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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYHUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation byDr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
T H I R D E D I T I O N
Chapter 9, part AThe Central Nervous System
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About this ChapterAbout this Chapter
• Emergent properties of the nervous system
• Anatomy and functions of the CNS
• Divisions of the brain and what each controls
• Integration of complex pathways for behavior
• Language, memory and others
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• Nerve net – jellyfish
• Simple brain & nerve cord – flatworm
• Brain & nerve cord with ganglia – earthworm
• Increasing forebrain – fish, bird & human
• Olfactory – fish
• Complex behavior – birds
• Reasoning & cognition – humans
Evolution of the Nervous SystemEvolution of the Nervous System
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Evolution of the Nervous SystemEvolution of the Nervous System
Figure 9-1: Evolution of the nervous system
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• Neural plate to neural tube
• Neural crest–PNS
• Anterior forms brain
• Forebrain
• Midbrain
• Hindbrain
• Hollow ventricles
• Spinal cord
Embryonic Development of Nervous SystemEmbryonic Development of Nervous System
Figure 9-2: The embryonic nervous system develops into a hollow tube
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Embryonic Development of Nervous SystemEmbryonic Development of Nervous System
Figure 9-3 a-c: The neural tube specializes into the six major regions of the nervous system.
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• Brain
• Spinal cord
Central Nervous System: OverviewCentral Nervous System: Overview
Figure 9-4a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System
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• Hair, skin, cranium
• Venous sinus blood
• Meninges
• Drua mater
• Arachnoid membrane
• Pia mater
• Cerebrospinal fluid
Protecting the BrainProtecting the Brain
Figure 9-4b, c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System
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• From coracoid plexus
• Fills ventricles & subarachnoid
• Fluid pillow floats brain
• Exchange transport
• From blood
• To brain tissue
Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid
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Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid
Figure 9-5: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Cerebrospinal Fluid
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• Extensive capillaries & sinuses• Tight junctions: limit permeability• Astrocyte foot processes: secrete
paracrines• Protects brain: hormones & circulating
chemicals• Many glucose transporters
Blood Brain BarrierBlood Brain Barrier
Figure 9-6: The blood-brain barrier
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• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral
Spinal Cord RegionsSpinal Cord Regions
Figure 9-4a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System
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• Gray matter: mostly cell bodies
• Dendrites & terminals
• Spinal reflex integrating center
• White matter
• Bundles of myelinated axons
• Ascending tracts – sensory
• Descending tracts – motor
• Dorsal roots
• Ventral roots
Spinal Cord OrganizationSpinal Cord Organization
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Spinal Cord OrganizationSpinal Cord Organization
Figure 9-7: Specialization in the spinal cord
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• Trillion interneurons fill the brain
• Up to 200,000 synapses each
• Brain divisions
• Cerebrum
• Diencephalons
• Midbrain
• Cerebellum
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata
Brain OverviewBrain Overview
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Brain OverviewBrain Overview
Figure 9-9b, c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Brain
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• Many cranial nerves enter
• Pyramids – nerve tracts crossover
• Midbrain – eye movement control
• Pons – breathing, signal relay
• Medulla – involuntary functions
• Examples: Blood pressure, vomiting
• Reticular formation:
• Network in brain stem
• Arousal, sleep, pain, & muscle tone
Brain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons & MedullaBrain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons & Medulla
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Brain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons & MedullaBrain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons & Medulla
Figure 9-9d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Brain
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cranial NervesCranial Nerves
Table 9-1: The Cranial Nerves