that nation of shopkeepers! -- napoleon bonaparte
TRANSCRIPT
That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
Late 18c: French Economic AdvantagesV Napoleonic Code= uniform lawsNapoleonic Code= uniform lawsV French communal law.French communal law.
) Free contractsFree contracts) Open marketsOpen markets) Uniform & clear commercial Uniform & clear commercial
regulationsregulationsV Standards weights & measures.Standards weights & measures.V Established technical schools.Established technical schools.V The government encouraged & The government encouraged &
inventors & inventions.inventors & inventions.V Bank of France Bank of France European European
modelmodelproviding a reliable currency.providing a reliable currency.
French Economic Disadvantages
French Economic Disadvantages
V Years of warYears of war) Seven Years/French & Indian WarSeven Years/French & Indian War) Supported the American Revolution.Supported the American Revolution.) French Revolution.French Revolution.) Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars) Revolutions of 1830s & 1848Revolutions of 1830s & 1848
V Heavy debts.Heavy debts.V High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers
returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid French businessmen were afraid
to take risks.to take risks.
Ch 9 Section 1 HO
Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution1700:1700: Wealthy FarmersWealthy Farmers began to buy up small plots making began to buy up small plots making
LARGE FARMS LARGE FARMS – Large landowners dramatically Large landowners dramatically improved farming methodimproved farming method out out
of necessity of necessity to make these large farmer profitableto make these large farmer profitable• Wealthy Land Owners used Wealthy Land Owners used ENCLOSURESENCLOSURES
– ENLCOSEDENLCOSED their land with fences or hedges to protect their their land with fences or hedges to protect their larger growing fields. larger growing fields. Disallowing other to use the land for grazingDisallowing other to use the land for grazing
– Experimented to discover Experimented to discover more productive farmingmore productive farming methods methods to increase crop yields to increase crop yields (new methods cost $$)(new methods cost $$)
– Jethro Tull = discovered new way to sow seeds by inventing the Jethro Tull = discovered new way to sow seeds by inventing the SEED DRILL in 1701SEED DRILL in 1701
• Forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or pushed them Forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or pushed them out of farming & into the citiesout of farming & into the cities
• Farming InnovationFarming Innovation– Seed drill- more germination for less MoneySeed drill- more germination for less Money– Crop Rotation- better & bigger cropsCrop Rotation- better & bigger crops
• Livestock – better & bigger livestockLivestock – better & bigger livestock• Robert Bakewell increased yield thru selective breedingRobert Bakewell increased yield thru selective breeding
– Increasing size and health of the livestockIncreasing size and health of the livestock
The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement
“Enclosed” Lands Today
“Enclosed” Lands Today
What is Necessary for an What is Necessary for an Industrial Revolution to Occur?Industrial Revolution to Occur?Factors of ProductionFactors of Production• Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
– LandLand, , LaborLabor, Ore, Coal, Waterways, Rivers, , Ore, Coal, Waterways, Rivers, Canals, etc.Canals, etc.
• Labor- Labor- – population increased dramatically due to the population increased dramatically due to the
Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution
• Capital: Capital: (Extra Money to invest)(Extra Money to invest)– MachineryMachinery– factoriesfactories
• Market Market – people with $$$ to buy goods & services people with $$$ to buy goods & services
produced)produced)
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
18801880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
19141914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
British Pig Iron Production
British Pig Iron Production
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.
ù InnovationsInnovations make steel feasible. make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. Bessemer processBessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible [1856] – strong, flexible
steel.steel.
Britain’s Advantages Britain’s Advantages • Large PopulationLarge Population to work due to the Agricultural to work due to the Agricultural
Revolution= Revolution= Large excess labor forceLarge excess labor force• Abundant Natural ResourcesAbundant Natural Resources
– Water power, rivers, harbors: transportation to & from Water power, rivers, harbors: transportation to & from factories & source of resourcesfactories & source of resources
– coal, iron ore: to build machines & toolscoal, iron ore: to build machines & tools
• Highly developed banking systemHighly developed banking system– Provided investment Provided investment Capital Capital – loan for machines– loan for machines
• Expanding EconomyExpanding Economy = Capital = Capital– People could invest in manufacturingPeople could invest in manufacturing
• Growing overseas tradeGrowing overseas trade – Mercantilism & colonialism= markets & resourcesMercantilism & colonialism= markets & resources
• Political stabilityPolitical stability– No wars on British soilNo wars on British soil– Parliament passed laws protecting businesses Parliament passed laws protecting businesses (mercantilism)(mercantilism)
• Military and Political SuccessMilitary and Political Success– Positive attitude in Britain & a general “climate of ProsperityPositive attitude in Britain & a general “climate of Prosperity
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
1733- Doubled the work a weaver could do
Inventions & New TechnologyInventions & New Technology• Spinning Wheel-Spinning Wheel- James Hargreaves 1764 James Hargreaves 1764
– 1 spinner could work 8 threads 1764, then 25 then 50, etc.1 spinner could work 8 threads 1764, then 25 then 50, etc.
• Water Frame-Water Frame- Richard Arkwright 1769 Richard Arkwright 1769• Spinning Mule-Spinning Mule- Samuel Crompton 1779 Samuel Crompton 1779
– combo spinning Jenny & Water framecombo spinning Jenny & Water frame
• Power Loom-Power Loom- Edmund Cartwright Edmund Cartwright – sped up weaving & used water powersped up weaving & used water power
• Steam Engine-Steam Engine- James WattJames Watt 1765 1765– Faster more efficient (burned less fuel)Faster more efficient (burned less fuel)
• Transportation ImprovementsTransportation Improvements = decrease cost of production= decrease cost of production
– Robert Robert Fulton:Fulton: steamboat 1807steamboat 1807– Canals systemCanals system John Mc Adam: layered stone roads=drainage John Mc Adam: layered stone roads=drainage– Trevithick & StephensonTrevithick & Stephenson: : locomotive locomotive
• Improved all kinds of transportation and machinesImproved all kinds of transportation and machines
Power Loom:
Edmund Cartwright
Power Loom:
Edmund Cartwright
Sped up weaving!
Richard Arkwright:Richard Arkwright:
The The “Water “Water Frame”Frame”
Used water power Used water power from steam from steam engines to drive engines to drive spinning wheelsspinning wheels
The Power LoomThe Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Faster more efficient…. Burned LESS fuel
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
Improved farming capacity
Steam ShipSteam Ship
Allowed travel UP and DOWN a water way regardless of water or air current… DECREASING THE COST OF PRODUCTION
An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
Improved overland transport…
Factories No longer need to be near water
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”
Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in one place Concentrates production in one place
[materials, labor].[materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital [extra money] Requires a lot of capital [extra money] investment [factory, machines, etc.] moreinvestment [factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.
) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
Factory WorkersFactory Workers
Factory owners wanted to keep
their machines running for as many
hours a day as possible SO….
workers were forced to work long hours for starvation wages, often under dangerous & unhealthy conditions;
LATER, working conditions & the standard of living would improve.
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.
Dangerous & unhealthy conditions.Dangerous & unhealthy conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”
Average life Average life expectancy expectancy
of mine of mine workers : workers : 8yrs old8yrs old
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Most dangerous job!
ChildrenChildren
• Children as young as 6 began to work in factories with their families for long hours under brutal conditions
• Children as young as 5 worked in the coal mines
• Many children died or were injured working in the factories & mines
• Child labor laws later brought some reforms.
Education:Education: a a LONG RUNLONG RUN effect effect
• Educational opportunities expanded – In response to a need for skilled &
professional workers.– In response to a need for a place for
children after child labor laws were imposed & a need to create skilled labor for the future
Life Changes during the Industrial Revolution
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Lower Middle Class Lower Middle Class factory overseer & skilled worker factory overseer & skilled worker
• Enjoyed a comfortable standard of living
• Experienced a rise in social status.
Wealthy Merchants, Factory Wealthy Merchants, Factory Owners, ShippersOwners, Shippers
Benefited Greatly from the Industrial Revolution • gained tremendous wealth & status in society• joined a growing middle class of skilled
workers, professionals, business people, & well-to-do farmers.
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory OwnerStereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Large landowners & AristocratsLarge landowners & Aristocrats
• Because some factory owners, merchants, & investment bankers grew wealthier, the landowners & noble aristocracy lost some status, respect, and power but continued to look down on those who gained wealth in business.
• They called them the “nouveau riche”
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages
under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.
11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.
17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.
22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.
27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.
32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.
37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.
42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.
47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.
52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.
57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.
Working PoorWorking Poor
• Saw little improvement in their living & Saw little improvement in their living & working conditionsworking conditions– Some lost their jobs to machinesSome lost their jobs to machines
• Paid low wagesPaid low wages
• Worked long hoursWorked long hours
• Poor working conditionsPoor working conditions
• Lived in unsanitary & overcrowded Lived in unsanitary & overcrowded environments at homeenvironments at home
Environmental IMPACT:Environmental IMPACT:
• PollutionPollution
• Resource DepletionResource Depletion
• Animal extinctionAnimal extinction
The Environment: Problems of Pollution
The Environment: Problems of Pollution
The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858
“The Great Land
Serpent”
“The Great Land
Serpent”
• Industrialization leads to Industrialization leads to Urbanization Urbanization (people moving to the cities for work)(people moving to the cities for work)
• Urbanization is usually so Urbanization is usually so RAPIDRAPID that that the cities growth can not keep pace the cities growth can not keep pace with the migration of people to the citieswith the migration of people to the cities
• Causing: overcrowding, unsanitary Causing: overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, food shortages, disease, etcconditions, food shortages, disease, etc
Industrial Problem of Urbanization
Industrial Problem of Urbanization
Industrial Staffordshire: Problems of housing &
pollution
Industrial Staffordshire: Problems of housing &
pollution
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c LondonProblems with Overcrowding
Early-19c LondonProblems with Overcrowding
Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle
Today
Workers Housing in Newcastle
Today
Life of the New Urban Poor:
A Dickens Nightmare!
Life of the New Urban Poor:
A Dickens Nightmare!
Problems with EXTREME Poverty
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Problems with EXTREME Poverty
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:
The “Lady Bountifuls”
OBSTACLESOBSTACLES TO EUROPEAN TO EUROPEAN INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION
• WARWAR !! Especially French Revolution & !! Especially French Revolution & Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars
• Political disunityPolitical disunity in Germany in Germany
• GeographicGeographic Problems (waterways, land Problems (waterways, land transportation)transportation)
• Social structureSocial structure (Monarchy/Aristocracy) (Monarchy/Aristocracy)
Industrialization Spreads By 1850:
Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Industrialization Spreads By 1850:
Zones of Industrialization on the European Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony
Industrialization By 1850
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Railroads on the Continent
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Industrialization SpreadsIndustrialization Spreads to the United States to the United States
KEY Points:KEY Points:• US government encouraged industrial growth US government encouraged industrial growth
with business friendly lawswith business friendly laws• British machinery spawns an American textile British machinery spawns an American textile
industryindustry• RR help American industry expand RapidlyRR help American industry expand Rapidly• Immigration provided a supply of cheap laborImmigration provided a supply of cheap labor
New Ways of Thinking
Sparked by the Industrial
Revolution
Adam SmithAdam Smith• Scottish Economic Philosophe & Professor Scottish Economic Philosophe & Professor
1723-1790 1723-1790
• Big IDEAS: Big IDEAS: – Economic Freedom guaranteed economic
progress– government need not interfere in the economy.
(eg. Laissez faire)– Invisible handInvisible hand
• CapitalismCapitalism = economic system in which = economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a PROFITthe goal of making a PROFIT
• Wrote “Wealth of Nations” in 1776Wrote “Wealth of Nations” in 1776
Thomas Malthus: economist
Thomas Malthus: economist
Supported Adam Smith’s ideasSupported Adam Smith’s ideas
Contributed to the foundation of CAPITALISMContributed to the foundation of CAPITALISM
Wrote: Wrote: Essay on the Principles of PopulationEssay on the Principles of Population 17981798
Population growth will outpace the food Population growth will outpace the food supply.supply.
War, disease, or famine could control War, disease, or famine could control population.population.
The poor should have less children.The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with Food supply will then keep up with population.population.
David Ricardo: Economist
& stock broker
David Ricardo: Economist
& stock broker
Support of Adam Smith’s IdeasSupport of Adam Smith’s Ideas
Took Malthus’ theory one step further when he wrote, Took Malthus’ theory one step further when he wrote, Principles of Political Economy & TaxationPrinciples of Political Economy & Taxation [1817]) [1817])
Believed that a permanent underclass would always be Believed that a permanent underclass would always be poorpoor
““Iron Iron Law of WagesLaw of Wages.”.”
When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.
More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.
Thus a vicious cycle of Poverty is inevitableThus a vicious cycle of Poverty is inevitable
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart
Mill
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart
Mill The The goalgoal of society is of society is the the greatest good for the greatest numbergreatest good for the greatest number..
One role of government One role of government is to interveneis to intervene in business in order to in business in order to provide some social safety net for workers.provide some social safety net for workers.
Believed that wealthy people or the govt must take actions to improve Believed that wealthy people or the govt must take actions to improve people’s livespeople’s lives
Benthem:Benthem: English Philosopher coined “Utilitarianism” 1700s English Philosopher coined “Utilitarianism” 1700s
Wrote that people should judge the value of things based on their “utility” Wrote that people should judge the value of things based on their “utility” or usefulnessor usefulness
Mill:Mill: economist & philosopher lead the Utilitarian movement in 1800s economist & philosopher lead the Utilitarian movement in 1800s
Pushed for more equal division of profits with workers Pushed for more equal division of profits with workers
Favored cooperative farming, women’s rights & suffrageFavored cooperative farming, women’s rights & suffrage
Utilitarians also support reforms for education, legal & prison systemsUtilitarians also support reforms for education, legal & prison systems
Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham
UtopiansUtopians• Robert Robert OwenOwen: British Factory owner: British Factory owner
– Improved working conditions for his workersImproved working conditions for his workers– Built factory housing with low rentBuilt factory housing with low rent– Stopped child labor under 10Stopped child labor under 10– Provided free schoolingProvided free schooling
• 1824: he went to the US where he founded a 1824: he went to the US where he founded a cooperative community in New Harmony cooperative community in New Harmony Indiana (lasted 3 years)Indiana (lasted 3 years)– He wanted to create a He wanted to create a UTOPIAUTOPIA (perfect living (perfect living
place)place)
SocialismSocialism• Charles Fourier & Saint-SimonCharles Fourier & Saint-Simon, French , French
reformers wanted to offset the effects of reformers wanted to offset the effects of industrialization with a new kind of economic industrialization with a new kind of economic system : system :
SOCIALISMSOCIALISM– Factors of production are owned by the public & Factors of production are owned by the public &
operated for the welfare of ALLoperated for the welfare of ALL– Argued that the govt should Argued that the govt should actively planactively plan the the
economy rather than depending on Free-Market economy rather than depending on Free-Market Capitalism’s invisible handCapitalism’s invisible hand
– Wanted Wanted govt controlledgovt controlled factories/mines/RR etc. in factories/mines/RR etc. in order to end poverty & promote equalityorder to end poverty & promote equality
Private ownership just put workers at the mercy Private ownership just put workers at the mercy of greedy employers (Capitalists)of greedy employers (Capitalists)
Karl Marx: German journalistKarl Marx: German journalist• Wrote: The Communist Manifesto (1848)Wrote: The Communist Manifesto (1848)• Introduced a form of Introduced a form of RADICALRADICAL SOCIALISM SOCIALISM
called MARXISMcalled MARXISM– Argued that society has ALWAYS been “haves & Argued that society has ALWAYS been “haves &
have nots”have nots”• ““Have Nots” are called Have Nots” are called PROLETARIATESPROLETARIATES
– Industrial Revolution just made this WORSEIndustrial Revolution just made this WORSE– Predicted a social class warPredicted a social class war in which the poor in which the poor
majority would rise up against rich minority majority would rise up against rich minority destroying CAPALISM and implementing destroying CAPALISM and implementing Communism or (complete socialism)Communism or (complete socialism)
• ““workers of the world, UNITE!”workers of the world, UNITE!”– The RESULT:The RESULT: an END to private propertyan END to private property
Communal ownership of the Communal ownership of the means means of productionof production
All goods & services would be All goods & services would be shared equallyshared equally
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate & own the People as a society would operate & own the means of means of productionproduction [resources/land, labor, capital][resources/land, labor, capital] NOTNOT individuals. individuals.
Goal: a society that benefited EVERYONE, not just a rich, Goal: a society that benefited EVERYONE, not just a rich, well-connected few.well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
The LudditesThe Luddites
BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish
Workers:Workers:““Let us die like Let us die like
men, and not be men, and not be sold like slaves!”sold like slaves!”
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
18 people, including a woman
and a child, died from saber cuts
and trampling. Over 700 men, women
and children injured. All in the name of liberty & freedom from poverty. The Massacre occurred during a period of immense political tension & mass protests. Fewer than 2% of the population had the vote, and hunger was rife with the disastrous corn laws making bread unaffordable.
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..
V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the of the inequalities created by the Reform Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members Abolition of the requirement that Members
of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Salaries for Members of Parliament.Salaries for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot.The secret ballot.
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
4 Give manufactures more outlets for their products.Give manufactures more outlets for their products.4More people to sell to More people to sell to
4 Expand employment.Expand employment.
4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.
4 Make British agriculture more efficient & Make British agriculture more efficient & productive.productive.
4 Expose trade & agriculture to foreign competition.Expose trade & agriculture to foreign competition.
4 Promote international peace through trade contact.Promote international peace through trade contact.
Union MovementUnion MovementBy the 1800s workers were becoming more By the 1800s workers were becoming more
active in politics. active in politics. • To press for change they joined together in To press for change they joined together in
voluntary association called UNIONSvoluntary association called UNIONSUnions: Unions:
– spoke for the workers as a groupspoke for the workers as a group– Used Collective Bargaining (negotiation) to Used Collective Bargaining (negotiation) to
push for better wages & working conditionspush for better wages & working conditions– Used strikes (work stoppage) to apply Used strikes (work stoppage) to apply
pressurepressure
In GENERAL, govts resisted unions & unionizationIn GENERAL, govts resisted unions & unionizationBut over time they did make gains and reformsBut over time they did make gains and reforms
Government Response
Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the coloniesAbolition of slavery in the colonies
in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions
Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.
k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. [1834] – indoor relief. Poor houses.Poor houses.
k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens the[1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.vote for the cities.
British
Reform Bill
of 1832
British
Reform Bill
of 1832
British Reform BillsBritish Reform Bills
Other Reform MovementsOther Reform Movements
• Women reformersWomen reformers
• Public EducationPublic Education
Industrial Revolution: Industrial Revolution: That’s a RAP!That’s a RAP!
• ..\Ch 9 downloads\The_Industrial_Revolution__1750_1915_.asf..\Ch 9 downloads\The_Industrial_Revolution__1750_1915_.asf
BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish
Workers:Workers:
““Let us die Let us die like men, like men,
and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!”slaves!”
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
18 people, including a woman
& a child, died from saber cuts & trampling. Over 700 men, women & children injured. All in the name of liberty & freedom from poverty. The Massacre occurred during a period of immense political tension & mass protests. Fewer than 2% of the population had the vote, and hunger was rife with the disastrous corn laws making bread unaffordable.
Government FearsGovernment Fears
• British Parliament feared an British Parliament feared an outbreak of revolution as was outbreak of revolution as was occurring in Europe (1830-1848)occurring in Europe (1830-1848)
The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.
A female ChartistA female Chartist
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..
V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the inequalities created by the Reform Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832. Votes for all men.Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members Abolition of the requirement that Members
of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Salaries for Members of Parliament.Salaries for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot.The secret ballot.
British
Reform Bill
of 1832
British
Reform Bill
of 1832
British Reform BillsBritish Reform Bills
Reforms to Reforms to IncreaseIncrease Democracy Democracy
• Middle class males could Middle class males could votevote
• Secret BallotSecret Ballot
• Pay for Parliament membersPay for Parliament members
• By 1884 almost all males could voteBy 1884 almost all males could vote
• By 1890 most European countries By 1890 most European countries allowed all men the right to voteallowed all men the right to vote
Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage
• 1903- 1903- Women’s Social and Political Women’s Social and Political UnionUnion began a stronger campaign began a stronger campaign for Women’s suffrage in Britainfor Women’s suffrage in Britain
• Rallies/parades/interrupted Rallies/parades/interrupted speeches/burned buildings/hunger speeches/burned buildings/hunger strikesstrikes
• 1919: Britain give women the right to 1919: Britain give women the right to votevote
• 1920: US gives womet the right to 1920: US gives womet the right to votevote
Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage
Australia’s IndependenceAustralia’s Independence
..\Ch 10 Democratic Reform\10.2\Australia's independence WH ..\Ch 10 Democratic Reform\10.2\Australia's independence WH Ch 10.2.asfCh 10.2.asf
Canada’s IndependenceCanada’s Independence
Irish Potato FamineIrish Potato Famine
• ..\Ch 10 Democratic Reform\10.2..\Ch 10 Democratic Reform\10.2\Irish Potato Famine WH Clip Ch\Irish Potato Famine WH Clip Ch 10 sect 2.asf 10 sect 2.asf
Irish IndependenceIrish Independence
• ..\Ch 10 Democratic Refo..\Ch 10 Democratic Reform\10.2\Irish Independenrm\10.2\Irish Independence WH Ch 10 section 2.ace WH Ch 10 section 2.asfsf
Conflict Continued 1972Conflict Continued 1972