test stats majority of questions were on inb test prior to spring break i eliminated 4 questions 1...
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TEST Stats
• Majority of questions were on INB test prior to spring break
• I eliminated 4 questions
• 1st per-50% avg
• 3rd per- 46% avg
• 5th per 39% avg
• 6th per 47% avg
• Vocab is due Monday,
• If you missed the test must make up Tuesday during tutoring
• Bring textbook on Monday
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions when it dissociates in water.
Cl-1 Cl-1
H+1
H+1
”dissociate” -To split up or
decompose
The solution that forms is called hydrochloric acid.This solution also contains water. The hydrogen ions produced by an acid are attracted to water molecules.
HCl ---------> H+ + Cl-
Hydronium ions, H3O+ ions, are formed when the hydrogen ion binds with the water.
O-2
H+1 H+1 H+1
H+1
H+1
O-2
H+1
H2O ++ H+ ---> H3O+
PROPERTIES OF ACIDS: A. They taste sour (lemons, jawbreakers, vinegar, some sodas) because of acids like:
- citric acid…. in fruits- acetic acid… is vinegar!- ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)….
added for that sour taste
Properties of Acids: A. They taste sour ( lemons, jawbreakers, vinegar, some
sodas). B. They react with some metals to
produce hydrogen.2HCl + Mg ----->MgCl2 + H2
PROPERTIES OF ACIDSA. They taste sour, ( lemons, jawbreakers, vinegar, some
sodas) B. they react with some metals to
produce hydrogen HCl + Mg -----> MgCl2 + H2
Hydrogen is diatomic!!!
Match up the oxidation numbers to make proper formulas!
PROPERTIES OF ACIDSA. They taste sour, ( lemons, jawbreakers, vinegar, some
sodas) B. they react with some metals to
produce hydrogen 2HCl + Mg -----> MgCl2 + H2
HF + Cu ---->
IF this metal is stronger than H, it will react with the acid to release hydrogen gas!
Obj #2 Properties of Acids : A. They taste sour, ( lemons, jawbreakers, vinegar, some
sodas) B. they react with some metals to
produce hydrogen 2HCl + Mg -----> MgCl2 + H2
HF + Cu ----> NO REACTION
Copper is lower on the activity series than hydrogen, so it will not react.
PROPERTIES OF ACIDSA. They taste sour, ( lemons, jawbreakers, vinegar, some sodas) B. they react with some metals to
produce hydrogen C. they conduct electricity. Have you ever seen a potato clock or a clock with wires going from a Pepsi into the clock? The wires aren’t actually touching. The items usually “wired up” contain enough natural acids to allow electricity to flow.
Examples of Acids: vinegar, fruits, sodas,any food containing fruit juice or vinegar for flavor,and car batteries
A strong acid *dissociates completely**forming many hydrogen ions
AND, therefore,***forms many hydronium ions.
Weak acids
do not dissociate completely,
they produce few hydrogen ionsAND, therefore,
***form few hydronium ions.
A base is a substance that releases hydroxide ions, OHOH-- . . A hydroxide ion contains one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom.
Na+ Na+
O-
O-
H+
H+
A. taste bitter (cocoa powder, baking soda)Have you ever tasted raw cocoa powder,... or accidentally got soap in your mouth when you sneezed in the shower?
PROPERTIES OF BASES:
Properties of Bases: A. taste bitter (cocoa powder, baking soda)
B. feel slippery (soap, clothing detergent or bleach on your
hands) One of the key things that makes soaps work is that they are very slippery and you don’t stop the friction between your hands under water until that slipperiness is gone! The dirt slips off….
Properties of Bases: A. taste bitter (cocoa powder, baking soda)
B. feel slippery (soap, detergent, bleach) C. dissolve fats and oils (soap, detergent, bleach)
D.conduct electricity (All faucet water has metals that conduct electricity anyway. Now the soap does too? That’s one more reason why people shouldn’t take a bath with a radio plugged in close by!)
Properties of Bases: A. taste bitter (cocoa powder, baking soda)
B. feel slippery (soap, detergent, bleach) C. dissolve fats and oils (soap, detergent, bleach)
D.conduct electricity Examples of Bases: Soap, bleach, detergents, ammonia,windex, and mostcleaners
Strong bases dissociate easily and produce many OH- ions in water solution.
Weak bases do not not dissociate dissociate completely andcompletely and produce few hydroxide ions in water solution.
Formulas for CommonAcids and Bases
All formulas for acids begin with “H”
Ex. HF, H2CO3 , H3PO4
….etc.
Indicators of how acidic or basic something is include: purple grapes, purple cabbage, red onions, and hydrangea flowers.In nature, certain trees, fish or birds dying indicate the lack of health in an environment.
An indicator is a compound that changes color as the concentration of H+ or OH- ions changes. These compounds are sensitive to small changes in ionconcentrations.
Indicator Results ChartIndicator
red litmus
blue litmus
phenolphthalein
congo red
Acids BasesNeutrals
Indicator Results ChartIndicator
red litmus
blue litmus
phenolphthalein
congo red
Acids
red
red
clear
blue
Neutrals Bases
Indicator Results Chart
Indicator
red litmus
blue litmus
phenolphthalein
congo red
Acids
red
red
clear
blue
Neutrals
red
blue
clear
red
Bases
Indicator Results Chart
Indicator
red litmus
blue litmus
phenolphthalein
congo red
Acids
red
red
clear
blue
Neutrals
red
blue
clear
red
Bases
blue
blue
pink
red
Another way to find the pH of a solution is to use pH paper (strips of paper are coated with a mixture of various indicators). This paper will indicate pH values that are accurateto 0.1 on the pHscale.
The pH scale: a. gives a measure of the H+ ion
concentration of a solution b. describes the acidity of a solution and
can be expressed using a scale of numbers ranging from 0 to 14,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
The pH scale; a. gives a measure of the H+ ion
concentration of a solution . b. describes the acidity of a solution can be expressed using a scale of numbers c. ranges from 0 to 14,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
ACIDSproduce the most H+ ions
The pH scale: a. gives a measure of the H+ ion
concentration of a solution . b. describes the acidity of a solution can
be expressed using a scale of numbers c. ranges from 0 to 14,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 n
eutral
Make equal amounts of H+ and OH-
The pH scale: a. gives a measure of the H+ ion
concentration of a solution . b. describes the acidity of a solution can
be expressed using a scale of numbers c. ranges from 0 to 14,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
BASES produce the least H+
neutral
An acid will produce hydrogen more easily than water, so less acid is needed to produce hydrogen. So, acids have LOW pH values.
An acid will produce hydrogen more easily than water, so less acid is needed to produce hydrogen.
Bases are assigned high pH values because it requires more of a base to produce hydrogen than it does water or an acid.
An acid will produce hydrogen more easily than water, so less acid is needed to produce hydrogen. Bases are assigned high pH values because it requires more of a base to produce hydrogen than it does water or an acid.
Examples:pH 2 = stomach acidpH 3 = lemon juice, vinegar
pH 4 = soda water, tomato juice pH 5 = black coffee, banana
pH 7 = pure water
An acid will produce hydrogen more easily than water, so less acid is needed to produce hydrogen. Bases are assigned high pH values because it requires more of a base to produce hydrogen than it does water or an acid.
Examples:pH 2 = gastric acid pH 8 = raw eggpH 3 = lemon juice, vinegar pH 9 = baking sodapH 4 = soda water, tomato juice pH 10 = bar soappH 5 = black coffee, banana pH 12 = ammoniapH 7 = pure water pH 14 = lye, oven cleaner
Salts are a product of a neutralization reaction. A salt is a compound formed from the positive metal ions of a parent base and the negative nonmetal ions of a parent acid.
Salts are a product of a neutralization reaction. A salt is a compound formed from the positive metal ions of a parent base and the negative nonmetal ions of a parent acid. For example: HF + KOH ----> KF + H(OH)
parent + parent ----> salt + water acid base
Acid rain is any rain that has a pH below 5.6. (Normal rainfall has a pH of approximately 5.6. A rainfall with a pH of 4.6 is actually 10 times more acidic than normal.)
Some side effects of acid rain include dissolving marble in buildings and statues, and making soil and water unsuitable for many lifeforms.