Chapter 14--Understanding Individual BehaviorChapter 14--Understanding Individual BehaviorStudent: ___________________________________________________________________________1.Organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in organizations.TrueFalse2.Job satisfaction is work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success.TrueFalse3.As a general rule, changing one component of an attitude can contribute to an overall change in attitude.TrueFalse4.The link between satisfaction and performance, according to research, is generally small and is affected by other factors.TrueFalse5.Organizations don't want to lose talented, highly skilled workers, so they try to create an atmosphere of job satisfaction.TrueFalse6.Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one's organization refers to organizational commitment.TrueFalse7.A positive attitude toward one's job is called cognitive attitude.TrueFalse8.Proximity is the tendency to group sensory data because they are alike in some way.TrueFalse9.A halo blinds the perceiver to other attributes that should be used in generating a more complete assessment.TrueFalse10.A change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of experience refers to perception.TrueFalse11.Recent surveys indicate that the majority of working individuals strongly trust in their top management.TrueFalse12.Attribution is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.TrueFalse13.Organizing the selected data into patterns for interpretation and response is the last step in the perception process.TrueFalse14.Recency supports the old truism that first impressions really do count.TrueFalse15.The tendency to see one's own personal traits in other people refers to attribution.TrueFalse16.From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is in consensus, the perceiver will probably respond to similar situations in the same way.TrueFalse17.From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is distinctive, the perceiver probably will make an internal attribution.TrueFalse18.Self-serving bias is when people give themselves too much credit for what they do well and give external forces too much blame when they fail.TrueFalse19.An internal attribution says something about the situation has caused the persons behavior.TrueFalse20.Teresa is highly imaginative and an artistically sensitive individual who displays a high degree of creativity. According to the Big Five personality factors, these qualities describe her openness to experience.TrueFalse21.The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships is called extroversion.TrueFalse22.______ is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then attribute generalizations about the group to the individual.________________________________________23.The ______ occurs when the perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable.________________________________________24.______ are judgments about what caused a person's behavior-something about the person or something about the situation.________________________________________25.The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors is called the ______.________________________________________26.An individual's ______ is the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.________________________________________27.______ is the degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting.________________________________________28.The tendency to place the primary responsibility for one's success or failure either within oneself (internally) or on outside forces (externally) is called the ______.________________________________________29.______ is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the organization.________________________________________30.______ is the tendency to direct much of one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain.________________________________________31.______ is a behavior pattern characterized by extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work.________________________________________32.______ are stressors arising from the tasks required of a person holding a particular job.________________________________________33.______ are stressors associated with relationships in the organization.________________________________________34.A physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on an individual is called ______.________________________________________35.Uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role is referred to as ______.________________________________________36.Briefly describe the perception process.37.Describe any three common perceptual distortions that managers make. Give an example of each.38.Describe the three factors that influence whether an attribution will be external or internal.39.Self-management is being aware of what you are feeling.TrueFalse40.Self-management is NOT a component of emotional intelligence.TrueFalse41.Self confidence refers to a general assurance in ones own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.TrueFalse42.The three options in getting things done are: doing it, delegating it, or defering it.TrueFalse43.The last step in getting organized is to empty your head.TrueFalse44.According to research, an individual's personality has no affect on how they respond to stressors.TrueFalse45.Extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work are included in Type B behavior pattern.TrueFalseChallenges tend to burn people out, while stress fires you up.TrueFalseRole ambiguity is defined as uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role.TrueFalseOrganizations that want to challenge their employees and stay competitive can easily be stress-free.TrueFalseBehavioral scientists consider attitudes to have three components: cognitions, affect, and behavior.TrueFalseDaily flextime is considered by many employees to be the most effective work-life practice.TrueFalseAn interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in organizations is called:A.sociology.B.vocational counseling.C.cultural anthropology.D.psychology.E.organizational behavior.An individuals strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is referred to as:A.locus of control.B.self-confidence.C.self-efficacy.D.perceptual selectivity.E.cognitive dissonance.The general assurance in ones own ideas, judgment, and capabilities is referred to as:A.locus of control.B.self-confidence.C.self-efficacy.D.perceptual selectivity.E.cognitive dissonance._____refers to a positive attitude toward one's job.A.Organizational citizenshipB.Job satisfactionC.Cognitive dissonanceD.Organizational commitmentE.Job involvementPeople generally experience _____ when their work matches their needs and interests, when working conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, and when the employees like their co-workers.A.job involvementB.extroversionC.cognitive dissonanceD.MachiavellianismE.job satisfactionStudies have found that the characteristic most common to top executives is:A.a Type A personality.B.a workaholic mentality.C.an unsatisfied worker.D.an optimistic attitude.E.an introverted personality.Which of the following refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success?A.Job satisfactionB.Organizational citizenshipC.Cognitive dissonanceD.Job involvementE.Organizational CommitmentA survey by the Conference Board found that _____ percentage of US workers are satisfied with their work.A.25B.75C.45D.10E.95An employee with a high degree of _____ is more likely to want to stay with their current company.A.work happinessB.cognitive dissonanceC.organizational fitD.organizational committmentE.cognitive evaluationsWhich of the following is a way for managers to promote organizational committment?A.Making work difficultB.Punishing poor performanceC.Creating more rulesD.Giving more rewardsE.Being honestResearch shows that the link between _____ and _____ is small and is influenced by other factors.A.satisfaction; performanceB.stress; workC.stress; homeD.stress; performanceE.satisfaction; personality_____is defined as a positive attitude toward one's job.A.Occupation approvalB.Career fulfillmentC.Job satisfactionD.Organizational happinessE.Organizational commitment_____refers to loyalty to the heavy involvement in the organization.A.Organization citizenshipB.Job satisfactionC.DissonanceD.Organizational commitmentE.Job involvementAll of the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment EXCEPT:A.naintaining a secretive cultureB.being honest and trustworthy in business dealings..C.giving employees a say in business decisions.D.treating employees fairly.E.offering employees rewards that they value.Roy is a top executive at a cigarette manufacturing company who believes that cigarettes are dangerous products and they kill people. This condition can be described as:A.job involvement.B.extroversion.C.cognitive dissonance.D.Machiavellianism.E.job satisfaction.An evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way is called a(n) _____.A.attitudeB.authoritarianismC.perceptionD.projectionE.personalityThe cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information is called:A.selective retention.B.dissonance.C.attitude.D.perception.E.personality.Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process?A.Observing informationB.Screening the informationC.Selecting what to processD.Organizing the selected data into patternsE.Transmitting the observed information_____is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for their attention.A.Person-job fitB.Perceptual selectivityC.Organizational citizenryD.ProjectionE.Perceptual groupingIn what stage of the perception process are individuals likely to put things into patterns?A.SelectingB.ProjectingC.OrganizingD.SensingE.ReasoningThe first step in the perception process is _____.A.contrastingB.attributionC.reasoningD.observationE.stereotypingWhich of the following is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual?A.StereotypingB.ProjectionC.Figure-groundD.The halo effectE.Perceptual defenseAn overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable, is an example of:A.projection.B.the halo effect.C.perceptual defense.D.stereotyping.E.attribution.Josh evaluates Kandi's performance and gives her an outstanding based on his knowledge that she came to work everyday earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. Josh is making which of these errors in perceptual judgment?A.Perceptual defenseB.ProjectionC.StereotypingD.The halo effectE.Figure-groundThe tendancy to overestimate the contribution of internal factors is part of which perceptual bias?A.ProjectionB.Self-serving biasC.The halo effectD.Figure groundE.Selective perceptionThe tendancy to overestimate the contribution of external factors is part of which perceptual bias?A.ProjectionB.The fundamental attribution errorC.The halo effectD.Figure groundE.Selective perceptionBlaming the teacher for a poor grade on an exam, and taking credit for good grades could be an example of which perceptual bias?A.perceptual distortion.B.closure activity.C.the fundamental attribution error.D.stereotyping.E.perceptual grouping.Frank regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss, George, thinks to himself, Frank missed that deadline because he is lazy; I really need to crack down on him more. This is an example of what kind of attribution?A.External attributionB.Internal attributionC.Horizontal attributionD.Vertical attributionE.Skewed attributionThe tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures is a result of:A.self-serving bias.B.openness to experience.C.over stability.D.emotional plateau.E.Machiavellianism._____ refers to the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.A.DissonanceB.PersonalityC.Halo effectD.AttitudeE.PerceptionThe Big Five personality factors includes all of these EXCEPT:A.extroversion.B.conscientiousness.C.emotional stability.D.locus of control.E.agreeableness.Bernice is a talkative, assertive, and sociable individual who is very comfortable with interpersonal relationships. Which of the following is applicable to Bernice?A.MachiavellianismB.ConscientiousnessC.AgreeablenessD.Emotional stabilityE.ExtroversionJay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good-natured and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?A.AgreeablenessB.ConscientiousnessC.Emotional stabilityD.Openness to experienceE.ExtroversionWhich of the following refers to the degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented?A.AgreeablenessB.ConscientiousnessC.Emotional stabilityD.Openness to experienceE.ExtroversionIf Ben is tense, nervous, depressed and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of these factors?A.AgreeablenessB.ConscientiousnessC.Emotional stabilityD.Openness to experienceE.ExtroversionCanyon River, Inc. is looking for an individual who has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas. Which of these factors are they emphasizing in their search?A.AgreeablenessB.ConscientiousnessC.Emotional stabilityD.Openness to experienceE.ExtroversionTraits of _____seem to be particularly important in today's collaborative organizations.A.likabilityB.agreeablenessC.friendlinessD.opennessE.sociabilityWhich of the following refers to the tendency to place the primary responsibility for one's success or failure either within oneself or on outside forces?A.MachiavellianismB.Emotional stabilityC.Locus of controlD.AuthoritarianismE.ExtroversionIndividuals who believe that they control their own destiny are described as having a:A.high external locus of control.B.high Mach personality.C.low introversion characteristic.D.high internal locus of control.E.low Mach personality.Jason has been unemployed for three months. When his wife asked him why he was not looking for a job, Jason responded, "If I am lucky, I will get my old job back." Jason would be considered as having a(n):A.external locus of control.B.high conscientiousness.C.sensation and intuition type personality.D.internal locus of control.E.high Mach attitude.People with an external locus of control are:A.more achievement oriented.B.better able to handle complex information and problem solving.C.more independent.D.easier to motivate.E.easier to lead.Which of the following terms is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the organization?A.ExtroversionB.MachiavellianismC.AuthoritarianismD.Perceptual distortionE.Locus of controlIndividuals high on authoritarianism have problems with:A.power and toughness.B.use of subjective feelings.C.sticking to conventional values.D.obeying recognized authority above them.E.critically judging others.Rachel is described by her colleagues as pragmatic, super-competitive, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded. She fits which personality category most closely?A.High MachB.Low MachC.High FeelingD.Low FeelingE.Moderate ThinkingWhich of the following is defined as the tendency to direct much of one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain?A.AuthoritarianismB.External locus of controlC.Introversion characteristicD.MachiavellianismE.Organizational citizenship_____type people, according to Jung, would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information.A.FeelingB.Gut-feelC.IntuitiveD.SensationE.AffectiveResearch shows that _____are predisposed to being pragmatic, capable of lying to achieve personal goals, more likely to win in win-lose situations, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded.A.high introverted individualsB.high authoritariansC.high MachsD.low extroverted individualsE.low MachsWhich of these styles, according to Jung, avoids specifics, decentralizes decision-making and develops few rules and regulations?A.Intuitive-feelingB.Sensation-thinkingC.Intuitive-thinkingD.Sensation-feelingE.None of these.Maliah bases her judgments on impersonal analysis. To resolve problems at work, she uses reason and logic rather than personal values or emotional aspects of the situation. In gathering information, Maliah prefers routine and order. Based on this information, Maliah ranks highly in which Myers-Briggs category?A.Judging-PerceivingB.Intuitive-ThinkingC.Sensation-ThinkingD.Sensation-FeelingE.Intuitive-FeelingWhich of these styles would likely be appropriate for a counseling job?A.Intuitive-feelingB.Sensation-thinkingC.Intuitive-thinkingD.Sensation-feelingE.None of these.A widely used personality test that measures how people differ on all four of Jung's sets of paired opposites is the ______.A.Keirsey personality testB.Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorC.Eysenck Personality TestD.Enneagram Personality Type DetectorE.Oxford Capacity AnalysisWhen managers who express positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and appreciation trigger these same positive emotions in employees, _____is happening.A.Perceptual selectivityB.Cognitive dissonanceC.Contagious feelingD.Self-efficacyE.Emotion contagionManaging emotion is a basic component of emotional intelligence. Which of the following best describes managing emotions?A.It is the basis for all the other components; being aware of what you are feeling.B.It is the ability to balance one's moods so that worry, anxiety, fear, or anger do not cloud thinking.C.It is the ability to be hopeful and to persist in the face of obstacles.D.It is the ability to be able to put yourself in someone else's shoes.E.It is the ability to connect to others and build positive relationships.A high degree of _____means you can accurately assess your own strengths and limitations and have a healthy sense of self-confidence.A.self-managementB.social cohesivenessC.social awarenessD.relationship managementE.self-awarenessAll of the following are things bad bosses do to create stress for their subordinates EXCEPT:A.Bully and harass people to keep them on their toes.B.Create perpetual doubt about how well employees are performing.C.Fail to give people credit for their contributions and achievements.D.Impose unreasonable demands and overwhelming workloads.E.Tell people exactly what is expected of them.Seeking positions of power and responsibility, Chandra has rapidly moved up the ranks within her organization. Colleagues describe her as someone with a tremendous amount of energy, and a powerful force for leadership within the organization. Based on this description, Chandra has what type of personality? A.Type AB.Type BC.Type CD.Type XE.Type Y_____conflict occurs when an individual perceives incompatible demands from others.A.AttitudeB.RoleC.PersonalityD.PerceptionE.AbilityStress can be caused by:A.task demands.B.role demands.C.interpersonal demands.D.physical demands.E.all of these.Type A behavior pattern is characterized by all of these EXCEPT:A.impatience.B.devotion to work.C.aggressiveness.D.relaxed lifestyle.E.extreme competitiveness.Which of the following is the uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role?A.Role conflictB.Task overloadC.Nonprogrammed decisionsD.Role ambiguityE.Task underloadScenario - Layla FoxLayla Fox is a creative, imaginative, artistically sensitive individual who loves to take on new opportunities. She is a successful manager who believes that she makes her own destiny through hard work and listening to people. Her personal problem solving style is intuitive-thinking. Layla can best be described using which of these Big Five personality factors?a.Agreeablenessb.Openness to experiencec.Conscientiousnessd.Extroversione.Emotional stabilityScenario - Layla FoxLayla Fox is a creative, imaginative, artistically sensitive individual who loves to take on new opportunities. She is a successful manager who believes that she makes her own destiny through hard work and listening to people. Her personal problem solving style is intuitive-thinking. Layla appears to have a:a.high external locus of control.b.high Mach personality.c.high authoritarian style.d.high internal locus of control.e.low extroversion characteristic.Scenario - Layla FoxLayla Fox is a creative, imaginative, artistically sensitive individual who loves to take on new opportunities. She is a successful manager who believes that she makes her own destiny through hard work and listening to people. Her personal problem solving style is intuitive-thinking. Which of these occupations would Layla most likely succeed in based on her problem solving style?a.Counselingb.Advertisingc.Teaching businessd.Engineeringe.PoliticsA positive attitude toward one's job is called ______.________________________________________Work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success is referred to as ______.________________________________________Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one's organization is called ______.________________________________________A condition in which two attitudes or a behavior and an attitude conflict is called ______.________________________________________A(n) ______ is an evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way.________________________________________The process people use to make sense of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment is referred to as ______.______________________________________________ is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.________________________________________Errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process are called ______.________________________________________Explain the Big Five personality factors. Are these applicable in an international context?Describe Carl Jung's four functions related to gathering and evaluating information for problem solving and decision making. Which problem solving style would be appropriate for an Accounting profession? Why?What are the four components of emotional intelligence? Explain.What are some of the ways enlightened companies are helping employees cope with stress.Chapter 14--Understanding Individual Behavior Key1.TRUE2.FALSE3.TRUE4.TRUE5.TRUE6.TRUE7.FALSE8.FALSE9.TRUE10.FALSE11.FALSE12.FALSE13.TRUE14.FALSE15.FALSE16.TRUE17.FALSE18.TRUE19.FALSE20.TRUE21.TRUE22.Stereotyping23.halo effect24.Attributions25.fundamental attribution error26.personality27.Agreeableness28.locus of control29.Authoritarianism30.Machiavellianism31.Type A behavior32.Task demands33.Interpersonal demands34.stress35.role ambiguity36.First we observe information (sensory data) from the environment through our senses; taste, smell, hearing, sight, and touch. Next, our mind screens the data and will select only the items we will process further. Third, we organize the selected data into meaningful patterns for interpretation and response.37.The common perceptual distortions are stereotyping, the halo effect, projection, and perceptual defense.38.Distinctiveness determines whether a behavior is unusual for that person. To be consensus, means to find out whether people tend to respond to similar situations in the same way. Finally, consistency shows if a person being observed has a history of behaving in the same way.39.FALSE40.FALSE41.TRUE42.TRUE43.FALSE44.FALSE45.FALSEFALSETRUEFALSETRUETRUEECBBEDBCDEACDACADDBCDABDBBCBABDEABCDBCDAECBADDCACDBEBEEABEDDbdcjob satisfactionorganizational citizenshiporganizational commitmentcognitive dissonanceattitudeperceptionPerceptionperceptual distortionsThe Big Five personality factors describe an individual's extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Research has been limited to subjects in the United States, so it is difficult to apply in an international context.The four functions are sensation, intuitive, thinking, and feeling. Please refer to exhibit 14.9 in the text. For Accounting profession, sensation-thinking style would probably be a good match.The four components of emotional intelligence are: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship awareness.Students answers may vary based on what they have experienced and heard. Examples from the book include organizations that encourage people to take regular breaks and vacations, designate quiet rooms or meditation centers, and provide wellness programs and daily flextime.