test #6 psy100 – test 6 l0101 mw 11-12 health...

Test #6

PSY100 – Test 6L0101 MW 11-12

1. Health Psychology is the educational, research and clinical contribution of Psychology to what three goals [3 marks]

1) the promotion and maintenance of health2) the prevention and treatment of illness3) the analysis and improvement of the health care system and health policy formation

2. Give two examples of adaptive and two examples of maladaptive ways that one could behaviorally influence the impact of a stressor. [4 marks]

- Adaptive: one could seek help (therapy), engage in meditation, learn a new skill, etc…- Maladaptive: one could use drugs or alcohol, gambling, sex, or any distraction

3. Explain how the Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary (SAM) system operates. [4 marks]

- stress is perceived by the cerebral cortex which signals the hypothalamus to activate the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight). This stimulates the Adrenal Medulla glands to secrete catecholimines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. The effects are raised blood pressure, irregular heart rate, sweating, and constriction of peripheral blood vessels.

4. List 4 positive emotion-focused coping strategies. [4 marks] [any four, 1 mark each]

1. - Focused breathing/meditation2. - Progressive muscle relaxation3. - Cognitive restructuring4. - Self hypnosis5. - Anger management6. - Thought stopping procedures7. - Stress inoculation training

2. Give an example of both a stable and unstable internal attribution and both a

stable and unstable external attribution. [4 marks] - stable internal attribution: I failed the test because I am stupid. - unstable internal attribution: I failed the test because I didn’t study- stable external attribution: I failed the test because the professor always makes unfair tests- unstable external attribution: I failed the test because the test was unfair

3. What is the Mere Exposure effect and how does it contribute to attraction? [3 marks]

- the mere exposure effect states that merely being exposed to something or someone will make us prefer that thing or person over someone or something that we have not been

exposed to. It contributes to attraction in that the more we are exposed to someone or something the more familiar it becomes to us and the more likely we are to like it.

4. What are the ABCs of attitudes? [3 marks] A = affect (feelings) B = behaviorC = cognitions (thoughts)

5. What is deindividuation and what are some circumstances where it might occur? [3 marks]

- deindividuation is a loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension that can occur when a situation allows one to feel anonymous- it can occur when one is in a crowd, or when one is wearing a mask, or wearing a uniform that many others are wearing, etc…

6. List 2 factors that can increase the likelihood of resistance to authority in situations where one believes the authority figure is wrong. [2 marks]

1. 1) when someone has knowledge, expertise, or experience in the area2. 2) when there is social support of others agreeing to resist as well

L0301 MW 3-4

1. Explain Lazarus’ concepts of primary and secondary appraisal and give an example for each. [4 marks]

Primary appraisal is a cognitive appraisal of a stressor in the environment as being either benign (irrelevant) or stressful (trouble), i.e., “Is this a threat to my well being?”. E.g., a paper due is appraised as stressful whereas another assignment is viewed as easy to do. If the primary appraisal states that the stimulus is trouble, then a secondary appraisal takes place to decide if the person has the necessary resources to deal with the problem, i.e., “Do I have what it takes to deal with this?” E.g., you decide you can do the assignment if you work hard and dedicate some time to it, or you decide that you can’t do it.

2. Give two examples of adaptive and two examples of maladaptive ways that one could emotionally influence the impact of a stressor. [4 marks]

- Adaptive: be optimistic, look on the bright side, express emotions openly, share problems with others- Maladaptive: feel hopelessness, helplessness, or self-pity, suppress or hide emotions

3. List 4 of the effects of prolonged exposure to stress. [4 marks] [any four, one mark each]

- suppress cellular immune functioning- produces hemodynamic changes (increased heart rate and blood pressure)- provokes irregular heart rhythms- produces neurochemical imbalances (depression, panic disorder)- atherosclerosis- destruction of neurons in the hippocampus (memory impairment, senility)

4. List 3 ways to make the use of affirmations more effective. [3 marks]

1. 1) state affirmations in the positive (out loud, into the mirror)2. 2) write them down on paper3. 3) post them everywhere for repeated viewing

5. 5. Describe the Fundamental Attribution Error and provide an example.

[3 marks] - The FAE is the tendency to overestimate internal dispositional factors and underestimate external situational factors when making attributions about the causes of other people’s behaviors. E.g., I see that the person beside me failed the test, thus I assume it is because they are not very smart and do not take into account any situational factors that may have contributed, such as, they had the flu and couldn’t study

6. List and explain the three components of Sternberg’s Love Triangle.

[3 marks] 1) Passion – fast developing physiological reaction of desire and lust for another2) Intimacy – steadily developing physical and emotional closeness with another3) Commitment – gradually developing cognitive agreement to be committed partners, including fidelity and resource sharing

7. What are the 4 functions of attitudes discussed in the lectures? [4 marks] 1) a knowledge function to help organize and structure the environment2) an instrumental function in helping maximize rewards and minimize punishments3) an ego-defensive function by helping us deal with internal conflicts and defend against anxiety4) a value-expressive function in helping us express ideals important to our self-concept

8. What is Cognitive Dissonance and how does one reduce it? [3 marks] - cognitive dissonance is an aversive state that can arise when our attitudes and our behaviors are not consistent. We can reduce dissonance by either changing our behaviors to fit our attitudes or adjusting our attitudes to be consistent with our behaviors.

9. What are norms? Provide one example. [2 marks] - norms are the unwritten rules and codes of behavior for a particular society- e.g., not cutting in line in front of others, eating ice cream with a spoon, not wearing clothes inside out, etc… L0201 TR 1-2

2. What is stress? [4 marks] Stress is a psychobiological process. Stress is a stimulus (stressors) like catastrophes (earthquake, flood or war), life events (marriage, divorce) and circumstances (poverty, overcrowding). Stress is a response (strain) both physiological and psychological. Stress is a process where transactions between the person and environment lead to perceived discrepancies between the demands of the situation and the resources of the person.

3. Give two examples of adaptive, and two examples of maladaptive ways that

one could cognitively influence the impact of a stressor. [4 marks] - Adaptive: do some cognitive restructuring, seek objective views, view stress as a challenge and failure as a learning opportunity, etc…- Maladaptive: use defense mechanisms like denial or rationalization, catastrophize the situation, overreact, allow irrational thinking

4. Explain how the Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) system operates. [4 marks]

- the hypothalamus releases corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) which influences the Pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This causes the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids like cortisol that reduce inflammation and help the body return to a normal state after acute stress reactions.

5. List 3 positive problem-focused coping strategies. [3 marks] [any three, 1 mark each]

1. - Assertiveness/social skills training2. - Time management3. - Seek help from others4. - Deal with the situation or stressor

6. Explain the difference between internal and external attributions. [4 marks]

- internal attributions are inferences made about the causes of behaviors or events that consider the causes as being due to personality, traits, or personal dispositions.- external attributions are inferences made about the causes of behaviors or events that consider the causes as being due to things inherent in the situation, environment or context, external to the person

7. List 4 factors discussed in the lectures that contribute to our attraction to others. [4 marks] [any four, 1 mark each]

5. - proximity or functional distance6. - physical attractiveness7. - similarity8. - reciprocal liking9. - relationship rewards, operant conditioning

8. Explain the evolutionary gender differences regarding what makes a person jealous. [4 marks]

- men are more distressed about sexual infidelity than emotional infidelity because throughout evolution men could not be sure that the child they were raising was their own if their partner had sex with someone else.- women are more distressed about emotional infidelity than sexual infidelity because emotional commitment to someone else created the threat that resources would be diverted to someone else

9. List 3 undesirable phenomena that can result from being in a group. [3 marks] [any three, one mark each]- deindividuation, panic, the risky shift, groupthink, social loafing, mob behavior

L6001 TR 5-6 1. Explain the three types of stress identified by Lazarus and give an example

for each. [3 marks] 1. 1) Loss (or harm/loss) – when someone loses a loved one or a possession.2. 2) Threat – anticipated harm from something like worrying someone is

going to beat you up or worried that you will get your heart broken, etc…3. 3) Challenge – viewing the stressor as an opportunity for growth or a way

to expand one’s abilities or competence

2. Identify and explain the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome. [5 marks]

1. 1) Alarm – fight or flight reaction triggered by some stressor. Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary (SAM) system is activated and body is readied for extreme action to deal with the situation.

2. 2) Resistance – stress is prolonged and eventually the Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) system is activated in an effort to calm the body and relax the body’s taxed resources and systems

3. 3) Exhaustion – if the stressor continues the body’s systems become overburdened and there is a weakening of immune and organ systems

3. List the four thinking problems discussed in the lectures that can occur as

psychological responses to stress. [4 marks] - - problem solving difficulties- - ruminative thinking- - catastrophizing- - irrational thought patterns

4. Explain problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. [3 marks] - - problem-focused coping is aimed at reducing the demands of the stressful

situation or expanding the resources available to deal with the stressor, i.e., dealing directly with the problem or situation

- - emotion-focused coping is aimed at controlling the emotional response to the stressful situation

5. With regards to making attributions, explain the self-serving bias and

provide an example. [3 marks] - the self-serving bias occurs when we make internal dispositional attributions for our successes and external situational attributions for our failures. E.g., I passed the test because I am smart, but I failed the test because it was written unfairly.

6. Which components of Sternberg’s Love Triangle make up Romantic Love, Hollywood Love and Companionate Love? [3 marks]

Romantic Love = intimacy and passionHollywood Love = passion and commitmentCompanionate Love = commitment and intimacy

7. List 4 reasons why we form groups according to Schutz’s Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation. [4 marks]

1. 1) psychological needs for group formation2. 2) inclusion3. 3) control 4. 4) affection

8. According to the lecture, what is a group? [2 marks]

- a group is two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as “us”

9. How does being in a crowd lead to a greater likelihood of committing violent or unacceptable behavior? [3 marks]

- - crowds can lead to deindividuation which is a loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension. When deindividuation is combined with the high states of arousal, and diffusion of responsibility created by being in a crowd, these factors can disinhibit violent or unacceptable behaviors

- - [full marks should also be given if the student discusses convergence and contagion instead]

____ 1) Travis was piloting a small private jet. He was making his final approach through

heavy fog, and when he finally broke through the fog cover at 150 feet he realized that the runway was 20 yards to his left. For an instant he experienced a sensation of total panic, but he quickly took action. With his heart still pounding he gave the plane full throttle in an attempt to clear the rapidly approaching trees. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, as Travis took action he was experiencing

A. physiological exhaustionB. a resistance reactionC. an alarm reactionD. autonomic rebound

____ 2) In his studies on conformity, Asch found that if a group of persons espouses an opinion contradictory to one's own opinion, one is most likely to

A. voice the group's opinionB. echo the opinion of the nearest group memberC. voice one's own opinion, even though it's contradictoryD. show mild symptoms of learned helplessness

____ 3) Which of the following statements regarding social loafing is not accurate?A. Social loafing is an inevitable outcome of group projects.B. As group size increases, social loafing becomes more likely.C. Recent evidence indicates that fatigue tends to increase social loafing.D. The social-loafing effect has been replicated in a number of studies using a variety of tasks.

____ 4) Which of the following is not a variable people use to stereotype other people?A. ethnicity

B. genderC. occupationD. Any of these variables may be used.

____ 5) Laboratory experiments with cardiology patients have shown that brief period of mental stress

A. can trigger acute symptoms of heart disease, such as myocardial ischemiaB. have little, or no, impact on overall cardiac functionC. can intensify chromic symptoms of heart disease, such as arteriosclerosisD. can trigger emotional responses such as depression and feelings of despair

____ 6) Constructive coping includes all of the following exceptA. confronting a problem directlyB. inhibiting emotional reactions to stressC. reliance on the use of defense mechanismsD. making reasonably realistic appraisals of your coping resources

____ 7) Which of the following statements regarding stereotypes is accurate?A. Stereotypes are inevitably negative and unflattering.B. Ethnic and racial groups are the only targets of widespread prejudice.C. We see members of our own ingroup as more alike than the members of outgroups.D. Stereotypes are so pervasive that they are often activated automatically.

____ 8) The bystander effect isA. greater the more people there are in the groupB. less the more people there are in the groupC. unaffected by the size of the groupD. greatest when the observer is the only one present

____ 9) In Weiten's studies, __________ turned out to be more strongly related to measures of mental health than scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale were.

A. frustrationB. conflictC. pressureD. change

____ 10) Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes is referred to as

A. hedonismB. dispositional attributional biasC. egocentrismD. individualism

____ 11) You've been invited to dinner at a nice restaurant on the final night of a TV mini-series you've been watching and thus find yourself confronted with

A. pressureB. frustrationC. an approach-avoidance conflictD. an approach-approach conflict

____ 12) Barbara's car has been running poorly lately. Whose advice is Barbara most likely to follow in order to make her car run better?

A. her physicianB. her uncle

C. her mechanicD. her physics instructor

____ 13) Your unique ideas about how a college class should be run, what a typical straight "A" student is like, and how a typical professor will act are all examples of

A. prejudicesB. attitudesC. attributionsD. social schemas

____ 14) Most of Conrad's friends consider him to be highly neurotic. It is likely that, compared to his friends, Conrad is

A. less likely to perceive events as stressfulB. more likely to "choke" under pressureC. less likely to use defensive coping strategiesD. more likely to perceive events as stressful

____ 15) Noncompliance with medical advice occurs approximatelyA. 5 to 10 percent of the timeB. 30 to 60 percent of the timeC. 75 percent of the timeD. 80 to 90 percent of the time

____ 16) The __________ controls the fight-or-flight response as a physiological reaction to a threat.

A. autonomic nervous systemB. pyramidal systemC. central nervous systemD. thalamus

____ 17) Love as the basis for marriage isA. unique to the United StatesB. a product of Asian collectivismC. virtually universal across all culturesD. an 18th-century invention of Western culture

____ 18) The Featured Study by Cohen and his colleagues showed thatA. psychological stress can increase people's susceptibility to infectious diseaseB. when all possible confounding variables are controlled for, there is no longer any

association between stress and vulnerability to infectionC. the stress-illness association found in other studies is probably the result of an increased

frequency of health-impairing habits in stressed subjectsD. psychological stress only increases susceptibility to infectious disease in people with Type

A personalities

____ 19) If you tend to overemphasize internal characteristics in explaining the behavior of others, you are evidencing the

A. false consensus effectB. situational attributional tendencyC. self-serving biasD. fundamental attribution error

____ 20) The principle cause of coronary heart disease isA. atherosclerosis

B. Alzheimer's diseaseC. diabetesD. burnout

____ 21) Individual differences in cardiovascular reactivityA. typically do not emerge until adulthoodB. are acquired through classical conditioningC. have not been linked to the occurrence of stress-related illnessesD. probably contribute to susceptibility to heart disease

____ 22) Catastrophic thinking is characterized as involvingA. personality disordered type of thinkingB. thinking associated with neuroticismC. exaggeration of the magnitude of one's problemsD. focusing on major stressors and ignoring the impact of minor frustrations

____ 23) According to Hazan and Shaver, romantic love is an attachment process, and people's intimate relationships in adulthood follow the same form as their attachments

A. in infancyB. to their preschool playmatesC. to their adolescent peersD. to their same-gender parent

____ 24) When the adrenal medulla is stimulatedA. large amounts of catecholamines are released into the bloodstreamB. the hormone ACTH is secretedC. corticosteroids are absorbed by the adrenal glandsD. the parasympathetic nervous system is activated

____ 25) Herbert Benson devised a simple procedure, called the relaxation response, that can have beneficial health effects. To experience the full benefits, the procedure should be practiced

A. on a daily basisB. whenever a person has to deal with a major stressorC. for a minimum of 50 minutes a day, three days per weekD. only when traditional medical treatments produce no improvement

____ 26) Scott spent a great deal of time and money on becoming a member of a certain club, yet later discovered that the members of the club were boring. According to dissonance theory, Scott would most likely

A. continue to extol the virtues of the club to his friendsB. now "bad mouth" the club to his friendsC. engage in denial and disengagement as part of his defensive attributionD. try to modify the behavior of the current club members

____ 27) Group cohesiveness refers to theA. degree to which group members agree about an issueB. strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group

itselfC. extent of polarization that occurs after group discussionD. tendency of groups to make more cautious decisions than individuals

____ 28) An actor's behavior being the same over time and across situations defines the covariation information referred to as

A. consistencyB. convergenceC. consensusD. criterial

____ 29) The most likely initial consequence of an approach-avoidance conflict isA. approachB. vacillationC. avoidanceD. withdrawal

____ 30) Which of the following could be an example of the fundamental attribution error?A. Ralph described himself as a failure.B. Ralph thought that the reason he failed was that he was sick that day.C. Jayne said Ralph failed because the test was unfair.D. Sue explained Ralph's failure in terms of his incompetence and laziness. 6mw11Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1) ANS: B REF: 538

2) ANS: A REF: 680

3) ANS: A REF: 686

4) ANS: D REF: 658

5) ANS: A REF: 548

6) ANS: C REF: 542 Correct = 59%

7) ANS: D REF: 690

8) ANS: A REF: 684 Correct = 79%

9) ANS: C REF: 534

10) ANS: D REF: 664 Correct = 54%

11) ANS: D REF: 532



14) ANS: D REF: 531

15) ANS: B REF: 558 Correct = 73%


17) ANS: D REF: 668

18) ANS: A REF: 550



21) ANS: D REF: 553

22) ANS: C REF: 561

23) ANS: A REF: 667



26) ANS: A REF: 676

27) ANS: B REF: 687



30) ANS: D REF: 661

____ 1) All of the following were cited in the textbook as factors which promote relaxation except for

A. developing a passive attitudeB. drinking a small amount of alcoholC. being in a comfortable positionD. focusing on a constant stimulus

____ 2) The Flashback football team had been down by 35 points at half-time, but they had made a big comeback in the second half. With less than 15 seconds remaining on the clock they made a touchdown that narrowed the other team's lead to a single point. Their quarterback has decided to try for a two-point conversion in an attempt to win the game by a single point in the dying seconds. As the team lines up for the final play of the game, both the quarterback and the intended receiver are likely to be experiencing

A. frustrationB. conflictC. burnoutD. pressure

____ 3) The name Hans Selye gave to the body's response to stress isA. the fight-or-flight responseB. the general adaptation syndromeC. catharsisD. defensive coping

____ 4) A group that one belongs to and identifies with is known as a(n)A. stereotypeB. social schemaC. outgroupD. ingroup

____ 5) Which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of such chronic diseases as lung cancer, emphysema, and stroke?

A. smokingB. poor nutritionC. lack of exerciseD. obesity

____ 6) Evidence from numerous studies of the bystander effect suggests thatA. it is a widespread phenomenonB. it is limited to contrived laboratory situationsC. it occurs only in urban ghetto areasD. there is much truth to the old saying that "there is safety in numbers"

____ 7) Which of the following is not typically a reason for noncompliance with medical advice?

A. having a negative attitude for physiciansB. failing to understand advice or instructionsC. the degree of difficulty associated with following advice or instructions

D. the cost of the medical treatment program

____ 8) Marriages arranged by families and other go-betweens remain common in cultures high in

A. individualismB. collectivismC. self-perceptionD. self-monitoring

____ 9) Which of the following psychologists is known for conducting classic research on obedience to authority?

A. Solomon AschB. Daryl BemC. Leon FestingerD. Stanley Milgram

____ 10) The Featured Study by Cohen and his colleagues showed that high-stress subjects had a higher incidence of colds than low-stress subjects. This finding indicates that illness and levels of stress are

A. uncorrelatedB. negatively correlatedC. positively correlatedD. multifactorial variables

____ 11) When Jerry thought he was the only person who was assigned the job of contacting alumni for a 15-year reunion, he spent several hours on the phone each evening trying to reach members of his graduating class. When he learned that eight other people were also working on contacting the alumni he spent only 30 minutes each night making phone calls. The process that would best explain the decrease in Jerry's effort when he learned that he was working as part of a larger group, is

A. social interferenceB. social loafingC. the bystander effectD. social dissonance

____ 12) Actors and observers tend to give different explanations for the same instance of behavior because

A. only actors themselves can accurately explain their own behaviorB. only outside observers can accurately explain actors' behaviorC. observers tend to possess more knowledge than the actorsD. situational pressures may not be readily apparent to an observer

____ 13) The week of final exams subjects most students to what kind of stress?A. pressureB. changeC. frustrationD. conflict

____ 14) A man who believes that "women just don't make good leaders" may dwell on his female supervisor's mistakes and quickly forget about her achievements. This scenario illustrates which of the following concepts?

A. defensive attribution

B. the illusory correlation effectC. the fundamental attribution errorD. the bystander effect

____ 15) Bruce performed very well on the examination, which he attributed to native ability and hard work. Which bias does this illustrate?

A. the fundamental attribution errorB. the actor-observer biasC. the self-serving biasD. illusory correlation

____ 16) Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people are referred to as

A. attributionsB. illusory correlationsC. covariation inferencesD. social schemas

____ 17) Individualism is to collectivism as __________ is to __________.A. external; internalB. personal; groupC. communism; capitalismD. All of these complete the analogy correctly.

____ 18) The final stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome during which the organism's resources for fighting stress may be depleted is called

A. alarmB. fatigueC. resistanceD. exhaustion

____ 19) The two major pathways via which the brain may signal the endocrine system are through the

A. parasympathetic and sympathetic systemsB. circulatory and muscular systemsC. pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous systemD. autonomic and skeletal nervous systems

____ 20) A person who is hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, and at risk for having a heart attack is said to have __________ personality.

A. a Type BB. an internalC. an externalD. a Type A

____ 21) According to Baumeister, the pressure to perform can elevate self-consciousness, which then disrupts our attention by

A. diverting attention from the demands of the taskB. causing us to perform too automaticallyC. creating an approach-avoidance conflictD. activating our autonomic nervous system

____ 22) Frustration refers toA. being blocked in the pursuit of a desired goalB. the most frequent emotional response to aggressionC. being caught between two incompatible motives

D. being expected to live up to high standards of performance

____ 23) Elliot Aronson views inconsistency as the key to dissonance, but maintains that it is inconsistency between one's __________ and one's __________ that motivates dissonance.

A. emotions; behaviorB. self-concept; behaviorC. behavior; attributionsD. self-concept; unconscious urges

____ 24) Which of the following statements regarding the effectiveness of two-sided arguments is accurate?

A. Presenting a two-sided argument often confuses the receiver and decreases a source's persuasiveness.

B. Two-sided arguments should be avoided, since the receiver shouldn't be informed that there is an alternative to the source's view.

C. Overall, two-sided arguments tend to be more effective than one-sided arguments.D. Two-sided arguments tend to be effective with women, but not with men.

____ 25) Valerie is doing homework for her statistics class. When she checks the answer she has just calculated for the problem she has been working on, she finds it is incorrect. She is frustrated, and tells her roommate: "I don't know why I'm even trying, I'll never catch on in this course. I should just give up now." According to Albert Ellis, Valerie's statements reflect

A. defensive copingB. mental disengagementC. catastrophic thinkingD. reality-based coping

____ 26) Recent research evidence from studies which have investigated the link between depression and heart disease suggests that

A. the stress of living with heart disease may cause the onset of depressionB. depression and heart disease are not correlated with each otherC. the emotional dysfunction of depression may cause heart diseaseD. depression and heart disease are both caused by the negative effects of smoking

____ 27) According to Hazan and Shaver's model of infant attachment and romantic love, adults with which of the following attachment styles are most likely to have satisfying, interdependent, and long-lasting relationships?

A. secureB. insecureC. avoidantD. anxious-ambivalent

____ 28) Behavioral vacillation would be most apt to go with which type of conflict?A. approach-avoidanceB. approach-approachC. avoidance-avoidanceD. frustration

____ 29) In making a causal attribution, we first tend to decide if an event was due to __________ causes.

A. subjective or objectiveB. usual or unusualC. positive or negative

D. internal or external

____ 30) Groupthink is more likely when the groupA. does not have a designated leaderB. must justify their decision to other groups in the same organizationC. is under pressure to make a major decisionD. experiences any of these things 6mw3Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE


2) ANS: D REF: 534




6) ANS: A REF: 684


8) ANS: B REF: 668

9) ANS: D REF: 680


11) ANS: B REF: 686

12) ANS: D REF: 662

13) ANS: A REF: 534

14) ANS: B REF: 691

15) ANS: C REF: 663

16) ANS: D REF: 657



19) ANS: C REF: 538




23) ANS: B REF: 677

24) ANS: C REF: 673

25) ANS: C REF: 561

26) ANS: C REF: 548

27) ANS: A REF: 668

28) ANS: A REF: 532

29) ANS: D REF: 660


____ 1) Which of the following statements regarding the research on dissonance theory is most accurate?

A. Research has generally supported dissonance theory.B. Research has generally not supported dissonance theory.C. Research has supported dissonance theory, but only with regard to social behavior.D. Research on dissonance theory has been favorable, but only when the subjects have been

young children.

____ 2) Holmes and Rahe reasoned that major sources of stress for people come fromA. failuresB. life events involving lossC. changes in one's life that require readjustmentD. only those life changes the person sees as negative

____ 3) According to the notion of defensive attribution, we tend to explain the setbacks that befall other people in terms of __________ causes.

A. internalB. externalC. stableD. defensive

____ 4) Selye believed that the body's reactions to stressful situationsA. are nonspecific - that is, the same to different stressorsB. vary as a function of the individualC. are specific to the type of stressor involvedD. cannot be generalized across individuals

____ 5) Which of the following is the best piece of advice regarding exercise and its ability to reduce your vulnerability to stress?

A. Select a strenuous activity that will stretch you to the limit of your ability.B. Become competitive in a team sport.C. Gradually increase your participation in an enjoyable activity.D. Play to win in competitive activities.

____ 6) Baumeister and Steinhilber found evidence that, in the final, decisive game of a series in a professional sport such as baseball

A. the home team has a definite advantageB. neither the home team nor the visiting team has an advantageC. the home team is under greater pressure than the visiting team, and its performance may

declineD. the visiting team is under greater pressure than the home team, and its performance may

decline

____ 7) Obedience is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to

A. direct commandsB. implied pressureC. requests from othersD. persuasive communications

____ 8) According to Hazan and Shaver's model of infant attachment and romantic love, adults with which of the following attachment styles are most likely to report more intense emotional highs and lows in their romantic relationships?

A. secureB. insecureC. avoidant

D. anxious-ambivalent

____ 9) Active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress are called

A. aggressingB. resistingC. copingD. defending

____ 10) According to this viewpoint, men emphasize physical attractiveness in mate selection while women emphasize the ability to acquire resources. Which theory does this describe?

A. evolutionary theoryB. cognitive dissonance theoryC. sexual propensity theoryD. attribution theory

____ 11) Psychology is committed to the reliance on systematic observation through research, to arrive at conclusions. That is, psychology is committed to

A. empiricismB. objectivityC. subjectivityD. functionalism

____ 12) Observers tend to favor __________ attributions about the success of males; observers tend to favor __________ attributions about the success of females.

A. internal; externalB. internal; internalC. external; internalD. external; external

____ 13) Bryce is an army field surgeon who has been operating on wounded soldiers for the past 24 hours, without a break. It seems as if he will never be able to deal with all the wounded soldiers that are already at the field hospital, and more wounded are arriving every hour. Meanwhile, the sound of heavy artillery is getting closer all the time. At this point, Bryce feels completely worn out. His overall energy reserves are totally depleted, and his body just wants to give up. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, Bryce is probably experiencing

A. a resistance reactionB. an alarm reactionC. physiological exhaustionD. autonomic rebound

____ 14) A person responding uniquely to someone or something defines the item of covariation information referred to as

A. distinctivenessB. divergenceC. disjunctivenessD. criterial

____ 15) Which of the following is not characteristic of Type A individuals?A. They are competitive.B. They feel there's never enough time to get everything done.

C. They are easygoing and sociable.D. They are strongly achievement-motivated.

____ 16) The bystander effect should be strongest inA. a large group when need for help is ambiguousB. a large group when need for help is unambiguousC. a smaller group when need for help is ambiguousD. a smaller group when need for help is unambiguous

____ 17) In the Featured Study on stress and the common cold, Cohen and his colleagues found that, in the subsample of subjects without an infectious roommate

A. there was no difference in the incidence of colds between high-stress and low-stress subjectsB. low-stress subjects were more likely to develop colds than high-stress subjectsC. the colds developed by low-stress subjects were more severe than the colds in high-stress

subjectsD. high-stress subjects were more likely to develop colds than low-stress subjects

____ 18) Making excuses for problems (blaming something else) reflects aA. fundamental attribution errorB. self-serving biasC. halo effectD. self-handicapping strategy

____ 19) Virginia has wanted to be a physician for as long as she can remember, but she has been unable to gain entry to medical school. Virginia is probably experiencing

A. burnoutB. learned helplessnessC. regressionD. frustration

____ 20) According to Albert Ellis, the key to making realistic appraisals of stress is toA. ignore your feelingsB. focus on what you should be doingC. avoid examining your self-talk too closelyD. dispute irrational assumptions

____ 21) Long-term success rates for those who quit smoking are about __________ percent.

A. 15B. 25C. 50D. 75

____ 22) According to evolutionary psychologists, which of the following characteristics in a prospective mate would be the least important consideration for a woman seeking a mate?

A. ambitionB. social statusC. financial potentialD. physical attractiveness

____ 23) Rory experienced a massive heart attack, after which he enrolled in a stress management training course. Based on the research reported by Blumental, once Rory has completed the course, he should find that his likelihood of

A. developing a depressive disorder will be reducedB. having a second heart attack will be reducedC. having a second heart attack will actually increase

D. developing a depressive disorder will actually increase

____ 24) Social schemas are best defined asA. patterns of social behavior one is most likely to performB. organized clusters of ideas about people or social eventsC. tendencies to view those who are different than us in a negative wayD. widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in

a particular group

____ 25) Which of the following statements regarding the use of weak arguments in persuasive communication is accurate?

A. The more arguments one presents, the more effective the message will be, regardless of the strength of the arguments.

B. Adding weak arguments to a persuasive message will likely do more harm than good to one's case.

C. The key determinant of the effectiveness of a persuasive message seems to be the ratio of strong arguments to weak arguments.

D. Weak arguments will enhance the effectiveness of a persuasive communication as long as they are presented clearly.

____ 26) Winona has a 10-page term paper due first thing in the morning, and she still has over half the paper left to write. At the same time her boyfriend is insisting that she come to the concert that evening where he will be performing his first violin solo. She knows that she needs to work on the paper, but she also knows her boyfriend will be disappointed if she doesn't attend the concert. Winona is most likely feeling

A. pressureB. frustrationC. vacillationD. burnout

____ 27) In which of the following situations are people most likely to follow the instructions they receive from health care professionals?

A. when the instructions are complex and include technical medical termsB. when they do not fully understand the instructions but still feel the need to do somethingC. when they like, respect and understand the health care professionalD. when the medication or treatment program is expensive

____ 28) According to optimal-arousal theories, which of the following situations would be least affected by a high optimal-arousal level?

A. taking a psychology examB. typing a term paperC. buttoning a shirtD. learning to drive a car

____ 29) Individuals from Western societies are more likely to evidence a(n) __________ in their causal attributions relative to individuals from non-Western societies.

A. self-serving biasB. self-effacing biasC. actor-observer biasD. fundamental attribution error

____ 30) When Stoner (1961) compared the average decision of a group's members against their group decision generated through group discussion, he found that

A. group members ignored the discussion and maintained their original decision

B. individuals arrived at riskier decisions than groupsC. groups arrived at riskier decisions than individualsD. the longer the discussion continued, the riskier the group's decisions 6tr1Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1) ANS: A REF: 677




5) ANS: C REF: 563



8) ANS: D REF: 668


10) ANS: A REF: 669

11) ANS: A REF: 688


13) ANS: C REF: 538

14) ANS: A REF: 660




18) ANS: B REF: 663


20) ANS: D REF: 561

21) ANS: B REF: 554


23) ANS: B REF: 548

24) ANS: B REF: 657

25) ANS: B REF: 673

26) ANS: A REF: 534

27) ANS: C REF: 558

28) ANS: C REF: 536


30) ANS: C REF: 686

____ 1) Which of the following organs is involved in both of the body's two major stress pathways?

A. the adrenal glandB. the sympathetic nervous systemC. the pituitary glandD. the pineal gland

____ 2) One of the things that made the Featured Study by Cohen and his colleagues outstanding was

A. the use of four separate control groups within the main part of the studyB. the enormous effort that the researchers went through to control for possible confounding

variablesC. the fact that the subjects were followed for two years to determine the long-term impact of

their exposure to the stressorD. the fact that only 10% of the subjects developed colds after exposure to a respiratory virus

____ 3) Imagine that a researcher publishes the results from a study, and the results indicate that there is a statistically significant association between sleep deprivation and coronary disease. This result would mean that

A. sleep deprivation causes coronary diseaseB. coronary disease causes sleep deprivationC. the effect of sleep deprivation on coronary disease is larger than the effect of any other factorD. the findings are not likely to be due to chance fluctuations

____ 4) Your author takes the position that coping behavior to stressA. is always adaptiveB. is always maladaptiveC. may be adaptive or maladaptiveD. is not "coping" unless it is adaptive

____ 5) Diffusion of responsibility refers to theA. tendency of others to assume that someone else will take responsibility in a crisisB. basis for performing prosocial behaviorC. halo effect in aggressionD. loss of identity one experiences in mob violence/aggression

____ 6) Finding humor in a stressful situationA. is a counterproductive way of reducing stressB. ignores the reality of the situation and makes it difficult to combat stressC. can help to reduce stress by discharging pent-up emotionsD. is an irrational reaction to a serious situation that requires a rational response

____ 7) Research suggests that vulnerability to cardiovascular diseases may be influenced by diet. In particular, low-fiber diets may increase the likelihood of __________, and low consumption of fruit and vegetables may be associated with vulnerability to __________.

A. stroke; coronary diseaseB. peptic ulcers; strokeC. coronary disease; strokeD. coronary disease; peptic ulcers

____ 8) Which of the following behaviors is likely to be variable across cultures?A. attitudes about conformityB. the tendency to obey authority figuresC. the role of love in mating relationshipsD. all of these behaviors

____ 9) Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines

A. cognitive structuringB. cultural directionC. stereotypesD. schematizing

____ 10) Dr. Gouin believes that getting a promotion at work or getting married is just as stressful as losing a job or getting a divorce. Dr. Gouin's beliefs are most like those of

A. Scheier and CarverB. Miller and DiMatteoC. Friedman and RosenmanD. Holmes and Rahe

____ 11) What appears to mediate between a potentially stressful event and the emotional, physiological, and behavioral response to that event?

A. the magnitude of the eventB. the appraisal of the eventC. the frequency of occurrence of the eventD. the number of other people who are present

____ 12) A psychologist with which of the following orientations is most likely to analyze romantic relationships in terms of the adaptive problems they have presented over the course of human history?

A. behavioralB. humanisticC. evolutionaryD. psychodynamic

____ 13) Which of the following types of love relationships is most likely to have a sexual component?

A. companionate loveB. passionate loveC. fatuous loveD. attributional love

____ 14) The fact that stress lies in the eye of the beholder illustrates the theme ofA. multifactorial causationB. empiricismC. psychology in a sociohistorical contextD. the subjectivity of experience

____ 15) Stress and health research suggests thatA. stress may relate to the incidence of physical illness in generalB. stress effects influence only specific illnessesC. stress relates to physical illness only in predisposed individualsD. stress is very specific in its effects on health

____ 16) Which of the following is, in general, likely to reduce the persuasiveness of a message?

A. The receiver's viewpoint is already fairly close to that of the message.B. The receiver has been forewarned about the message.C. A two-sided appeal is used.D. The source is physically attractive.

____ 17) Which of the following individuals is recognized for developing self-perception theory?

A. Albert BanduraB. Daryl BemC. David BussD. Leon Festinger

____ 18) Tatiana just finished entering her 10-page term paper into one of the computers in the University's computer lab. She clicks the "Save" command, and the computer unexpectedly locks up. When she reboots the computer she discovers that all but the first two pages of her term paper have been lost. At this point in time Tatiana is most likely experiencing

A. pressureB. conflictC. frustrationD. burnout

____ 19) Harry is an excellent basketball player who seldom misses a shot during practice. After yesterday's practice Harry's coach told him that some scouts from a big college would be at today's practice. Based on the research by Baumeister, it is likely that this increase in pressure will make Harry

A. more self-conscious and will interfere with his performanceB. less self-conscious and will interfere with his performanceC. more self-conscious, causing him to play even betterD. less self-conscious, causing him to play even better

____ 20) In Milgram's (1963) study of obedience, subjectsA. were ordered to deliver painful electric shocks to a strangerB. became the recipients of painful electric shocks delivered by an experimental accompliceC. indicated which of three lines matched a "standard line" in lengthD. were ordered to give consistently wrong answers to simple questions

____ 21) The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute the crime and poverty of urban ethnic neighborhoods to the

A. personal qualities of the residentsB. job discrimination experienced by the residentsC. poor police protection in such areasD. crowded living conditions in these neighborhoods

____ 22) Simply repeating a message causes it to be perceived as more true. This finding is known as the __________ effect.

A. validityB. contrastC. exposureD. reiteration

____ 23) Jim always comes to the office early, argues his position aggressively during meetings, and frequently feels frustrated when things don't go his way. Jim's behavior is typical of a person with a

A. death wishB. Type II self-punishment patternC. Type B personalityD. Type A personality

____ 24) Which of the following are Japanese subjects more likely to engage in than American subjects?

A. individualismB. self-serving biasC. self-effacing biasD. fundamental attribution error

____ 25) A shift toward more extreme decisions in a group as a function of discussion is referred to as

A. group polarizationB. biased decision makingC. the bystander effectD. diffusion of responsibility

____ 26) Brooke had been battling the rising flood waters around her home for more than 72 hours. It seemed that no matter how many sandbags she stacked, it wasn't enough. At this point she just feels that there is nothing else that she can do. Her overall energy reserves are totally depleted, and her body just wants to give up. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, Brooke is probably experiencing

A. a resistance reactionB. an alarm reactionC. physiological exhaustionD. autonomic rebound

____ 27) The correct order for the three stages of Selye's general adaptation syndrome isA. primary, secondary, tertiaryB. recognition, reaction, evaluationC. alarm, adaptation, recoveryD. alarm, resistance, exhaustion

____ 28) Attributing one's successes to dispositional factors and one's failures to situational factors is referred to as

A. the fundamental attribution errorB. a self-serving biasC. the actor-observer biasD. a self-enhancing strategy

____ 29) Which of the following individuals proposed the covariation model of attribution?

A. Fritz HeiderB. Harold KelleyC. Albert BanduraD. Sigmund Freud

____ 30) According to Hazan and Shaver's model of infant attachment and romantic love, adults with which of the following attachment styles are most likely to feel negative about their relationships after dealing with conflict?

A. secureB. insecureC. avoidantD. anxious-ambivalent

6tr5Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1) ANS: A REF: 538

2) ANS: B REF: 551

3) ANS: D REF: 564




7) ANS: C REF: 555

8) ANS: D REF: 689


10) ANS: D REF: 533

11) ANS: B REF: 536

12) ANS: C REF: 670

13) ANS: B REF: 666



16) ANS: B REF: 674

17) ANS: B REF: 677

18) ANS: C REF: 531

19) ANS: A REF: 543


21) ANS: A REF: 692

22) ANS: A REF: 674



25) ANS: A REF: 686

26) ANS: C REF: 538



29) ANS: B REF: 660

30) ANS: D REF: 668

test #6 psy100 – test 6 l0101 mw 11-12 health...

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