that’s not true!!!! research methods in psychology
TRANSCRIPT
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That’s Not True!!!!
Research Methods in Psychology
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• Cause and effect– With an experiment, we can determine cause
and effect because we are systematically manipulating variables
– Hypothesis-what do we think will happen in the study?
– Independent variable(s):
– Dependent variable(s):
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• Operational definitions-– What do you mean by the I.V.?
– What do you mean by the D.V.?
– You need to define them so people who read your study know what you are talking about
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• Subjects:– Population– Sample - #s– Random Assignment
– Experimental Group
– Control Group
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• Extraneous vs. Confounding variables
– Extraneous –
– Confounding –
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Flaws to look for
• 1. Internal
– The problem with internal validity is that it becomes very difficult to generalize the results to the rest of the population. (This can also be a problem with case studies).
• 2. External validity-
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• 3. Sampling bias -
• You need to draw a large enough sample to represent the population under study and then utilize random sampling
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• 4. Placebo effects –
• Simply placing something in one’s mouth may cause one to experience a placebo effect
• Placebo effects can ruin the experiment because you cannot tell if the drug actually had an effect on the subject or not.
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• 5. Distortion of self-report-Occurs when interview and surveys are given. The subject may lie in giving their answers (or just stretch the truth). Can happen in one of two ways:
• A. Social desirability-
• B. Response set-
(Ex- when people agree with or disagree with everything on the survey. Most surveys are set up to elicit positive/negative answers or so that different choices should be made.
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• 6. Experimenter bias -
• The best way to overcome this is to do a double-blind study, in which the experimenter does not know which subjects are in which groups
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Developmental Studies
• In order to study development of human beings, we use several different designs:
– 1. Cross-sectional– 2. Longitudinal– 3. Sequential
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Pros and cons with Research Methods
• 1. Naturalistic Observation
– Pros –
– Cons –
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• 2. Laboratory Experiment
– Pros –
– Cons –
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• 3. Surveys
– Pros –
– Cons –
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• 4. Interviews
– Pros –
– Cons –
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• 5. Case Study
– Pros –
– Cons –
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Ethical Issues in Psychology
• 1. Subject participation – voluntary
– Should not be forced or feel pressured
– Should be informed of any factor of research that might make them decide not to participate
– Should be allowed to end participation at any time and still get paid (if they are getting paid)
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• 2. Subjects are not to be harmed in any way
– Protect from psychological and physical harm
– Studies that may only effect one’s emotions in a slight way are acceptable
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• 3. Deception of participants – Is it okay?
– Should be done to inform participants
– Debriefing of subject is usually necessary
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• 4. Right to privacy should not be violated
– Don’t give out information on your subjects
– If data regarding subjects will be released, subjects must be informed and consent must be obtained
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• 5. Can we cause them harm?
– Yes to animals – but you must be able to justify it
– Animals should be maintained in a manner that is considered decent treatment
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• 6. Approval must be obtained from the institution that the researcher works for
– Research must be reported in an ethical fashion
– Research should be reported as soon as possible for verification
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Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean-Average of all the data• Mode-# that appears most often.
You may have a bimodal distribution which means that two #’s appear the same # of times and are the most frequent #’s in the data set.
• Median-# in the middle• Range – subtract the lowest # from
the highest #
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Correlational Studies
• While experiments tell us about cause and effect,
– correlational studies do NOT tell about causation
– they ONLY tell us if there is a relationship
• Usually after the fact
• Often cannot experiment on humans
• Follow-up may be experiment with animals
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Correlational Research
• Look for:
– Positive vs. negative relationships
– Strength of the number
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Correlational Research
• +1 –
• +.7-.9 –
• +.4-.6 –
• +.1-.3 –
• 0 –
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