testing internet services sudipto ghosh sambhrama mundkur aditya p. mathur: pi ramkumar natarajan...
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Testing Internet Services
Sudipto GhoshSambhrama MundkurAditya P. Mathur: PIRamkumar NatarajanBaskar Sridharan
Department of Computer Sciences
Purdue University
@ Design2Deploy Monday July 3, 2000
Last updated: June 28, 2000
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Test and Management of Internet Services
2
Areas of Concern [1]
Test Methodology Adequacy assessment and test enhancement Load testing/Performance measurement Testing for fault tolerance In-use testing and debugging (dynamic
testing)
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Test and Management of Internet Services
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Areas of Concern [2]
Management
Uniform interface to a heterogeneous
environment
Generic event and control specification and
processing mechanisms
Variable overhead mechanisms
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Test and Management of Internet Services
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Client/Server
Stub/Skeleton
Request/data
Client/Server
Stub/Skeleton
Request/data
Component Component
ORB ORB
Communication .
Structure of an Internet Service
ComponentORB: Object Request Broker
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Service Domain
Client
Client Client
An Internet ServiceA component
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Test and Management of Internet Services
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Areas of Concern
Test Methodology Adequacy assessment and test enhancement Testing for fault tolerance Load testing/Performance measurement In-use testing and debugging (dynamic
testing)
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Elements of a Proposed Test Methodology
Test individual components using traditional black-box and white-box techniques.
For COTS, use interface testing. Prior to deployment, test applications using
Interface Testing. Test for compliance with requirements for FT. Load test an application prior to or during use. While in-use, test and debug an application
using dynamic testing.
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Test and Management of Internet Services
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Areas of Concern
Test Methodology Adequacy assessment and test enhancement Testing for fault tolerance Load testing/Performance measurement In-use testing and debugging (dynamic
testing)
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The Coverage Principle
Measuring test adequacy and improving a test set against a sequence of well defined, increasingly strong, coverage domains leads to improved reliability of the system under test.
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Coverage Domains and Elements
RequirementsClassesFunctionsMutationsExceptionsData-flows
Coverage Domains Coverage Elements
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Sample Hierarchy
Requirements coverage
Function/method coverage
Statement coverage
Decision coverage
Data-flow coverage
Mutation coverage
Str
engt
hLow
High
Cos
t
Low
High
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Saturation Effect: Reliability View
FUNCTIONAL, DECISION, DATAFLOWAND MUTATION TESTING PROVIDETEST ADEQUACY CRITERIA.
Reliability
Testing EffortTrue reliability (R)Estimated reliability (R’)Saturation region
Mutation
Dataflow
Decision
Functional
RmRdfRdRf
R’f R’d R’df R’m
tfs tfe tds tde tdfs tdfe tms tfe
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Component
Interface
Methods:m1, m2, …,mk
Exceptions:e1, e2, …,ek
100% Method Coverage# methods executed# methods defined
100% Exception Coverage# exceptions raised# exceptions defined
100% iMutation Score
# distinguished mutantstotal # imutants - #equivalent imutants
Interface Testing
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What is Interface Mutation ?
Test Suite T contains Request-A.
Client ServerInterface
Request-A
Response-A
Mutated Interface
Client ServerRequest-A
Response-B
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Interface Mutation: Experimental Evaluation
Select components Number of components = 3 Number of interfaces = 6 Number of methods = 82 Number of mutants = 220
Seed errors one by one in the components Errors related to:
Portability, data, algorithm, language-specific
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Characteristics of applications
APP1 Component-3Component-2Component-1
LOC
# Interfaces
# Methods
# Exceptions
# Mutants
1484 1268 2950
2 2 2
27 10 45
1
69
1 1
24 127
0
APP2
LOC
# Interfaces
# Methods
# Exceptions
# Mutants
1893 2799 5559
1 2 2
11 7 9
15
3 4
6 13
ObjectGroupServer
AccountDatabaseManager
ActivityLogger
Client
Component-1 Component-3
Component-2
APP1
Customer Group Service ManagerAccount
Server
ActivityLogger
AccountDatabase Manager Administrator
APP2
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Control-flow coverage obtained
100%
0
20%
80%
60%
40%
Component-1 Component-2 Component-3
APP1
100%
0
20%
80%
60%
40%
ActivityLogger AccountDBManagerGroupServiceManager
APP2
Block Coverage with TME
Block Coverage with TIM
Decision Cov-erage with TME
Decision Cov-erage with TIM
Covera
ge
Covera
ge
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100%
0
20%
80%
60%
40%
100%
0
20%
80%
60%
40%
Number of errors revealed
Component-1 Component-2 Component-3
APP1
ActivityLogger AccountDBManagerGroupServiceManager
APP2
Err
ors
Err
ors
Using TME
Using TIM
Using TCF
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Number of tests required
0
30
0
Component-1 Component-2 Component-3
APP1
ActivityLogger AccountDBManagerGroupServiceManager
APP2
Test
sTest
s| TME |
| TIM |
| TCF |
20
10
10
5
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Observations [1]
Interface mutation leads to fewer tests that reveal almost as many errors as revealed by statement and decision coverage.
Interface mutation is a scalable alternative to using code coverage.
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Observations [2]
Reveals programming errors in components. errors in the use of component
interfaces Reveals certain types of deadlocks
41
25
3
Server callback
Client Server
Client Request
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Areas of Concern
Test Methodology Adequacy assessment and test enhancement Testing for fault tolerance Load testing/Performance measurement In-use testing and debugging (dynamic
testing)
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Testing for fault tolerance
Problem: Often error recovery code is not executed
by test inputs How do we know if the fault recovery code
adequately meets the requirements? Solution:
Simulate the occurrence of faults by injecting them
Fault injection testing at the interface Increases coverage of fault recovery code Reveals inadequacies in fault recovery code
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Interface fault injection
m
Client
Stub Skeleton
Server
ORB
FaultInjected
Simulate effects ofproblems in server,network and ORB
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Faults suitable for injection
Time delays caused due to Network delays Server crashes or malfunctions Overloaded server Overflowing request buffer in ORB
Unexpected exceptions received by client Server crashes Unexpected value User-defined exceptions raised by the server Implementation object invalid
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Areas of Concern
Test Methodology Adequacy assessment and test enhancement Testing for fault tolerance Load testing/Performance measurements In-use testing and debugging (dynamic
testing)
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Load Testing
network network
C1
C2
Server
On: Avg. Latency Effect of: Avg. Load
Clients
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Server Statistics
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Client Statistics
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Low intrusion Selective on-line monitoring Selective on-line filtering To be applied in the
Measurement of the latency and CPU consumption (and others) of individual methods for use in capacity planning
Demonstration of performance improvement techniques
Performance Instrumentation Goals
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Areas of Concern
Test Methodology Adequacy assessment and test enhancement Testing for fault tolerance Load testing/Performance measurement In-use testing and debugging (dynamic
testing)
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Dynamic Testing
Question: How to test an Internet Service while it
is in use? Answer: Use the dynamic testing
procedure.
What is the dynamic testing procedure?
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Dynamic Testing
FaultyServer groupFaulty
serverTestClient
Ra2
Ra
Client
1
Client Client
Isolatedserver
3
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Limitations of Dynamic Testing
Test client might generate undesirable actions: Persistent data modification. Irreversible actions.
Application limited to: Closed and well understood domains. Simulated or isolated service
environments.
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Areas of Concern [2]
Management
Uniform interface to a heterogeneous
environment
Generic event and control specification and
processing mechanisms
Variable overhead mechanisms
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Organization of the Service Domain
Why organize ? Efficient and scalable management Personalized management Assignment of individual
responsibilities
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Dimensions of Organization
Geography
Component
Client
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Sample Organization
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Areas of Concern [2]
Management
Uniform interface to a heterogeneous
environment
Generic event and control specification and
processing mechanisms
Variable overhead mechanisms
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Monitoring
Why? Resource planning Control Testing and debugging
What? State of individual or a group of
components at different levels of abstraction.
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Control
Why? Resource allocation Prevention of unauthorized use Testing and debugging
What? Component behavior and location.
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Monitoring: Strategy
User Event(s)specifies
State Monitor Application Statemonitors
Event detector User specified eventsdetects
Event notification Waiting usernotifies
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Control: Strategy
User Control action(s), trigger event(s)
specifies
Event notifier Controllersignals
Controller Control action(s)executes
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Areas of Concern [2]
Management
Uniform interface to a heterogeneous
environment
Generic event and control specification and
processing mechanisms
Variable overhead mechanisms
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Observer-listener architecture
O1 O2
C1
O3 O4
C2
L1 M1
O5 O6
C3
O7 O8
C4
L2 M2
Zonal Manager
GUI GUI
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LLI
MC AR
db
Zonal Manager
LL
CS
LOG
Host 1
C
Architecture of Wabash 2.0 [1]
WabashGUI
Request Client sends a requestto a managed object
LL determines whether request can be passed or not
If the request is allowed, LL forwards it to the CORBA Server after time-stamping it
Response
LL stores information about the request, records it in a log, sends the response back to client
LL gets the responsefrom the CORBA Server
If the request is not allowed,LL throws exception and doesnot forward request to the CORBA Server
GUI requests data fromthe Zonal Manager
Zonal Manager requests datafrom corresponding LL
LL returns datato Zonal Manager
Zonal Manager returnsdata collected from LLto GUI
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LLI
MC AR
db
Zonal Manager
LL CS
LOG
Host 1
C
WabashGUI
Request
Architecture of Wabash 2.0 [2]
Manager sends command(‘ANY’, DENY, OBJECT_A)
Command is forwarded tocorresponding LL for OBJECT_A
Client sends requestto OBJECT_A
LL determines that requesthas to be denied
LL does not forwardrequest to CSThrows exception backto client
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Architecture of Wabash 3.0
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Ongoing Research [1]
Non-intrusive procedures for dynamic testing.
Generalized event-control model and its implementation.
Implementation of the unified architecture to assist with the management of JMX, JINI, and CORBA objects.
Light-version of Wabash for SmartHome management.
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Ongoing Research [2]
Automatic generation of test inputs.
Test capture and replay.
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The Wabash Project: History
Progress:August 1998:
Wabash project launched.
August 1999 TDS 1.1 available to SERC affiliates.
August 2000 Wabash 2.0 available to SERC affiliates. Experiments to assess goodness of proposed
interface testing criteria completed.
December 2000 Uniform interface for Jini/JMX/CORBA objects.