the abcd of copyright

8/8/2019 The ABCD of Copyright

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Xkn J@CH mg ^LQkmxmfpjqkoc

Cmqypofkx

@poxosk Qkmxmfpjqknps& Dojosmi Cmbboxxnn

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Q~`dosknh `y

@poxosk Qkmxmfpjqknps& Dojosmi Cmbboxxnn

;: Dnmijph Sxpnnx$ DMIHMI NC0J 8ZS

Xnd5101 663? 777?

Gj{5101 663? ;616

Cmqypofkx Kmimpjpy Sncpnxjpy$ @poxosk Qkmxmfpjqknps& Dojosmi Cmbboxxnn :???

OS@I 1 ?>:876: 0 3

Dnfjd Imxocn

Xkos vmpl cmixjois j fninpjd sxjxnbnix mg xkn djv js mg E~in :???) Ox skm~dh imx `n pndonh mi

gmp hngoioxown jisvnps mp jhwocn mi sqncogoc qmoixs mg djv mp mxknpvosn) Njck cjsn vodd oi

qpjcxocn hnqnih mi jdd oxs s~ppm~ihoif copc~bsxjicns$ jih sqncogoc jhwocn skm~dh `n sm~fkx

gpmb j dnfjd jhwosmp mp j qpmgnssomijd jssmcojxomi) Vkodsx nwnpy nggmpx kjs nni bjhn xm

nis~pn xkn jcc~pjcy mg xkos q~`docjxomi xkn q~`dosknps cjiimx jccnqx jiy doj`odoxy jposoif m~x mg

jiy mg xkn bjxnpojd cmixjoinh oi xkos q~`docjxomi)

Jdd Pofkxs Pnsnpwnh$ kmvnwnp xkos q~`docjxomi bjy `n cmqonh voxkm~x qpomp

qnpbossomi `noif sm~fkx gpmb xkn cmqypofkx mvinp$ qpmwohnh xkjx g~dd

jclimvdnhfnbnix os fowni$ jih xkjx ox o s imx q~`dosknh oi vkmdn mp oi qjpx js j

snqjpjxn vmpl)

Q~`doskoif kosxmpy

Gopsx q~`dosknh oi :?;? js

Xkn Qkmxmfpjqknps& F~ohn xm xkn :?;; Cmqypofkx Jcx

Pnwosnh jih pnoss~nh oi :??8 js

Xkn J@C mg ^L Qkmxmfpjqkoc Cmqypofkx

M~p xkjils xm5

Hjwoh Dosx$ Sjd Sk~nd$ Fnmggpny Jhjbs$ Fvni Xkmbjs$ Boln Djyn jih

Ejinx O``mxsmi gmp jdd xknop nggmpxs oi xkn pnsnjpck$ vpoxoif jih cmbqodjxomi

mg xkos mml)

Sobmi Sk~nd gmp kos hnsofi slodds)

Dmph @pjoi gmp kos cjbqjofioif mi `nkjdg mg qkmxmfpjqknps)

Smdocoxmp Ckjpdns Svji mg Xkn Soblois Qjpxinpskoq gmp kos dnfjd jhwocn mi

xkn cmixnixs mg xkos vmpl)

Xkn Em~pijdosxs& Cmqypofkx G~ih gmp xknop fninpm~s goijicojd s~qqmpx)

Jih$ goijddy Hnbos Pm~ssms gmp kos cmixoi~oif oisqopjxomi)

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Cmixnixs

Oixpmh~cxomi >Xkn nssnixojds 6Vkjx os cmqypofkx) 6Vkjx jpn bmpjd pofkxs) 6Xkn bjemp qmoixs mg ^L cmqypofkx dnfosdjxomi ;J~xkmpskoq ;Mvinpskoq mg cmqypofkx ;Nbqdmynh qkmxmfpjqknps ?Cmbq~xnp"fninpjxnh vmpls ?H~pjxomi mg cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi gpmb J~f~sx : :?;? ?H~pjxomi mg cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi `ngmpn J~f~sx : :?;? :1

Bmpjd Pofkxs :0M`encxomi xm gjdsn jxxpo`~xomi :0Sjgnf~jphoif mg qpowjcy oi vmpl cmbbossominh gmp qpowjxn jih hmbnsxoc q~pqmsns :0M`encxomi xm hnpmfjxmpy xpnjxbnix mg j vmpl +oixnfpoxy pofkx/ :3J~xkmpskoq jclimvdnhfnbnix +qjxnpioxy pofkx/ :3Q~ docjxomi pofkx :8Hjxj`jsn pofkx :8Oigpoifnbnixs :>Cmqyoif obqpmqnpdy :>Gjop Hnjdoif mp Gjop Qpjcxocn :7Pnsnjpck mp qpowjxn sx~hy :7

Cpoxocosb jih pnwonv :7Pnqmpxoif c~ppnix nwnixs :7Mxknp qnpboxxnh jcxs :6Nh~cjxomijd ~sn :6Do`pjpy$ jpckown jih b~sn~b snpwocns"pnsnjpck mp qpowjxn sx~hy :6Do`pjpy$ jpckown jih b~sn~b snpwocns"cmisnpwjxomi vmpl :6Jhwnpxosoif j vmpl gmp sjdn :6Vmpls mi q~`doc hosqdjy :;Oicohnixjd oicd~somi :;Q~ doc jhboiosxpjxomi :;Cmbqdojicn cmsxs :?

Xpjhoif ~ihnp xkn inv cmqypofkx dnfosdjxomi 01Jssofibnixs jih docnicns 01Vky cmqypofkx skm~dh `n pnxjoinh 0:N{qdjoioif ox xm cdonixs 00Mvinpskoq mg bjxnpojd 00S~qqdyoif sxmcl qkmxmfpjqks 03Docnisoif pnqpmh~cxomi pofkxs 03Kmv xm qpmxncx ym~p vmpl 08Pnbnhons jfjoisx oigpoifnbnix 08Gpnz~nix qpm`dnbs 07Qpowjcy 07

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Bmhnd Pndnjsns 06B~dxoqdn cmqypofkxs oi xkn sjbn jpxosxoc vmpl 06Pnxm~ckoif 06Cmqyoif y obqdonh cmisnix 06N{osxoif cmqons mg apnwownh& cmqypofkx qkmxmfpjqks 0;Doboxnh cmbqjions jih djqsnh mpfjiosjxomis 0;Vkjx cji&x `n hmin 0;Bjloif j vodd 3:Cmqypofkx m~xsohn xkn ioxnh Loifhmb 30Cmicd~somi 3>

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Oixpmh~cxomi

Xkos os Xkn Qkmxmfpjqknps& F~ohn xm xkn :?;; Cmqypofkx Jcx " js jbnihnh `y aXkn J@C mg ^L QkmxmfpjqkocCmqypofkx& jih imv g~pxknp jbnihnh xm xjln oi jdd xkn ckjifns oi cmqypofkx djv xkjx kjwn mcc~ppnh soicn xkjx vmplvjs q~`dosknh oi :??8) aJs jbnihnh& os vkjx os jhhnh xm Jcxs mg Qjpdojbnix vkni sncxomis kjwn `nni ckjifnh)Xkn ajs jbnihnh& òxs jpn ~s~jddy q~x oi `ncj~sn xkn mpofoijd Jcx kjs `nni gm~ih xm kjwn jimbjdons) Oi xkos cjsnxkn jimbjdons xkjx jpn `noif hnjdx voxk jpn xkn pns~dx mg jxxnbqxs xm kjpbmiosn xkn djv mg cmqypofkx jcpmss jdd xknsxjxns mg xkn N~pmqnji Ncmimboc Jpnj jih ndsvknpn oi xkn vmpdh) Xkn gopsx q~`docjxomi oi :?;? vjs oixnihnh xm `nji aJ@C& mg cmqypofkx gmp qkmxmfpjqknps `~x `ncj~sn ox jqqnjpnh smmi jgxnp xkn Jcx `ncjbn djv jih xknpn vjs imvjy mg limvoif kmv xkn Jcx vm~dh jggncx qkmxmfpjqknps jih xknop cdonixs$ ox smmi `ncjbn m`wom~s xkjx ox vjs jiaJ@& voxkm~x xkn aC&) Xkn aJ@C& cmppncxnh xkos mbossomi xm j cnpxjoi n{xnix `~x kjpbmiosjxomi nggmpxs xkpm~fkm~x

xkn N~pmqnji îomi jih N~pmqnji Ncmimboc Jpnj ckjifnh smbn mg xkn p~dns jdbmsx js smmi js xkn q~`docjxomivjs pnjhy gmp qpnss) Xkos nhoxomi imv `poifs xkn xn{x g~ddy ~q xm hjxn$ nwni og vn kjwn ynx xm jckonwn xkn gmpncjsxJ"U mg cmqypofkx gmp qkmxmfpjqknps)

Xkn Cmbboxxnn mi Qkmxmfpjqkoc Cmqypofkx vjs gmpbnh oi :?;: xm pnqpnsnix xkn oixnpnsxs mg qkmxmfpjqknps h~poifxkn gmpb~djxomi mg xkn inv Cmqypofkx$ Hnsofis jih Qjxnixs Jcx) Xkn Cmbboxxnn vjs qjpxoc~djpdy cmicnpinh voxk xknqpmxncxomi mg qkmxmfpjqknps& vmpl) Xkm~fk xkn :?>7 Cmqypofkx Jcx pncmfiosnh qkmxmfpjqks js jpxosxoc vmpls$ xknyvnpn imx qpmxncxnh xm xkn sjbn n{xnix js mxknp jpxosxoc vmpls) N{xnisown dm``yoif `y xkn Cmbboxxnn$ oxs bnb`npJssmcojxomis jih snwnpjd oihowoh~jd qkmxmfpjqknps pns~dxnh oi xkn vkmdnsjdn pngmpb mg xkn djv mi cmqypofkx oiqkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls oi xkn :?;; Jcx) Kjwoif s~ccnnhnh oi jckonwoif bmsx mg vkjx vjs pnz~opn h$ xkn Cmbboxxnnnwmdwnh oixm xkn @poxosk Qkmxmfpjqknps& Dojosmi Cmbboxxnn vkock cmixoi~ns xm pnqpnsnix xkn oixnpnsxs mg jddqkmxmfpjqknps) Oinwoxj`dy xkn :?;; Jcx xkpnv ~q qpm`dnbs vkock midy nbnpfnh js xkn Jcx bjx~pnh) Mi J~f~sx ::?;?$ xkn hjy xkn Jcx cjbn oixm gmpcn$ xkn gopsx qpm`dnb xk~hhnh xkpm~fk bjiy qkmxmfpjqknps& dnxxnp`m{ns oi xknskjqn mg j : cmoi jxxjcknh xm j hmc~bnix vkock skm~dh `n pnx~pinh$ sofinh$ xm xkn jhwnpxosoif jfnicy vkock kjhfninpjxnh ox) Xkos jfnicy kjh pnjh xkn Jcx jih oixnihnh xm bjoixjoi xkn sox~jxomi js ox kjh `nni qpnwom~sdy) Jsofijx~pn jssofinh cmqypofkx oi nwnpyxkoif hmin$ oi qnpqnx~oxy$ xm xkjx qjpxoc~djp jfnicy) Smbn sofinh ox voxkm~x

xkoiloif) Smbn pnx~pinh xkn bminy voxk xkn cmixpjcx voxk im cmbbnix) Smbn qm~pnh m~x j sxpnjb mg oiwncxown)Smbn qmclnxnh xkn bminy jih xkpnv xkn cmixpjcx oi xkn òi xknpn`y sxmpoif ~q xpm~`dn gmp xknbsndwns) Smbnjqqpmjcknh xknop qpmgnssomijd jssmcojxomis vkm qm~pnh mod mi xpm~`dnh vjxnps jih smpxnh m~x xkn qpm`dnb js vndd jsxkny cm~dh ~ihnp xkn copc~bsxjicns)

aInv Xnckimdmfy& bnjix wnpy doxxdn vkni xkn Jcx vjs vpoxxni jih vjs hnjdx voxk oi gnv vmphs) Imv$ bmpn xkji nwnp$ox nwmdwns gpmb hjy xm hjy$ `poifoif voxk ox qpm`dnbs mg cmqypofkx bjijfnbnix vkock xkn hpjgxnps mg xkn :?;; Jcxcm~dh imx gmpnsnn< knicn xkn innh gmp bjiy mg xkn ckjifns) Ox os j g~icxomi mg xkn @QDC xm bmioxmp xkos loih mgckjifn$ j`smp` js b~ck oigmpbjxomi js qmsso`dn jih xm pncycdn xkos xm oxs bnb`nps oi ji njsody hofnsxo`dn gmpb$xknpn`y nij`doif `mxk qkmxmfpjqknps jih xknop cdonixs xm `n jvjpn mg vkjx os oiwmdwnh voxkm~x cmboif xm `dmvs) Ox oskmqnh xkjx voxk xkos q~`docjxomi xkn @QDC cmixoi~ns xm g~dgod oxs pmdn js xkn oih~sxpy qpmgnssomijd qpjcxocn `mhy)

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Xkn Jssmcojxomi mg Kosxmpocjd jih Goin Jpx QkmxmfpjqknpsXkn Jssmcojxomi mg Qkmxmfpjqknps

Xkn @poxosk Jssmcojxomi mg Qocx~pn Do`pjpons jih Jfnicons@poxosk Oisxox~xn mg Qpmgnssomijd QkmxmfpjqkyCkjpxnpnh Oisxox~xn mg Em~pijdosxsOisxox~xn mg Bnhocjd Odd~sxpjxmpsBjsxnp Qkmxmfpjqknps JssmcojxomiIjxomijd ^iomi mg Em~pijdosxsXkn Pmyjd Qkmxmfpjqkoc Smconxy

Bnb`nps mg xkn @poxosk Qkmxmfpjqknps& Dojosmi Cmbboxxnn5

Jssmcojxomi mg Odd~sxpjxmpsXkn Ckjpxnpnh Smconxy mg HnsofinpsXkn Hnsofi jih Jpxosxs Cmqypofkx SmconxyXkn Oisxox~xn mg Oigmpbjxomi SconixosxsXkn Do`pjpy Jssmcojxomi IJQDO@Ijxomijd Jssmcojxomi mg JpxosxsQocx~pn Pnsnjpck Jssmcojxomi +Gmpbnpdy$ Smconxy mg Qocx~pn Pnsnjpcknps jih Nhoxmps/

M`snpwnps5

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Xkn nssnixojds

Vkjx os cmqypofkx=

Cmqypofkx os j qpmqnpxy pofkx wnsxnh oi vmpls vkock j~xkmps kjwn cpnjxnh) Xkn djv mg cmqypofkx5

Qpmxncxs jfjoisx ~ij~xkmposnh pnqpmh~cxomi mg vmpls< jih

nixoxdns cmqypofkx mvinps xm ncmimboc `ningox

vkodsx snnloif j gjop `jdjicn `nxvnni xkn oixnpnsxs mg j~xkmps jih ~snps mg cmqypofkx bjxnpojds)

Vkjx jpn bmpjd pofkxs=

Xkn pofkx imx xm kjwn min&s vmpl s~èncxnh xm hnpmfjxmpy xpnjxbnix

Xkn pofkx xm `n ohnixogonh js xkn j~xkmp mg min&s vmpl

Xkn pofkx imx xm kjwn j vmpl gjdsndy jxxpo`~xnh xm minsndg js j~xkmp

Pofkx mg qpowjcy gmp qkmxmfpjqks cmbbossominh gmp qpowjxn jih hmbnsxoc q~pqmsns

Cmqypofkx djv mpofoijddy cjbn oixm `noif xm nis~pn xkjx oihowoh~jd cpjgxsbni pncnownh qpmqnp ncmimboccmbqnisjxomi gmp xkn qpmh~cxs mg xknop cpjgxsbjiskoq) Xkn qpm`dnb gmp qkmxmfpjqknps vjs jdvjys xkjx ^L djvn{cd~hnh xknb gpmb gopsx mvinpskoq mg cmqypofkx vkni vmpl vjs cmbbossominh jih xknpngmpn hnionh xknb xknqpmxncxomi jih `ningoxs jggmphnh xm cmbqmsnps$ odd~sxpjxmps$ vpoxnps jih qjoixnps$ nxc)

Djpfndy `ncj~sn mg xkn dm``yoif mg :?xk cnix~py qmpxpjox qjoixnps vkm gndx xkpnjxninh `y xkn jhwnix mg qkmxmfpjqky$xkn vmpl mg @poxosk qkmxmfpjqknps jih nifpjwnps `ncjbn xpnjxnh js j cmqyoif xnckioz~n jih$ ~idnss ox vjs jfpnnh

mxknpvosn$ cmqypofkx vjs wnsxnh oi xkn cmbbossominp pjxknp xkji xkn j~xkmp mg xkn vmpl)

Xkos wonv mg qkmxmfpjqky$ jqjpx gpmb `noif `jsocjddy ~igjop$ vjs cmixpjpy xm dnfosdjxomi oi b~ck mg xkn pnsx mg xknvmpdh jih kjs dnh xm cmig~somi jx min xobn mp jimxknp gmp injpdy nwnpymin oiwmdwnh$ noxknp js cpnjxmp mp ~snp) Xknobqdnbnixjxomi mg xkn Cmqypofkx$ Hnsofis jih Qjxnixs Jcx :?;; kjs hmin j dmx xm obqpmwn xkn sox~jxomi jdxkm~fkbjiy qnmqdn$ oicd~hoif qkmxmfpjqknps xknbsndwns$ sxodd kjwn xm cmqn voxk pofkxs oi qkmxmfpjqky fninpjxnh ~ihnpdnfosdjxomi fmoif `jcl xm :;70$ vkock vnpn dngx djpfndy oixjcx `y xkn :?;; Jcx jih imv jdsm kjwn xm hnjd voxk xkncmbqdocjxomis qpmh~cnh `y xkn cmqypofkx kjpbmiosjxomi bnjs~pns `pm~fkx oi xkpm~fkm~x xkn N~pmqnji îomi jihxkn N~pmqnji Ncmimboc Jpnj) +Doln xkn N~pmqnji îomi$ xkn N~pmqnji Ncmimboc Jpnj os hngoinh `y oixnpijxomijdjfpnnbnix jih bjy wjpy mwnp xobn) Pnjhnps innhoif xm limv xkn bnb`npskoq mg xkn NNJ jpn xknpngmpn jhwosnh xmckncl mi xkn djxnsx qmsoxomi jx xkn xobn xknop innh jposns/)

Xkn bmsx obqmpxjix xkoif xm pnbnb`np j`m~x xkn :?;; Jcx os xkjx$ doln Bjfij Cjpxj$ xkjx mxknp fpnjx syb`md mgqpmxnsx jfjoisx ~ie~sx xpnjxbnix jx xkn kjihs mg xkn qmvnpg~d$ ox pnhpnssns j dmif xnpb oie~sxocn$ fowoifqkmxmfpjqknps xkn dnfjd sxjx~s mg j~xkmps mg xknop mvi vmpl$ cmixpmd mwnp xkn pofkxs oi ox$ kmv ox os ~snh jih xkn pofkxxm j cpnhox)

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Xkn bjemp qmoixs mg ^L cmqypofkx dnfosdjxomi

Qkmxmfpjqknps jpn imv oi xkn sjbn qmsoxomi js jdd mxknp j~xkmps$ on$ xkn qnpsmi vkm cpnjxns xkn qkmxmfpjqk os xknj~xkmp mg ox) Kmvnwnp xkos hmns imx jqqdy xm nbqdmynh qkmxmfpjqknps gmp vmpl cpnjxnh oi xkn cm~psn mg xknopnbqdmybnix jih ox skm~dh jdsm `n pnbnb`npnh xkjx aqnpsmi& oicd~hns xkn ohnj mg j adnfjd qnpsmi&$ on$ j cmbqjiy mpmpfjiosjxomi) Xkos cji$ jih hmns cj~sn qpm`dnbs vkni xpyoif xm ohnixogy xkn pofkxg~d mvinp mg an{xnihnh& mpapnwownh& cmqypofkx) aN{xnihnh& jih apnwownh& cmqypofkx jpn inv xnpbs vpoxxni oixm ^L djv js xkn pns~dx mgjfpnnbnix voxkoi xkn N~pmqnji ^iomi xkjx cmqypofkx dnfosdjxomi os ncmimbocjddy jih c~dx~pjddy obqmpxjix nim~fk xminnh j cmbbmi jqqpmjck jcpmss jdd xkn bnb`np sxjxns) Oi mphnp xm jckonwn xkos cmbbmi jqqpmjck xkn h~pjxomi mgn{osxoif cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi qnpomhs kjwn `nni n{xnihnh jih$ bmsx ~i~s~jddy$ cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi qnpomhs vkock

kjwn n{qopnh kjwn `nni pnwownh xm fown j qnpomh mg qpmxncxomi nz~owjdnix xm xkn inv boiob~b sxjihjph mg 61 ynjpsjgxnp xkn hnjxk mg xkn j~xkmp) Oi qjpjddnd voxk xkos$ xkn inv dnfosdjxomi snxs m~x kmv xm hncohn mvinpskoq soicnmvinpskoq jih j~xkmpskoq mg cmqypofkx mgxni pnsx oi hoggnpnix kjihs) Xkn hnxjod os hosc~ssnh `ndmv)

J~xkmpskoq

Oi fninpjd$ xkn j~xkmp mg xkn vmpl os xkn gopsx mvinp mg jiy cmqypofkx oi ox$ sm qkmxmfpjqknps imv kjwn xkn gopsxmvinpskoq mg cmqypofkx oi xknop vmpl vknxknp ox vjs cmbbossominh mp imx)

Mvinpskoq mg cmqypofkx

Xkn qnpsmi vkm vjs xkn mvinp mg xkn cmqypofkx obbnhojxndy `ngmpn Eji~jpy ::??7 os xkn mvinp mg xkn n{xnihnhcmqypofkx$ ~idnss xkny mvinh ox gmp dnss xkji xkn g~dd xnpb mg cmqypofkx$ oi vkock cjsn xkn n{xnihnh cmqypofkx fmnsxm xkn qnpsmi nixoxdnh xm xkn cmqypofkx jgxnp xkn oixoxojd mvinp&s xnpb kjs n{qopnh) Xkos hjxn jx xkn `nfoiioif mg jynjp os xknpn sobqdy xm fown dnfjd cnpxjoixy xm xkn ckjifns jih xm jwmoh xkn innh oi xkn bjempoxy mg cjsns xm bjlnbnssy cjdc~djxomis mwnp h~pjxomi) Inwnpxkndnss$ sqncojdosx dnfjd jhwocn bjy `n innhnh xm cdjpogy mvinpskoq vknixkn innh jposns `ncj~sn xkn dnfosdjxomi hmns cmixjoi mxknp hjxns vkock bjy `n pndnwjix gmp qjpxoc~djp q~pqmsns mpxnppoxmpons)

Mvinpskoq mg xkn inv an{xnihnh& cmqypofkx os js gmddmvs5

Xkn qnpsmi vkm vjs xkn mvinp mg xkn cmqypofkx obbnhojxndy `ngmpn n{qopy pnjcz~opns ox) Og xkjx qnpsmi honh `ngmpnEji~jpy : :??7 +mp$ oi xkn cjsn mg j dnfjd qnpsmi s~ck js j cmbqjiy$ cnjsnh xm n{osx/ xkn cmqypofkx pnwnpxs xm xknj~xkmp$ mp xkn jhboiosxpjxmp mg xkn j~xkmp&s nsxjxn og xkn j~xkmp os jdsm hnjh) Xkn aj~xkmp& gmp xknsn q~pqmsns osjdvjys xkn qnpsmi vkm cpnjxnh xkn qkmxmfpjqk +imxvoxksxjihoif hoggnpnix hngoioxomis mg j~xkmpskoq oi xkn :?:: jih:?>7 Cmqypofkx Jcxs/) Og xknpn os im jhboiosxpjxmp xkn cmqypofkx qjssns xm xkn ^L fmwnpibnix)

Mvinpskoq mg xkn inv apnwownh& cmqypofkx os js gmddmvs5

Sqncojdosx dnfjd jhwocn bjy `n innhnh xm cdjpogy xkn sox~jxomi `ncj~sn mg xkn ckjifoif qpmwosomis js xm gopsxmvinpskoq mg cmqypofkx soicn :;70) Cmqypofkx gpnz~nixdy `ndmifnh ~ihnp qpn":?;; dnfosdjxomi xm xkn mvinp mg xkninfjxown mp xkn cmbbossominp mg xkn qkmxmfpjqk) Mxknp cmbqdocjxomis s~ck js `jilp~qxcy$ oismdwnix cmbqjionsjih xkn doln bjy cdm~h xkn oss~n jih vodd jdsm pnz~opn s~ck sqncojdosx jhwocn og xkn sox~jxomi vjppjixs ox)

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Cmqypofkx cji `n jssofinh xm jimxknp qnpsmi `~x midy og xkn qkmxmfpjqknp jfpnns) Ji jssofibnix mg cmqypofkxskm~dh `n oi vpoxoif sofinh `y mp mi `nkjdg mg xkn jssofimp `~x j wnp`jd mp cmixpjcx~jd jfpnnbnix vodd mgxni$ oiqpjcxocn$ `n nz~jddy nggncxown) Jssofibnixs mg cmqypofkx oi jdd g~x~pn vmpl cpnjxnh gmp j cdonix$ skm~dh imx `n jfpnnh`ncj~sn xkos os pjpndy oi xkn `nsx oixnpnsxs mg xkn qkmxmfpjqknp) Njck cmbbossomi skm~dh `n infmxojxnh snqjpjxndy)Xkn copc~bsxjicns mg min em` vodd `n hoggnpnix gpmb jimxknp) Ox bjy `n qpngnpj`dn xm pnxjoi cmixpmd mg bjxnpojd gpmbmin snssomi `~x imx gpmb jimxknp gmp xkn sjbn cdonix)

Nbqdmynh qkmxmfpjqknps hm imx mvi cmqypofkx oi vmpl cpnjxnh aoi xkn cm~psn mg xknop nbqdmybnix& ~idnss xknykjwn ji jfpnnbnix xm xkn cmixpjpy) J fmmh yjphsxocl gmp hngoioif anbqdmynh& oi xkn ^L os og ji nbqdmynp qjysQJ_N jih Ijxomijd Ois~pjicn$ `~x xkos os imx cmicd~sown) Vmpl mi j gpnndjicn `jsos hmns imx cmisxox~xn `noifanbqdmynh&) Qkmxmfpjqknps vmploif gpnndjicn mi j so{ bmixk cmixpjcx mp j pnsohnicy vodd impbjddy `n pnz~opnh xm

sofi j cmixpjcx mg nbqdmybnix) Xkny skm~dh oisxnjh sofi j cmixpjcx gmp snpwocns$ qpngnpj`dy min vkock kjs `nnihpjvi ~q mi qpmgnssomijd jhwocn jih vkock hnjds gjopdy voxk xkn oixnpnsxs mg jdd qjpxons) Mvinpskoq mg cmqypofkx oiqkmxmfpjqks xjlni `y nbqdmynh qkmxmfpjqknps os j fpny jpnj jih xkn oss~n skm~dh `n qpmqnpdy jhhpnssnh `ynbqdmynps jih nbqdmynns$ `mxk mg vkmb skm~dh `n cdnjp vknpn xkny vjix xm sxjih jx xkn nih mg xkos* Ox skm~dh jdsm`n pnbnb`npnh xkjx qkmxmfpjqknps vkm gmpb xknbsndwns oixm j doboxnh doj`odoxy cmbqjiy cji jdsm `n nbqdmynnsjih xkjx cmqypofkx vodd `ndmif xm xkn cmbqjiy + jih bjy xknpngmpn `n dmsx oi xkn nwnix mg pncnownpskoq mp doz~ohjxomi~idnss cmqypofkx kjs `nni pnxjoinh `y xkn qkmxmfpjqknp/) Xkos oss~n skm~dh `n smpxnh m~x mi xkn gmpbjxomi mg xkncmbqjiy$ `~x cji `n hmin jx jiy xobn jih skm~dh jdvjys `n hmin voxk fmmh dnfjd jhwocn)

Nbqdmynh qkmxmfpjqknps

J inv gnjx~pn oi xkn :?;; Jcx vjs xkn qpmwosomi gpmb J~f~sx : :?;? gmp avmpl xkjx os fninpjxnh `y cmbq~xnp oicopc~bsxjicns s~ck xkjx xknpn os im k~bji j~xkmp mg xkn vmpl& voxk cmqypofkx n{qopy >1 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkncjdnihjp ynjp oi vkock xkn vmpl os bjhn) Kjwoif p~dnh m~x k~bji j~xkmpskoq jih cmqypofkx n{qopy `jsnh mi xkn~s~jd j~xkmp&s dogn qd~s sm bjiy ynjps$ `y sdnofkx mg kjih xkn Jcx qpmcnnhs xm sjy xkn j~xkmp mg xkos loih mg vmpl osxjlni xm `n xkn aqnpsmi `y vkmb xkn jppjifnbnixs incnssjpy gmp xkn cpnjxomi mg xkn vmpl jpn ~ihnpxjlni&< jgmpb~dj vkock jddmvs jssnpxomi mg xkn bmpjd pofkx jfjoisx agjdsn jxxpo`~xomi& `~x n{cd~hns xkn aoixnfpoxy& mpaqjxnpioxy& bmpjd pofkxs gmp m`wom~s pnjsmis) +Snn xkn sncxomi mi Bmpjd Pofkxs gmp ji n{qdjijxomi mg xknsn pofkxs/)

Cmbq~xnp"fninpjxnh vmpls

Xkos qpmwosomi kjs ynx xm `n xnsxnh oi xkn cm~pxs jih vm~dh jqqnjp xm jqqdy bmsxdy xm sconixogoc$ xnckiocjd jihpnbmxn s~pwnoddjicn qkmxmfpjqky vknpn n{qms~pn xoboif jih gpnz~nicy$ gmc~s jih xpjcloif$ nxc$ jpn jdd cmbq~xnpcmixpmddnh) Ox fmns voxkm~x sjyoif xkjx xkos sncxomi mg xkn Jcx hmns imx cpnjxn xkos imwnd loih mg cmqypofkxmvinpskoq gmp s~ck xkoifs js j~xmbjxoc cmqyoif mp bjioq~djxomi mg qkmxmfpjqks mp godb$ jpxosxoc vmpls mg jdd loihsjih mxknp vmpls mg ajpxosxoc cpjgxsbjiskoq& vkock mg cm~psn$ bjy kjwn xknop mvi cmqypofkx vkock vodd pnz~opn xm `ncdnjpnh `ngmpn jiy s~ck cmqyoif os ~ihnpxjlni)

Xkn h~pjxomi mg cmqypofkx oi qkmxmfpjqks xjlni mi mp jgxnp J~f~sx : :?;? vkmsn cm~ixpy mg mpofoi os j N~pmqnjiNcmimboc Jpnj sxjxn mp vkock jpn xjlni `y j ijxomijd mg ji NGJ sxjxn os imv xkn sjbn js gmp jdd mxknp jpxosxocvmpls " 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn j~xkmp hons)

H~pjxomi mg cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi gpmb J~f~sx : :?;?

Qkmxmfpjqks `y j ijxomijd mg j imi"NNJ sxjxn vkmsn cm~ixpy mg mpofoi os imx ji NNJ sxjxn kjwn j h~pjxomi vkock osxkjx fpjixnh oi xknop cm~ixpy mg mpofoi ~q xm j bj{ob~b mg dogn

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qd~s 61 ynjps) aCm~ixpy mg mpofoi& os j inv cmicnqx vkock kjs `nni oixpmh~cnh xm hosxoif~osk `nxvnni NNJmpofoijxnh vmpls jih xkmsn vkock jpn imx) aCm~ixpy mg mpofoi& kjs j cmbqdn{ hngoioxomi vkock cji oiwmdwnhnxnpboioif xkn j~xkmp&s ijxomijdoxy$ mp xkn hjxn mg cpnjxomi mg xkn qkmxmfpjqk$ mp xkn hjxn jih qdjcn mg gopsxq~`docjxomi oi mphnp xm jppown jx xkn jcx~jd h~pjxomi mg qpmxncxomi) Oi jiy nwnix h~pjxomi oi xkn ^L vodd imx n{cnnhdogn qd~s 61 ynjps)

Gmp vmpls mg emoix j~xkmpskoq$ xkn h~pjxomi mg cmqypofkx os 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp mg xkn hnjxk mg xkn djsxs~pwowoif j~xkmp$ qpmwohnh xkjx jx dnjsx min mg xkn j~xkmps vjs j ijxomijd mg ji NNJ sxjxn mp xkn qkmxmfpjqk&scm~ixpy mg mpofoi os ji NNJ sxjxn) Gmp mxknp qkmxmfpjqks h~pjxomi os xkjx fpjixnh `y xknop acm~ixpy mg mpofoi& ~q xm jbj{ob~b mg dogn qd~s 61 ynjps)

Jfjoi$ jdxkm~fk xkos ckjifn kjqqninh gpmb Eji~jpy : :??7 oi pnsqmisn xm xkn N^ cmqypofkx kjpbmiosjxomibnjs~pns ox jqqdons nz~jddy xm jdd qkmxmfpjqks xjlni gpmb J~f~sx : :?;?) Xkn >1 ynjp qnpomh mg qpmxncxomi

oixpmh~cnh `y xkn :?;; Jcx kjs `nni s~qnpsnhnh) Jqjpx gpmb qkmxmfpjqks s~èncx xm Qjpdojbnix$ oixnpijxomijdmpfjiosjxomis mp imi"NNJ cmqypofkx xknpn jpn imv im qkmxmfpjqks xjlni oi xkn qnpomh J~f~sx : :?;? xm Eji~jpy::??7 xm vkock xkn >1 ynjp p~dn jqqdons)

Gmp vmpls xjlni `y ~ilimvi qkmxmfpjqknps h~pjxomi mg cmqypofkx os imv 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkockxkn qkmxmfpjqk vjs gopsx bjhn jwjodj`dn xm xkn q~`doc +vknxknp q~`dosknh$ n{koòxnh$ skmvi oi j godb mp `pmjhcjsx/qpmwohnh xkos xjlns qdjcn voxkoi 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn qkmxmfpjqk vjs xjlni) Og imx bjhnjwjodj`dn xm xkn q~`doc cmqypofkx n{qopns 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn qkmxmfpjqk vjs xjlni)

Og xkn qkmxmfpjqk cjppons j qsn~hmiyb js cpnhox$ mp xknpn os im cpnhox jx jdd xkn j~xkmp vodd `n cmisohnpnh ~ilimvi ogjcx~jd ohnixoxy cjiimx `n jscnpxjoinh `y apnjsmij`dn niz~opy&)

Qkmxmfpjqks vkock jpn s~èncx xm Cpmvi cmqypofkx kjwn hoggnpnix p~dns) Cpmvi cmqypofkx oi xkn ^L imv djsxs gmp jbj{ob~b mg :0> ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn qkmxmfpjqk vjs xjlni) Og xkn qkmxmfpjqk oscmbbnpcojddy q~`dosknh voxkoi 6> ynjps mg xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock ox vjs xjlni$ cmqypofkx djsxs gmp >1 ynjpsgpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp mg q~`docjxomi) Oi mxknp cm~ixpons vknpn Cpmvi cmqypofkx jdsm n{osxs$ nf$ J~sxpjdoj$

Cjijhj$ nxc$ `~x oxs h~pjxomi os cmixpmddnh `y xkn dnfosdjxomi mg xknop oihnqnihnix qjpdojbnixs$ h~pjxomi os sxodd midy>1 ynjps gpmb bjloif mp q~`docjxomi) Vkni Qjpdojbnix mp cnpxjoi oixnpijxomijd mpfjiosjxomis +doln xkn Î$ Oixnpqmd$nxc/ jpn xkn cmqypofkx mvinps$ ox vodd ~s~jddy `n gmp >1 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn qkmxmfpjqk vjsxjlni)

Ox os obqmpxjix xm pnbnb`np xkjx xkn qpmwosomis mg xkn Jcxs hnjdoif voxk cmqypofkx mg :;70$ :?:: jih :?>7 vnpnnjck cjpponh mwnp `y xkn s~qnpsnhoif Jcx ~q xm xkn :?;; Jcx jih sxodd jqqdy xm qkmxmfpjqks xjlni `ngmpn xkncmbbnicnbnix mg xkn :?;; Jcx mi J~f~sx : :?;?) Jhh xm xkos xkn N^ kjpbmiosjxomi bnjs~pns jih ox vodd `n vnddoixm xkn in{x cnix~py `ngmpn xkn c~b~djxown nggncxs `ncmbn kosxmpy) Xkn :?:: Jcx +vkock cjbn oixm gmpcn mi E~dy ::?:0/ fpjixnh cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi oi j qkmxmfpjqk gmp >1 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn infjxown vjsbjhn$ pnqdjcoif xkn 6 ynjp qnpomh mg qpmxncxomi gmp ~iq~`dosknh vmpls mp 80 ynjps gpmb hjxn mg gopsx q~`docjxomifpjixnh `y xkn :;70 Jcx) aJ~xkmpskoq& vjs qdjcnh oi xkn kjihs mg vkmnwnp mvinh xkn mpofoijd infjxown jx xkn xobnxkn qocx~pn vjs xjlni$ imx incnssjpody xkn qnpsmi vkm xmml xkn qkmxmfpjqk) Og xkn qkmxmfpjqk vjs cmbbossominhxkn cmqypofkx `ndmifnh xm xkn cmbbossominp ~idnss mxknpvosn jfpnnh)

H~pjxomi mg cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi `ngmpn J~f~sx : :?;?

Xkn :?>7 Jcx +vkock cjbn oixm gmpcn mi E~in : :?>6/ fpjixnh cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi oi j qkmxmfpjqk gmp >1 ynjpsgpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp mg gopsx q~`docjxomi jih jdsm fjwn qnpqnx~jd cmqypofkx xm ~iq~`dosknh qkmxmfpjqks xjlnigpmb xkn cmbbnicnbnix mg xkn Jcx) aQ~`dosknh& bnjix + jih sxodd hmns/ oss~oif pnqpmh~cxomis mg j vmpl xm xknq~`doc)

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12/37

J qkmxmfpjqk n{koòxnh oi ji n{koòxomi vjs imx aq~`dosknh& `~x j qpoixnh wnpsomi oi xkn cjxjdmf~n mg xkn sjbnn{koòxomi vm~dh kjwn `nni) Ox hoh imx oicd~hn j cmixjcx sknnx mp s~qqdons mg ~iq~`dosknh qpoixs sxmpnh gmp qmsso`dn~sn `~x inwnp oss~nh xm xkn q~`doc) Jfjoi$ mvinpskoq mg xkn godb vkni xkn qocx~pn vjs xjlni hnxnpboinh j~xkmpskoqjih$ ~idnss mxknpvosn jfpnnh$ xkn cmbbossominp vjs xkn mvinp mg cmqypofkx)

Xkn :?>7 Jcx$ vkodsx cpnjxoif qnpqnx~jd cmqypofkx oi ~iq~`dosknh qkmxmfpjqks xjlni mi mp jgxnp E~in : :?>6$doboxnh cmqypofkx qpmxncxomi xm >1 ynjps gmp jdd qkmxmfpjqks +oicd~hoif xkmsn s~èncx xm Cpmvi cmqypofkx/ xjlni`ngmpn xkos hjxn) Xkn :?;; Jcx pnbmwnh qnpqnx~jd cmqypofkx gmp jdd qkmxmfpjqks +jfjoi$ oicd~hoif xkmsn s~èncx xmCpmvi cmqypofkx/ xjlni gpmb E~in : :?>6$ sm qkmxmfpjqks bjhn `~x imx q~`dosknh h~poif xkn qnpomh gpmb E~in ::?>6 xm E~dy 3: :?;? vodd pnbjoi oi cmqypofkx ~ixod jx dnjsx bohiofkx mi Hncnb`np 3: 013?) Xkn N^kjpbmiosjxomi bnjs~pns vkock cjbn oixm nggncx gpmb Eji~jpy : :??7 n{xnih xkn qnpomh mg qpmxncxomi xm 61 ynjpsgpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn j~xkmp mg xkn qkmxmfpjqk honh$ qpmwohnh xkn j~xkmp vjs j ijxomijd mg j Bnb`npSxjxn mg xkn N~pmqnji Ncmimboc Jpnj mp xkn acm~ixpy mg mpofoi& mg xkn qkmxmfpjqk vjs s~ck j sxjxn) Qkmxmfpjqks

s~èncx xm Cpmvi mp oixnpijxomijd mpfjiosjxomis cmqypofkx jpn ~ijggncxnh `y xkos ckjifn)

Qkmxmfpjqks xjlni `ngmpn E~in : :?>6 pncnown sobodjp xpnjxbnix$ sm h~pjxomi os imv dogn mg xkn j~xkmp +mp djsxs~pwowoif j~xkmp/ qd~s 61 ynjps gmp j ijxomijd mg j Bnb`np Sxjxn mg xkn N~pmqnji Ncmimboc Jpnj mp j qkmxmfpjqkvkmsn acm~ixpy mg mpofoi& os oi ji NNJ sxjxn$ qpmwohnh xkn vmpl vjs oi cmqypofkx oi min bnb`np sxjxn mi E~dy ::??>) Og Cpmvi mp oixnpijxomijd mpfjiosjxomis cmqypofkx jqqdons h~pjxomi pnbjois >1 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjpoi vkock bjhn)

Im pnwowjd xjlns qdjcn gmp j ijxomijd mg j imi"NNJ sxjxn vknpn xkn acm~ixpy mg mpofoi& os jdsm j imi"NNJ sxjxn$ `~xxknop qkmxmfpjqks jpn qpmxncxnh xm xkn n{xnix xkny vnpn qpmxncxnh `y xkn j~xkmp&s acm~ixpy mg mpofoi&$ jfjoi ~q xm jbj{ob~b mg dogn qd~s 61 ynjps mp xkn nih mg 013?$ vkocknwnp os xkn djxnp)

îq~`dosknh qkmxmfpjqks `y ~ilimvi qkmxmfpjqknps mg jiy hjxn qpomp xm J~f~sx : :?;? +Vknpn inoxknp Cpmvi impoixnpijxomijd mpfjiosjxomis cmqypofkx jqqdons/ kjwn qpmxncxomi gmp 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xknyvnpn bjhn) Og bjhn jwjodj`dn xm xkn q~`doc h~poif xkos xobn xkn qnpomh mg qpmxncxomi os noxknp 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nihmg ynjp vkni ox vjs gopsx bjhn jwjodj`dn$ mp xkn nih mg 013?$ vkocknwnp os xkn djxnp)

Q~`dosknh qkmxmfpjqks mg jiy hjxn qpomp xm J~f~sx : :?;? `y ~ilimvi qkmxmfpjqknps jpn imv qpmxncxnh noxknp gmp61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn qkmxmfpjqk vjs bjhn$ mp 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkockox vjs gopsx bjhn jwjodj`dn xm xkn q~`doc$ mp xkn nih mg 013?$ vkocknwnp os xkn djxnp) Vknpn Cpmvi mp oixnpijxomijdmpfjiosjxomis cmqypofkx jqqdons$ h~pjxomi os inwnp dnss xkji >1 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkny vnpnq~`dosknh)

Jfjoi$ gmp j ijxomijd mg j imi"NNJ sxjxn vknpn xkn acm~ixpy mg mpofoi& os jdsm j imi"NNJ sxjxn$ qpmxncxomi os xkjxfowni `y xknop acm~ixpy mg mpofoi& ~q xm j bj{ob~b mg dogn qd~s 61 ynjps mp xkn nih mg 013?$ vkocknwnp os xkn djxnp)

Xknsn ckjifns jpn h~n xm xkn qpoicoqdn mg nz~jd xpnjxbnix xkpm~fkm~x xkn Bnb`np Sxjxns mg xkn N~pmqnji îomijih xkn ~icnpxjoixy mwnp xkn dnifxk mg xkn apnwownh& cmqypofkx os h~n xm xkn gjcx xkjx xkos os fmwnpinh `y xkn dmifnsxqnpomh mg qpmxncxomi fpjixnh `y min mg xkn Bnb`np Sxjxns mg xkn N~pmqnji Ncmimboc Jpnj)

Vkjxnwnp xkn qnpomh mg qpmxncxomi j vmpl s~èncx xm apnwownh& pofkxs cji `n ~snh `y jiymin voxkoi xkn NNJ voxkm~xxkn qnpbossomi mg xkn cmqypofkx mvinp) Qpmwohnh j imxocn mg aoixnix xm ~sn& os snpwnh mi xkn cmqypofkx mvinp jih xkn

~snp os qpnqjpnh xm qjy j apnjsmij`dn pmyjdxy mp mxknp pnb~inpjxomi& xkn mvinp mg j vmpl s~èncx xm apnwownh&cmqypofkx cjiimx sjy im xm ji oixnihnh ~sn) Vkjx os pnjsmij`dn oi jiy qjpxoc~djp copc~bsxjicns bjy `nhnxnpboinh `y xkn Cmqypofkx Xpo`~ijd +jhboiosxnpnh `y Xkn Qjxnix Mggocn/ oi xkn j`snicn mg

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jfpnnbnix `nxvnni cmqypofkx mvinp jih ~snp) Micn jfjoi xkos os j bjxxnp gmp sqncojdosx dnfjd jhwocn oi xkn dofkx mgqjpxoc~djp copc~bsxjicns$ nsqncojddy js$ oi smbn cjsns$ apnwownh& cmqypofkx vmpls bjy `n jhboiosxnpnh `y jcmddncxoif smconxy jih xkni xkn apnjsmij`dn pmyjdxy mp mxknp pnb~inpjxomi& qpmwosomis hm imx jqqdy) Gmp xkmsninnhoif g~pxknp hnxjods mi xkos imv cmbqdn{ jpnj mg cmqypofkx dnfosdjxomi5

Xkn Cmqypofkx Hopncxmpjxn$ Xkn Qjxnix Mggocn0> Sm~xkjbqxmi @~odhoifs) DMIHMI VC0J dJ_+Xnd5 101 683; 8666/ Vn`soxn kxxq5--vvv)qjxnix)fmw)~l

mp

Hnsofi jih Jpxosxs Cmqypofkx Smconxy Dxh +HJCS/

Qjpckbnix Km~sn$ :3 Impxk`~pfk Sxpnnx$ DMIHMI NC:W 1EQ +Xnd5 101 6337 ;;::/

cji qpmwohn jhhoxomijd oigmpbjxomi) +Snn jdsm xkn aN{osxoif cmqons mg apnwownh& cmqypofkx qkmxmfpjqks& jih aDoboxnhcmbqjions jih djqsnh mpfjiosjxomis& oi xkn sncxomi mi aGpnz~nix qpm`dnbs& djxnp oi xkos q~`docjxomi)/

Xknsn jpn pofkxs vkock pnbjoi voxk xkn j~xkmp mg j qkmxmfpjqk$ oppnsqncxown mg vkjx kjqqnis xm xkn cmqypofkx) Xknyvnpn oixpmh~cnh `y xkn :?;; Jcx jih jqqdy xm jdd qkmxmfpjqks qpmxncxnh `y cmqypofkx) Xkny cjiimx `n jssofinh oixkn vjy cmqypofkx cji `n jssofinh) Mi xkn hnjxk mg smbnmin kmdhoif xkn bmpjd pofkxs vkock jpn n{qdjoinh oi xkngmddmvoif sncxomis$ xkn pofkxs qjss xm xkn qnpsmi xkn j~xkmp kjs imboijxnh oi xknop vodd) Og xknpn os im vodd$ mp xkn voddhmns imx bnixomi xkn s~èncx$ xkn pofkxs jpn nigmpcnj`dn `y xkn qnpsmi vkm oiknpoxs xkn cmqypofkx oi xknqkmxmfpjqks mp$ og xkn cmqypofkx hmns imx gmpb qjpx mg xkn nsxjxn$ xkn j~xkmp&s qnpsmijd pnqpnsnixjxowns) Xknpn jpnxkpnn `jsoc pofkxs gmp qkmxmfpjqknps jih j pofkx mg qpowjcy gmp cmbbossominps mg qkmxmfpjqks js gmddmvs5

Bmpjd Pofkxs

Xkos os xkn pofkx mg jdd qkmxmfpjqknps +jih mg jiymin ndsn$ gmp xkjx bjxxnp/ imx xm kjwn j vmpl gjdsndy jxxpo`~xnh xm

xknb) Ox os ji j~xmbjxoc pofkx$ hmns imx kjwn xm `n jssnpxnh oi vpoxoif jih jqqdons xm jdd qkmxmfpjqknps vknxknpnbqdmynh mp imx jih gmp vkjxnwnp q~pqmsn xkn vmpl vjs bjhn) îdoln xkn mxknp bmpjd pofkxs xkos min n{qopns 01ynjps jgxnp xkn hnjxk mg xkn qkmxmfpjqknp) Xkos os min mg xkn pnjsmis qkmxmfpjqknps skm~dh `n wnpy cjpng~d j`m~x`nz~nsxs) Xknop knops skm~dh `n xkmsn xkjx cji `n xp~sxnh xm qpmxncx xknop pofkxs) Xkn fmmh pnjsmis gmp bjloif jvodd jpn n{qdjoinh djxnp oi xkos q~`docjxomi jih skm~dh `n pnjh voxk cjpn)

Mèncxomi xm gjdsn jxxpo`~xomi

Xkos os j pofkx vkock `ndmifs xmxkn cdonix jih vjs hnwosnh xm qpmxncx xkn qpowjcy mg xkmsn vkm cmbbossominh xkn snpwocns mg j qkmxmfpjqknp xmpncmph vnhhoifs$ fpjh~jxomi qmpxpjoxs$ bmbnixm~s jih qnpsmijd gjbody fjxknpoifs jih bjy jdsm oicd~hn xknpncmphoif mg bnhocjd cmihoxomis) Xkn :?;; Jcx pnbmwnh cmqypofkx oi cmbbossominh vmpl gpmb xkn cmbbossominpjih kjihnh ox xm xkn qkmxmfpjqknp$ dnjwoif xkn cmbbossominp n{qmsnh xm qmsso`dn q~`docjxomi mg qpowjxnqkmxmfpjqks jih n{qdmoxjxomi `y ~iscp~q~dm~s qkmxmfpjqknps) Xkn qkmxmfpjqknp imv mvis xkn cmqypofkx `~xcjiimx q~`dosk$ n{koòx mp `pmjhcjsx xkn qkmxmfpjqks voxkm~x xkn qnpbossomi mg xkn cmbbossominp) Xknqkmxmfpjqknp bjy imx hosqdjy qpoixs oi j skmq voihmv mp ~sn xknb oi j qmpxgmdom jih cnpxjoidy cjiimx ~sn xknb gmpgoijicojd fjoi skm~dh xkn s~èncx mg xkn qkmxmfpjqks `ncmbn invsvmpxky) Xkos pofkx hmns imx jqqdy xm jiyqkmxmfpjqks xjlni `ngmpn J~f~sx : :?;?)

+snn aqpowjcy& oi xkn sncxomi mi aGpnz~nix qpm`dnbs& djxnp oi xkos q~`docjxomi/

Sjgnf~jphoif mg qpowjcy oi vmpl cmbbossominh gmp qpowjxn jih hmbnsxoc q~pqmsns

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Xkos pofkx jddmvs mèncxomi `y qkmxmfpjqknps mp xknop knops xm kjwoif xknop vmpl xpnjxnh oi j bjiinp vkock jbm~ixsxm hosxmpxomi mp b~xodjxomi mp os mxknpvosn hjbjfoif xm xknop akmim~p mp pnq~xjxomi&) S~ck hosxmpxomi mp b~xodjxomicm~dh oicd~hn bji~jd mp hofoxjd bjioq~djxomi$ cpmqqoif$ bjsloif$ cmdmposjxomi$ acmbqoif& +jssnb`dy oixm jcmbqmsoxn objfn/$ bmpqkoif$ pnxm~ckoif " jiyxkoif oi gjcx gpmb bmwoif ji oicmiwnionixdy qdjcnh Qypjboh xmhosxmpxoif xkn jijxmby mg j impbjddy nihmvnh bmhnd xm nis~pn xkjx skn dmmls doln nwnpy mxknp Qjfn 3 fopd) Og xknpns~dx os hjbjfoif xm xkn pnq~xjxomi mg xkn j~xkmp$ ji mèncxomi bjy `n dmhfnh) Xkos os ji j~xmbjxoc pofkx jih xknpnos im innh xm jssnpx ox oi mphnp xm jcz~opn xkn pofkx) Xkos pofkx os imx fninpjddy jwjodj`dn xm nbqdmynh qkmxmfpjqknpsn{cnqx oi qjpxoc~djp copc~bsxjicns) Imp hmns xkn pofkx xm mèncx jqqdy xm qkmxmfpjqks xjlni gmp pnqmpxoif c~ppnixnwnixs$ mp$ oi bmsx cjsns$ gmp q~`docjxomi oi invsqjqnps mp bjfjuoins mp gmp ~sn oi cmddncxown pngnpnicn vmpls s~ckjs nicycdmqjnhojs) Xkn pofkx hmns imx jqqdy xm ajiyxkoif hmin gmp xkn q~pqmsn mg jwmohoif xkn cmbbossomi mg ji

mggnicn&) Xkos cm~dh oicd~hn mggnicns ~ihnp qpmkoòxnh sn{~jd jcxowoxy$ oihncnicy$ m`scnioxy$ pjcn pndjxomis$ hjxj mpckodh qpmxncxomi$ e~hocojd qpmcnnhoifs$ mggocojd sncpncy$ q~`doc mphnp mp nbnpfnicy qmvnps dnfosdjxomi)

Mèncxomi xm hnpmfjxmpy xpnjxbnix mg j vmpl +oixnfpoxy pofkx/

Xkn cpnjxmp mg j qkmxmfpjqkoc objfn imv kjs vkjx kjs `nni cjddnh xkn aqjxnpioxy& pofkx xm kjwn j pnjsmij`dyqpmboinix cpnhox vkninwnp j vmpl os cmbbnpcojddy q~`dosknh$ n{koòxnh oi q~`doc$ `pmjhcjsx$ mp oicd~hnh oi j godbskmvi oi q~`doc mp oss~nh xm xkn q~`doc)

J~xkmpskoq jclimvdnhfnbnix +qjxnpioxy pofkx/

Xkos os imx ji j~xmbjxoc pofkx jih b~sx `n jssnpxnh oi vpoxoif)

Og xkn jssnpxomi os oicd~hnh oi j hmc~bnix jssofioif cmqypofkx xm smbnmin ndsn$ xkn pofkx cji `n nigmpcnh jfjoisxxkjx qnpsmi jih jiymin ndsn xm vkmb xkn cmqypofkx os s~`snz~nixdy jssofinh mp docnisnh) Og xkn jssnpxomi os oismbn mxknp hmc~bnix$ oi j dnxxnp gmp oisxjicn$ sofinh `y xkn j~xkmp$ xkn pofkx cji midy `n nigmpcnh jfjoisx xkmsnvkm kjwn `nni imxogonh) Qjqnpvmpl jih qkmxmfpjqks pjpndy sxjy xmfnxknp jih ox bjy `n hoggoc~dx xm jssnpx pofkxs ogqkmxmfpjqks jih hmc~bnixs jpn oi xkn kjihs mg smbnmin voxk im `pong xm lnnq xknb xmfnxknp) Vkni qkmxmfpjqksjpn q~`dosknh oi j `mml$ ox os jhwosj`dn xm kjwn j imxocn xkjx xknsn pofkxs kjwn `nni jssnpxnh `y xkn qkmxmfpjqknpjdmif voxk xkn mxknp cmqypofkx hnxjods sm fowoif qpmxncxomi xm xkn oixnpnsxs mg jdd cmicnpinh) Vknpn xknqkmxmfpjqknp os ohnixogonh mi qpoixs$ bm~ixs$ gpjbns mp jiyxkoif ndsn xm vkock qkmxmfpjqks jpn jxxjcknh$ xkn pofkx

xm j cpnhox vodd fninpjddy jqqdy vkninwnp qkmxmfpjqks jpn n{koòxnh oi q~`doc$ vknxknp mp imx xkn ohnixogocjxomi ossxodd qpnsnix mp woso`dn)

Xkn pofkx hmns imx fninpjddy jqqdy xm nbqdmynns gmp vmpl hmin oi xkn cm~psn mg xknop nbqdmybnix$ jdxkm~fk jfjoixknpn jpn n{cnqxomis xm xkos) Imp$ mhhdy nim~fk$ hmns ox jqqdy xm qkmxmfpjqks xjlni gmp xkn q~pqmsns mg pnqmpxoifc~ppnix nwnixs mp$ oi bmsx cjsns$ gmp q~`docjxomi oi invsqjqnps$ bjfjuoins mp qnpomhocjds$ mp oi cmddncxown pngnpnicnvmpls) Kmvnwnp$ ox kjs jdvjys `nni xkn fninpjd qpjcxocn$ mgxni qpmwohnh gmp `y cmixpjcx$ gmp jclimvdnhfnbnixs xm`n fowni oi nhoxmpojd cmixn{xs jih xkn qpjcxocn sxodd cmixoi~ns) Xkos vodd fninpjddy fown qkmxmfpjqknps cmixpjcx~jdpofkxs nwni og xkny kjwn im bmpjd pofkx xm j cpnhox) Bmsx q~`docjxomis jpn cmixnix xm cpnhox xknop cmixpo`~xoifqkmxmfpjqknps) Ox nis~pns j pnjhy s~qqdy mg bjxnpojd gpmb sm~pcns vkm bofkx `n pnd~cxjix xm cmmqnpjxn voxkm~x jqpoixnh jclimvdnhfnbnix jih s~ck jclimvdnhfnbnixs cji nikjicn xkn pnq~xjxomi mg xkn q~`docjxomi)

Jiymin jcxoif mi `nkjdg mg j qkmxmfpjqknp s~ck js ji jfnix$ qocx~pn do`pjpy$ jpckown mp b~sn~b$ skm~dh nis~pnxkjx xkn j~xkmp&s jssnpxomi mg aqjxnpioxy& pofkxs os imxogonh xm jdd qmxnixojd ~snps mg xkn qkmxmfpjqknp&s bjxnpojd) Xknqkmxmfpjqknp bofkx `n j`dn xm s~n gmp infdofnicn og xknpn vjs j gjod~pn xm xjln sxnqs xm fnx xkos pofkx m`snpwnh `y~snps)

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Xkos inv pofkx cjbn oixm nggncx mi Hncnb`np : :??7) Ox os j inv qpmqnpxy pofkx nz~owjdnix xm cmqypofkx vkock fownsqpmxncxomi gmp 0> ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp mg q~`docjxomi xm xkn oihowoh~jd mp dnfjd qnpsmi vkm q~`doskns jqkmxmfpjqk vkock kjs inwnp `nni qpnwom~sdy q~`dosknh$ vkmsn cmqypofkx kjs n{qopnh jih vkmsn cmqypofkx vjs imx

Cpmvi mp Qjpdojbnixjpy cmqypofkx) Xkn pofkx midy jqqdons og xkn q~`dosknp$ +mp jx dnjsx min mg xknb$ oi xkn cjsn mg j emoix q~`docjxomi/ os j ijxomijd mg ji NNJ sxjxn jih gopsx q~`docjxomi jdsm xjlns qdjcn voxkoi xkn NNJ) Xkn pofkx midycmbns oixm `noif og xkn mvinp mg xkn qkysocjd m`encx$ `n ox infjxown mp qpoix$ nxc$ jfpnns xm xkn q~`docjxomi) Xkn pofkxvmpls oi xkn sjbn vjy js impbjd cmqypofkx) Q~`docjxomi os hngoinh js oicd~hoif jiy cmbb~iocjxomi xm xkn q~`doc$imx bnpndy oss~oif cmqons xm xkn q~`doc)

Q~`docjxomi pofkx

Xkos os jimxknp inv pofkx nggncxown gpmb Eji~jpy : :??;$ cmbqjpj`dn xm cmqypofkx$ vkock os hnsofinh xm qpmxncxoiwnsxbnix oi xkn sndncxomi$ cmddncxomi jih jssnb`dy mg xkn cmixnixs mg j hjxj`jsn vkock bjy `n oi ndncxpmioc mpbji~jd gmpb) Xkn pofkx$ vkock `ndmifs oi xkn gopsx oisxjicn xm xkn bjlnp mg xkn hjxj`jsn$ os oixnihnh xm qpmxncxjfjoisx s~`sxjixojd n{xpjcxomi mp pn~xodosjxomi mg hjxj jih fowns qpmxncxomi gmp :> ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oivkock xkn hjxj`jsn os bjhn) Xkos pofkx os oi jhhoxomi xm jiy cmqypofkx oi xkn cmixnixs mg xkn hjxj`jsn js ji mpofoijdvmpl jih os oixnihnh xm qpmxncx asvnjx mg xkn `pmv& ~ihnpxjloifs mg avmpls$ hjxj mp mxknp bjxnpojd& vkock jpnajppjifnh oi j sysxnbjxoc mp bnxkmhocjd vjy& doln cmbqodjxomis mg xkn vmpls mg qjpxoc~djp qkmxmfpjqknps mpfjiosnh`y sxydosxoc gnjx~pns mp xmqoc< ndncxpmioc cjxjdmf~ns mg m~x mg cmqypofkx qkmxmfpjqky$ nxc) Z~oxn kmv xkos pofkx voddvmpl oi qpjcxocn pnbjois xm `n snni) Js voxk cmqypofkx$ hjxj`jsn pofkx os s~`encx xm fninpjd jih imi" cmbbnpcojd

nh~cjxomijd jih pnsnjpck cmqyoif n{cnqxomis jih gjop hnjdoif mp agjop qpjcxocn&) Xkn pofkx midy jposns og xkn bjlnp mgxkn hjxj`jsn os j qnpsmi$ pnjd mp adnfjd& vkm sjxosgons NNJ ijxomijdoxy pnz~opnbnixs)mixnix

Hjxj`jsn pofkx

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Oigpoifnbnixs

Xkn p~dn mg djv sjys aOfimpjicn mg xkn djv os im n{c~sn gmp gjod~pn xm m`ny&) Oigpoifnbnix mg xkn cowod djv bjy xjlnqdjcn oi bjiy vjys on5 Cmqyoif mp pnqdocjxomi$ `pmjhcjsxoif$ gjdsn jxxpo`~xomi$ `pnjck mg qpowjcy$ hnpmfjxmpyxpnjxbnix$ mbossomi mg cpnhoxs vknpn xkn pofkx kjs `nni jssnpxnh) Jhhoxomijddy$ ox cji `n j cpoboijd mggnicn xmqmssnss ji oigpoifoif oxnb oi xkn cm~psn mg `~soinss mp xm qmssnss xkn bnjis xm bjln ji oigpoifoif oxnb mp xknjqqjpjx~s xm skmv mp pncnown ji oigpoifoif oxnb) Ox cji `n ji mggnicn xm cmqy j sdohn mp xpjisqjpnicy cmbbnpcojddymi xkn fpm~ihs xkjx ox vm~dh `n cmiwnionix xm hm sm jih vodd qpnwnix xkn innh xm cmixjcx xkn qkmxmfpjqknp nwnpyxobn xkn qkmxmfpjqk os pnz~opnh) Ofimpjicn mg xkn djv os im hngnicn xm j cpoboijd qpmsnc~xomi og xkn oigpoifoif qjpxy

kjs pnjsmi xm `ndonwn ji oigpoifnbnix os xjloif qdjcn) Ji nbqdmynn cjiimx `n n{qncxnh mp pnz~opnh `y ji nbqdmynpxm cmbbox ji oddnfjd jcx$ `~x nz~jddy ji nbqdmynn$ mp jiymin ndsn$ gmp xkjx bjxxnp vkm pnf~djpdy hnjds voxk cmqypofkxbjxnpojd skm~dh `n jvjpn mg xkn djv gmp xknbsndwns soicn xkny cji `n kndh qnpsmijddy jccm~ixj`dn gmp xknop jcxomis


27/37

Gpnz~nix qpm`dnbs

Oi xkos sncxomi vn kjwn xponh xm hnjd voxk smbn mg xkn bmpn gpnz~nix z~nsxomis jslnh mg @QDC bnb`nps)

Mvoif xm xkn n{cnssns mg cnpxjoi sncxomis mg xkn bnhoj jih xkn ~iscp~q~dm~s `nkjwom~p mg j gnv qkmxmfpjqknps jihmxknps voxk ji nyn gmp xkn bjoi ckjicn$ qpowjcy kjs `ncmbn jih pnbjois j kmx qmxjxm)

Qpowjcy

Ox jqqnjps dolndy xkjx nwnix~jddy fpnjxnp pnsxpocxomis vodd `n qdjcnh mi vkjx cji jih vkjx cjiimx `n qkmxmfpjqknh)+Xkn pofkx xm qpowjcy oi vmpl cmbbossominh gmp qpowjxn jih hmbnsxoc q~pqmsns os hosc~ssnh j`mwn oi xkn sncxomi mibmpjd pofkxs)/ Jx qpnsnix$ xkn pnsxpocxomis jpn fninpjddy bmpjd mins) Xknpn os im sqncogoc dnfosdjxomi oi xkn ^L xm

qpnwnix qkmxmfpjqknps gpmb xjloif qocx~pns vkock oigpoifn qpowjcy) Xkn pnsxpocxomis don oi xkn ~sn mg xkn qocx~pnsjih nwni xkni$ xknpn jpn xkmsn vkm vodd q~`dosk jih `n hjbinh `ncj~sn xkn n{xpj sjdns fninpjxnh bjy `n vmpxk oxgoijicojddy jih xkn ckjicns mg fnxxoif jiyxkoif vmpsn xkji j sdjqqnh vposx jpn ~idolndy) Xkn djv mg cmigohnicn cjismbnxobns `n j qmvnpg~d vnjqmi$ `~x midy oi pnsxpocxnh jih imin xmm cdnjpdy hngoinh copc~bsxjicns) Oi xkn ^L$qkmxmfpjqks mg qnmqdn xjlni oi xkn sxpnnx mp oi j q~`doc qdjcn jpn imx pnsxpocxnh `y cmqypofkx djv js xm ~sn)Kmvnwnp$ s~ck qocx~pns cm~dh `n s~èncx xm xkn djvs mg do`nd) Ox os jhwosj`dn xm nsxj`dosk kmv qocx~pns doln xknsn vodd`n ~snh og s~qqdyoif gpmb sxmcl mp mi j cmbbossominh `jsos) Og j cdonix oixnihs xm s~ffnsx xkjx j qnpcnixjfn mg jcpmvh s~ggnp gpmb j hnòdoxjxoif hosnjsn$ kjwn ~iijx~pjd kjòxs mp jpn sobqdy howmpcnh jih xkn cpmvh os qnmqdnh voxkpncmfiosj`dn gjcns$ xkny cm~dh pjosn j wnpy n{qnisown mèncxomi) Vkjx os j cpmvh) Dmihmi @pohfn jx ? m&cdmcl oi xknbmpioif os j cpmvh) Sm os j pmmb g~dd mg qnmqdn mp xkn sxjpx mg xkn Dmihmi Bjpjxkmi) Smbn cdjob xkjx j cpmvh osbmpn xkji kjdg j hmuni qnmqdn$ smbn xkjx xkn gof~pn skm~dh `n xvndwn jih mxknps xkjx j cpmvh kjs xm `n k~ihpnhs) Oxos cdnjpdy obqmsso`dn xm s~qqdy j bmhnd pndnjsn oi s~ck copc~bsxjicns `~x ox os obqmpxjix xm pnjdosn xkjx mèncxomiscm~dh `n pjosnh jih cjpn skm~dh `n xjlni vkni s~qqdyoif s~ck qocx~pns$ qjpxoc~djpdy gmp jhwnpxosoif jihqpmbmxomijd q~pqmsns) Xknpn os im ^L nz~owjdnix xm xkn Jbnpocji pofkxs mg qpowjcy jih q~`docoxy$ vkock pnsxpocxn{qdmoxjxomi mg ji oihowoh~jd&s dolninss gmp cmbbnpcojd q~pqmsns) Kmvnwnp$ gjbm~s qnmqdn jih mxknps bjy imx xjlnloihdy xm s~ck ~sns jih mgxni xjln dnfjd jcxomi jfjoisx jiymin vkm xpons ox) Qkmxmfpjqknps jpn `m~ih `y djv xm

m`snpwn cnpxjoi p~dns pndjxoif xm `pnjckns mg xp~sx mp cmigohnicn vkni qkmxmfpjqkoif qnmqdn$ nsqncojddy ckodhpni)

Qkmxmfpjqks mg `~odhoifs xjlni gpmb xkn sxpnnx mp j q~`doc qdjcn jpn impbjddy dnfjd `~x `nvjpn mg ~soif s~ckqkmxmfpjqks gmp jhwnpxosoif mp qpmbmxomijd q~pqmsns$ mp gmp jiyxkoif vkock cm~dh `n cmisxp~nh js hnpmfjxmpy$voxkm~x snnloif cmisnix gpmb smbnmin voxk xkn j~xkmpoxy xm fpjix ox) Ox&s jsloif gmp xpm~`dn og gmp oisxjicn$ qocx~pnsjpn s~qqdonh mg j xkjxcknh cmxxjfn gmp ji ois~pjicn qpmbmxomi jih xkn mvinp mg xkn cmxxjfn kjs `nni x~pinh hmvi`y xkn sjbn ois~pjicn cmbqjiy) Xkn Jhwnpxosoif Sxjihjphs J~xkmpoxy oi xkn ^L$ jih imv xkn Qpnss CmbqdjoixsCmbbossomi$ oicpnjsoifdy xnih xm hnjd voxk oihowoh~jd qpowjcy oss~ns gjp bmpn sxpoifnixdy xkji hmns xkn djv)

Qkmxmfpjqks mg `~odhoifs$ jih mg sc~dqx~pns$ bmhnds gmp `~odhoifs mp vmpls mg jpxosxoc cpjgxsbjiskoq qnpbjinixdysox~jxnh oi j q~`doc qdjcn mp qpnbosns mqni xm xkn q~`doc$ hm imx

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oigpoifn cmqypofkx$ `~x `nvjpn mg ~soif xknb gmp jhwnpxosoif mp qpmbmxomijd q~pqmsns voxkm~x cmisnix) Ox cm~dhoiwmdwn `pnjck mg cmixpjcx og qkmxmfpjqky os sqncogocjddy qpmkoòxnh)

Ox os jhwosj`dn xm m`xjoi vpoxxni qnpbossomi vkninwnp xjloif qkmxmfpjqks mg qnmqdn$ vknxknp qpmgnssomijd bmhnds mpimx) Cnpxjoidy$ mi j cmbbnpcojd skmmx$ ox vm~dh `n j`s~ph xm gmpfnx xkos nssnixojd hmc~bnix vkock vodd nij`dn xknpofkxs mvinp xm bjln ~sn mg xkn bjxnpojd gmp xkn jfpnnh q~pqmsns) Oi jhwnpxosoif$ j bmhnd pndnjsn b~sx `n jwjodj`dnjih bjiy qocx~pn do`pjpons jih jfnicons vodd png~sn xm jccnqx sxmcl voxkm~x jhnz~jxn pndnjsns) S~oxj`dn BmhndPndnjsn gmpbs cji `n m`xjoinh gpmb smbn @QDC bnb`nps)

Bmhnd Pndnjsns

Xknpn os mgxni bmpn xkji min cmqypofkx oiwmdwnh oi j qkmxmfpjqk) Pnxm~ckoif xkjx s~`sxjixojddy ckjifns pjxknpxkji nikjicns xkn qkmxmfpjqk$ òxs mg hoggnpnix cmqypofkx qkmxmfpjqks oi j cmddjfn$ qjcl skmxs voxk j cmqypofkxdmfm nxc$ jdd cm~dh kjwn e~sxogoj`dn cmqypofkx cdjobs) Jiymin bjloif ~sn mg s~ck ji objfn b~sx nis~pn xkjxcdnjpjicn os m`xjoinh gpmb xknsn mxknp cmqypofkx mvinps gmp xkn oioxojd jih jdd g~pxknp ~sns mg xkn goiosknh qpmh~cx)

B~dxoqdn cmqypofkxs oi xkn sjbn jpxosxoc vmpl

Xkos os ji jsqncx mg xkn djv vkock os skpm~hnh oi gmf jih kjs jdd xkn bjloifs mg j djvynps `ningox js xknpn jpn bjiyhoggnpnix wonvs mi xkn oss~ns oiwmdwnh$ sm `nvjpn* Og j cdonix kjs nbqdmynh j pnxm~cknp xm vmpl$ voxk xkn cmisnix mgxkn cmqypofkx mvinp$ mi j qpoix$ h~qdocjxn xpjisqjpnicy mp cmqy infjxown xkjx xkny xknbsndwns kjwn kjh bjhn jihxkn pnxm~ckoif kjs s~ggoconixdy ckjifnh xkn mpofoijd sm xkjx ox os s~`sxjixojddy j inv vmpl$ xknpn os h~jd cmqypofkx oixkn pnxm~cknh cmqy jih xkn cdonix kjs xkn pofkx xm pnxjoi ox) Cmqypofkx oi xkn mpofoijd vmpl os imx jggncxnh `y xknn{osxnicn mg j inv cmqypofkx oi xkn pnxm~cknh wnpsomi) Pnxm~ckoif j cmqypofkx vmpl voxkm~x qnpbossomi os jioigpoifnbnix jih bjy jdsm `pnjck bmpjd pofkxs) Og pnxm~ckoif kjs `nni hmin voxk cmisnix mi ji mpofoijdxpjisqjpnicy$ infjxown mp qpoix$ xknsn oxnbs pnbjoi xkn qpmqnpxy mg xkn mpofoijd pofkxs mvinp vkm kjs xkn pofkx xmpnxjoi xknb$ jdxkm~fk xknpn os jfjoi h~jd cmqypofkx oi xkn goijd objfn jih xkn qnpbossomi mg xkn cdonix jih xknpnxm~cknp b~sx `n sm~fkx `ngmpn bjloif cmbbnpcojd ~sn mg xkn pns~dxs) Og xkn pnxm~ckoif vjs hmin voxkm~x xkn

cmisnix mg xkn cmqypofkx mvinp$ kn mp skn vodd kjwn xkn pofkx xm cdjob gmp hjbjfn xm xkn mpofoijd jih xknpn bjy `nbmpjd pofkxs obqdocjxomis) Pnxm~ckoif ji m~x"mg"cmqypofkx qkmxmfpjqk$ jfjoi xm j s~ggoconix hnfpnn sm xkjx ox os jhoggnpnix objfn$ cpnjxns j inv cmqypofkx oi xkn cmbòinh vmpl `~x hmns imx jggncx mxknp qpoixs mg xkn mpofoijd)Cmqypofkx oi xkn inv objfn xkni djsxs gmp 61 ynjps gpmb xkn nih mg xkn ynjp oi vkock xkn pnxm~cknp hons) N{jcxdy xknsjbn qpoicoqdns jqqdy xm hofoxjd mp ndncxpmioc cmqons)

Pnxm~ckoif

Voxk xkn ckjifn oi xkn djv bjiy mpfjiosjxomis$ `~soinssns jih nh~cjxomijd oisxox~xomis jpn imv xjloif xkn xpjcoifjih cpnhoxoif mg cmqypofkx mvinpskoq jih j~xkmpskoq oi qkmxmfpjqky j fpnjx hnjd bmpn snpom~sdy xkji xkny kjwnnwnp hmin oi xkn qjsx) Kmvnwnp$ `ncj~sn mg xkn xobn$ n{qnisn jih ~icnpxjoixy oiwmdwnh cmqypofkx cdnjpjicnpnz~nsxs snix xm j djsx limvi jhhpnss mp cjpn mg ji mpfjiosjxomi xkjx bofkx `n j`dn xm ohnixogy xkn cmqypofkx mvinpjpn mgxni qkpjsnh oi s~ck j vjy xkjx$ og im pnqdy os pncnownh voxkoi j fowni xobn$ ox vodd `n jss~bnh xkjx cmisnix xmxkn pnz~nsx kjs `nni fpjixnh jih cmqyoif gmp xkn sxjxnh q~pqmsn vodd xjln qdjcn pnfjphdnss) Og xkn pnz~nsx ospnjsmij`dn$ sxjxns xkn doboxs mg ~sn jih mggnps cpnhoxs jih pnb~inpjxomi$ jdd vndd jih fmmh) Og ox hmns imx xkn @QDCjhwosns xkjx ji

Cmqyoif `y obqdonh cmisnix

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~dxobjx~b mg xkos loih skm~dh `n pnencxnh oi n{jcxdy xkn sjbn vjy js j hnbjih gmp j g~dd jssofibnix mg cmqypofkxjih gmp xkn sjbn pnjsmis) Vknxknp jccnqxoif mp pnencxoif$ j pnsqmisn os jdvjys jhwosj`dn `ncj~sn og xkn vmpl os~snh oi j vjy vkock os imx jccnqxj`dn mp os imx oi jccmphjicn voxk xkn mggnp$ jxxnbqxs xm fjoi pnhpnss bjy `nqpne~hocnh `y xkn ~snp cdjoboif xkjx im pnsqmisn obqdonh g~dd cmisnix xm xknop jcxomis$ vkock os j hoggoc~dx jihn{qnisown jpf~bnix xm png~xn$ nsqncojddy og djvynps `ncmbn oiwmdwnh)

Og j qkmxmfpjqk os oss~nh jx smbn xobn voxk im oixnixomi xm ckjpfn gmp oxs pnqpmh~cxomi$ s~ck js gmp q~`doc pndjxomismp pndjxnh q~pqmsns$ xknpn bjy `n ji obqdonh cmisnix gmp xkn pncoqonix xm cmqy xkos jih xm ~sn ox js mgxni js xknyvosk voxkm~x cmis~dxoif xkn cmqypofkx mvinp g~pxknp js dmif js xkn ~sjfn os cdnjpdy voxkoi xkn mpofoijd q~pqmsns)Pnqpmh~cxomi mp sjdn mg s~ck qkmxmfpjqks gmp fjoi oi cmixn{xs imx mpofoijddy niwosjfnh `y xkn oss~np bjy `nm~xsohn xkos obqdonh cmisnix jih xkn cmqypofkx mvinp bjy kjwn xm `n cmis~dxnh oi xkn impbjd vjy `ngmpn jiypnqpmh~cxomi xjlns qdjcn)

Cmqypofkx mvinps mg xkos loih mg bjxnpojd vkm vosk xm pnxjoi cmixpmd mwnp ~sjfn m~xsohn mg xkjx oioxojddy oixnihnh jpnjhwosnh xm bjpl ox agpnn mg gnn&$ `pongdy hnscpoòif xkn cmihoxomis ~ihnp vkock xkos jqqdons jih qpmkoòx cmqyoif jgxnpj cnpxjoi hjxn voxkm~x qpomp cmisnix) Micn jfjoi$ og j cpnhox os pnz~opnh vkninwnp s~ck j qkmxmfpjqk os pnqpmh~cnhxkos b~sx `n sxjxnh jih qpngnpj`dy mi xkn qpoix$ xpjisqjpnicy bm~ix mp jdmifsohn j hofoxjd objfn$ nxc)

M`wom~sdy qkmxmfpjqks xkjx jpn s~èncx xm xkn inv apnwownh& cmqypofkx qpmwosomis vknxknp q~`dosknh mp~iq~`dosknh kjwn `nni dnfoxoop dnfoxobjxndy cmqonh jih cmddncxnh nwnp soicn xkny nixnpnh q~`doc hmbjoi) Nwnijdxkm~fk xknsn jpn imv `jcl oi cmqypofkx s~ck cmqons cji sxodd `n ~snh voxkoi xkn NNJ voxkm~x xkn cmisnix mg xknpofkxs mvinp mp xkn innh xm snpwn imxocn mg aoixnix xm ~sn& qpmwohnh ox cji `n skmvi xkn cmqons vnpn oi n{osxnicn$ mpxkjx jppjifnbnixs kjh `nni bjhn xm oss~n cmqons xm xkn q~`doc$ qpomp xm Eji~jpy : :??7)

N{osxoif cmqons mg apnwownh& cmqypofkx qkmxmfpjqks

Xkn N^ kjpbmiosjxomi bnjs~pns cpnjxoif apnwownh& cmqypofkx fown xkn qpm`dnb mg xpjcoif mvinpskoq mg xkn invpofkxs oi mphnp$ jx xkn wnpy dnjsx$ xm snpwn xkn imxocn mg aoixnix xm ~sn&< j xjsl vkock os qjpxoc~djpdy cmbqdocjxnh gmp

~iq~`dosknh qkmxmfpjqks mg ~icnpxjoi hjxn oi xkos cjxnfmpy `ncj~sn sm bjiy mg xknb vnpn pm~xoindy xjlni `y~iohnixogonh qkmxmfpjqknps jih xkn pofkxs vnpn mvinh `y cmbqjions jih mpfjiosjxomis xkjx kjwn cnjsnh xm xpjhn mp`nni vm~ih ~q dmif jfm) Xknpn os im sobqdn jisvnp xm xkos qpm`dnb) Xkn mqxomis jpn xm bjln pm~xoin ckncls voxkxkn Jpckowns Sncxomi mg xkn ^L Cmbqjions Km~sn jih jdsm xkn Q~`doc Pncmph Mggocn$ mp voxk xkn pnsm~pcns mg@poxosk Do`pjpy xm skmv xkjx j ^L `jsnh cmbqjiy mp mpfjiosjxomi pnjddy os hng~icx jih xkjx xknpn jqqnjps xm `nim`mhy xm cdjob xkn pofkxs) Niz~opy mg Xkn Cmqypofkx Mggocn jx Knp Bjensxy&s Sxjxominpy Mggocn mp xkn Xpnjs~pySmdocoxmps bjy jdsm `n jhwosj`dn) J pncmph lnqx mg xkos loih mg niz~opy os woxjd oi cjsn smbnmin s~`snz~nixdycmbns gmpvjph xm cdjob xkn pofkxs jih xkn oss~n os obqmpxjix nim~fk xm jpf~n `ngmpn j cm~px) Jdsm$ jdvjyspnbnb`np vkni ox os pnjsmij`dn xm jss~bn xkn j~xkmp mg j qkmxmfpjqk honh 61 mp bmpn cjdnihjp ynjps jfm jih aoxos imx qmsso`dn `y pnjsmij`dn niz~opy xm jscnpxjoi xkn ohnixoxy mg xkn j~xkmp& xkjx cmqypofkx n{qopy cji `n jss~bnh)Bmsx qkmxmfpjqks cjppy oiknpnix cd~ns js xm xknop qpm`j`dn hjxn mg n{qms~pn sm j doxxdn òx mg cmbbmisnisn oi xknoixnpqpnxjxomi mg xkn objfn bjy sjwn ji jvg~d dmx mg xpm~`dn*

Doboxnh cmbqjions jih djqsnh mpfjiosjxomis

Xknpn jpn ~s~jddy sxpoifnix pnsxpocxomis mi qkmxmfpjqky oi xknjxpns$ j~hoxmpoj jih cmicnpx kjdds$ nxc) Xkn pofkxs mgxkn qnpgmpbnps cm~dh `n oigpoifnh `y godboif mp bjloif j wohnm mg s~`sxjixojd qjpxs mg j qnpgmpbjicn) Xkn cmqypofkx

oi sxodd qkmxmfpjqky xjlni jx s~ck wni~ns

Vkjx cji&x `n hmin

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vodd `ndmif xm xkn qkmxmfpjqknp$ mp xknop nbqdmynp$ vkjxnwnp xkn pnsxpocxomis `~x cmbbnpcojd ~sn vodd `n oi `pnjck mgcmixpjcx) Xkn cmixpjcx cm~dh `n xkn xnpbs jih cmihoxomis qpoixnh mi xkn `jcl mg xkn xoclnx mp j hmc~bnix vkockqkmxmfpjqknps bofkx `n pnz~opnh xm sofi `ngmpn xkny jpn jddmvnh mi xkn qpnbosns) Ox cm~dh jdsm `n qjpx mg ji jii~jdbnb`npskoq s~`scpoqxomi) Pnbnb`np jdsm xkjx s~ppnqxoxom~s nixpy xm ji nwnix mp j qpmqnpxy cm~dh n{qmsn xknoixp~hnp xm ji jcxomi gmp xpnsqjss jih xkjx$ jdxkm~fk cmqypofkx oi jiy qkmxmfpjqks xjlni vm~dh `ndmif xm xknqkmxmfpjqknp vkm xmml xknb$ kmvnwnp nixpy vjs jckonwnh$ bjloif jiy cmbbnpcojd ~sn mg xkn pns~dxs bofkx imx `ndjvg~d) Qkmxmfpjqkoif mp cmqyoif oihowoh~jd gpjbns gpmb j godb oigpoifns xkn cmqypofkx oi xkn godb) J xndnwosomi`pmjhcjsx cji `n qkmxmfpjqknh `~x midy gmp qpowjxn jih hmbnsxoc q~pqmsns)

Ox os qnpboxxnh xm pngnp xm j cmqypofkx vmpl gmp jpxosx&s pngnpnicn$ sm dmif js xkn goijd vmpl hmns imx pnqpmh~cn ajiys~`sxjixojd qjpx& mg xkn mpofoijd) Og xkn pns~dx os pncmfiosj`dn js kjwoif `nni hnpownh gpmb xkn mpofoijd sm~pcn$ xknsncmih vmpl bjy `n doj`dn gmp j gnn mp hjbjfns vkock cm~dh `n s~`sxjixojd$ jccmphoif xm vkjx ~sn kjs `nni bjhnmg xkn hnpowjxown vmpl)

Vkjx cmisxox~xns ajiy s~`sxjixojd qjpx& kjs imx `nni cdnjpdy hngoinh) Xknpn kjwn `nni cm~ixdnss dnfjd hncosomismi oihowoh~jd cjsns$ `~x jdxkm~fk smbn fninpjd qpoicoqdns kjwn `nni djoh hmvi$ xknpn os mgxni pmmb gmp jpf~bnix)Xkn M{gmph Nifdosk Hocxomijpy$ oi jbmifsx j bjss mg m`sc~pn pngnpnicns xm Bohhdn Nifdosk$ dosxs min cdnjphngoioxomi) aMg jbqdn mp cmisohnpj`dn jbm~ix$ z~jixoxy$ mp hobnisomis&) Xkn @QDC jpn oihn`xnh xm Fnmggpny Jhjbsgmp kos oixnddofnix jih voxxy hngoioxomi5 "Njck oisxjicn b~sx `n n{jboinh oi xkn dofkx mg xkn qjpxoc~djp copc~bsxjicns`~x xkn cm~pxs kjwn bjhn ox cdnjp xkjx ox&s xkn z~jdoxy mg xkn n{xpjcx xkjx cm~ixs$ imx xkn z~jixoxy) J pndjxowndy sbjddn{xpjcx cm~dh `n pnfjphnh js s~`sxjixojd og ox n{qpnssnh xkn nssnicn mg xkn vkmdn qkmxmfpjqk) Xk~s xkn doqs mgBjpodyi Bmipmn n{xpjcxnh gpmb j knjh xm xmn qkmxmfpjqk cmisxox~xn aj s~`sxjixojd jbm~ix&)"

Ox os oddnfjd xm xjln qkmxmfpjqks oi jiy cm~px mg djv nwnpyvknpn oi xkn ^L$ n{cnqx Scmxdjih) Nwni xknpn$ ox bjy `nhmin midy voxk xkn qnpbossomi mg xkn cm~px j~xkmpoxons jih s~ck qnpbossomi kjs inwnp `nni fowni* Pnbnb`np jdsmxkjx j cm~px mg djv os j qpmcnss imx e~sx j qdjcn$ sm xkn qpmko`oxomi jqqdons vkni j e~hfn jih e~py fm m~x xm oisqncxmp wonv smbnxkoif oi cmiincxomi voxk j cjsn `noif xponh) Jiy qkmxmfpjqks xkjx kjwn nwnp jqqnjpnh$ mxknp xkjimccjsomijd qocx~pns mg xkn b~phnpnp Cpoqqni oi xkn hmcl vkock vnpn xjlni oi xkn :?01s `ngmpn xkn djv ckjifnh$ jpnsnx~q qocx~pns xjlni h~poif xpjoioif snssomis gmp cm~px mggocojds jih xkn doln mp oddnfjd* +Ox os jdsm$ oicohnixjddy$oddnfjd xm hpjv oi cm~px jih xkmsn cm~px hpjvoifs vkock jqqnjp mi xndnwosomi jpn qpmh~cnh `y j wnpy sbjdd fpm~q mgjpxosxs vkm jpn m`dofnh xm vmpl gpmb bnbmpy oi xkn cmppohmps m~xsohn xkn cm~pxpmmbs)/ Ox os jdsm gmp`ohhni xm xjlnqkmxmfpjqks oi xkn Km~sns mg Qjpdojbnix voxkm~x qnpbossomi gpmb xkn j~xkmpoxons xknpn) Xknpn jpn bjiy mxknppnsxpocxomis xmm gpmb qmsx mggocns xm qmdocn sxjxomis$ qposmis jih mxknp fmwnpibnix `~odhoifs$ nsqncojddy xkmsnpndjxnh xm xkn hngnicn mg xkn ^L) Qkmxmfpjqky oi kmsqoxjds mp sckmmds os imx impbjddy jddmvnh n{cnqx voxkqnpbossomi gpmb xkn j~xkmpoxons pnsqmiso`dn gmp p~iioif xknsn qdjcns)

@jil imxns$ cmois jih qmsxjfn sxjbqs jpn imx midy qpmxncxnh `y cmqypofkx$ xkny jdsm kjwn xknop mvi sqncojd djvsjih pnf~djxomis pndjxoif xm qpmxncxomi gpmb gpj~h mp gmpfnpy js hm s~ck xkoifs js xkn Pmyjd Jpbs jih Oisofioj$ nxc)Gmp f~ohjicn mi xknsn$ xkn cmixjcx qmoixs jpn5

Qpoicoqjd$ Oss~n Mggocn$ @jil mg Nifdjih$ DMIHMI NC0P ;JK +Xnd5 101 671: 810;/@jil imxns

Hn`x jih Pnsnpwns Bjijfnbnix Xnjb$ KB Xpnjs~py$ Qjpdojbnix Sxpnnx$ DMIHMI SVoQ 3JF+Xnd5 101 6061 :;30/Cmoijfn

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Pnbnb`np jdsm xkjx xyqngjcns jih xyqmfpjqkocjd jppjifnbnix +on$ xkn hnsofi$ djym~x jihxyqngjcn mg j qjfn/ jpn qpmxncxnh `y cmqypofkx jih xkjx vkodsx ~sn mg j xyqngjcn oi xknmphoijpy cm~psn mg xyqoif$ qpoixoif$ nxc$ os imx ji oigpoifnbnix mg cmqypofkx$ pnqpmh~coif j

qkmxmfpjqk mg j gmix$ mp j axyqmfpjqkocjd jppjifnbnix& voxkm~x xkn cmisnix mg xkncmqypofkx mvinp os$ ~idnss s~ck ~sn os oi xkn cmixn{x mg agjop hnjdoif& mp agjop qpjcxocn&)

Bjijfnp mg Sqncojd Sxjbqs$ Pmyjd Bjod$ Pmyjd Dmihmi Km~sn$ 00"0> Gois`~py Sz~jpn$DMIHMI NC0J OID +Xnd5 101 67:8 61:3/Qmsxjfn sxjbqs

G~pxknp f~ohjicn mi xkn pnqpmh~cxomi mg qmsxjfn sxjbqs jih `jil imxns fninpjddy bjy jdsm `n m`xjoinh gpmb5

Xkn @poxosk Do`pjpy$ Qkodjxndoc Cmddncxomis$ Fpnjx P~ssndd Sxpnnx$ DMIHMI VC:@ 3HF +Xnd5 101 68:0673>/

Gmp f~ohjicn mi pnqpmh~cxomi mg Pmyjd Jpbs jih Oisofioj cmixjcx5 Dmph Ckjb`npdjoi&s Mggocn$ @~cloifkjb Qjdjcn$DMIHMI SVoJ :JJ +Xnd5 101 6?31 8;30/

Bjqs jih ckjpxs oi vkjxnwnp gmpb jpn$ mg cm~psn$ jdsm qpmxncxnh `y cmqypofkx) Oi xkn ^L s~ck oxnbs$ vknpnqpmh~cnh mi mggocojd j~xkmpoxy kjwn xknop cmqypofkx jhboiosxnpnh `y xkn Mphijicn S~pwny$ @poxosk FnmdmfocjdS~pwny$ xkn Cowod Jwojxomi J~xkmpoxy mp xkn îoxnh Loifhmb Kyhpmfpjqkoc Mggocn) Gmp f~ohjicn mi xknsn oxnbs$ xkncmixjcx qmoixs jpn5

Bjqqoif

Cmqypofkx @pjick$ Mphijicn S~pwny$Pmbsny Pmjh$ Bjy`~sk$ SM^XKJBQXMI S1:7 8F^ +Xnd5 103 ;1 6?0006-7/

Cmqypofkx @pjick$ Mphijicn S~pwny mg Impxknpi OpndjihCmd`y Km~sn$ Sxpjibodds Cm~px$ @NDGJSX @X? >@E +Xnd5 10;?1 0>>6>>/

@poxosk Fnmdmfocjd S~pwny Loifsdny H~ikjb Cnixpn$Lnyvmpxk$ IMXXOIFKJB IF:0 >FF +Xnd5 1::> ?37 3:11/

Ckjpxoif Knjh mg Jnpmij~xocjd Ckjpxs jih Fpjqkoc Jpxs Sncxomi$ Cowod Jwojxomi J~xkmpoxy$CJJ Km~sn$ 8>">? Loifsvjy$ DMIHMI VC0@ 7XN +Xnd5 101 6;30 >>73->>77/

Cmqypofkx Sncxomi$ Xkn îoxnh Loifhmb Kyhpmfpjqkoc Mggocn$XJÎXMI XJd 0HI +Xnd5 1:;03 336?11 n{x 808;-38>8-3788-8:?8/

Gmp f~ohjicn mi Cpmvi cmqypofkx bjxxnps fninpjddy cmixjcx5

Xkn Cmqypofkx Mggocn$ Knp Bjensxy&s Sxjxominpy Mggocn$ Sx Cdnbnixs Km~sn$ 0":7 Cmdnfjxn$ IMPVOCKIP3 :@Z +Xnd5 1:713 70: 1111/

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Bjloif j vodd

_m~ hm imx innh j djvynp xm bjln j vodd cmwnpoif sobqdn innhs) Nwni j hjxnh scpjq mg sofinh qjqnp voxk `jsoc

oisxp~cxomis jih xkn sofijx~pns mg voxinssns voxk jhhpnssns cm~dh nis~pn xkjx qpmqnpxy os hosxpo`~xnh js vosknh)@~x j qpmgnssomijddy vpoxxni vodd$ pnf~djpdy ~qhjxnh xm xjln oixm cmisohnpjxomi ckjifns oi copc~bsxjicns jih oi xkndjv$ os oigoioxndy qpngnpj`dn)

J qkmxmfpjqknp kjs jssnxs mxknp xkji j km~sn jih fmmhs jih ckjxxnds) Cmqypofkx os ji oixnddncx~jd qpmqnpxy jihcji `n `nz~njxknh oi xkn sjbn vjy js jiyxkoif ndsn) Qkmxmfpjqknps cji ckmmsn vkm xkny vjix xm n{npcosn xknopbmpjd pofkxs jgxnp xknop hnjxk) Qkmxmfpjqknps skm~dh nis~pn xkjx vkni ox cmbns xm hpjvoif ~q j vodd$ j smdocoxmp os~snh vkm os qpmgnssomijddy jvjpn mg xkn oixnddncx~jd qpmqnpxy pofkxs oiwmdwnh jih xknsn pofkxs skm~dh `n xpnjxnh js jsnqjpjxn nixoxy) Sqm~sns mp qjpxinps bjy imx incnssjpody `n xkn ohnjd qnpsmis xm kjihdn xkn cmbqdn{oxons mgcmqypofkx jih bmpjd pofkxs jih skm~dh `n cmis~dxnh j`m~x xkos) Xkn g~x~pn pncoqonix mg jiy oixnddncx~jd qpmqnpxyskm~dh `n jslnh) Xkny bjy imx vjix ox*

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Cmqypofkx m~xsohn xkn îoxnh Loifhmb

Mg cm~psn$ imxkoif os nwnp njsy) Xkos `mml pngnps xm xkn ^L midy) Mxknp cm~ixpons kjwn hoggnpnix djvs jih xknsndjvs jqqdy og$ gmp oisxjicn$ j Fnpbji q~`dosknp voskns xm ~sn bjxnpojd s~qqdonh `y j @poxosk qkmxmfpjqknp oiFnpbjiy) Xkn N~pmqnji îomi kjwn hncpnnh xkjx xkn xnpb mg cmqypofkx xkpm~fkm~x N^ Bnb`np Sxjxns vodd `nkjpbmiosnh jx 61 ynjps jgxnp xkn j~xkmp&s hnjxk vkock pnz~opnh dnfosdjxomi oi nwnpy bnb`np cm~ixpy jih kjsqpmh~cnh smbn sxjpxdoif nggncxs$ nsqncojddy vknpn xkn aj~xkmp& os j adnfjd qnpsmi& s~ck js j cmbqjiy mpmpfjiosjxomi) G~pxknp jgondh$ xkn ^SJ kjs jdsm fmin mwnp xm xkn sjbn `jsoc p~dn$ scpjqqnh pnfosxpjxomi mg cmqypofkxjs j qpnpnz~osoxn mg qpmxncxomi jih jdsm pnsxmpnh qpmxncxomi xm vmpls oi xkn q~`doc hmbjoi) Xkn pnjhnp vodd innh xm

wnpogy xkn n{jcx qmsoxomi js jih vkni xkn innh jposns soicn ox os imx qmsso`dn xm fown jdd xkn sqncogoc hnxjod pnz~opnhoi j vmpl mg fninpjd f~ohjicn s~ck js xkos$ qjpxoc~djpdy js djvs jpn cmisxjixdy ckjifoif)

Ox hmnsi&x kndq xkjx xknpn jpn cm~ixpons vkock cmisohnp qkmxmfpjqky skm~dh `n s~èncx xm ji ajpxosxoc bnpox xnsx&)Xk~s$ j qkmxmfpjqkoc sx~hy vkock cm~dh `n cmisohnpnh ji jpxosxoc vmpl bjy voi bjiy bmpn ynjps& cmqypofkxqpmxncxomi xkji j hmc~bnixjpy qkmxmfpjqk jih nwni bmpn xkji j asobqdn& qkmxmfpjqk vkock cm~dh `n jiyxkoif gpmbj sijqskmx mg j cjx xm j fpj``nh qocx~pn oi xkn sxpnnx) Oi xkn ^L$ nwnpy qocx~pn os fowni xkn sjbn qpmxncxomi$ `n oxji m~xpjfnm~s$ mwnp"xkn"xmq cmigncxomi gmp j vmpdhvohn cjdnihjp mp j sijqskmx xjlni `y j ckodh) Oi Fnpbjiy$ jsqncxjc~djp$ qpoun"voiioif hmc~bnixjpy qkmxmfpjqk bjy cnjsn xm `n qpmxncxnh h~poif xkn dognxobn mg xknqkmxmfpjqknp vkodsx j dody$ xjsxng~ddy jppjifnh oi j wjsn jfjoisx hpjqns$ cm~dh cmixoi~n xm qpmwohn ji oicmbn gmp 61ynjps jgxnp xkn qkmxmfpjqknp&s hnjxk) J qkmxmfpjqk cm~dh `n cmisohnpnh j aqkmxmfpjqkoc vmpl& oi min cm~ixpy jihimx oi jimxknp jih cm~dh `n n{qdmoxnh `y j xkoph qjpxy voxkm~x xkn pofkxs mvinp `noif qjoh)

Jxxox~hns xmvjphs bmpjd pofkxs hoggnp jcpmss N~pmqn jih xkn pn"vpoxn mg cmqypofkx djvs xm kjpbmiosn xkos vodd `nhoggoc~dx) Xknpn os im oixnixomi xm cpnjxn min djv gmp jdd mg N~pmqn `~x xknpn os ji oixnixomi xm kjpbmiosn xkn xnpb mgqpmxncxomi) Xkos `poifs oi inv qpm`dnbs$ js kjs `nni oihocjxnh xkpm~fkm~x xkos `mml$ nsqncojddy oi pndjxomi xm

apnwownh& cmqypofkx)

Js jx E~in :???$ vkni xkos q~`docjxomi vjs cmbqdnxnh$ xkn h~pjxomi mg cmqypofkx gmp qkmxmfpjqks oi N~pmqn$ ImpxkJbnpocj jih j sndncxomi mg cm~ixpons mg oixnpnsx xm xkn pnjhnpskoq mg xkos vmpl vjs js skmvi `ndmv) Qdnjsn imxn xknqnpomhs jih jpxosxoc bnpox xnsxs skmvi gmp N^ cm~ixpons jpn xkmsn xkjx jqqdonh xm qkmxmfpjqks obbnhojxndy `ngmpnxkn kjpbmiosjxomi hopncxown vjs obqdnbnixnh)

Xkos jqqpmjck kjs `nni jhmqxnh `ncj~sn ox os imx qmsso`dn$ oi j vmpl mg xkos loih$ xmskmv jdd xkn cmbqdn{oxy mg xkn xpjisoxomijd qpmwosomis oi njck cm~ixpy jih kmv xkny kjwn hnjdx voxk xkn qpm`dnb mgqpmxncxoif qkmxmfpjqks gmp j go{nh qnpomh vkni xkny bjy jdsm kjwn ji jpxosxoc bnpox xnsx) G~pxknp sqncojdosx jhwocnvodd `n innhnh gmp bmsx qpjcxocjd q~pqmsns$ `~x js j fninpjd p~dn ox os gjop xm sjy xkjx oi jdd cjsns xkn dmifnsxjqqdocj`dn xnpb mg qpmxncxomi os sxodd oi gmpcn)

J skmvs vkock cm~ixpons kjwn jcx~jddy vpoxxni xkn dogn qd~s 61 ynjp

p~dn oixm xknop ijxomijd djv )

J~sxpjdoj

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif mp q~`docjxomi)

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls oi Cpmvi cmqypofkx5>1 ynjpsgpmb ynjp"nih mg bjloif mp q~`docjxomi)

J~sxpoj

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 61 ynjps% +qbj/)

Sobqdn qkmxmfpjqks5 31 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mg bjloif mp q~`docjxomi)

qmsx bmpxnb

j~cxmpos

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@ndfo~b

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps qbj , :1 ynjpsvjp"xobn n{xnisomi)

Cjijhj

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif)Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls oi Cpmvi Cmqypofkx5 >1ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mg bjloif mp q~`docjxomi)

Hnibjpl

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 0> ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif)

Goidjih

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif)

Gpjicn

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps qbj , :8 ynjpsjih 068 hjys gmp vmpl sxodd qpmxncxnh mi J~f~sx:3 :?8: +vjp"xobn n{xnisomi/< qd~s qmsso`dnjhhoxomijd 31 ynjps gmp &hnjxk vkodsx snpwoifGpjicn&)

Fnpbjiy

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 61 ynjps qbj)Hmc~bnixjpy vmpls5 >1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgq~`docjxomi mp >1 ynjps mg bjloif og ~iq~`dosknhvoxkoi xknsn >1 ynjps)Sobqdn qkmxmfpjqks5 0> ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgq~`docjxomi mp 0> ynjps mg bjloif og ~iq~`dosknhvoxkoi xknsn 0> ynjps)

Fpnncn

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps qbj)Sobqdn Qkmxmfpjqks5 :1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgq~`docjxomi gmp pnqpmh~cxomi oi jixkmdmfons)

Opndjih

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps qbj mp >1 ynjpsgpmb ynjp"nih mg q~`docjxomi)

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls oi Fmwnpibnix cmqypofkx5>1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mg q~`docjxomi)

Oxjdy

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif mp q~`docjxomi , 7 ynjps vjp"xobnn{xnisomi)Sobqdn qkmxmfpjqks5 01 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif )

Ejqji

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif mp q~`docjxomi , :1 ynjps n{xnisomi gmpcoxounis mg Gpjicn$ ^L jih ^S)

D~{nb`m~pf

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif)

Inxknpdjihs

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps qbj)

Inv Unjdjih

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps qbj)Cmbq~xnp"fninpjxnh vmpls5 >1 ynjps gpmbynjp"nih mg bjloif)Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls oi Cpmvi cmqypofkx5 >1ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mg bjloif)

Impvjy

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 :> ynjps qbj) 0> ynjpsgpmb ynjp"nih mg gopsx q~`docjxomi oi xkn cjsn mgcmpqmpjxn `mhons)

Qmpx~fjd

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 0> ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif)

P~ssoji Gnhnpjxomi

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps qbj$ >1 yjpsgpmb ynjp"nih mg q~`docjxomi og q~`dosknh js jijimiybm~s vmpl)

Sqjoi

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 71 ynjps qbj)Sobqdn qkmxmfpjqks5 0> ynjps gpmb ynjp"nih mgbjloif)

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Svnhni

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 >1 ynjps qbj gmp jpxosxocjih sconixogoc qkmxmfpjqks$ jdd mxknps 0> ynjpsgpmb ynjp"nih mg bjloif)

Svoxunpdjih

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 61 ynjps qbj)

^ioxnh Sxjxns mg Jbnpocj

Qkmxmfpjqkoc vmpls5 61 ynjps qbj mpHncnb`np 3: 0110$ vkocknwnp os xkn djxnp$ gmpvmpls cpnjxnh jgxnp Eji~jpy : :?6;) Vmplscpnjxnh `~x imx q~`dosknh mp pnfosxnpnh `ngmpnEji~jpy : :?6; kjwn ?> ynjps mg qpmxncxomi

gpmb xkn hjxn xkjx cmqypofkx vjs mpofoijddysnc~pnh)?> ynjps oi xkn cjsn mg jimiybm~s mpqsn~hmimiybm~s vmpls mp :01 ynjps gpmb ynjpmg cpnjxomi$ vkocknwnp n{qopns gopsx)

%qbj+Qmsx bmpxnb j~cxmpos/5 jgxnp xkn j~xkmp&s hnjxk)

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Cmicd~somi

Vkni xkn aJ@C& vjs `nf~i$ xkn job vjs xm lnnq ox js sobqdn js qmsso`dn jih xm ndoboijxnvmphs mp qkpjsns doj`dn xm cmig~sn mp vkock pnz~opnh xkn pnjhnp xm pnjck gmp j hocxomijpy)Xkn cmbqdn{oxons mg cmqypofkx dnfosdjxomi oi j N~pmqnji jih fdm`jd cmixn{x jpn s~ck xkjx oi

xkos nhoxomi ox kjs `ncjbn oicpnjsoifdy hoggoc~dx xm hm xkos voxkm~x dnjwoif m~x nssnixojdoxnbs jih ox kjs jfjoi `nni mccjsomijddy incnssjpy xm s~qqdy j pjxknp cmiwmd~xnhn{qdjijxomi xm copc~bijwofjxn smbn dnfjd qkpjsn xkjx pnz~opnh xmm b~ck xkoiloif j`m~x*Kmvnwnp$ og pnjhnps kjwn ~ihnpsxmmh xkn cmixnixs mg xkos `mml jih jcx jccmphoif xm xknjhwocn s~qqdonh$ xkny jpn dnss dolndy xm goih xknbsndwns oi hoggoc~dxons voxk cmqypofkx jihpndjxnh pofkxs jih vodd limv vkjx xm hm og xpm~`dn dmmbs) Cmqypofkx cji `n j gjscoijxoifs~`encx voxk nihdnss mqqmpx~ioxons gmp hn`jxn) Xknpn vodd jdvjys `n smbnmin vkm vodd sjya`~x vkjx og)))& jx xkn bmbnix vkni ox jdd snnbs xm `n cmboif m~x pofkx) J fmmh vmploiflimvdnhfn mg cmqypofkx vodd nis~pn xkjx vkni ox cmbns xm hn`jxn$ xkn pns~dx vodd `ningoxxkn cmqypofkx mvinp jih xk~s$ jdd cmqypofkx mvinps) Hn`jxn cji `n nh~cjxomi jx oxs `nsx`~x ox&s incnssjpy xm limv xkn gjcxs) Xkn gjcxs mg cmqypofkx lnnq nwmdwoif xm lnnq j`pnjsx

voxk xkn qjcn mg ckjifn oi xkn vmpdh sm `n jvjpn mg xkos jih lnnq j dmml m~x gmp xkn in{xnhoxomi mg xkos `mml*

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