Textile Industry Denise Ford

Overview Natural Fibers

Cotton Silk

Synthetic Fibers History Properties Production Methods

Fiber Processing Concerns

Natural Fibers

Plant

Animal

Mineral

Bamboo Cotton Grass Hemp Sisal Straw

Silk Wool

Glass Metal

Natural Fibers - Cotton History

Used in textiles as early as 3000BC Came to Europe in 800 First machine produced in England in 1730

Production Used for clothing, batting, furniture $120 billion business revenue

Natural Fibers - Silk History

Silk worm rearing began in 2640BC in China

Silk Road in 300BC brought silk to the west

Production Used for clothing, fishing line, light

armor, musical instruments, rag paper Contested by animal rights activists

because larva must be boiled alive

Synthetic Fibers

Nylon Polyester Olefin

Rayon* Spandex Acrylic Lurex

Synthetic Fibers - History Rayon developed in 1890s in France

Most synthetic fibers began mass production in mid 20th century in the U.S.

Polyester mass produced in 1953 Synthetic fiber production ~ natural fiber production by 2000

Synthetic Fibers – Properties of Polymers

Properties are strongly correlated to size of chain

Important properties for fibers Diameter Elasticity Surface energy Compressive strength Tensile strength

Synthetic Fibers – Production MethodsMeltblowing

Air AirPumpFilterExtruder

Suction Blower

Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods

Electrospinning

Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods

T. Grafe, 2002

Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods

Mean Diameter

(nm)

Surface Energy

(dyn/cm)

Tensile Strength

normalized

MB ES MB ES MB ES

Polyurethane

19000 660 48 52 .194 .479

Nylon6 6800 68 48 50 .154 1.52

Textile Industry – Fiber Processing

Concerns

BOD and TSS emitted in waste water from processing of fibers 265 m3 waste/metric ton cotton

115 kg/metric ton BOD 70 kg/metric ton TSS

Less waste volume produced from the processing of synthetic fibers, but often more BOD and TSS

Conclusion Natural Fibers

Cotton Silk

Synthetic Fibers History Properties Production Methods

Fiber Processing Concerns

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile http://www.cotton.org/pubs/cottoncounts/story/index.cfm http://www.asianartmall.com/silkarticle.htm http://www.teonline.com/fiber-history.html http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch06/final/

c06s09.pdf#search=%22synthetic%20fiber%20production%22

http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_textiles_WB/$FILE/textile_PPAH.pdf#search=%22textile%20production%22

http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/pages/Textiles/Nanofiber%20Nonwovens.htm

http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj04_3/p17-23-tsai.pdf http://www.nonwovens-industry.com/research/gneuss--

spunbond-manufacture.pdf#search=%22meltblown%20process%22