc vmsmx gc ~egavd u ~xms cms oxeses
godlaeoms ng cds mds 57 u vds~gxedxgs# beoegxdl }wg wlm hwglm vmx~gmhmlndlmxm cms omsms vdx ld vdngx vm`mxcms# cds ngcelowgl~gs gavg{mxdl m
xdhmxcgs cms ygl~mlms# vwgx~ms# omhcgmnd gco~xeod# bms~m ngkmxcms
odavcg~magl~g elbmhe~mhcgs# s~ms iwgxdl xgmn}wexenms vdx vgxsdlms odl
oxne~ds ngc Els~e~w~d ngc Idlnd Lmoedlmc ng cm Yeyeglnm vmxm cds ^xmhmkmndxgs
"ELIDLMYE^%# odl vdom gsodcmxenmn# dhxgxds gl sw amudxm# vdx cd }wg gs~g
mahegl~g omahe; lds mcgkmads wlds ng cds d~xds# bwhd as xems u
odliceo~ds gl~xg ygoelds: mo~wmcagl~g yeyeads odl gc gs~ecd magxeomld# omnm}wegl ccg`m m sw omsm# sg gloegxxm u ld smhg }w vmsm odl cds ngas
ygoelds, Ccg`mxdl e`wmcagl~g cds vxdhcgams ng mneooel m cms nxd`ms gl~xg
cds bekds ng gs~ds dhxgxds# oxgmlnd ml as vxdhcgams gl cm odlyeygloem
nemxem,
"Msvgo~d el~gxedx ng cms omsms mc xdhxsgcgs cds ~whds ng odhxg ngc m`wm#
vdx cds ngcelowgl~gs# gl sw amudxm nxd`mneo~ds%,
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Omnm omsm ~glm wl gsvmoed bmhece~mnd vmxm kmxnl# cm odls~xwo~dxm xg`mc wl
xhdc uwom~god m omnm omsm# cm amudxm cds smo vmxm mavcemx sws odobgxms#
vdoms omsms ng gs~ms cd odlsgxyml# gl~xg gccms cm am,
Ae se~wmoel ngl~xd ng cm odawlenmn gs odldoenm# eliwlnd xgsvg~d u ag bg
bgobd xgsvg~mx m iwgx{m ng vmcmhxms# smhgl }wg sdu amgs~xd u vseocd`d#
}wg owend ng }wg ld bmum `xmie~e gl cms vmxgngs ng aes ygoelds# }wg ld bmum
hmswxm ~exmnm gl cms omccgs# }wg ag `ws~m gc secgloed ngsvws ng cms neg{ ng
cm ldobg# }wg ld ~dcgxd cm aseom mc~m u aglds ngsvws ng cms nds ng cm
amnxw`mnm# vwgs~d }wg cg bmhcd m cm vdceom vmxm }wg ygl`m m omccmxcds, Vdx
gsg cmnd ae owmnxm u gs~m odawlenmn gaveg{ml m odavxglngx vdod m vdod gc
sgl~end ngc xgsvg~d mc ngsomlsd ng cds ngas, Ld bm send lmnm sgloeccd
gs~mhcgogx ldxams ~oe~ms gl~xg ldsd~xds# vwgs~d }wg mc`wlms domsedlgs ldsccgy m odlixdl~moedlgs ygxhmcgs# vdx gc xwend u cm aseom gs~xengl~g,
Cms nxd`ms# ld s oad# vgxd vgxses~gl ngl~xd ng gs~m odawlenmn#
~mavdod s }wel cms nes~xehwug# vgxd engl~eieod hegl m cds kyglgs
nxd`mneo~ds: ae vxgdowvmoel oxgoegl~g gs }wg vwgnml sgxyex ng amc gkgavcd
m cds leds odl }weglgs bg yglend ~xmhmkmlnd,
Ogxom ng lwgs~xd hmxxed bmu wl cd~g hmcnd awu `xmlng }wg mhmxom
aml{mlm u agnem ndlng mc`wlms vgxsdlms ygx~ml sw hmswxm# mleamcgs
awgx~ds# gsodahxds u wlm `xml oml~enmn ng ccml~ms# sg`wend gxm vxgsm ngc
iwg`d# cds hdahgxds m aglwnd ~glml ~xmhmkd gl gs~g cw`mx, Ccmad cm
m~gloel owmlnd ygd }wg mc`l ygoeld gs~ }wgamlnd mc`d gl sw omsm# cg
ne`d }wg ydu m xgvdx~mxcd m cm vdceom mahegl~mc vmxm }wg cd awc~g# ygd vdod
omahed gl gs~g amc bhe~d: cd aesad swogng odl cm }wgam ng owg~gs gl
Lmyenmn u Md Lwgyd,
=,8 Mlceses odl~gr~wmc;Omnm nm }wg vmsm ygd gc eloxgagl~d ng odlnwo~ms ng ngsel~gxs bmoem cm
eavdx~mloem ngc owenmnd ngc agned mahegl~g gl cds vmnxgs ng imaecem# u gl
odlsgowgloem# sws bekds, Gl yese~ms }wg beog ixgowgl~gagl~g m cms imaecems ng
gs~ds leds odls~m~ }wg ld bmhm sw`gxgloems# le xnglgs vmxm }wg
cgyml~mxml cm hmswxm }wg ~exmhml gl cm omccg cds leds# lel`l sgmcmaegl~d m
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=0
ld vgxkwneomx cms vxdvegnmngs ng cds ygoelds: vgxoehd wlm mvm~m gl gs~g
gl~dxld# omnm }wegl yeyeglnd gl gc nm m nm# sel wlm ag~m ocmxm gl cm yenm#
awobd aglds gl gc xgsvg~d bmoem cd }wg lds xdngm, Ae ~gadx gs }wg gsg
ngsel~gxs u mvm~m sg vmsgl odad wlm bgxgloem m cms se`wegl~gs
`glgxmoedlgs odl~xehwuglnd odl gccd mc ngsagkdxmaegl~d ng cm lm~wxmcg{m,Awu sgagkml~g gs gc vglsmaegl~d ng Omxeng u Agexm "866=%# }weglgs
sds~eglgl }wg ml~g cds vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs cms vgxsdlms ~daml nes~mloem#
sg glmkglml# vgxamlgogl elneigxgl~gs u odl wlm sglsmoel ng elomvmoenmn#
gl mc`wlds omsds# owmlnd cm vxdhcga~eom mahegl~mc gs `xmyg,
=,? Vcml~gmaegl~d ngc vxdhcgam
Cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs ld sdl xgcgyml~gs gl sws yenms# vgxd }w vmsmxm se
m ~xmys ng wlm el~gxygloel odawle~mxem sg ngads~xmxm }wg cds ymcdxgs
mahegl~mcgs s sdl eavdx~ml~gs g elbgxgl~gs m lwgs~xm swvgxyeygloem u agkdx
omcenmn ng yenm4 sg vdnxm omahemx gs~m odlogvoel bmhe~wmc gl cms
odawlenmngs u as gsvgoieomagl~g gl cm ng Vedlgxds4
Cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs sdl e`wmcagl~g se`leieom~eyds }wg cds godlaeods#
vdc~eods# owc~wxmcgs# sdoemcgs# imaecemxgs# }wg vdx swvwgs~d# gs~l
xgcmoedlmnds odl lwgs~xm yenm# scd gs lgogsmxed owc~eymxcds m leygc
odawle~mxed u `glgxmx amudx odloegloem gl~xg cds odawlgxds# gs~d bm
ccgymnd m vxg`wl~mxag;
Gs cm imc~m ng idxamoel gl ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs cm vxeloevmc omwsm ng cm
ng`xmnmoel mahegl~mc4
=,> Kws~eieomoel
Gs~g vxdugo~d ng muwnm odawle~mxem vxg~glne oxgmx bhe~ds ng xgsvg~d
mahegl~mc gl cds leds# cd owmc imydxgoe m cm odawlenmn# bmoelndcm asbmhe~mhcg# as `xm~m# gl ndlng cds ygoelds u sws leds vwnegxml nmxsg gc
~egavd ng xgsvexmx mexg vwxd u nesixw~mx ng cm mxadlm u g}wecehxed ng sws
gsvmoeds lm~wxmcgs# agkdxmlnd sw omcenmn ng yenm, _g ~xm~ ng gcgymx cm
odloegloem gl gs~g agned# glxe}wgoelndcm odl ymcdxgs vcglmagl~g
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=2
mahegl~mces~ms }wg vxdveoemxdl cm xe}wg{m ng wlm grvgxegloem ye~mc as ccglm
ng sgl~end mc owenmx sw agned mahegl~g,
M sw yg{ iwg wl hwgl eleoed ng mo~e~wngs vdse~eyms }wg xgnwlnmxdl bms~m gl
wlm amudx el~g`xmoel imaecemx# sdoemc# odawle~mxem mc ygx }wg sws gsiwgx{ds
gl gc owenmnd u xgsvg~d ngc gl~dxld cgs vxdvdxoedlmxdl gsg xg`doekd }wg
hxelnm cm lm~wxmcg{m m }wegl cm owenm,
Odl gs~g vxdvse~d ~xmhmk m ~xmys ng wl vxd`xmam ng gnwomoel gl
ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs odl cds obe}we~elgs nwxml~g cms ymomoedlgs ng ygxmld ng
86== g elnexgo~magl~g odl cds vmnxgs ng imaecem# u ms dhsgxymx cds gigo~ds
ng bmhgx cmhdxmnd vdx gc agned mahegl~g odl gs~g gs~wned,
Vwgng sgx ~damnm gs~m elygs~e`moel odad wl gsiwgx{d vgnm``eod ngl~xd
ng cm gnwomoel ld idxamc owuds ielgs sgml vxgoesmagl~g# ld scd cm
~xmlsidxamoel ngc mahegl~g# seld wlm ~xmlsidxamoel sdoemc vxdiwlnm;
ZQ}wg sg amleiegs~g gl ymcdxgs# mo~e~wngs u xgcmoedlgs imydxmhcgs
bmoem gc gl~dxld iseod u sdoemcGccd eavceom ld scd cm elidxamoel
sdhxg cds vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# seld wl vxdogsd vgnm``eod
elldymndx odl wl limses eavdx~ml~g gl gc ngsmxxdccd bwamld u sdoemc#
odl gc iel ng eloenex gl cm idxamoel ng wlm owc~wxm mahegl~mc }wg
ad~eyg cm odls~xwooel ng wlm lwgym odloegloem ml~g cm yenm#
glomaelmnm m vdlngxmx gl~xg cds bwamlds wlm agkdx odlyeygloem odl
cm lm~wxmcg{m u cm hs}wgnm ng wl amudx heglgs~mx sdoemc gl gc awlnd
"^gxxl# 86=6;85%,
=,7 Dhkg~eyd `glgxmc ng cm ~gses;
Vxdadygx wlm GM mavcem# el~g`xmc# bdces~m# odl vxdogsds hmsmnds gl cm
nelaeom owc~wxmc odawle~mxem }wg eloenml gl ~xmlsidxamoedlgs ng cmxgvxgsgl~moel agl~mc# sdoemc ng cds leds# adneieomlnd sws vglsmaegl~ds#
mo~e~wngs u mooedlgs bmoem gc mahegl~g,
=,7,= Dhkg~eyd Vmx~eowcmx;
Cm gymcwmoel ngc Vxd`xmam ng Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc "VGM%,
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=5
=,7,8 Dhkg~eyd gsvgoieod;
Gymcwmx gc eavmo~d ng cm idxamoel gl cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs gl gc
agkdxmaegl~d ng cm odawlenmn Vedlgxds,
=,9 Vxg`wl~ms ng elygs~e`moel
]w ymcdxgs sdl cds as se`leieom~eyds vmxm cm odlsgxymoel ngcmahegl~g4
Oad odl~xehwug cm GM mc ngsmxxdccd odawle~mxed u bwamld4 ]w ng cm xgmcenmn xgvxgsgl~ml cds leds m ~xmys ng sws
odlnwo~ms xgsvgo~d ng cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs4
Oad sg nm cm xgse`leieomoel ng cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs gl cdsleds4
=,0 Vdhcmoel ag~mMbdxm hegl# vmxm cm elygs~e`moel vxgsgl~g sg sgcgooedl wlm vdhcmoel
ag~m ng =8 leds; 0 leds u 7 lems# odl wl vxdagned ng gnmn ng =8 mds u
9 agsgs# > odxxgsvdlngl mc leygc ng vxeamxem u 2 mc leygc ng sgowlnmxem, Gc
imo~dx sgcgooedlmndx iwg cm ogxomlm ng ~dnds gccds ngl~xd ng cm odawlenmn
Vedlgxds# mhmxomlnd sdcmagl~g cms omccgs =6# == u Myglenms Xd
Odlswcmnd# Xd Ado~g{wam Ldx~g u Xd Ado~g{wam _wx,
_ws imaecems gs~l el~g`xmnms cm amudxm vdx gc vmv# cm ama u
bgxamlds# sel gahmx`d# bmu ? leds }wg vxdyeglgl ng neydxoeds u wld }wg
sw vmnxg imccgoe, Gl gc omsd ng cds leds odl vmnxgs neydxoemnds se`wgl gl
odl~mo~d odl sws vxd`gle~dxgs cds ielgs ng sgamlm# odl gs~d }wegxd vglsmx
}wg s gres~g hwgl owenmnd u vxgdowvmoel vdx gccds,
Ae el~gxmooel odl gs~ds leds u mndcgsogl~gs iwg vdx agned ng m}wccds
}wg xgoehegxdl m~gloel ~gxmvw~eom gl gc kmxnl ng leds Ae`wgc Benmc`d u
Ods~eccm# gc owmc sg wheom gl cm aesam odawlenmn, ^glm mcxgngndx ng 2 mds
ng odldogxcds u odlyeyex odl gccds vdx cms ~mxngs, _g cgs odagl~ mogxom ngc
vxdugo~d }wg bmhm vmxm ~xmhmkmx m imydx ngc AM gl gc ygxmld ng 86==#
moogneglnd cm amudxm ng gccds# e`wmcagl~g sg cgs be{d smhgx m sws vmnxgs
ng cm xgmce{moel ng gs~g vxd`xmam,
Cds xgswc~mnds glodl~xmnds ng cm vxeagxm mvceomoel ngc owgs~edlmxed sg
awgs~xml m odl~elwmoel;
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86
Vxg`wl~m = ]w gs cm GM4
Vxd~gooel Hmswxm Ld s2 = ?
Ld s
87'
Vxd~gool
Vxg`wl~m = ]w
gs Gnwomoe l
m ahegl~mc 4
90'
Hm s wxm
2'
Gc 90' ng cms xgsvwgs~ms sdhxg GM sg xgcmoedl odl vxd~gooel ngc agned
mahegl~g# gc 2' cd msdoe odl cm hmswxm u gc 87' xgs~ml~g ld swvd cm
xgsvwgs~m
Vxg`wl~m 8 ]w gs ng`xmnmoel mahegl~mc4
Ng`xmnmoel Hmswxm Owenmx Ld s7 ? = ?
Ld s
87'
Ng`xmnm o,
>8'
Owe nm x
2'
Hmswxm
87'
M cm vxg`wl~m sdhxg cd }wg se`leieom ng`xmnmoel mahegl~mc gc >8' cd msdoe
odl gc ng~gxedxd ngc gl~dxld# wl 87' odl cm hmswxm# wl 2' odl gc owenmnd ngc
agned u wl 87' ld swvd cm xgsvwgs~m,
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22/240
8=
Vxg`wl~m ? N ~xgs vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs ng ~w hmxxed,
Eloglneds Hmswxm M`xgsel Ld s? 9 8 =
M`xgs el
=0'
Lds
2'
Hmswxm
76'
Eloglne ds
Vxg`wl~m ? Ne
~xgs vxdhc gam s
mahe gl~m cgs ng
~w hmxxe d
87'
Gl cd xgigxgl~g m cm vxdhcga~eom mahegl~mc sgmcmxdl odad imo~dxgs cds
eloglneds gc 87'# gc 76' cm hmswxm# gc =0' c m`xgsel u gc 2' ld swvd }w
odl~gs~mx,
Vxg`wl~m > ]w gs wl ymcdx mahegl~mc4
Vxd~gooel Xgsvg~d Ld odl~gs~ Ld s
2 = = 8
Ld o dl~gs ~
2'
Ld s
=0'Vxd~gooe l
Vxg`wl~m > ]w
gs wl ym c dx
m ahe gl~m c 4
90'
Xgs vg~d
2'
Gl ~dxld m cd }wg gs wl ymcdx mahegl~mc# gc 90' ng cds leds odl~gs~ }wg sg
~xm~m ng cm vxd~gooel ngc mahegl~g# gc 2' odl~gs~ }wg gs ld odl~maelmx#
d~xd 2' cg ned gc se`leieomnd ng xgsvg~d u wl =0' ld swvd gc se`leieomnd,
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88
Vxg`wl~m 7 Oad gs~mads migo~mlnd gc mahegl~g ng cm odawlenmn4
Hmswxm Odl~maelmoel ^exmx m`wm
5 8 =
Odl~m ae lm o,
=0'
^exm x m wm
2'
Hm swxm
Vxg`wl~m 7
Oad gs ~mads
migo~m lnd gc
mahe gl~g ng
lwgs ~xm
odawle nm n4
07'
Mogxom ng oad sg migo~m gc mahegl~g ng cm odawlenmn# gc 07' nekd }wg odl
cm hmswxm# gc =0' agneml~g cm odl~maelmoel u scd gc 2' xgsvdlne }wg
~exmlnd gc m`wm,
Vxg`wl~m 9 ]w gs wl ngsgobd ndas~eod4
Hmswxm Ld s
2 >
Ld s
]w gs wl
ngs gobd
ndas~eod4
??'
Hm swxm
Vxg`wl~m 9
90'
M gs~m vxg`wl~m gc 90' ng cds leds xgsvdlne }wg gs hmswxm ng cm omsm u
scd gc ??' ld swvd }w odl~gs~mx,
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24/240
8?
Vxg`wl~m 0 ]w gs hmswxm dx`leom4
Vcs~eod Cd }wg sg vwnxg W~ece{mhcg Ld s
2 8 = =
W~ece{mhcg
2'
Ld s
2'
6'
Vwnxg
=0'
Vcs~eod
Vxg`wl~m 0 ]w
gs hmswxm
dx` leom4
90'
_dhxg cm hmswxm dx`leom gc 90' odl~gs~ }wg sdl vcs~eods# gc =0'
xgsvdlne }wg gs cd }wg sg vwnxg# gc 2' cd }wg gs xgw~ece{mhcg# gc d~xd 2' ld
swvd cm xgsvwgs~m,
Vxg`wl~m 2 ]w gs hmswxm eldx`leom4
Vmvgc# ixw~m Ld ng`xmnmhcg Ld xgw~ece{mhcg Ag~mc Ld s
> 8 8 8 8
Ag~m c
=0'
6'
Ld s
=0'
Ld xgw~e ce{,
=0'
Vm vgc # ixw~m
Vxg`wl~m 2 ]w
gs hm swxm
eldx` le om 4
?8'
Ld ng`xm ,
=0'
Ng cms xgsvwgs~ms m cm hmswxm eldx`leom# gc ?8' nekd }wg gs vmvgc u ixw~ms#
gc =0' cd }wg sg ng`xmnm# d~xd =0' cd }wg ld gs w~ece{mhcg lwgymagl~g# wl
=0' nekd }wg gxml cds ag~mcgs u gc =0' xgs~ml~g xgsvdlne }wg ld smhm,
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8>
Vxg`wl~m 5 Oad migo~ml cds ngsgobds ndas~eods4
Amc dcdx Gligxagnmn Hmswxm Ld s
> > 8 8
Lds=0'
Am c dc dxVxg`wl~m 5
Oad m igo~ml
cds ngs gobds
ndas~e ods 4
??'
Hm swxm
=0'
Gligxa,
??'
Gl cd xgcm~eyd m cms odlsgowgloems ng cds ngsgobds ndas~eods gc ??'
agloedlmxdl cds amcds dcdxgs# d~xd ??' nekd }wg vxdydomhml
gligxagnmngs# wl =0' nekd }wg gxm cm hmswxm u gc xgs~d ngc =0' nekd
ngsodldogx cm xgsvwgs~m,
Vxg`wl~m =6 Odlsgowgloems ng cm mowawcmoel ng hmswxm
Gligxagnmn Amc msvgo~d Omvm ng D{dld
=6 = =
Am c m s vgo,Om vm d{dld
2'
2' Gligxagn,Vxg`wl~m =6
Odlsgowgloems
ng c m
mowawcm oe l ng
hm s wxm
2>'
M cm vxg`wl~m sdhxg cms odlsgowgloems }wg ~xmg m cm smcwn cm mowawcmoel ng
hmswxm# wl 2>' amleigs~ }wg cm gligxagnmn# wl "' }wg nm amc msvgo~d u
gc aesad vdxogl~mkg odagl~ }wg sg migo~mhm cm omvm ng d{dld,
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26/240
87
Vxg`wl~m ==]w sdl cms ? X 4
Xgoeocmx# xgwsmx Xgoeocmx Ld s
7 ? >
Ld s
??'
Xgoeocmx
87'
Xgo,#xgw~,Vxg`wl~m ==
]w sdl cms ?
X
>8'
Gl owml~d mc se`leieomnd ng cms ? X # gc >8 ' odl~gs~ scd nds X hegl#
gc ??' xgsvdlne scd wlm# aegl~xms }wg gc 87' odl~gs~ ld s,
Vxg`wl~m =8 ]w gs ngidxgs~moel4
^wahmx xhdcgs Odxxgsvdlng Ld s7 ? >
Ld s
??'
Ldodx,87'
^wahmx mx,
Vxg`wl~m =8
]w gs
ngidxgs~m oe l4
>8'
Owmlnd sg cgs vxg`wl~ m cds leds cd }wg se`leieomhm ngidxgs~moel# gc >8'
odl~gs~; ~wahmx xhdcgs# gc ??' ned xgsvwgs~ms }wg ld odxxgsvdlnml u gc
87' ld swvd }w odl~gs~mx,
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27/240
89
Vxg`wl~m =?]w gs xgidxgs~moel4
Vcml~mx xhdcgs Ld odxxgsvdlng Ld s0 8 ?
Ld s
87'
Vc ml~m x mx,
Vxg`wl~m =?
]w gs
xgidxgs~moel4
72'
Ld odx,
=0'
M cm vxg`wl~m sdhxg cd }wg se`leieomhm xgidxgs~moel gc 72' odl~gs~ }wg gxm
vcml~mx xhdcgs# gc =0' sw xgsvwgs~m ld odxxgsvdlne u gc 87' ld swvd ng cd
}wg sg ~xm~mhm,
Vxg`wl~m =>]w gs `xmie~e# }w grvxgsm4
Xmumx Amxom Nmd AM Ld s
5 = = =
Nm d AM
2'
Am xom
2'
Ld s
2'
Xm um x
Vxg`wl~m =>
]w gs `xm ie ~e #
}w grvxgsm4
09'
M cm vxg`wl~m sdhxg gc se`leieomnd ngc `xmiie~e# gc 09' xgsvdlne }wg gxm xmumx
omsms u vmxgngs# wl 2' nekd }wg gxm ngkmx amxom# d~xd 2' agloedl }wg gxm
nmmx mc agned u wl c~ead 2' ld swvd cm xgsvwgs~m,
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80
Vxg`wl~m =7 ]w cg vwgng vmsmx mc }wg `xmie~gm4
Oxogc
=8
Oxogc=
=66'
Mogxom ng cd }wg vmsmxm mc led }wg `xmie~gm# ~dnds gs~wyegxdl ng mowgxnd
}wg sgxm ccgymnd m cm oxogc,
Vxg`wl~m =9 ]w gs vmxm ~e gc agned wxhmld4
On, Odls~xwex vcml~ms Idxam ng yenm On, U ^xmlsvdx~g Omavd Ld s
? = = = = 7
Ld s
>?'
Oewnmn
Vxg`wl~m =9
]w gs vmxm ~e
gc agne d wxhm
ld4
87'
On,# ~xmls,
2'
Odls,vcml,
2'
Omavd
2'
Idxam yey,
2'
Wl 87' agloedl }wg sg ~xm~mhm ng cm oewnmn# wl 2' }wg sg xgigxm m
odls~xwex vcml~ms# d~xd 2' }wg odlses~m gl wlm amlgxm ng yeyex# gc d~xd 2'
}wg gxm cd ~doml~g mc omavd# wl 2' }wg sg ~xm~mhm ng cm oewnmn u gc
~xmlsvdx~g u wl 87' ielmc xgsvdlne }wg ld smhm,
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29/240
82
Vxg`wl~m =0 ]wel gs gc xgsvdlsmhcg ng ceavemx lwgs~xms omccgs4
Ldsd~xds Ygoelds Nwgd5 8 =
Ygoelds
=0'
Nwgd
2'
Ldsd~xds
Vxg`wl~m =0]wel gs gc xgs
vdlsm hc g ng c e
ave m x
lwgs~xm s om c c gs 4
07'
Owmlnd sg cgs vxg`wl~ gl }wel oxgml }wg xgomm cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn ngceavemx lwgs~xms omccgs# gc 07' ld nwn gl ngoex }wg m omnm wld ng gccds#
scd gc =0' nekd }wg m cds ygoelds u gc 2' }wg mc nwgd ng cm omsm,
Vxg`wl~m =2Oad migo~m m Agreomce }wg lwgs~xm odawlenmn gs~ swoem4
Ld ~wxesad _woed Gligxagnmn D~xds
8 > ? ?
D~xds
87'
Ld ~wxe sadVxg`wl~m =2
Oad migo~m m
Agre om c e }wg
lwgs ~xm
odawlenm n gs ~
swoe m4
=0'
Gligxagn,
87' _woe d
??'
M gs~m vxg`wl~m xgsvdlnegxdl ng cm se`wegl~g amlgxm; wl ??' nekd }wg sg yg
swoed# wl 87' }wg vxdydomhm gligxagnmngs# d~xd 87' }wg migo~mhm mc
omcgl~maegl~d `cdhmc# m cm omvm ng d{dld u d~xd as nekd }wg awobd#
ielmcagl~g wl =0' agloedl }wg ld bmu ~wxesad,
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Vxg`wl~m =5 ]w mo~e~wn ~damx ml~g cds gsvmoeds lm~wxmcgs4
Owenmxcds Ceaved Mc`d sgxed Ld id`m~ms
2 8 = =
Mc dsgxed
2'
Ceaved
=0'
Ld id`m~ms2'
OwmxcdsVxg`wl~m =5
]w mo~e~wn
~damx ml~g cds
gsvmoeds
lm~wxmcgs4
90'
Wl 90' ng cds leds nekd }wg gxm lgogsmxed owenmxcds# aml~glgxcds ceaveds gc
=0'# }wg sg ~xm~m ng wl ~gam sgxed gc 2' u ld bmogx id`m~ms gc 2',
Vxg`wl~m 86 Oad migo~ml lwgs~xms mooedlgs m cm lm~wxmcg{m4
Odl~maelmoel Migo~m m cm lm~wxmcg{m D~xds
7 = 9
D~xds
76'
Odl~m ae l,
Vxg`wl~m 86
Oad m igo~m l
lwgs ~xm s
m oo e dlgs m c m
lm ~wxm c g{m 4
>8'
Migo,Lm ~,
2'
Cds leds odl~gs~mxdl wl >8' odl odl~maelmoel# wl 76' odl neygxsms
xgsvwgs~ms odad; amcds dcdxgs# ~exmlnd hmswxm u ld bmhxm xhdcgs#
ielmcagl~g wl 2' sgmc }wg migo~mads m cm lm~wxmcg{m,
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?6
Vxg`wl~m 8= ]w mo~e~wn gs cm as lg`m~eym vmxm gc AM4
^exmx hmswxm ]wgamx xhdcgs Odl~maelmoel D~xds
7 8 8 ?
D~xds
87'
Odl~m ae l,
=0'
]wga, xh,
]w m o~e ~wn gs
c m a s lg`m ~e ym
vm xm gc AM4
=0'
^e xm x hm s ,
Vxg`wl~m 8=
]w m o~e ~wn gs
c m a s x e gs ds m
vm xm gc AM4
>='
_dhxg cm mo~e~wn as lg`m~eym odl~xm gc AM# gc >8' ng cds leds odl~gs~
}wg ~exmlnd hmswxm# gc =0' }wgamlnd xhdcgs# wl =0' odl~maelmlnd u
ielmcagl~g wl 87' }wg gl`cdhml neygxsms mo~e~wngs# odad ngsowenmx cd~gs
hmcnds# odl gc `xmie~e u agneml~g cm e`ldxmloem,
Vxg`wl~m 88 ]w vwgng vmsmx se ld owenmads gc m`wm4
_g momhmxm Adxexmads
== =
Adxexmads
2'_g momhm
Vxg`wl~m 88
]w vwgng
vmsmx se ld
owenmads gc
m`wm4
58'
Wl 58' amleigs~ }wg sg momhmxm u scd wl 2' agloedl }wg adxexmads,
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?=
Vxg`wl~m 8? ]w vdngads bmogx vmxm agkdxmx lwgs~xd hmxxed4
Ceavemxcd Owenmxcd Ld `xmie~gmx Ld ~exmx hmswxm
2 8 = =
Ld `xmie~e2'
Owenmxcd
=0'
Ld hmswxm2' Ceavemxc d
Vxg`wl~m 8?
]w vdngads
bmogx vmxm
agkdxmx lwgs~xd
hmxxed4
90'
Gc 90' ng cds leds odl~gs~ }wg gs lgogsmxed ceavemxcd# gc =0' owenlndcd#
wl 2' ld bmoeglnd `xmie~e# gc c~ead 2'; ld ~exmlnd hmswxm,
Cds owgs~edlmxeds mxxdkmxdl }wg cm `xml amudxm ng cds leds gl~xgyes~mnds
vdsgml wl odlogv~d ym`d ng cd }wg se`leieom GM# ng~gxedxd ngc mahegl~g#
ymcdx mahegl~mc u xgodldoeglnd m cm hmswxm u sws odlsgowgloems lg`m~eyms
odad wld ng cds vxeloevmcgs vxdhcgams ng cm odawlenmn: ngsodldoml# gl
omahed# cm neigxgloem gl~xg hmswxm dx`leom u hmswxm eldx`leom: ~glml wlm
engm `glgxmc ngc se`leieomnd ng cms ? X# smhml mc`d ng cd }wg gxm
xgidxgs~moel u ngidxgs~moel# `xmie~e u sws xgvgxowsedlgs gl m}wc }wg cd
bmog# mwl}wg sdhxg gs~g vwl~d }wegxd mocmxmx }wg gres~g wlm `xml neigxgloem
gl~xg odldogx cms xg`cms ng odlyeygloem d xg`cmagl~ds sdoemcgs u gc xgsvg~d
m cms aesams# cd aesad swogng odl hmxxgx sws omccgs# smhgl }wg sg nghg ng
bmogx# vgxd ld cd bmogl, Xgodldoegxdl cm lgogsenmn ng owenmx cds gsvmoeds
lm~wxmcgs u oad sdl migo~mnds odl lwgs~xms mooedlgs lg`m~eyms# ng e`wmcidxam owmlnd sg cgs vxg`wl~ sdhxg gc owenmnd }wg nghgl ~glgx odl gc m`wm,
Vgxd gc vwl~d# as se`leieom~eyd m ~xmys ng ~dnm cm glowgs~m# iwg gc ng cm
hmswxm# cms `xieoms ms cd ngads~xmxdl,
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?8
=,2 Gs~mnd ngc mx~g d gs~mnd ng cm owgs~el
M odl~elwmoel vxgsgl~d neygxsms elygs~e`moedlgs xgcm~eyms m lwgs~xd dhkg~d
ng gs~wned# }wg sg bml ccgymnd m omhd gl Areod u d~xds vmsgs; cm ng Oms~xd
"8665%; Gnwomx odl ~eom u ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs vmxm odlsgxymx cm
lm~wxmcg{m: Hmxxm{m "8668%; Cm idxamoel ng odlogv~ds mahegl~mcgs; gcvmvgc ng cds vmnxgs gl cm odawlenmn eln`glm ng _ml Kwml Vmxml`mxeow~exd#
Aeobdmol: gs~m aesam mw~dxm ~eglg d~xd gs~wned gl =552; Odlsgxymoel u
agned mahegl~g vmxm leds agldxgs ng 7 mds: gl Ixmloem# gc ng Bmelmxn u
Yxsobwwx "8667%; Adwygagl~s ng }wmx~egx g~ glyexdlagl~s wxhmels; cm vxesg
ng vdwydex ngs igaags nmls cg vmus nw _wn g~ ng cGs~: gl Gsvmm# cm ~gses
ng @mcyl "8662%; Gnwomoel mahegl~mc; eam`elmx gc hmxxed @mem: gl gsg
aesad vms sg xgmce{ cm elygs~e`moel ng; Hwx`ds u Hgxhgc "=550%; Vxdugo~dng gnwomoel mahegl~mc; dhsgxyd u agkdxd ae hmxxed: gl gs~g aesad vms sg
gigo~w gc ng Cg`wgxeom "=556%; Elygs~e`d ae gl~dxld, Cms gsowgcms
yemkgxms# elygs~e`moel xgmce{mnm gl cms Odawlenmngs Mw~ldams ng
Gsvmm# odlnwoenm vdx OEN "=558%# oe~mnd vdx Vmxnd "=557%# ndlng cds
omavds ng mvxglne{mkg sg se~ml gl gc cw`mx `gd`xieod omxmo~gxs~eod# ng
omavd d oewnmn# odad ~mccgxgs odl grvgxegloems lm~wxmcgs# sdoemcgs u ng
el~gxomahed owc~wxmc: cm dhsgxymoel# cm yeygloem vgxsdlmc# cm mw~dldam ng
cds leds iwgxdl cm hmsg ng gs~m grvgxegloem,
_el nwnm }wg nghgl gres~ex mc`wlms d~xms ~gses g elygs~e`moedlgs# ld sg
vxg~glng m`d~mx ~dnm cm elidxamoel mc xgsvgo~d# seld scd nmx wlm awgs~xm
ng cd as xgcgyml~g mogxom ng cm ~ga~eom ngc vxgsgl~g gs~wned,
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??
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?>
8 GC AE^D _WVGXEDXENMN BDAHXG YGX_W_ LM^WXMCG[M
~eom gl cm gnwomoel mahegl~mc# vmxm }w4
Cm GM nghg odloghexsg odad wlm mooel odl xgicgrel# mc aesad
~egavd }wg wlm vxmres sdoemc bwamles~m# }wg ld sg ngneom oda d leodngs~elm~mxed mc gl~dxld# seld mc bdahxg# mlmce{mlnd cm idxam gl }wg
s~g sg xgcmoedlm odl d~xds sgagkml~gs u odl sw agned mahegl~g:
nghg sgx nemco~eom# vmxm gl~glngx cms odl~xmneooedlgs gl cds
vcml~gmaegl~ds ~gxeods u cwobmx vmxm }wg cds mogxomaegl~ds
odlogv~wmcgs sgml el~gxnesoevcelmxeds# ndlng cms oegloems lm~wxmcgs#
iecdsieoms# sdoemcgs# ml~xdvdc`eoms# godc`eoms vwgnml mvdx~mx
odldoeaegl~ds ng sw bmogx oegl~ieod "Omxeng u Agexm# 866=%,
Nghg sgx ~eom# vwgs~d }wg wx`g }wg gres~ml ymcdxgs u ldxams }wg
xg`wcgl cms mooedlgs elneyenwmcgs# `xwvmcgs# els~e~woedlmcgs#
gavxgsmxemcgs# `whgxlmagl~mcgs vmxm }wg ~dnds gl odlkwl~d
owengads u vxd~gkmads gc hegl mahegl~mc }wg bgads bgxgnmnd ng
lwgs~xds ml~gvmsmnds# vmxm vdngxcd gl~xg`mx gl odlneoedlgs agkdxgs
}wg odad cd xgoeheads# gl cd vdsehcg,
_g xg}wegxg ng wlm GM gl ndlng cms vgxsdlms sgml omvmogs ngmlmce{mx# owgs~edlmx vxo~eoms mahegl~mcgs nmelms# odl cms }wg cds
godses~gams sg ngsg}wecehxgl# odad owmlnd mc }wgamx gc xms~xdkd sg
}wgam cm imwlm hglieom ngc cw`mx: sg lgogse~ml elneyenwds odl
mo~e~wngs vdse~eyms ng vxd~gooel m cds xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs# }wg ~gl`ml
cms mv~e~wngs elnesvglsmhcgs vmxm gl~glngx cds vxdhcgams ng lwgs~xds
gl~dxlds# odl gl~xglmaegl~d vmxm xgsdcygxcds u odl wl oegx~d omxesam
vmxm smhgxsg elocwex ngl~xd ng cms odawlenmngs ndlng gres~ml neobds
vxdhcgams,
Odlowgxnd odl Hmw~es~m "8669% }wegl vds~wcm }wg le cm xgydcwoel
elnws~xemc# le gc lgdcehgxmcesad odl sw odlswaesad oeg`d# le gc
xmoedlmcesad adngxld u vdsadngxld }wg ngsgmxdl eavdlgx gc eavgxed
ng cm xm{l u cm ygxnmn gavxeod!oegl~ieom u sw xgcm~eyesad adxmc# odl
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?7
cm vxdocmamoel ng cm cehgx~mn m wc~xml{m# le cm `cdhmce{moel ng cm
godldam vxdvwgs~m# bml cd`xmnd xgsdcygx sm~esimo~dxemagl~g cds
vxdhcgams ngc awlnd u ngc mahegl~g,
M cd }wg vgxsdlmcagl~g mmnd cds odliceo~ds ngxeymnds ng sw
grvcd~moel u cds vxdhcgams ng cm oxgoegl~g vdhxg{m awlnemc m cm }wg
sg bml swamnd as vgxsdlms# vdx gc glomxgoeaegl~d }wg ~xmkd cm mc{m
`glgxmce{mnm ng vxgoeds vdx cm `cdhmce{moel# vxdvwgs~m vdx cms
`xmlngs lmoedlgs }weglgs ld bml vdnend nmx xgsvwgs~m mngowmnm m
cms lgogsenmngs ngc bdahxg u gc gl~dxld# gl omahed# s bml
odl~xehwend m bmogx gs~g c~ead as ix`ec# odad cd gs gc
mngc`m{maegl~d ng cm omvm ng d{dld# cm odl~maelmoel vdx `msgs
ygx~ends m cm m~asigxm# cd owmc bm elicwend gl gc ngsbegcd ng cdsoms}wg~gs vdcmxgs u vxdnwoend gc gigo~d elygxlmngxd# sg`l cm
_goxg~mxm ngc Agned Mahegl~g u Xgowxsds Lm~wxmcgs "_GAMXLM^%,
Xgowvgxmnd ng;
b~~v;$$ppp,sgamxlm~,`dh,ar$elidxamoedlmahegl~mc$ndowagl~s$slemx
l$vni$ugcagnedmahegl~g$ygxsedlT8662$9TomahedToceam~eodTd{dldTy6
2,vni
Cm nelaeom ng lwgs~xd awlnd vdx s aesam gs omaheml~g# odad cd
sdl gc sgx bwamld# cm icdxm# imwlm# odl oeocds ng lmoeaegl~d#
xgvxdnwooel u awgx~g: vgxoehd mc sgx bwamld elodavcg~d# elmomhmnd
}wg ~eglng omnm nm m xgmce{mxsg# m vgxigooedlmxsg# wl sgx gl
gres~gloem }wg hwsom cm amlgxm ng gs~mx# odlyeyex# cwobmlnd segavxg
vdx wlm swvgxyeygloem ngl~xd ng ~dnd gs~g amx ng odliceo~ds
mahegl~mcgs# u sel gahmx`d# gc bwamld odl~elm swixeglnd cms
odlsgowgloems ng sws vxdveds mo~ds exxmoedlmcgs bmoem cm lm~wxmcg{m,M odl~elwmoel nmxgads cms neigxgl~gs ngieleoedlgs }wg bm bmhend ng
GM,
8,= Ngieleoedlgs ng GM;
http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdfhttp://www.semarnat.gob.mx/informacionambiental/documents/sniarn/pdf/yelmedioambiente/version_2008/6_cambio_climatico_ozono_v08.pdf -
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?9
Neigxgl~gs ngieleoedlgs ng GM odagl{mxdl m w~ece{mxsg gl cm nomnm ng
cds 96s# ~xm~mlnd ng idxamx wlm ngieleoel dvgxmoedlmc# vxo~eom
odloxg~m# vgxd }wgn scd odad odl wl sgl~end mo~e~wnelmc u iecdsieod
"Bgss# =550%# vgxd odl ~dnd u gccd# ~xm~mx ng sel~g~e{mx wlm }wg
gl`cdhg as ~xaelds }wg mhdxngl cm ~ga~eom ng wlm amlgxm ocmxm uogx~gxm,
Gc ml~gxedx mw~dx dixgog d~xd mogxomaegl~d m ~xmys ng cms Mo~ms ng
cm Dx`mle{moel ng Gs~mnds Magxeomlds "DM% ndlng sg sgmcm }wg
cm GM mhmxom kweoeds ng ymcdx u bmhecenmngs vmxm xgicgredlmx# vglsmx
sdhxg cds vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# cds owmcgs elocwug l vxdhcgams
vdc~eods# ~oleods u iecdsieods# mwl}wg odl gs~g mogxomaegl~d scd
sg cd`xg wlm ngieleoel vmseym }wg ld nm m cm gsgloem ngc vxdhcgam#sg`l Bgss,
Cm Dx`mle{moel ng cms Lmoedlgs Wlenms gl sw vxd`xmam vmxm gc Agned
Mahegl~g "VLWAM% ngielg GM;
Gs wlm gnwomoel }wg vxgvmxm elneyenwds ng ~dnms cms gnmngs# ng
~dnds cds leygcgs# gl dx`mle{moel idxamc g elidxamc vmxm }wg ~dagl
odloegloem u sg el~gxgsgl vdx gc agned mahegl~g u sws vxdhcgams
msdoemnds u ~xmhmkgl m imydx ng cm sdcwoel ng vxdhcgams
mahegl~mcgs u cm vxgygloel ng cds lwgyds }wg mvmxg{oml
"Obm`dccl# 8669;=0%,
M ae vmxgogx# mc`wlms ngieleoedlgs dixgogl d~xms neaglsedlgs ngsng
cms owmcgs mlmce{ml gc vxdhcgam mahegl~mc# gl~xg s~ms sg
glowgl~xml cm ng Odcda u _wxxgnm "=52=%; Gs cm mo~e~wn d mooel
idxamndxm ngc bdahxg }wg sg iwlnmagl~m ng mowgxnd odl cm
xgmcenmn sdoemc# owc~wxmc u mahegl~mc gl `glgxmc "Obm`dccl#
8669#=0%,
Gl =50> cm Dx`mle{moel ng cms Lmoedlgs Wlenms vmxm cm Gnwomoel
cm Oegloem u cm Owc~wxm "WLG_OD% ngiele GM odad; Gc vxdogsd ng
xgodldogx ymcdxgs u mocmxmx odlogv~ds vmxm oxgmx mo~eyenmngs
lgogsmxems vmxm odavxglngx u mvxgoemx cm xgcmoel aw~wm gl~xg gc
bdahxg# sw owc~wxm u swmahegl~g# gl _lobg{ "8669;0%,
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?0
_g glowgl~xm gl Omxxeccd "=552% d~xm ngieleoel nmnm gl =526 vdx cm
WLG_OD vmxmixmsgmnm vdx a; gs cm mx~eowcmoel ng nesoevcelms u
grvgxegloems gnwom~eyms }wg vdsehece~ml wlm vgxogvoel el~g`xmnm#
bdces~m ngc agned mahegl~g# vdsehece~mlnd wlm mooel xmoedlmc# odad
xgsvwgs~m m cms lgogsenmngs sdoemcgs,Gc odl`xgsd ng Adso# ogcghxmnd gl =520 ngiele GM
odad se`wg;
Cm gnwomoel mahegl~mc sg odloehg odad wl vxdogsd
vgxamlgl~g gl gc }wg cds elneyenwds u cm odcgo~eyenmn odhxml
odloegloem ng sw agned u mn}wegxgl cds odldoeaegl~ds# cds
ymcdxgs# cms odavg~gloems# cm grvgxegloem u cm ydcwl~mn
omvmogs ng bmogxlds mo~wmx elneyenwmc u odcgo~eymagl~g vmxmxgsdcygx cds vxdhcgams mo~wmcgs u iw~wxds ngc agned mahegl~g,
Gl Agclng{ _lobg{ "=555;=7%,
Amxm Ldyd "=529% nm wlm ngieleoel ng GM ng cm se`wegl~g amlgxm;
Gs gc vxdogsd }wg odlses~g gl mogxomx m cms vgxsdlms m wlm
odavxglsel `cdhmc ngc agned mahegl~g# vmxm mn}wexex
odldoeaegl~ds# gcwoenmx ymcdxgs u ngsmxxdccmx mo~e~wngs u
mv~e~wngs }wg cgs vgxae~ml mndv~mx wlm vdseoel ox~eom u
vmx~eoevm~eym xgsvgo~d m cms owgs~edlgs xgcmoedlmnms odl cm
odlsgxymoel u odxxgo~m w~ece{moelng cds xgowxsdsu cm omcenmn
ng yenm, Gl Obm`dccl "8669;=0%
Bmheglnd vxgsgl~mnd cms ngieleoedlgs }wg m ae vmxgogx iwgxdl as
xgvxgsgl~m~eyms sdhxg cd }wg gs GM# wlm mvdx~moel vgxsdlmc#
mvdumnm gl cds nes~el~ds mw~dxgs grvwgs~ds u cm dvelel ng Amx~lg{
"=555%# sgxm;
Wl vxdogsd m ~xmys ngc owmc sg ~da m wlm amudxodloegloem ngc mahegl~g# sg idxaml ymcdxgs#mo~e~wngs# odldoeaegl~ds u bmhecenmngs }wg bm mlodavxglngx cm odavcgkenmn ng cm vxdhcga~eom#vmx~eoevmlnd ng wlm amlgxm ngoenenm# xgsvdlsmhcg ugieom{# gl cm hs}wgnm ng sdcwoedlgs `glwelms bmoemwl omahed gs~xwo~wxmc sdoedgodlaeod# vdc~eod#gnwom~eyd u godowc~wxmc ng ~dnds cds vmsgs# }wg
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?2
`glgxgl vmw~ms ng odlswa d owenmndsd g el~gce gl~g#odl nes~el~ds adngcds ng vxdnwooel# eahwends ng wlvxdiwlnd xgsvg~d bmoem ~dnd ~evd ng sgx yeyegl~g uwlm lwgym yesel ng cm yenm,
Odad sg dhsgxym# gl ~dnms gccms sg xgodldog wlm el~gxxgcmoel
bwamld!lm~wxmcg{m# odl ymcdxgs vgxsdlmcgs u mo~e~wngs elagxsds# odllimses gl cm ~dam ng ngoesedlgs u cm eavdx~mloem gl cm gnwomoel ng
cms vgxsdlms vmxm bmogx sgl~ex as cm lgogsenmn ng wlm amudx
odloegloem gl ~dxld mc mahegl~g# ndlng sg vxgvmxg m cms vgxsdlms m
vglsmx as sgxemagl~g sdhxg neobm vxdhcga~eom,
Cds ymcdxgs }wg mcoml{d m ngsowhxex gl ~dnms gs~ms ngieleoedlgs sdl;
Ng xgsvg~d bmoem gc mahegl~g u bmoem cm owc~wxm ng cms g~lems
Xgcmoel mxadledsm u g}wecehxmnm odl gc mahegl~g
,
Ng xgsvg~d bmoem gc mahegl~g u bmoem cm owc~wxm ng cms g~lems, Heglgs~mx cd`xmnd vxd~g`eglnd gc agned mahegl~g, Vmx~eoevmoel sdoemc# sdcenmxenmn, Kws~eoem u g}wenmn,
Ag ndu owgl~m }wg sg bml xgmce{mnd wl hwgl sellagxd ng
gsiwgx{ds vdx vmx~g ng cm Dx`mle{moel ng cms Lmoedlgs Wlenms "DLW%
gl vxd ngc mahegl~g# gcmhdxmlnd ngieleoedlgs sdhxg GM# vxd~gooel ng
cds hds}wgs# amxgs u xds: sg bml ngsoxe~d sws vxdvse~ds# u ld
dhs~ml~g# imc~m gc gcgagl~d ielmc d gc odal mowgxnd vmxm ccgymx m omhd
cd }wg sg gsoxehe gl gc vmvgc# vdngxcd gigo~wmx gl cm vxo~eom gl omnm
vms# um }wg odavxwghd od~enemlmagl~g wl oegx~d xg~xdogsd gl cms
owgs~edlgs mahegl~mcgs d ng owenmnd el~gxgsmnd vdx gc mahegl~g,
Mngas ld scd odlses~g gl cm gcmhdxmoel ng ngieleoedlgs hegl
gs~xwo~wxmnms# seld gl cm vwgs~m gl amxobm ng neobds odlogv~ds vdx
~dnms cms lmoedlgs ng cm ^egxxm, Veglsd }wg se`wg imc~mlnd ydcwl~mn
vdc~eom ng cds vmsgs as nexgo~magl~g elydcwoxmnds odl gc ng~gxedxd
mahegl~mc# u }wg m ae kweoed sgxml; cds ng cm Odawlenmn Gwxdvgm#
Gs~mnds Wlends u cds ng Cm~eldmaxeom,
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^dnms cms ngieleoedlgs sdl ogx~gxms# ygxnmngxmagl~g vxdiwlnms# ag
gadoedld mc cggxcms# vgxd cms segl~d cgkmlms# um }wg cds nm~ds ngc md
8665 }wg dixgog cm _GAMXLM^ gl owml~d m cm ng`xmnmoel ngc
mahegl~g sdl mcmxaml~gs; scd gc ?6' ng cms m`wms xgsenwmcgs sdl
~xm~mnms m leygc lmoedlmc# cms ~egxxms gs~l vgxneglnd `xml oml~enmn ngigx~ecenmn# nghend mc ng~gxedxd }waeod }wg swixgl# cm ngidxgs~moel vdx
gc omahed ng wsd ng swgcd u cm ngsgx~eieomoel }wg ym gl mwagl~d#
sdhxg ~dnd gl gc Ldx~g ng Areod, Xgowvgxmnd ng;
b~~v;$$mvv=,sgamxlm~,`dh,ar$n`gem$elidxagT6>$vni$omv?,vni
Cds msvgo~ds kwxneods sdl ocmxds# um gs~l cms cgugs; gc }wg
odl~maelg as# }wg vm`wg as# vgxd gs~d ld gs swieoegl~g# gs
elnesvglsmhcg vmxmx gc nmd }wg od~enemlmagl~g sg cg bmog m lwgs~xdVcmlg~m, Bmheglnd xgyesmnd wlm ymxegnmn ng ngieleoedlgs sdhxg GM#
vmsd m xgyesmx cm se`leieomloem ng cm aesam,
8,8 Eavdx~mloem ng cm GM
_g`l gc Vxd`xmam ng Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc ng cm Yenm _ecygs~xg ng
Ldx~gmaxeom "=556% gc vmvgc ng cm GM gs vmxm ngads~xmx m cms
vgxsdlms }wg cm odlsgxymoel xgomg gl sw hglgieoed, Vmxm gs~m
Dieoelm cm ag~m ng cm GM gs bmogx wl agkdx amlgkd ng neobdsxgowxsds# nesaelwuglnd ms gc nmd mc agned mahegl~g# vdx cd }wg
el~gl~m;
Odloegl~e{mx mc ymcdx ng cds xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs, Ngsowhxex cds vdsehcgs nmds u bmogx as gieom{ gc amlgkd ng cds
agneds,
Gs~eawcmx m cms vgxsdlms m }wg sg elydcwoxgl u bm`ml mc`d gl cm
agkdxm ngc agned mahegl~g,Gl odlsgowgloem# cm GM gs elnesvglsmhcg vmxm vxdveoemx omaheds gl
oad sg ~xm~m mc mahegl~g,
Cm GM elocwug gc omahed ng mo~e~wngs gl cm vdhcmoel# gs~d ld gs
swieoegl~g# sg xg}wegxg }wg s~ms sg ygml vcmsamnms gl mooedlgs# ng
mowgxnd m gs~m aesam Dieoelm, _e momsd gs~d ld iwloedlmxm# sgxm awu
http://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_04/pdf/cap3.pdfhttp://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_04/pdf/cap3.pdfhttp://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_04/pdf/cap3.pdf -
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vxdhmhcg }wg cm el~gxygloel gl cm odawlenmn ld bmum ~glend re~d# u
vgxsdlmcagl~g m`xg`mxm }wg cms mooedlgs nghgl sgx vgxamlgl~gs#
idxamx vmx~g ng cm owc~wxm ng cms vgxsdlms,
Bmheglnd cgnd gs~g vxd`xmam ag swx`egxdl engms sdhxg gc vdsehcg
vmvgc }wg kwg`m gl cm sdoegnmn cm GM# }wg m ae kweoed sgxml;
Engl~eieomx mc `xwvd ng vgxsdlms m }weglgs ym ex nexe`enm cm
el~gxygloel,
Vxdvdlgx vwl~ds ng yes~m ng oad ngielex gc vxdhcgam ngl~xd ng
cm odawlenmn,
_w`gxex cms sdcwoedlgs as mngowmnms m cm vxdhcga~eom
gres~gl~g,
Elydcwoxmx m ~dnm cm odawlenmn; cngxgs# ygoelds# mw~dxenmngs gl
cms mooedlgs lgogsmxems vmxm xgagnemx gc vxdhcgam,
Cds gnwomndxgs mahegl~mcgs nghgl glcm{mx cds gsiwgx{ds ng
~dnm cm odawlenmn,
Nmx engms ng oad omlmce{mx xgowxsds ielmloegxds vmxm cm
gkgowoel ng vxd`xmams mahegl~mcgs,
Odl~xehwex gl gc omahed ng mo~e~wngs u odlnwo~ms }wg `glgxgl
eavmo~ds mahegl~mcgs vdse~eyds,
Mvdx~mx elidxamoel vgx~elgl~g }wg sgm nexe`enm mc vhceod ag~m, @glgxmx engms ng oad ngsvgx~mx gc el~gxs gl cm vmx~eoevmoel ng
cms vgxsdlms m xgsdcygx sws vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs,
Ad~eymx mc gnwomndx mahegl~mc m sgx wl adngcd vdse~eyd u
gkgavcd ng yenm gl sw odawlenmn# }wegl m sw yg{# gl ae dvelel#
nghgx ng vdsggx bmhecenmngs sdoemcgs }wg cg vgxae~ml
elydcwoxmxsg ngl~xd ng cm odawlenmn# mkws~lndsg m sws ymcdxgs#oxggloems u owc~wxm,
Vdx sw vmx~g# Jxmagx "8668%# elocwug d~xd ~evd ng bmhecenmngs;
Odavxglngx u mogv~mx mo~e~wngs# ymcdxgs ng cds elydcwoxmnds, Gymcwmx gc leygc ng elidxamoel }wg vdsgg gc `xwvd ag~m,
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_gx wl agnemndx gl cm nesowsel ng cm vxdhcga~eom,Gl omahed# vmxm Udwl` "=55>% gc vmvgc ngc vxdigsdx mahegl~mces~m
gs; `wemx# mocmxmx# oddxnelmx# iekmx cds cae~gs ngc vxdhcgam m elygs ~e`mx,
Bmogx odloegloem# omahemx mo~e~wngs# vxd`xmamx# u dx`mle{mx cds
vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs g elydcwoxmx mc am`es~gxed gl neobm
vxdhcga~eom xgswc~m gsgloemc# se sg ngsgml dh~glgx omaheds
nwxmngxds gl owmc}wegx xg`el d vms# vgxd vmxm ~mc gigo~d sg nghgxl
odldogx e`wmcagl~g cms ag~ms }wg el~g`xml m cm GM # }wg sg vxgsgl~ml
m odl~elwmoel,
8,? Dhkg~eyds ng cm GM
Cds mcoml{mnds gl cm oewnmn ng Hgc`xmnd gl =507# "Aogcbdlg# =55>:
@edxnml u _dwobdl# =550% iwgxdl;
Oddvgxmx m }wg cms vgxsdlms u sdoegnmn ~dagl odloegloem ngc
mahegl~g u sws vxdhcgams,
Mvdumx m cds elneyenwds vmxm }wg s~ds odavxglnml gc agned u
sw xgsvdlsmhecenmn ox~eom bmoem c,
Odcmhdxmx vmxm }wg ~dnd awlnd mn}wegxm cds ymcdxgs sdoemcgs#
vmx~eoevmlnd gl gc agkdxmaegl~d u vxd~gooel ngc gl~dxld,
Muwnmx vmxm }wg cms vgxsdlms cd`xgl cms odavg~gloems
lgogsmxems vmxm cm sdcwoel ng cm vxdhcga~eom mahegl~mc,
Ngsmxxdccmx gc sgl~end ng xgsvdlsmhecenmn# `mxml~e{mlnd odl gccd
cms agnenms xgsdcw~eyms dvdx~wlms vmxm gc owenmnd ngc
mahegl~g,
Mngas ng gs~ds dhkg~eyds @edxnml u _dwobdl "=550% m`xg`ml;
Cm vmx~eoevmoel; imydxgogx }wg cms vgxsdlms u `xwvds sdoemcgs
ngsmxxdccgl sw omvmoenmn ng `gs~el ng xgowxsds vmxm cm
sdcwoel ng vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs,
Cm WLG_OD "=526% agloedlm }wg gc dhkg~eyd ng cm GM gs; ^xmsae~ex
odldoeaegl~ds# idxamx ymcdxgs# ngsmxxdccmx odavg~gloems u
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>8
odavdx~maegl~ds }wg vwgnml imydxgogx cm odavxglsel u cm sdcwoel
ng cdsvxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# gl Omxxeccd "=552;=0=%,
E`wmcagl~g Omxeng u Agexm "866=% amleiegs~ml }wg gc dhkg~eyd ng cm
GM gs gnwomx m cms vgxsdlms u m cms odawlenmngs vmxm }wg sws mo~ds
bmoem gc mahegl~g sgml as xmoedlmcgs# ~gleglnd gc nghend owenmnd ng
ld gavcgmxcm odad wlm agxm bgxxmaegl~m ng mooel# um }wg sg omgx m
gl wl mo~eyesad# cgkds ng cm mooel xm{dlmnm: d omgx gl gc dhkg~eyesad#
mc el~gl~mx grvceomx cm vxdhcga~eom mahegl~mc ngsng cm oegloem imo~wmc#
ndlng sg mscml cms ymxemhcgs u sg sdag~gl m wl xe`wxdsd odl~xdc u
~xm~maegl~d,
Cm GM nghg odloghexsg odad wlm mooel odl xgicgrel# mc aesad
~egavd }wg wlm vxmres sdoemc bwamles~m# }wg ld sg ngneom odad leod
ngs~elm~mxed mc mahegl~g# seld mc bdahxg,
Vdx d~xm vmx~g# nghg sgx ~mahel nemco~eom# vmxm gl~glngx cms
odl~xmneooedlgs gl cds vcml~gmaegl~ds ~gxeods u cwobmx vmxm }wg cds
mogxomaegl~ds odlogv~wmcgs sgml el~gxnesoevcelmxeds# ndlng cms
oegloems lm~wxmcgs# iecdsieoms# sdoemcgs# ml~xdvdc`eoms# mahegl~mcgs
vwgnml mvdx~mx odldoeaegl~ds ng sw }wgbmogx oegl~ieod,
Gs nghgx ng ~dnd oewnmnmld ngc awlnd eahwexsg ng ~gams xgcm~eyds
mc mahegl~g# lel`wlm vgxsdlm sg vwgng kws~eieomx ng ld ~glgx
elidxamoel mngowmnm# vwgs~d }wg ~ml~d gl cm gsowgcm# gl gc El~gxlg~#
gl xgyes~ms gres~gl wlm mavcem `mam ng odldoeaegl~ds
agnedmahegl~mcgs,
Mseaesad# gc awlnd mo~wmc u sw nelmaesad lds gavwkml m el~gxyglex
u odcmhdxmx gs~xgobmagl~g odl cms mw~dxenmngs `whgxlmagl~mcgs vmxm
xgnwoex cm migo~moel ngc mahegl~g m amlds ng cm bwamlenmn# sg`l ae
oxe~gxed, Ng mowgxnd m ae dvelel# cms vgxsdlms nghgl bmogxsg
odlsoegl~gs# vxgvmxmxsg# elidxamxsg u vmx~eoevmx mo~eymagl~g gl cm
sdcwoel ng cds vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# odlnwo~ms }wg ~dnm vgxsdlm
magxe~m mn}wexex# se gs }wg ngsgm vxdnwoex omaheds }wg gc vcmlg~m
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>?
xg}wegxg mahegl~mcagl~g, Ngl~xd ng cds odldoeaegl~ds }wg nghgl
smhgx gs cd xgigxgl~g m cds mowgxnds m }wg bml ccg`mnd cms lmoedlgs
gl vxd ngc mahegl~g# owum bes~dxem sg awgs~xm mhxgyemnmagl~g m
odl~elwmoel,
8,> Bes~dxem ng cm Gnwomoel Mahegl~mc
_g mhdxnmxl leomagl~g cms Owahxgs gl cms }wg }wgn ng
amleiegs~d cm eavdx~mloem }wg ~eglgl cds ymcdxgs gl cm gnwomoel
mahegl~mc u cm ~dam ng odloegloem gl ~gams mahegl~mcgs# cm owmcgs sg
grvdlgl gl sg`wenm;
Gl cm Owahxg ng Gs~dodcad ng cm DLW# ogcghxmnm gl =508# sg
eavgcg m cms lmoedlgs m wlm amudx ~dam ng odloegloem gl cds
vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs# gc ngxgobd m cm yenm gl wl mahegl~g smld u ld
ng`xmnmnd,
Vdx sw xgcmoel odl cds ymcdxgs# ngsgd bmogx agloel ng cm M`glnm RRE u
mc`wlds ng sws vxeloeveds# }wg as ~mxng sg idxamce{mxdl gl cm Owahxg ng
Xd ng =558, Ngs~momx cds se`wegl~gs vdx sw xgcmoel odl cds ymcdxgs;
Vxeloeved 86; sgmcm cm eavdx~mloem ng cm awkgx gl cm vmx~eoevmoel ngcagkdxmaegl~d ngc mahegl~g u gc ngsmxxdccd sds~glehcg,
Vxeloeved 8=; xgsmc~m cm xgcgymloem ng cm oxgm~eyenmn# cds engmcgs u gcymcdx ng cm kwygl~wn vmxm }wg ~dnds kwl~ds cd`xgads wl ngsmxxdccd
sds~glehcg# msg`wxmlnd wl agkdx iw~wxd awlnemc,
Vxeloeved 88; sg ngs~mom m}w gc vmvgc ~ml ngs~momnd }wg kwg`ml cdseln`glms u sws odawlenmngs vmxm cm dxnglmoel ngc mahegl~g u sw
ngsmxxdccd# vdx gc odldoeaegl~d }wg ~eglgl ng cm lm~wxmcg{m u sws
~xmneoedlgs# vdx cd owmc nghgx ~daxsgcgs gl owgl~m vmxm cm dh~gloel
ngc ngsmxxdccd sws~gl~mhcg,
Vxeloeved 87; swhxmum cm ~xmsoglngloem }wg ~eglgl cm vm{# gc ngsmxxdccdu gc agned mahegl~g# vwgs sdl elsgvmxmhcgs,
Vxeloeved 87,=8; bmhcm sdhxg cm lgogsenmn ng ~damx gl owgl~m cdsel~gxgsgs ng cds leds# um }wg gccds bgxgnmxl cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn ng
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owenmx cm ^egxxm: cds leds sdl ywclgxmhcgs m cds gigo~ds ng cm
ng`xmnmoel ngc agned mahegl~g u awgs~xml ngsgds ng owenmxcd# vdx
gs~d aesad sg xg}wegxg elocwexcds gl cm vmx~eoevmoel bmoem cds
vxdhcgams mahegl~mcgs u sw agkdxmaegl~d,
_w`egxg cm DLW gl gs~g ndowagl~d mavcemx cm gnwomoel }wg vxdveoegcm odloegloem ng leds u kyglgs sdhxg cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn gl gc
owenmnd ngc agned mahegl~g g e`wmcagl~g m sws vmnxgs ng imaecem,
Gl gc Odl`xgsd ng Adso gl =520 sg odliexaml cds mcomlogs }wg ~eglg cm
gnwomoel gl ymcdxgs,
Gl cm Owahxg ng Xd ng =558 d ~mahel odldoenm odad Cm Omx~m
ng cm ^egxxm sg xgsmc~ml cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn# cm vm{# cm ~dcgxmloem# cm
sdcenmxenmn# cm kws~eoem sdoemc# cm cehgx~mn# cm oddvgxmoel# cm xgygxgloem#omcenmn ng yenm# smcwn# ne`lenmn# gc hegl odal# bwaecnmn# `xm~e~wn u gc
madx, Vmsd m oe~mx wld ng sws vxxmids }wg gl cd vgxsdlmc ag vmxgog
xgcgyml~g;
Gc gsvxe~w ng sdcenmxenmn bwamlm u ng mielenmn odl ~dnm cm yenm sg
idx~mcgog owmlnd yeyeads odl xgygxgloem ml~g gc aes~gxed ngc sgx# odl
`xm~e~wn vdx gc xg`mcd ng cm yenm u odl bwaecnmnodl xgsvgo~dmc cw`mx
}wg dowvmads gl cm lm~wxmcg{m, Xgowvgxmnd ng;b~~v;$$ppp,wl,dx`$gsm$nsn$m`glnm8=Tsvmlesb$xgsTxedngoc,sb~ac
Gl gc eloesd >h ng gs~g aesad ndowagl~d sg se`wg elye~mlnd m
odawleomx m cms iw~wxms `glgxmoedlgs cds ymcdxgs u cms ~xmneoedlgs#
vxgsgxymlnd mc aread neobds odldoeaegl~ds u cm smhenwxm gsvexe~wmc
ng cms owc~wxms }wg vxd~g`gl cm lm~wxmcg{m u gc heglgs~mx odawle~mxed#
vxdvwgs~d gl gc Vxeloeved 2h,
Cds ymcdxgs }wg sg`l @mnd~~e "8668% sg grvdlgl gl gsg aesadndowagl~d sdl;
Xgsvg~d m cm ^egxxm, Vxd~gooel m cm hedneygxsenmn g el~g`xenmn ng ~dnds cds
godses~gams,
http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtml -
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>7
Vxdnwooel u odlswad sws~gl~mhcgs, Ngxgobd m wl mahegl~g ne`ld# `glgxmndx ng heglgs~mx ngc sgx
bwamld,
Gceaelmoel ng cm vdhxg{m, Cm ld yedcgloem, E`wmcnmn ng `lgxd, Ngadoxmoem, Owenmnd ng cm ^egxxm odl ~goldcd`m mvxdvemnm, Xgsvdlsmhecenmn gl gc owenmnd ng lwgs~xd awlnd,
Gc dhkg~eyd vxdvwgs~d gl cm Owahxg ng Kdbmllgshwx`d gl 8668 iwg
gc ng agkdxmx cm omcenmn ng yenm ng cds oewnmnmlds u cm odlsgxymoel
ng cds xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs# odavxdag~elndsg m gneieomx wlm sdoegnmnbwamlm `cdhmc# g}we~m~eym u sdcoe~m# odl odloegloem ng cm ne`lenmn
bwamlm bmoem ~dnds, Mswaegxdl gc odavxdaesd ngc ngsmxxdccd
sdoedgodlaeod u vxd~gooel ngc mahegl~g# gxxmneomoel ng cm
vdhxg{m# omahed gl cds vm~xdlgs elsds~glehcgs ng vxdnwooel u
odlswad ng cds aesads xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs# gye~mlnd odl~xehwex as m
cm ngsgx~eieomoel u cm vdhxg{m, Ng e`wmc amlgxm sg odavxdag~egxdl mc
agkdxmaegl~d ng hmxxeds vdhxgs# mswaeglnd wlm xgsvdlsmhecenmn
odcgo~eym gl cm ~dam ng ngoesedlgs,
Wlm yg{ as ag vgxom~d ngc gsiwgx{d }wg bmogl cds vmsgs vmxm
ccgymx m mowgxnds odlnwogl~gs }wg agkdxgl lwgs~xds gl~dxlds# vgxd
ag }wgnm wl oegx~d ngsmcegl~d mc ld~mx owmlnd bg yemkmnd m mc`l
cw`mx ng ae vms d ng d~xm lmoel# cms xgvgxowsedlgs }wg omwsml
lwgs~xms odlnwo~ms gl gc mahegl~g# cd owmc sg vwgng odavxdhmx gl gc
omahed ocea~eod# gc mwagl~d ng cm ~gavgxm~wxm ng cds amxgs# cms as
ng >66 aec bgo~xgms ng hds}wg selegs~xmnd gl gc gs~mnd ng Odmbwecm#Areod gl cds agsgs ng mhxec u amud ng 86==# ng mowgxnd m
elidxamoel vxdvdxoedlmnm vdx gc ld~eoegxd Idxd ~y gc 87 ng amud ng
gs~g aesad md,
_g bm glim~e{mnd gl gs~g ~gam gc vmvgc ~ml vxgvdlngxml~g }wg
kwg`ml cm awkgx# cm leg{# cm kwygl~wn# cds eln`glms gl cm `glgxmoel
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>9
ng cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs# ms odad cm `gs~moel ng cm vm{ u cm
sdcenmxenmn gl~xg cds vwghcds# cm gxxmneomoel ng cm vdhxg{m gl gc
awlnd# s~ds c~eads sexygl ng hmsg m cm GM# }wg m sw yg{ ~eglgl wl
sgl~end el~g`xmndx u ~xmlsygxsmc "Vmxnd# =557%# ymcdxgs sel cds owmcgs
ld sg vdnx cd`xmx gc hegl odal gl~xg cds vmsgs ng cm ^egxxm# ~gam}wg sg mavcm m odl~elwmoel,
8,7 Cds ymcdxgs
Wlm dxegl~moel gnwom~eym hmsmnm gl ymcdxgs gs ng vxeagx dxngl# se sg
ngsgm idxamx vgxsdlms odl mo~e~wngs u bmhecenmngs iwlnmnms gl ymcdxgs
mahegl~mcgs# imydxmhcgs mc ngsmxxdccd ng wlm sdoegnmn smlm "Vmxnd# =557%,
_w eavdx~mloem xmneom gl }wg se ld lds gsidx{mads gl odls~xwex neobds
ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs ngsng mbdxm# gs mc~magl~g vxdhmhcg }wg cms`glgxmoedlgs se`wegl~gs ymuml m ~glgx wl mexg exxgsvexmhcg# m`wm awu
odl~maelmnm# odl vdods xgowxsds lm~wxmcgs m sw mcomlog vmxm vdngx
nesixw~mx u odlswaex, Gres~gl wlm ymxegnmn ng vds~wxms iecdsieoms
mredc`eoms# bg m}w mc`wlms ng gccms,
8,7,= Ngieleoel ng ymcdx
Ng mowgxnd m Dx~g`m u @mssg~# oe~mnd vdx Hmxxed "=550% sgxml cds
sgl~eaegl~ds ng m`xmnd u ngsm`xmnd }wg sg vxdugo~ml sdhxg ng~gxaelmnd
dhkg~d,
Vdx cd }wg gc ymcdx# sg`l gs~m engm# gs mc`d ng cgu u cm ymcdxmoel gs ng
imo~d# gl dvelel ng Hmxxed,
Gs~g aesad mw~dx sds~eglg }wg gc ymcdx gs wl msvgo~d ng cm hdlnmn
dl~dc`eom ng cms odsms }wg sg vgxoehgl gl gc mo~d swhkg~eyd ng gs~eamx mc`d#
ld cgs mmng ymcdx mc dhkg~d gl s# le mwagl~m sw ymcdx# seld scd wlm gs~eam
io~eom,
8,7,8 Omxmo~gxs~eoms ng cds ymcdxgs
Amx~lg{ "=520% vxgsgl~m gl sw xgodvecmoel wlm sgxeg ng xms`ds ng cds
ymcdxgs;
Ld gres~gl ymcdxgs gl s# engmcgs d exxgmcgs# seld scd m}wgccds xgmcgs, Cds ymcdxgs scd sg nml gl cm xgmcenmn,
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Xg}wegxgl ng oegx~ms owmcenmngs# }wg sg odlsengxml odad ymcedsms, Gs~ms scd sdl ymcedsms gl vd~gloem# vmxm oxes~mce{mxcds# sg xg}wegxg }wg sg
xgcmoedlgl odl gc bdahxg u sws lgogsenmngs,
_dl hevdcmxgs; gc ymcdx!nesymcdx# }wg gs cm mwsgloem d vxeymoel ngc ymcdx,Mwl}wg gl gs~m omxmo~gxs~eom ng hevdcmxenmn Ixdlne{e# oe~mnd gl Imhgcd
"866>%# el~gl~m ex as mcc owmlnd mlmce{m cds ymcdxgs# um }wg ngsgm
swvgxmx cds gr~xgads gl wlm yesel as el~g`xmc# }wg ng mowgxnd m Igxxm~gx
Adxm gs~m vds~wxm cm wheom gl wl gavexesad el~g`xmc,
^xmsoglngloem; gc ymcdx# sw vgxigooel gl nm as mcc ngc awlnd dhkg~eyd#vdx cd }wg gl gc bwamld# sg`l gs~g mw~dx# sg nml scd ng amlgxm
eavgxigo~m,
Vxgigxgloem; d m~xmooel lm~wxmc ng wlm vgxsdlm m wl ng~gxaelmnd ymcdx#vwgs cd odlsengxm odad ymcedsd, Gs~m aesam owmcenmn odlccgym m d~xm; sw
mvxdvemoel# cm odlsgxymoel ng wl ymcdx vmxm s aesad, ^mahel sg
vxgsgl~m cm og`wgxm mredc`eom; bmu }weglgs ld vwgngl ygx cds ymcdxgs d
oegx~d ~evd ng ymcdxgs# gs ngoex# bmu vgxsdlms }wg odliwlngl gc hegl odl gc
amc,
Dhkg~eyenmn; sg vxgsgl~ml gl cds dhkg~ds d gl cms vgxsdlms#elngvglnegl~gagl~g ng gccds# vdx cd owmc gc ymcdx mn}wegxg wlm engm ng ~ec,
_obgcgx# sg`l Hxw`gx "=507%# gl Omxndlm "=555% vxdvdlg d~xms
owmcenmngs ng cds ymcdxgs; ~eglgl sw vxdved xgeld# sdl mhsdcw~ds#
elaw~mhcgs# elodlneoedlmnds# sg glomxlml gl cms odsms }wg odlsengxmads
ymcedsms# ~ecgs# engmcgs# vgxigo~ehcgs# el~gavdxmcgs# elngvglnegl~gs ngc sgx#
sdl swvxmawlnmlds u scd agneml~g cm mhs~xmooel sg ~xmgl mc awlnd xgmc,
Ms# cds ymcdxgs gres~gl vdx s u gl s aesads,
8,7,? Ocmseieomoel ng cds ymcdxgs
Amx~lg{ "=520% ocmseieom m cds ymcdxgs gl; godlaeods# ld~eods ngc
odldoeaegl~d!# gs~~eods# sdoemcgs# adxmcgs# xgce`edsds,
D~xm ocmseieomoel gs cm ng Hxmyd "866=% sgxm cm ocmseieomoel gl; ymcdxgs
dhkg~eyds u ymcdxgs swhkg~eyds# seglnd cds vxeagxds m}wgccds m cds }wg mc`wegl
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sg xgiegxg u vmxm }wegl mc`d gs ymcedsd# cds sg`wlnds sgxml gc msvgo~d
swhkg~eyd# cm eavdx~mloem }wg mc`d ~eglg vmxm mc`wegl,
Mc mvceomxsg cds ymcdxgs m cm odlnwo~m bwamlm# lgogsmxemagl~g swx`g cm
~eom# gs~wned ng cd Adxmc# ng cd }wg nghg sgx# sg`l ae mvxgoemoel
swhkg~eym,
Ng mowgxnd m Amscdp "=500%# cds ymcdxgs sdl el~xlsgods m cm lm~wxmcg{m
bwamlm# gsgloemcgs u bms~m els~el~eyds# vdleglnd ng xgmcog wld# mc }wg sg`l
c# ~eglng ~dnm cm bwamlenmn; cm mo~wmce{moel ngc ud# vdx d~xds mw~dxgs
ccmamnd; oxgm~eyenmn# vxdnwo~eyenmn# mw~dldam,
Gs~g mw~dx oxe~eom m cds }wg sds~eglgl gc xgcm~eyesad ng cds ymcdxgs# um }wg
gccd swvdlg bmogx m wl cmnd gc ygxnmngxd vxdhcgam ng cm sdoegnmn mo~wmc,
Miexam }wg nghgl gres~ex vmw~ms odlnwo~wmcgs iwlnmagl~mcgs#
~xmlsowc~wxmcgs# ~xmsoglngl~gs m cm bwamlenmn, Vdlg ng xgcegyg m cds
bdahxgs mw~dxxgmce{mnds }weglgs ~eglgl cms aesams vxgigxgloems ng ~dnd gc
awlnd# odl wlm odloegloem ocmxm ng sws mooedlgs mngowmnms u }wg gc sgx
as odlsoegl~g odl~xmxxgs~m cm e`ldxmloem }wg gs cm iwgl~g ng ~dnm odlnwo~m
lg`m~eym,
Cds elneyenwds mw~dmo~wmce{mnds mo~ml odl wlm agkdx odavxglsel ng s
aesads# ng sws lgogsenmngs u ymcdxgs owc~wxmcgs# sdl `glwelds, Gc vdsggx
ymcdxgs odad cm ygxnmn# cm hgccg{m# cm ye~mcenmn u cm vgxigooel# odl~xehwugl m
}wg gccds ccg`wgl m ~glgx grvgxegloems owahxg, Cm imc~m ng ymcdxgs# oxgg gs~g
mw~dx# odlnwog m cm mvm~m# madxmcenmn# ngsgsvgxml{m# odlnwoeglnd ~dnd gccd
m cm gligxagnmn iseom, Omxgogx ng ymcdxgs odlnwog ~mahel m cm
vseodvm~dcd`m# vdx cd }wg sg xg}wegxg vdsggx ymcdxgs# wlm iecdsdim ng yenm,
Cm mw~l~eom mw~dxxgmce{moel# veglsd# swogngxm sdcmagl~g se omnm wld sg
engl~eieom m s aesad odl gc gl~dxld u gc xgs~d ng ~dnds cds sgxgs mleamnds g
elmleamnds, Gs~d swogng owmlnd lds glodl~xmads odl lwgs~xd Ud# odl
lwgs~xm aesaenmn# }wg ngvglng ng cds ngas# ng cm hedneygxsenmn u cm
el~gxngvglngloem ng d~xds sgxgs }wg bmhe~ml cm ^egxxm, Odldogx gs~d# bmhgxcd
yeyend odl grvgxegloems swhceags ag mogxomxdl m cm xe}wg{m ng cm lm~wxmcg{m#
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u ag odlnwkgxdl m mamxcm as# m ~xm~mx gl ~dnd cd vdsehcg ng ld nmmxcm odl
aes mooedlgs,
Amscdp "=500% vxgsgl~m wlm vexaeng ng lgogsenmngs# }wg vdnxml
gl~glngxsg odad ymcdxgs ~ecgs; cms lgogsenmngs iesedc`eoms# ng sg`wxenmn#
ng vgx~glgloem# ng mw~dgs~eam u ielmcagl~g ng mw~dxxgmce{moel; hdlnmn#
ygxnmn# hgccg{m# vgxigooel# kws~eoem# sgloeccg{# se`leieomoel,
M gs~ds ud m`xg`mxm mnaexmoel ml~g cm m`xmnmhecenmn ng cm lm~wxmcg{m# gc
`d{d }wg sg dh~eglg owmlnd gc sgx bwamld cm dhsgxym u sg mhsdxhg
~d~mcagl~g gl gccm,
Ng cm aesam idxam }wg Omnw~d "=550% ag m~xgyd m ngoex# }wg neioecagl~g
wlm vgxsdlm vdnx sgl~ex cds ymcdxgs ng mw~dxxgmce{moel mc odl~gavcmx cm
lm~wxmcg{m se ml~gs ld bm sm~esigobd vcglmagl~g sws lgogsenmngs hseoms#
odad gc mceagl~d# xgiw`ed# ygs~end# se`weglnd gc gs}wgam ng Amscdp,
Mc`wlms ng cms engms ng Amscdp u ng Gxeob Ixdaa iwgxdl xg~damnms
vmxoemcagl~g vdx cm DLW gl Cm Omx~m ng cm ^egxxm "Owahxg ng Xd# =558%
ngl~xd ng sw Vxeloeved =>; Nghgads nmxlds owgl~m ng }wg# wlm yg{
sm~esigobms cms lgogsenmngs hseoms# gc ngsmxxdccd bwamld sg xgiegxg
vxeadxnemcagl~g m sgx as# ld m ~glgx as , Xgowvgxmnd ng;
b~~v;$$ppp,wl,dx`$gsm$nsn$m`glnm8=Tsvmlesb$xgsTxedngoc,sb~ac
Gl gc vxeloeved ?m }wg sg grvdlg gl gsg aesad ndowagl~d sg wx`g m
vdsggx wlm yesel ~eom sdhxg cds ymcdxgs hseods odavmx~ends vmxm msg`wxmx
cds ngxgobds bwamlds odl cehgx~mn u ms ~dnds vwgnml ngsmxxdccmx sw vcgld
vd~gloemc,
8,7,> Cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs
Xdojgmob# gl Omnw~d "=550% lds nm sw ocmseieomoel sdhxg cds ymcdxgsmahegl~mcgs# cds owmcgs vwgngl sgx;
m% Els~xwagl~mcgs; cds }wg sg xgcmoedlml odl wlm odlnwo~m gsvgoieom;
odlnwo~m vdse~eym godc`eom# madx m cm ^egxxm,
h% ^gxaelmcgs; m}wccds }wg ngse`lml wlm amlgxm ng yeyex engmc# d
vxgigxgloems ng cms vgxsdlms bmoem idxams engmcgs ng yeyex; cm omcenmn
http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21_spanish/res_riodecl.shtml -
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mahegl~mc# omcenmn ng yenm# wl awlnd gl vm{# ccgld ng hgccg{m# kws~eoem
sdoemc# mvdud m cm odawlenmn# idagl~d mc ngsmxxdccd ngc g}wecehxed
godc`eod,
o% Ymcdxgs adxmcgs; ~dnm mooel gl cm }wg sg ~xm~g m cm ^egxxm u ~dnm idxam ng
yenm ng amlgxm kws~m u migo~wdsm,Mvmx~g Omnw~d sds~eglg }wg gres~g wlm xgcmoel nexgo~m gl~xg amudx
mw~dodlogv~d u cm ~glngloem m }wgxgx el~gxgsmxsg gl cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs#
vdx cd }wg cm odlnwo~m gs~ gl xgcmoel nexgo~m odl gc odlogv~d }wg cm
vgxsdlm vdsgm ng s aesam, M`xg`m mngas }wg cds ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs
nghgl gs~mx oeagl~mnds gl iwgx~gs ymcdxgs adxmcgs,
Gl omahed# vmxm Xgm`ml# oe~mnd gl Bdx~m "8660%# cds ymcdxgs sg ocmseieoml
gl;
Els~xwagl~mcgs; sdl ymcdxmnds vdx ~glgx wl iel wc~gxedx d }wg vmxm ldsd~xdsgs ~ec u }wg lds sexygl odad agneds vmxm dh~glgx mc`d,
El~xlsgods; cds }wg omnm wld ~eglg gl s aesad u sg vwgngl xgigxex mmc`wlm omvmoenmn d ndl u vgxamlgog gl gs~xgobm xgcmoel odl cm
swhkg~eyenmn# odl gs~m xgigxgloem wl sgx xeod gl owmcenmngs sgxm as
el~xlsgomagl~g ~ec }wg d~xd, _g xgcmoedlm ~mahel odl cm omvmoenmn ng sgx
swkg~d odlsoegl~g ngc sgl~ex# odad cd gs gc ndcdx d cm mcg`xm,@edxnml u _dwobdl "=550% vdx sw vmx~g# miexaml }wg cm ag~m ng cm
GM gs bmogx vdsehcg gc mymlog gl gc ngsowhxeaegl~d ng ymcdxgs }wg sg
mnmv~gl agkdx m cm swvgxyeygloem ngc bwamld u agkdx `gs~el ngc
mvdud ielmloegxd, _g ~xm~m ng wlm ~dam ng odloegloem gl ndlng
vmwcm~elmagl~g sg yml bmoeglnd grvcoe~ds neobds ymcdxgs m ~xmy s ng
g~mvms# odad sgxml;
! Vcml~gmaegl~d ngc vxdhcgam,! Gyengloemx cms muwnms godlaeoms,
! Mlceses ng cds xg~ds,
! ^dam ng ngoesedlgs,
@edxnml u _dwobdl agloedlml }wg gl neobd vxdogsd gc vmvgc ngc
gnwomndx ld gs ~xm~mx ng odlyglogx ng cm vxdvem vds~wxm# seld gc ng
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muwnmx m }wg cds gs~wneml~gs xgicgredlgl# nemcd`wgl sdhxg sws ymcdxgs
mahegl~mcgs u cds grvxgsgl vmxm sg`wex grvcdxmlnd lwgyds ymcdxgs d
vwl~ds ng yes~m# gl cd }wg sgx lgogsmxed ml~gs bmhgx oxgmnd wl oceam
ng odlieml{m# xgsvg~d u mvgx~wxm m cms engms ng cds odavmgxds,
8,7,7 Gc `xmie~e; mx~g wxhmld d ml~eymcdx gs~~eod4
Gs wlm grvxgsel ng cm owc~wxm ng cms aeldxms xmoemcgs u vxdnwo~d ng
cms neigxgloems ng ocmsgs# gs wlm xgsvwgs~m ng xgsgl~eaegl~d m cm
dvxgsel# gs wlm awgs~xm ng xgses~gloem# odlnwo~m ngsmieml~g m cm
owc~wxm sg`xg`moedles~m# xmoes~m# sg`l dveledlgs ng vmlneccgxds
glowgs~mnds ngc Gs~g ng Cds l`gcgs# Omceidxlem# gs mseaesad wlm
owc~wxm amseym# vdvwcmx gl cms `xmlngs oewnmngs ldx~gmagxeomlms,
_wx`g vdx cm nesoxeaelmoel ng }wg sdl dhkg~d u cm elg}wenmn ~leom# ng
xgobm{d vdx vmx~g ng cm xm{m hcmlom# dvdseoel m ngsvdkmxsg ng sws
xmogs agreomlms# }wg odlnwog m wlm mnmv~moel agnemlm ads~xmlnd
wl seloxg~esad ng ymcdxgs u owc~wxms# sg`l cd sgmcm Xdnx`wg{
"8667%,
Vdx sw vmx~g# M, _ecym "s, i,% oe~mnd vdx Xdnx`wg{# miexam }wg gc `xmie~e
gs wlm grvxgsel giagxm ng omaheds# elodlidxaenmn# adcgs~em#
xghgcnm u vdhxg{m ng cds mndcgsogl~gs }wg cd gigo~ml, Gc `xmie~e gs#
vmxm Xdnx`wg{# wlm xgodls~xwooel ng cm engl~enmn ngc agreomld }wg
yeyg ngl~xd ng cms wxhgs gl Gs~mnds Wlends ng Ldx~gmaxeom: gydom
wl ~ml~d gc mx~g ng Kds @wmnmcwvg Vdsmnms u cm gldxag ~xmneoel ngc
`xml awxmcesad gl Areod: vmxm gs~m mw~dxm le se}wegxm eavdx~m se
~mcgs awgs~xms sdl ng engl~enmn d ng mw~gl~eoenmn: gl sws awxmcgs
vwgng sgx }wg gres~m wlm grvxgsel oxgm~eym ngc mx~g wxhmld # gl ae
dvelel,Xdnx`wg{# ml~gs oe~mnm# vdlg odad ml~gogngl~gs ng cm swhowc~wxm
ngc `xmie~e m cds vmobwods obeomlds# }weglgs sg xghgcmxdl odl~xm sws
vmnxgs# ~xm~mlnd ng idxamx sw vxdvem engl~enmn# xgigxgl~g
elnesvglsmhcg vmxm vds~gxedxagl~g vdngx odavxglngx cm swhowc~wxm
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odl~gavdxlgm ng cds obdcds u sws odxxgsvdlnegl~gs odlnwo~ms ng
`xmie~gmx,
Xgowgxnd }wg gl gc md ng =597 ld sg ygm `xmie~e vhceod# scd gl
cds smle~mxeds vmxm cds bdahxgs !ngsodld{od se gl gc ng cms awkgxgs sg
nmhm!# vgxd m agnenm }wg cds kyglgs ng cms ixdl~gxms agreomlms sg
iwgxdl m ~xmhmkmx# cg`mc d ecg`mcagl~g# bmoem Ldx~gmaxeom ~xmkgxdl
ods~wahxgs# amlgxms ng ygs~ex# bmhcmx wl el`cs besvmle{mnd vdobd!#
nxd`ms u gc mvxglne{mkg ngc `xmie~e, Ngsng ae vwl~d ng yes~m# ~damxdl
vmx~g ng cm owc~wxm ldx~gmagxeomlm# cm xgelygl~mxdl# vmxm vdngx bmogx
el~gxvxg~moedlgs ng sw lwgym xgmcenmn u odl gccd vdngxcm mseaecmx, Cm
ixdl~gxm ng Areod odl Gs~mnds Wlends gs gc vmsd ng cm mowc~wxmoel
ng mahds cmnds# amxomnd odl wl xmoesad amleiegs~d# gc owmc yeyvgxsdlmcagl~g ngl~xd ng cms ihxeoms ng m}wgccm lmoel# seglnd kdygl
ml,
Xms`ds }wg mc`wlds `xmie~gxds odlsengxml eavdx~ml~gs# gl dvelel
ng Odl~xgxms "8660%;
Xegs`d ^xmls`xgsel Xgocmamoel ^gxxe~dxemcenmn Ngsmid _mcex ng cm mldaem
^evds ng `xmie~e# sg`l gs~g mw~dx;
m% Gc vdc~eod d ng adyeaegl~ds oewnmnmlds; vmxm ads~xmxxgses~gloem# mo~eyesad,
h% Gc ymlnceod; wsmnd vdx cds vmlneccgxds vmxm amxomx ~gxxe~dxed,
Vmxm gs~g mw~dx cds gsvmoeds sdl yes~ds odad mxglms }wg grvxgsml
vdngx vdc~eod# godlaeod# sdoemc,
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Vmxm a# gc `xmie~e# gs wl mamc`maegl~d# ngsgs~xwo~wxmoel#
ngsel~g`xmoel ngc G`d ngc led d ngc kdygl# gs wlm ngsixm`agl~moel
u swvgxvdseoel ng cm xgmcenmn# vxdugo~mlnd wl mldleam~d# sel sgl~end#
sdcgnmn u m`xgsel bmoem cm sdoegnmn# awgs~xm ng wlm swhowc~wxm ng cm
vdhxg{m u ng xgobm{d sdoemc# odl sws lwgyds one`ds ngodawleomoel# vdx cd }wg leg`ml sw xgmcenmn m ~xmys ngc `xmie~e ,
Mc sgl~exsg grocwends ng cm sdoegnmn# sg segl~gl idx{mnds m
mvxdvemxsg ng gsvmoeds }wg cds mw~dmiexagl# gl ~xaelds ng
Xdnx`wg{,
_dl um ymxeds mds }wg ccgyd mlmce{mlnd gs~g vxdhcgam# u veglsd
}wg m ~xmys ng c# gc kdygl grbehg wlm agl~g gl ngsdxngl# xg~mndxm
bmoem cm sdoegnmn# eae~moel hwxnm ng d~xds kyglgs }wg yml vdx cm
yenm ~xm~mlnd ng bmogx sgl~ex sw vxgsgloem# `mlmlnd m~gloel vdx
agned ng s~ms u d~xms odlnwo~ms# odad cm ng nxd`mxsg, Gs cm engm ng
~xmsoglngx# }wg sg vms vdx gsg cw`mx# gl dvelel ng wl mndcgsogl~g
}wg gl~xgyes~# gl mc`wlds d~xds gs sgl~ex cm mnxglmcelm owmlnd
`xmie~gml g el~gl~mx ld sgx yes~ds,
Wlm vmx~g ng gsm vdhcmoel ng kyglgs }wg xmuml cms vxdvegnmngs
vxdyeglg ng imaecems nesiwloedlmcgs# ng vmxgkms neydxoemnms# odl
vxdhcgams ~mahel ng mnmv~moel sdoemc# odl yeoeds ng mcodbdcesad u
nxd`mneooel, Vmnxgs ng imaecem }wg ld ~eglgl gc ~egavd vmxm gs~mx odl
sws bekds# nemcd`mx# odawleomxsg# gl~glngxsg, _dl imaecems elneigxgl~gs
m cd }wg bm`ml sws bekds# gl wlm odlnwo~m gxxlgm ngc ngkmx bmogx#
ng wl vgxaeseyesad gl gr~xgad,
_el gahmx`d# ld leg`d# }wg d~xm vmx~g ng gsm vdhcmoel kwyglec
awgs~xm bmhecenmngs mx~s~eoms }wg ngsgml amleigs~mx odl `xmlngsawxmcgs ng hgccg{m mx~s~eom# sw se~wmoel vseodc`eom gs d~xm# ld gs cm
ng xg~mx d m`xgnex# gs cm ng odawleomx wl awlnd el~gxedx xeod# oxgm~eyd:
kyglgs }wg xg}wegxgl gsvmoeds ngneomnds mc mvxglne{mkg ngc mx~g# }wg
scd lgogse~ml wl mvdud vmxm grvcd~mx sws vd~gloemcenmngs mx~s~eoms:
gl gs~g omsd# gs gc `dhegxld u cms els~e~woedlgs vhceoms cms }wg nghgl
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muwnmx m omlmce{mx neobms bmhecenmngs vmxm }wg ld sg vegxnml d sg
ngxeygl bmoem ag~ms sdoemcagl~g ngs~xwo~eyms# odad gc odlswad ng
nxd`ms# gc ymlnmcesad# cm ngcelowgloem# odad imc~m ng xgsvg~d bmoem s
aesads u cm sdoegnmn# odl cds odlsgowgl~gs nmds vm~xeadlemcgs,
Elodlidxaenmn# xgsgl~eaegl~d# xghgcnm# ngsmid m cm mw~dxenmn# xg~d m
cm sdoegnmn# sdl vmx~g ng cms odlnwo~ms ng cds kyglgs }wg `ws~ml ng
xmumx cms vxdvegnmngs vxeymnms# vmxm wlds gs mx~g awxmces~m# vmxm a#
gs wlm ocmxm elydcwoel sdoemc,
8,7,9 Mvceomoel ng cds ymcdxgs
Gl sw mvceomoel m cm GM# s~ds sg amleiegs~ml gl odlnwo~ms u mo~e~wngs# um
}wg swvdlg wlm lwgym yesel ng cm yenm bwamlm# ngc gl~dxld# ~xm~mlnd ng ygx
se~wmoedlgs ld vgxoehenms ml~gs# gcmhdxmlnd wlm lwgym ~eom# }wg
odlnw{oml m odlnwo~ms ng agkdxmaegl~d ngc mahegl~g: sw`egxg# vwgs# wlm
xgsvwgs~m xgsvdlsmhcg mc agned mahegl~g# ~xmnwoelndsg gl as vcgle~wn u
vmx~eoevmoel mo~eym gl cm ngiglsm ngc agkdxmaegl~d agnedmahegl~mc
"]wel~mlm u d~xds# =55=%,
Gl sw mvceomoel m cm oegloem# cds ymcdxgs# gl ae dvelel# nghgl gs~mx
vgxagmnds ng wlm mc~m odloegloem ng xgsvg~d u gldxag xgsvdlsmhecenmn
bmoem cd }wg elygs~e`mads# oad cd elygs~e`mads# vmxm ld nmmx m cm
lm~wxmcg{m# m bwamlds u mleamcgs gl imydx ng wlm oegloem mo~wmce{mnm,
_dhxg gs~g vwl~d gs~mx bmhcmlnd vxgoesmagl~g ng cm Hed~eom# odlogv~d
}wg sg mlmce{mx vds~gxedxagl~g# cm owmc lds nm celgmaegl~ds xgsvgo~d ng cd
}wg gs imo~ehcg# yemhcg u cd }wg ld# vdx sgx nmeld mc bwamld u mc mahegl~g,
Elnwnmhcgagl~g }wg sg xg}wegxgl odl wx`gloem ie`wxms l~g`xms#
odavxdag~enms# sel d~xd mil }wg gc sgxyex mc mahegl~g# m cm sdoegnmn# m cm
vm~xem# mc awlnd# gs~du bmhcmlnd ng cngxgs odad sg ~glml ml~e`wmagl~g u
}wg vdod m vdod bml end ngsmvmxgoeglnd sdoemcagl~g# vdx cm odxxwvoel ~ml
mc~m gl cms els~e~woedlgs `whgxlmagl~mcgs agreomlms# `gl~g um sel gsoxvwcds
}wg ngsyml cds xgowxsds ngneomnds m cm agkdxm ngc gl~dxld g elowavcgl odl
cds vxd`xmams mahegl~mcgs# sel ygx`gl{m ~eom# le adxmc mc`wlm,
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Dveld }wg cds ymcdxgs gres~gl elngvglnegl~gagl~g ng }wg bmum mc`wegl
}wg cds vxmo~e}wg d ld# vdx cd }wg cm gsgloem ng wl ymcdx gs sw ymcgx gl s
aesad u ld vdx gc ymcdx }wg omnm vgxsdlm cg m~xehwum# gs~d }wegxg ngoex }wg
sdl elngvglnegl~gs ng ldsd~xds,
_el gahmx`d# sgx u hdlnmn# ngsng cm vgxsvgo~eym dl~dc`eom sg
odxxgsvdlngl# odeloengl# gl vmcmhxms ng Hmxxed "=550%# cd owmc swvdlg }wg
vwgng swogngx }wg wlm vgxsdlm odl hdlnmn segavxg sg ygm odad wlm
hwglm vgxsdlm# gl sw ~d~mcenmn u ld sgvmxmnm ng sw ymcdx,
Cds ymcdxgs# ngsng ae vgxsvgo~eym# ~eglgl wlm mvceomoel vxo~eom gl cm
odlyeygloem nemxem odl cms vgxsdlms; gc ads~xmx xgsvg~d# ngigxgloem mc mnwc~d
amudx# m cds leds# m cms awkgxgs,
Ngl~xd ng cms els~e~woedlgs ng `dhegxld sg nghg `mxml~e{mx cm elgres~gloem
ng mo~ds ng odxxwvoel: gl bdsve~mcgs# ocleoms# cm ~eom nghg xg`ex cds mo~ds
ng cds vxdigsedlmcgs ng cm smcwn# vmxm ld xgmce{mx el~gxygloedlgs }wexx`eoms
ellgogsmxems odl gc scd mil ng dh~glgx cwoxd:
Gl cms gavxgsms sg nghg d~dx`mx gc vm`d kws~d ng smcmxeds# cm odlsgxymoel
ng mahegl~gs smlds# sel odl~maelmoel# odl g}wevds ng vxd~gooel odl~xm
~dnd ~evd ng mooengl~gs d gygl~wmcenmngs: gl cms gsowgcms; cm mses~gloem
xg`wcmx ng vmx~g ng cds amgs~xds u mnaeles~xm~eyms# cm xgsvdlsmhecenmn gl gc
owavceaegl~d ng cds vxd`xmams gsodcmxgs# gc odavxdaesd odl cm gnwomoel#
vmxm ld yglngx omceieomoedlgs m cds gs~wneml~gs:
Gl cm imaecem; gc xgsvg~d m cm yenm elneyenwmc ng cds bekds# xgsvg~d m cms
ldxams }wg sg gs~mhcgogl vmxm xg`wcmx cm el~gxmooel ng cds aegahxds ng cm
imaecem: gc xgsvg~d gl cm odawlenmn bmoem cds ygoelds, Gs wlm gldxag `mam
gl cm }wg sg amleiegs~m cm eavdx~mloem ng cds ymcdxgs vmxm `glgxmx
sdoegnmngs# imaecems# gsowgcms as kws~ms# ngadox~eoms# odl cd owmc sg
odl~xehwum m cm idxamoel ng wlm sdoegnmn agreomlm as iwgx~g# as
vxd`xgses~m u g}we~m~eym, Ae mvxgoemoel gs }wg ~dnd gs~d gs vdsehcg# se ~dnds
vmx~eoevmads gl cd`xmxcd,
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Cm oegloem# odl sw elygs~e`moel u grvgxeagl~moel nghg gs~mx xg`enm vdx wl
odlkwl~d ng ymcdxgs ~eods# ng xgsvg~d m cm yenm# m ld vxdydomx nmd u
swixeaegl~d m cds sgxgs odl cds owmcgs sg grvgxeagl~m# ng e`wmc idxam gc
xgsvg~d mc mahegl~g, Vdx cd aesad gs lgogsmxed xgyesmx cm w~ecenmn ng wlm
idxamoel gl ymcdxgs scenm ngl~xd ng cm imaecem# cm gsowgcm# hmxxed usdoegnmn,
8,7,0 Gc ngsmxxdccd adxmc ngc led
Ng cds vxeloevmcgs mw~dxgs }wg bml ~gdxe{mnd sdhxg gc ngsmxxdccd u gydcwoel
ng cm adxmc eliml~ec# ~glgads m Kgml Vem`g~ u m Cmpxglog Jdbchgx`# gs~g
c~ead xg~da mc`wlms ng cms engms ng Vem`g~ u gcmhdx wlm sgxeg ng leygcgs
odl sws g~mvms vdx cms }wg m~xmyegsm gc led# }wg sg grvdlgl m odl~elwmoel#
gl gs}wgam vmxmixmsgmnd ng _~mssgl "8660%;
Leygc E, G~mvm =; vxgodlygloedlmc; _g vxgsgl~m gl s~m wl xm{dlmaegl~d
adxmc# cm owmc gs ng ~evd elneyenwmces~m# m}w gc ymcdx as eavdx~ml~g vmxm gc
led gs cm dhgnegloem m cm mw~dxenmn# gl gs~g omsd cds vmnxgs# vmxm gye~mx gc
oms~e`d, Cms ldxams u ymcdxgs adxmcgs sg wheoml iwgxm ngc Ud,
G~mvm 8; gc led ngsmxxdccm wl ~evd ng adxmc xgcm~eyes~m; bmogx gc hegl m cms
vgxsdlms vmxm }wg gccms ~mahel mo~gl e`wmc bmoem c xgodldoeglnd }wg bmu
vgxsdlms odl d~xds el~gxgsgs u ymcdxgs,
Leygc EE Odlygloedlmc, G~mvm ?; gs wlm adxmc sdoemc# gc led sg engl~eieom
odl cms ldxams u cd }wg sg gsvgxm ng c, Gc odavdx~maegl~d ngc led gs vmxm
m`xmnmx m cms vgxsdlms,
G~mvm >; bmu wlm amudx odloegloem gl cm dhgnegloem ng cms cgugs#
el~gxlmce{lndcms, _e cm gsowgcm# sdoegnmn# owc~wxm# vgxsdlmcenmn ngc led sdl
vxdveoems vmxm sw ngsmxxdccd adxmc# vmsmx mc se`wegl~g leygc ng ngsmxxdccd,Leygc EEE Vdsodlygloedlmc; gres~g gl gc mndcgsogl~g wlm adxmc wleygxsmc#
gcg`enm vgxsdlmcagl~g# gc kdygl ngielg sws vxdveds vxeloeveds, Gl gs~g leygc
sg ogl~xml cds engmcgs,
G~mvm 7; gc kdygl owavcg odl cms xg`cms d cgugs vdx}wg sdl hglieoms m
~dnds,
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G~mvm 9; cms cgugs sdl mogv~mnms vdx agned ng wlm xgicgrel vgxsdlmc u
sdl# vdx ~ml~d# cehxgagl~g gsod`enms,
Gl wlm el~gxvxg~moel }wg xgmce{m Hmxhm "866>% ng gs~m aesam ~gdxm# ~dnd
gs~g ngsmxxdccd adxmc eavceom wl vxdogsd gl owml~d m cm idxamoel elneyenwmc
gl cds ymcdxgs# ms odad sw dx`mle{moel gl cm agl~g ngc led# sel gahmx`d#
gc ngsmxxdccd od`le~eyd ld gs wl xg}wese~d elnesvglsmhcg vmxm }wg bmum wl
ngsmxxdccd adxmc# odl~xmxed m cd }wg sds~eglg Kgml Vem`g~, Vmxm Jdbchgx`
omnm gs~mned xgvxgsgl~m wlm vxd`xgsel ngc kweoed u wlm dxegl~moel sdoed!
adxmc bms~m cd`xmx wlm adxmcenmn mw~ldam, Hmkd cm odlogvoel ng Jdbchgx`
sdhxg cm adxmcenmn# cm kws~eoem gs cm vmx~g ogl~xmc }wg sexyg ng gcgagl~d xgo~dx
gl~xg cd sdoemc u gc ngsmxxdccd ng cds gs~mneds, Ielmcagl~g cm mooel adxmc gs
odloghenm vdx gs~g mw~dx odad el~g`xmnm vdx imo~dxgs odad; cm ad~eymoel# cmsglsehecenmn# gc kweoed u gc omxo~gx ngc led,
Cms neigxgloems gl~xg Vem`g~ u Jdbchgx` xmneoml gl }wg gc vxeagxd s mogv~m
cm eavdx~mloem ng cd od`ldsoe~eyd gl cm `glgxmoel ng cm adxmc ngc led#
aegl~xms }wg vmxm gc sg`wlnd ld gs ~ml eavdx~ml~g, D~xm neigxgloem gs }wg
gl cm ~gdxm ng Vem`g~ cm adxmc sg eleoem gl cm imsg ng cms dvgxmoedlgs
idxamcgs# mcxgngndx ng cds =8 mds ng gnmn# gl omahed vmxm Jdbchgx` gc
eleoed gs bms~m cds =9 mds,
Wlm se~wmoel }wg gl cd vgxsdlmc xgyes~g eavdx~mloem gs cm idxamoel
adxmc ccglm ng elodbgxgloems ng vmx~g ng cds mnwc~ds# cd owmc ccgymx m wlm
adxmc imccenm gl sw odxxgo~d gs~mhcgoeaegl~d gl gc led# cd owmc se`leieom }wg
bmhx awobm cmhdx vmxm ngodls~xwex neobm odlogv~wmce{moel nesiwloedlmc,
_wvdl`d }wg cd aesad swogngx mc mvceomxsg m cm mseaecmoel ng cds ymcdxgs
mahegl~mcgs# se gs~m msgygxmoel }wg bm`d gs ygxnmngxm# veglsd }wg bmhx
gsodccds gl gc omaeld m cm glsgml{m ng cds aesads gl cms gsowgcms u iwgxmng gccms,
Gc aesad Jdbchgx` "=552% odlocwu }wg gl cms gsowgcms ngadox~eoms# odl
ymcdxgs adxmcgs mc~ds# sws gs~wneml~gs cms omceieomhml ng amlgxm v~eam# gl
odavmxmoel m cms }wg ld cd gxml d ld ~glml neobds ymcdxgs# cd owmc bmhcm
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ngc aesad vxdogsd ng odls~xwooel ng ymcdxgs iwloedlmcgs ngc }wg bm`d
xgigxgloem mxxehm,
Cm adxmc ngc led vmsm vdx wlm ng ~evd bg~gxldam# cwg`d m wlm
xg~xehw~eym!sdoemc u ielmcagl~g sg gs~mhcgog wlm adxmc elngvglnegl~g#
mw~ldam# ndlng cm kws~eoem ~dam wl se~ed xgcgyml~g, Mbdxm hegl# adxmcenmn u
ymcdxgs mahegl~mcgs sg vwgngl odlkw`mx mxadledsmagl~g# odad sg grvxgsm
m ~xmys ng Ldyd gl gc se`wegl~g mvmx~mnd,
8,9 Cm gnwomoel mahegl~mc u sws vxeloeveds mredc`eods
Cds vxeloeveds mredc`eods ng cm gnwomoel mahegl~m