The Age of The Age of DiscoveryDiscovery

The Scientific RevolutionEuropean Exploration & Expansion

The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

•Essential Questions:What were the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution?How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenge traditional thought?What were some of the important scientific discoveries of this period?

“Magic”Alchemists – tried to use magic to change substances

• Lead to goldAstrologers – believed the stars affected human events

Roger BaconFranciscan MonkStudied at Oxford and ParisFavored a system of scientific experimentation rather than following traditional religious thoughtBecame known as Dr. Mirabilis or “wonderful teacher”

Renaissance encouraged:CuriosityInvestigationDiscovery

Led to Scientific Revolution

Scientists formed conclusions based on observationNew tools and instruments to observe and measure

Instruments– barometer, microscope, telescope, thermometer, air pump.

Astronomy, Physics, and Astronomy, Physics, and AnatomyAnatomy

Ptolemy– Roman astronomerGeocentric theory- Planets revolve around the earth

Copernicus – heliocentric theoryPlanets revolve around sun

Kepler and GalileoKepler proved Copernicus’ theoryGalileo made improvements to telescope

Newton – laws of motion and gravityVesalius – studied anatomy and circulation

The Triumph of the New The Triumph of the New ScienceScience

Descartes“I think, therefore I am.”Great gains in mathematics, sciences, & philosophyBelieved in using only known facts to arrive at conclusions

Francis BaconBelieved scientific theories could be developed through observation

Other scientific discoveriesCalculus – Newton and Liebnitz Microscope – Leeuwenhoek (discovered bacteria)Chemistry – Robert Boyle

The Foundations of The Foundations of European ExplorationEuropean Exploration

•Essential Questions:What are the technological advances that made European exploration possible?Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution.What role did mercantilism play in the colonies?

Improvements in Improvements in TechnologyTechnology

MapmakingNew world, Africa and Asia added to maps

NavigationDevelopment of compass

New shipsTraveled farther, faster, and under greater variety of weather conditions

Economic ChangesEconomic ChangesCommercial Revolution

Standardization of money encouraged international trade and bankingJoint – Stock Companies• Companies that owners raised money for by

selling shares• As company value went up, price of shares

went up People could make money by sharing in other

businesses

• Dividends paid to investors

MercantilismMercantilismBalance of trade

To increase country’s wealth• Receive more gold than paid to other nations

Tariff – import taxesSubsidies

• Grants of money to create exportable goods• Showed government support of domestic industry

The role of coloniesColonies were not allowed to manufacture or import goodsCould only create raw materials

Social ChangeSocial Change

Curiosity and spirit of discoveryHope of wealth or better way of lifeEscape religious persecution or spread religion

Voyages of Portugal Voyages of Portugal and Spainand Spain

•Essential Questions:What did the early Portuguese explorers accomplish?How did the voyages of Christopher Columbus influence the world?Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.

Portugal’s First ExplorersPortugal’s First ExplorersAfrica

Slave, gold, ivory tradeAfricans participated in slaves trade•Sold conquered tribes into slavery

Prince Henry – “The Navigator”Found African trade routeMain goal was to find gold for PortugalInspired Portugal’s exploration

Dias and Vasco da GamaOverseas trade route to India and East Indies

Christopher ColumbusChristopher ColumbusItalian explorer, sailed for SpainStudied Marco Polo and Ptolemy’s writingsThought the fastest way to India was to sail westFirst European to discover new world

Vikings discovered America in 1000 AD, but no one knew about itLanded at San Salvador

The Impact of Columbus’ The Impact of Columbus’ VoyagesVoyages

Columbian ExchangeName for trade between Europe and the AmericasAmerican foods were introduced in EuropeSpanish brought horses to the AmericasAlso brought smallpox and other diseases

• Killed millions

Sparked a desire in the rest of Europe to explore new world

Dividing the New LandsDividing the New Lands

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty that divided trade in the Americas between Spain and Portugal• Spain took most of Central and South

America and Philippines• Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia,

and East Indies

Vespucci, Balboa, and Vespucci, Balboa, and MagellanMagellan

Amerigo VespucciBelieved that Columbus did not discover AsiaExplored North American continentFirst to call it the New WorldAmerica was named after him

BalboaSouth Sea

MagellanPacific Ocean – named by Magellan, means peaceful Proved that the western lands were a New World, not a part of Asia First to sail around world

Portuguese ExpansionPortuguese Expansion

Conquered lands in East IndiesAllowed Portuguese to control others’ access to Asian goods and markets

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeTriangular trade

Merchants shipped goods to AfricaSlaves were sent to the AmericasMerchants sent products to Europe

African kingdoms and slaveryNot all African kingdoms participated in slave tradeSome native populations in Africa were depleted

The Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire WeakensWeakens

Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain expansion and colonizationBattles cost money and lives

Portugal’s population was too small to replace needed people

The Spanish and The Spanish and Dutch EmpiresDutch Empires

•Essential Questions:How did Spain extended its power abroad and at home?Why were the Dutch successful in the 1600s?Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined.

Spain’s Colonial EmpireSpain’s Colonial EmpireConquests

Ponce de Leon• Explored Florida and Caribbean

Cortés conquered Aztecs• Defeated Montezuma at Tenochtitlán and built Mexico City

in its place

Colonial government and societySpanish brought new things to new world

• Horses• Guns• Disease

Weakened native Aztec populations

Spain grew wealthy

Spain’s Colonial RivalsSpain’s Colonial RivalsFrench, Dutch, and English wanted a share of Spain’s wealth and lands

Charles VCharles V

Holy Roman EmperorHad conflicting demands between:• Being king of Spain• Supporting German aims• Defending Christian Europe

Realized it was too much for one man

Divided lands among members of his family

Philip IIPhilip IIKing of Spain

Controlled every facet of governmentDirected Spanish InquisitionDefeated OttomansDefeated by England

• Attempted to invade with the Spanish Armada (Large Navy)

• Lost control of the Netherlands

The Rise of the DutchThe Rise of the DutchThe Netherlands break from Spain

Practiced guerrilla warfareNorthern provinces declared independence from Spain

Dutch societySeafaring peopleReligious toleranceLively cultural center

The Dutch colonial empireTrade was controlled by Dutch East India CompanyDid not force their own culture or religious beliefs on other societies

The Spanish Empire DeclinesThe Spanish Empire Declines

Growing populationIncreased costs and shortage of food, clothing, and housingExpulsion of Jews and Moriscos (Moorish converts to Christianity)

Many skilled bankersBusiness peopleCommercial leaders and artisans

Flow of money out of Spain