thailand policy and strategy for waste managementinfofile.pcd.go.th/waste/ait061109_sec4.pdf · and...

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Thailand Policy and Strategyfor

Waste ManagementChao Nokyoo, Ph.D

Director of Municipal Solid Waste Management SectionWaste & Hazardous Substances Management Bureau

Pollution Control Department, Thailand

Contents

Policy Frameworks2

Examples of Successful WTE Project3

Status Quo: Waste Management1

Keys to Success4

Pollution Control Department

2

Status Quo: Waste Management

(2008)41 064 T/d

6,636 BMA 1,277

41,064 T/d

SAOs*

17,369 T/d8,780 T/dMunicipalities

14,915 T/d

*SAOs = Sub-District Administrative Organizations (Oboto)


Status Quo (Status Quo (22))

15.03 Million TonsGenerated 100%

Sanitary

Recyclable Potential 80%

12.63 million Tons

ImproperDisposed 63%

Open Dump SitesOpen Burning

12.02 Million Tons

Sanitary Disposed 37% 98 Operated Sites

* 93 Landfills* 2 Incinerators* 3 Integrated SW

22 Under construction

3.3 Million Tons

Actual Recycled 22% From recovery activities:

Garbage Banks, Municipal Collectors,

junk shops

Open BurningCollected 84%


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Sanitary LandfillIn Operation – 93 sites

Never Run – 8 sitesStop Operating – 5 sites

Under Construction 22 sites

Numbers of MSW Disposal Facilities

Integrated SystemsIntegrated Systems

IncinerationIncinerationPhuket – 250 tons/day

Samui Island – 150 tons/day

Lamphun* – 10 tons/day

Under Construction – 22 sites

*Currently disfunction

Source: Surveys of Waste and hazardous Substances Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, July 1, 2009

Integrated SystemsIntegrated SystemsWieng Fang (Chiang Mai) – 150 tons/day

Rayong Municipality – 80 tons/day

Chonburi PAO – 400 tons/day

Mae Sai (Chiang Rai) – 60 tons/day


Basic Info of Thailand Hazardous Waste Managementg

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HazaHazardous Waste Definition by Thai Lawsrdous Waste Definition by Thai LawsWaste Type Key Legislation Relevance Authorities

Industrial Waste(Hazardous & Non-Hazardous Waste)

Major laws: Factory Act, 1992 (FA), Industrial Estates Act, 1992 (IEA), Hazardous Substance Act, 1992 (HAS)

-Authorizes Department of Industrial Works

MoI

Waste) (HAS)Relevant Laws: National Environmental Quality Act, 1992 (NEQA)

-Establishes the EIA system applied for industrial disposal sites and sets Std.

MNRE

Infectious Waste(generated from hospitals or clinics)

Major laws: Public Health Act ,1992 (PHA), Determining Planning & Staging of Decentralization Act,1999Relevant Laws: NEQA

-Specify LAO must provide infectious waste collection & handling and proper disposal-Setting Env. Std.

MoPH, MNRE, LAO

Q g

Hazardous Waste (from community incl. E-waste)

Major laws: -

Relevant Laws: HSA

-No specific laws for ESM mngt.l-Import control for used e-products and e-wastes

MNRE, MoPH, MOI, LAO

The Notification of the ministry of industry on Disposal of wastes or unusable materials B E

HazardHazardous Waste Definition by Thai Lawsous Waste Definition by Thai LawsIndustrial HWIndustrial HW

Disposal of wastes or unusable materials B.E. 2548 (2005)

HW means wastes that contain or contaminate with hazardous materials or exhibit the hazardous characteristics including flammable, corrosive, reactive, toxic, or having the specified constituents.

HW means wastes listed in the Annex.

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Spent halogenated solvents: Tetrachoroethylene, Tricholroethylene, Methylene chloride,

Spent cyanide plating bath solutions from electroplating

HazardHazardous Waste Definition by Thai Lawsous Waste Definition by Thai LawsExample of Industrial HWExample of Industrial HW

Spent cyanide plating bath solutions from electroplating operations

Condensed light ends, spent filters and filter aids, and spent desiccant wastes from the production of certain chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons

Wood preservation: Bottom sediment sludge fromthe treatment of wastewaters from wood preserving processes that use Creosote and/or Pentachlorophenol

Spent filter cartridges from product purification from the product of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine from Carboxylic acid hydrazine

Regulation of MOPH B.E. 2545 (2002)The term “infectious waste” includes:

Hazardous Waste Definition by Thai LawsHazardous Waste Definition by Thai LawsInfectious WasteInfectious Waste

Body parts or carcasses of human and animal from surgery, autopsies and research

Sharps, such as needles, blades, syringes, vials, glass wares, slides and cover slides

Discarded materials contaminated with blood, blood components, body fluids from humans or animals, or discarded live and attenuated vaccines, such as cotton, other cloths and syringes

Wastes from wards as specified by MOPH

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Sources includes:Health care center

Hazardous Waste Definition by Thai LawsHazardous Waste Definition by Thai LawsInfectious WasteInfectious Waste

Health care centerResearch facilities and laboratoriesAutopsy Centers and Mortuaries and injectionsBlood Collection Facilities

Example of WEEEExample of WEEE3. IT Equipments2. Small Home

Appliances4. Consumer

Products1. Large Home

Appliances

6. Monitoring & Control Instruments

7. Electrical & Electronic Tools

5. Lighting Equipments

8. Medical Instruments 9. Electrical & Electronic Toys 10. Automatic Dispensers

EoL Electrical and Electronic Equipments

8. Medical Instruments 9. Electrical & Electronic Toys 10. Automatic Dispensers

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HW Situation in Thailand

1.405 Industrial HW

RecyclableRecyclable

Solvents Used oils Used lead acid batteriesFlurescent lamps

Household HW 0.403 MT

MTFlurescent lampsTV/Computer CRTs Other WEEEs

Private sectorsPrivate sectors 77%%

ImproperManage 60%

Proper Proper ManageManage 4040%%

Hospital Hospital Incinerators Incinerators

6565%%

Private sectors Private sectors 77%%

Disposal LAOLAO 2828%%(Co-disposal with MSW 1.7% , Secured landfill 7.4% , Incinerators 2.5% , etc. 16.5%)

0.02 MT

Infectious W.

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Policy Frameworks (1)

Applying 3Rs for achieving waste reduction & utilization;

Promoting the integrated waste management system to reduce the landfill areas and generate the renewable energy;

Encouraging the cooperation of adjacent Local Governments for establishment of waste management facility;waste management facility;

Endorsing public and private sectors to participate in waste management project.


National Waste Management Targets

Waste Reductions: Waste Utilization Rate- Applying 3Rs

- Promoting Green Procurement

Waste Utilization Rate not less than 30%

Waste Disposal in Engineered Practices not less than 40%Integrated Waste

Management System

HHW properly managed at least 30%

Household Hazardous Household Hazardous Waste Management Waste Management

SystemSystem


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Waste Management: Policy

W t R d tiWaste Reduction:Applying 3Rs

promoting Green Procurement


WTE Strategic Approaches

Digestion Recycled WasteWaste ReductionsWaste Reductions::

Applying Applying 33Rs,Rs,PromotingPromoting

WASTE RDF

Compost3Rs

Promoting Promoting Green ProcurementGreen Procurement

Heat/Electricity

Landfill

Non-Combustible

Wastewater Treatment Plant

WASTE

Incineration

RDF

Integrated Waste Management System Specifically for Generating Renewable Energy

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Equivalent to 3.5 million tons of lignite

Waste as Renewable Energy SourceWaste as Renewable Energy Source

Waste 15.04 Mton or

400 MW power generated


Appropriate Technologies

LL Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Incineration + Landfill

MM11 Sorting + Anaerobic Digestion + Gasification/Pyrolysis/Stoker Incineration + Landfill

MM22 Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Pyrolysis/ Gasification + Landfill

SS Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Landfill

MM33 Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Pyrolysis/ Gasification + Landfill


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Optimum Sizing

Systems Sizing (T/d)

1. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) > 50

2. Landfill Gas to Energy > 100

3. Stoker Incinerator 75 – 500

4. Fluidized Bed Incinerator > 100

5. Gasification > 15

6. Pyrolysis N/A

7. Anaerobic Digestion >100 (per unit)


Cost Comparison

Systems Capital O&MSystems p(Million B/T) (Baht/T)

1. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) 0.74-1.75 248-629

2. Landfill Gas to Energy 0.94-1.25 257-932

3. Stoker Incinerator 6.5-1.5 800-2,000

4. Fluidized Bed Incinerator N/A N/A

5. Gasification 2-4.9 638-1,004

6. Pyrolysis 7 N/A

7. Anaerobic Digestion 1.25-1.8 128-704


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Power Generation Potentials

Systems Power Generation Potentials

1. Landfill Gas to Energy more than 1.38 tons/ton of waste(based on 20-year landfill lifespan)

2. Incinerator more than 150 - 200 tons/ton of waste

3. Gasification more than 170 - 190 tons/ton of waste

4. RDF 1 ton of waste produced 0.17 – 0.23 ton of RDF; 1 ton of RDF generated power

more than 300 kWh

5. Anaerobic Digestion more than 80 - 120 tons/ton of waste


Policy Frameworks (2)

Supporting Local Government Clusters to obtain long-term effectiveness of waste management

65

13

1210

117

2

3

8

4

9

1 1

9

4

8

3

2

711

10 12

13

5 6


15

16

13

14 14

13

16

15

13

MSAO

SAO

MSW Management: Practical Concept

M = Municipality

Waste Disposal Center

M

SAOSAO

SAOSAO

Transfer StationTransfer Station

MMM

SAO

SAOSAOSAO

Transfer StationTransfer Station

SAO = Subdistrict Administrative Organization


Criteria to Develop Cluster Size

Cluster Size Waste Loading to System (T/d) y ( / )

Large Cluster > 500

Medium Cluster

M1 250 - 500

M2 100 250M2 100 - 250

M3 50 - 100

Small Cluster < 50


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Clusters of Local Governments

MOUCLUSTER SIZES Numbers

MOUagreement

LARGE> 500 tons/day 3 3

MEDIUM250 – 500 tons/day100 – 250 tons/day50 - 100 tons/day

206268892

140186557y 92 57

SMALL< 50 tons/day 92 64

Total 301 207


Policy Frameworks (4)Endorse the Partnership between Governments

and Private Sectors for Implementing Integrated Waste Management

Heat/Electricity


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WTE Objectives

To handle waste generated by applying properly WTE technologies and retrieving p p y g grenewable energy;

To initiate public participation in WTE project;

To perform WTE model for high potential Local Governments;Local Governments;

To develop and demonstrate appropriatetechnologies on WTE through R&D projects and pilot plants .


Target: Renewable Energy Strategy

10 MW

According to Renewable Energy Strategy, the establishment of WTE project must not be less than 100 MW.

20 MW

60 MW

10 MW


10 MW

2007 © Ministry of Energy

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WTE Goals

Local Governments have sufficient capacity for implementing WTE project to attain the targets indicated in 15 year Renewable targets indicated in 15-year Renewable Energy Development Plan;

At least 1 facility would be developed as WTE pilot model;

Regulatory consistency for private sector investment and supporting mechanisms investment and supporting mechanisms would be encouraged;

R&D on practical and cost effective technologies to generate renewable energy in the country would be supported.


Renewable Energy Sources

SourcesPresent Generating

CapacityTarget Potential

Sources Capacity(MW) (MW) (MW)

Biomass 1,507 2,800 3,300

Wind 0.958 115 1,600

Hydro Power 50 156 700

Biogas 29.2 60 190Biogas 29.2 60 190

Solar 32 45 > 50,000

Waste 5.0 100 147

Source: DEDE (March 2008)


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Scheme of Waste Management

• Integrated Waste Management SystemIntegrated Waste Management System

Source reduction Source reduction and separationand separation

Waste DiversionWaste Diversion•• CompostingComposting

•• Energy recoveryEnergy recovery•• Material recoveryMaterial recovery

Final Disposal Final Disposal (Sanitary Landfill)(Sanitary Landfill)

• Waste Disposal Center (Cluster)Disposal Center (Cluster)

Municipal solid waste disposal facility for nearby Local Municipal solid waste disposal facility for nearby Local Governments.Governments.


Examples of Integrated Waste Management System

100 % Commingled Waste

Sorting SystemSorting System

Composting50 - 60 %

Recycled materials20 - 30 %

Leftover10 - 20 %


Conversion to RDFFinal Disposal

< 5 %

Power and Energy Utilization

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Awareness raising

Household HW management scheme

Recycling

Disposal: secured landfill, incineration

Transportation

Incentive

Collection to transfer station

HHW

Community

Drop off or Special

Collection Day

Examples ofExamples of Successful WTE

Projects in Thailand

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MSW Disposal Facility Fang Municipality, Chiang Mai

150 T/d Sorting Recycled materials

ฝงกลบ

Composting Compost

Waste baling LandfillPollution Control Department

Organic Waste Compost and Energy Production Plant, Rayong

70-80 T/dSorting Organic waste


Gas Collection Tank

Power generated of 625 kW Gas Digestor

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Phuket Incineration Plant

350-370 T/d Weighed Station PlatformSorting


Buring 250 T/dAsh 50 t/d

Power generated of 2.5 MW

Cramping

Keys to Success

Maximized Recycle;

Good Management;

Efficient Technology;

Proper Regulation;

Private Endorsement


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Involvement with Relevant Disciplines• Socio-Economic

- Employment/Occupation - Sustainable Development

• Natural Resources - Conservation

M t t bt i M i

• Environments - Local/Regional Impacts - Global Impact

Waste Management

- Management to obtain MaximumBenefits


• Energy - Promotion & Conservation of Energy - Waste to Renewable Energy

• Trade and Environments - Package&Packaging Waste Management - WEEE Management- Transboundary Movements of Waste

Tel. +66 2298 2412-3Fax. +66 2298 2425

Email: [email protected]://www.pcd.go.th

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