the age of imperialism: the making of a european global order 2011-2012: the age of empire demidec...
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The Age of Imperialism:The Making of a European Global Order
2011-2012: The Age of Empire
DemiDec Super Quiz PowerPoint
I: The First Age of Imperialism
The First Age of Imperialism
In this section we will cover: European expansion into America and beyond
Spain and Portugal start things off Britain and France follow and dominate
Reasons for expansion Economic dynamism Mercantilism
The end of the first age of imperialism Long-lasting effects
Pre-expansionary Interactions
Europeans explored prior to the Age of Imperialism The Roman Empire The Crusades
Power was not concentrated in Europe The Ming Dynasty and
Admiral Cheng-Ho
The Ottoman Empire
Portugal and Spain Take the Lead
Portugal began exploring early in the 15th century Prince Henry the Navigator The Fortunate Isles Capo Blanco
Spain soon followed suit Captured Portuguese
possessions
Continuing Expansion
Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama changed the face of exploration Columbus’s
“discovery” of America in 1492
Da Gama’s 1498 arrival in Asia
Treaty of Tordesillas Divided the New World
The Company System
Reasons for existence Lack of government
financing Economic
opportunity Examples
British companies The VOC The French Others
New World Colonies
Spanish exploration and colonization Herman Cortes and
Mexico Francisco Pizarro and
Peru France later explored
North America Jacques Cartier Réné de Laudonnière
and St John’s River
Dutch Expansion
Dutch success in Asia Indonesia
Dutch trading companies The VOC The WIC
Success throughout the world Africa North America
British Divided Attention
Uninterested in the New World Henry VII and
domestic issues during
Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church
Establishing a domestic empire Modern English
imperialism Subduing Scotland
Ireland
Plantation idea Thomas Smith
Acceleration of Irish colonization Oliver Cromwell and
William of Orange 1800 Act of Union
Ireland: Precursor to America
Blueprint for British colonization of America Displacement and
dispossession Many of the same
people were involved Migrants
Individual economic self-improvement of settlers
Single men
Early British Expansion
Exploration John Cabot Ferdinand Magellan
Expansion Economic problems John Hawkins Martin Frobisher John Davis
Thinking about colonies
Francis Drake
Attacker of Spanish ships and settlements “El Diablo”
Moved to exploration in 1577 Raided Callao and
Lima Returned to the
New World in 1585 Lost at sea
British New World Colonies
Humphrey Gilbert’s plan Newfoundland
Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh Richard Grenville:
1585 John White: 1587 CROATOAN
Moving on from Roanoke The end of Raleigh
The Caribbean and Asia
A New Epoch in Imperialism
1715 marked the beginning of a new era Spain, Portugal, and
the Netherlands dropped out
Peace of Utrecht Spain attempted to
keep its empire France and Britain:
Two superpowers
Economic Dynamism
A myriad of factors caused 18th century changes to Europe’s economy Growing population Consumer demand Innovations
Mercantilism Military backbone
Dutch Decline
Important counterexample to the rise of empire Greatest maritime power
of the 17th century Political and demographic
stagnation Elimination of Dutch
middlemen Evolved into Europe’s
financial brokers Paper currency, stock
market, and central bank
Mercantilism
Favorable balance of trade for the home country New inflow of gold and
silver Adam Smith’s
counterarguments Use by Atlantic colonial
powers Exploitation of overseas
colonies Dependence of trade
on naval power
Slavery
An economic foundation Global trade’s
dependence New World
purchases An ordeal
Mass deaths Horrendous
conditions Anti-slavery efforts
British and French Commercialism
The rivalry evolved during the 18th century The West Indies West Africa North America India
Key Differences France: Centralized
colonial control structure
Britain: Independent countries
The Great War for Empire
The last large-scale European war before the French Revolution Known as the Seven
Years’ War French and Indian War
William Pitt Seizing of French
colonies Treaty of Paris
The Conquest of India
The East India Company Battle of Plassey Dual government
Political power over Bengal Exploitation of rivalries
Parliament seizes control India Act of 1784 Lord Cornwallis
Colonial Opposition
Colonial opposition began in 1808 Joseph Bonaparte Congress of Vienna
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823
Loss of European control
The End of the First Phase
1815: The End America Foundations for new
European-Asian interactions
Changing political and economic factors
Review
Why did Britain not kick off the first age of imperialism?
How did the company system affect European expansion prior to 1815?
How did slavery effect the New World colonies?
II: New Imperialism
New Imperialism
In this section we will cover: The rise of the new “empire” Europe colonizing the world
India, the Ottoman Empire, and China The Pacific Rim, Southeast Asia, and Africa
Jules Ferry and his address to the National Assembly
Technological imperialism Development of weaponry Steamers The Suez Canal
Differing Definitions of Empire
Old “empire” New World empires
“Empire” version 2.0 Liberal empire Asia and Africa
Version 3.0: “New” and improved New imperialism Social Darwinism
Challenges to the Old Empire
External challenges Slave agitation Independence
movements Loss of control
Internal problems The antislavery
movement The Enlightenment
Economic Rationale
Free trade Elimination of tariffs
Capitalism Adam Smith and
David Ricardo Inefficiency of
mercantilism Economic
deterioration Haiti Jamaica
The End of Slavery and the Rise of the Market Economy
The end of slavery Religious fervor,
humanitarian sentiment, and economic support
Abolition of slavery Rise of the market
economy Growth of industrial
capitalism Free, self-regulating
market
Enlightenment Universalism and Cultural Relativism
Enlightenment universalism Common
development path for all societies
Assimilationism Cultural relativism
Skeptical of supposed European cultural superiority
Value in other societies
James Cook and Thomas Macaulay
Captain James Cook Explorer of the South
Pacific Possessed morality
inherent in liberal empire
Thomas Macaulay Law Member of the
Governor General’s Council
Transformation of “backward societies”
India
Battle of Plassey British domination Economic disaster
Alteration of India’s economy Industrialization in
Britain Abandonment of
subsistence farming
The Ottoman Empire
The Sick Man of Europe Tanzimat British dependence
De facto British colony The Crimean War The Ottoman Public
Debt Commission Disintegration of
cultural cohesion
China
The Sick Man of the East Opium and the trade
imbalance The First Opium War
Seizing Canton Treaty of Nanjing
Taiping Rebellion Economic
exploitation No formal colonization
The Pacific Rim and Southeast Asia
The Pacific Rim Australia New Zealand
Southeast Asia Expansion through
India and China Influence to
independent political powers
Japan
First occurrence of European failure Escaped implicit and
explicit European rule Following the
footsteps of the Chinese Matthew Perry
Fortune reversal Meiji Restoration Extension of influence
Early African Interactions
Greatest imperial shift in the 19th century
More frequent interactions Marketplace potential Potential site for
civilization Obstacles
Disease Physical features
European Expansion in Africa
Movement toward colonization Removal of
obstacles to penetrating Africa
Public interest Expansion into the
interior British expansion Egypt
Jules Ferry: An Introduction
The man Head of France’s
colonial expansion The speech
Address before the National Assembly in July 1883
Critics’ voices in the speech
Jules Ferry’s Address
Economic ideas of colonial expansion France’s lack of export
markets “Ideas of civilization in
the highest sense” Rights of superior races
over inferior races “Ideas of politics and
patriotism” Increase in global
competition
The Colonial Exhibition
The Exhibition itself Purposes for being
Marshal Hubert Lyautey
Focus on information
The Exhibition’s results
A Historical and an Economic Perspective
Historical perspective No systematic
expansion Internal hostility in
early 1880s World War I
Economic perspective Forced labor Land intrusions
Colonial Opposition: North Africa
History of the region
Terrible year of hunger Albert Camus
Open rebellion Election of the
Popular Front
Colonial Opposition: North Africa
Algerian resistance The North African
Star Moroccan
resistance Moroccan Action
Committee Tunisian resistance
The Destour The Neo-Destour Tunis strikes
Technology and the Triumph of Europe
Technology as the triumph of Europe Western conquest of
the world with industrial technology
Began in the 19th century
Social history of technology
The Early Exploration of Africa
The beginnings of exploration Portugal Lacking the means
Disease Diogo Cäo Francisco Barreto James Tuckey
Macgregor Laird
Son of William Laird The Lander brothers African Inland
Commercial Company Niger River expedition Successful navigation
of the River Failure of cultural and
commercial objectives
African Disease
“White Man’s Grave” The Royal African
Corps British soldiers in
Africa The United Service
Journal and Naval and Military Magazine Overall statistics
Philip Curtin’s statistics
Malaria
Chief killer of Europeans in Africa
“Causes of malaria” Mal’aria means bad
air Discovery of
Plasmodium Cinchona bark
Quinine
Steamers
Economic rationale for Niger River expeditions
Beyond the Niger River David Livingstone Commandant
Marchand Importance of the
steamboat
The Importance of Weapons
Hostile African populations faced by Europeans Imperialist history is
the history of warfare
Inferior weaponry of Africans in the 19th century Rapid development
of the firearm
Weapons and Bullets
The smoothbore musket Alexander Forsyth Joshua Shaw The Brunswick rifle
From firearms to bullets The cylindro-ogival
bullet
Early Wars
The Mysore Wars The Mahratta and
Sikh Wars Algeria
Abd-el Kader Marshal Bugeaud
On to Africa!
Stacking the deck One-sided
confrontations Henry Morton
Stanley Crushing Africa
General Kitchener and Sudan
The Battle of Omdurman
Exceptions to the Rule
Africans occasionally held back Europeans
Samori Touré Ethiopia
Bezbiz Kasa Menelik
The Suez Canal
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Logistical problems Port Saïd Long couloir Élévateur
The canal’s effects A major global
achievement
Technological Imperialism’s Legacy
Lowering the cost of European imperialism Involvement of national
governmental and lesser groups
Vast stretches of land included in empire
Economy empires Cost increased during
the 20th century
Technological Imperialism’s Impact
Historians’ debate Height of racism
under new imperialism
Legacy of fascination with innovation and machinery Obsession with
technology
Review
What traits characterized the new definition of “empire” seen in the 19th century?
Did the Colonial Exhibition accurately portray the position of France’s empire in 1931?
How did technology impact the European colonization of Africa?
III: Tactics of Rule
Tactics of Rule
In this section we will cover: The Scramble for Africa
The Berlin Conference Governing the Colonies Tactics of Rule Around the World The Indian Rebellion Imperial Justifications “Shooting an Elephant”
Causes of New Imperialism
Technology Technologies
redefined imperialism
Second industrial revolution
Nationalism New incentives to
conquer the world Emotional appeals to
community and history
Causes of New Imperialism
Economics Colonies as markets for
selling industrial goods Upsetting the previous
economic balance Politics
Primacy of nation-states
Germany and Italy Culture
Assist the process of state-building Empire’s symbolic property of the nation
The Berlin Conference
Otto von Bismarck Establish ground
rules for African colonization Turning point in
European diplomacy Centralized power
in Africa
New Imperial Nations
Belgium Congo Free State
Germany Otto von Bismarck Wilhelm II
Portugal Italy
British Expansion in Africa
Egypt and Sudan The Mahdi
Colonization British East Africa British Cape Colony
South Africa The Boer War
French Expansion in Africa
West African and North African domination
Expansion from Algeria
French Congo French Equatorial
Guinea
Intra-European Conflict
Heightened tension in Europe
The Boer War Fashoda
Britain vs. France The Dreyfus affair
The Middle East and India
The Middle East The Ottoman Empire
India Jewel of the British
Empire Crucial part of
Britain Worry over Indian
security
Southeast Asia and the South Pacific
Southeast Asia Dutch East Indies British expansion France in Indochina
South Pacific Competitive domain American
involvement
China and Japan
China’s decline The Sino-Japanese
War The Open Door policy The Boxer Rebellion Overthrowing the
Qing Japan’s rise to global
power Foothold in Korea Russo-Japanese
victory
New Imperialism
Ideological foundations distinct from liberal empire
Gradual abandonment of Europeanizing non-Western peoples Supposed biological
inferiority of imperial subjects
Rudyard Kipling and “The White Man’s Burden”
The Darwinian Revolution
Changing what it meant to be human Theory of evolution Capacity of
primitives Social Darwinism
Fought against the Enlightenment
Natural selection Permanence of
racial traits
Eugenics and the Science of Race
Eugenics Unfit groups
Karl Pearson Biometrics “Uplift the masses”
Growth of anthropology Stages of human
cultural evolution Edward Burnett Tylor
Governing the Colonies: Brute Force
Portugal King Leopold II of
Belgium and the Congo Free State Hard labor at
gunpoint Condemnation by
European powers Official Belgian
commission
Governing the Colonies: The Civilizing Mission
The French method Mission civilisatrice
Result of multiple ideas French chauvinism Part of the French political
identity Lesser effect of Social
Darwinism Mixed results
Destroyed native institutions Natives viewed as potential
Frenchmen
Governing the Colonies: Indirect Rule
Britain Indian Rebellions Hands-off policies
Indirect rule prospered Lower cost Gain of legitimacy
Negative consequences Cultures did not remain
intact Cleared the path for
despots
The Indian Rebellion: Overview
Monumental in the history of the British Empire
Indian voices from the rebellion are few and far between Incredibly personal Detail narrators’
personal experiences
The Indian Rebellion: Causes
New rifle cartridges Cow and pig fat Religious offenses
Doctrine of Lapse Lord Dalhousie Seizure of Oudh
Sita Ram
Sepoy in Bengal army Remained loyal to the
British Captured during the
Rebellion In charge of
executions near the end of the Rebellion Saw his own son
Wrote down experiences in 1873
Vishnubhat Godse
Brahman priest Travelled
throughout northern India
Met soldiers near Mau in 1857
Present at Jhansi during an 1858 attack
Pandurang Mahipat Belsare
Came from a well-off family Fell on hard times in
the rebellion Failed business
ventures Joined a native
army Nana Sahib Tough conditions
New Imperialism and Imperial Justifications
New imperialism European
domination The scramble for
Africa Imperial
justifications Social Darwinism Civilizing mission
Edmund Morel
British journalist in the Congo Realized the
presence of slave labor
Observations in Antwerp
The Black Man’s Burden King Leopold’s Rule
in Africa
King Leopold’s Rule in Africa
Forced labor Depopulation Everyday effects Infant mortality
Reasons for the atrocities Morel sought to
understand Hope for Congolese
revolt Lack of European
intervention
The Belgian Investigative Commission
1903 report Rumors had already
spread Drastic decline
Belgian control Atrocities present Brutal conditions
Shooting an Elephant
George Orwell Young colonial
administrator in Burma Internal debate
present Situation in Burma
perplexed and upset Orwell Hated his job Stuck between hatred
for empire and dislike for colonial subjects
Shooting an Elephant
Arriving at the scene Elephant on the loose
Orwell ordered a rifle Saw the elephant
peaceful Knew he should not
shoot the elephant A change of plans
The wills of the crowd Saving face
Shooting an Elephant
Choosing to shoot the elephant Five shots The slow death of
the elephant The aftermath
Endless discussion Divided European
opinion Orwell’s own
thoughts
Review
What were the causes of new imperialism? What methods of governing their colonies did
Europeans use in the late 19th century? What lesson(s) did George Orwell take away
from the events of “Shooting an Elephant”?
IV: The End of Empire
The End of Empire
In this section we will cover: The end of World War II Decolonization
South Asia and East Asia North Africa The Middle East
Post-war immigration to Europe Multiculturalism
Buchi Emecheta
Nigerian immigrant Followed her
husband to England in 1961
Represents post-World War II colonial migration
Failed expectations Successful novelist
Autobiography Head Above Water
The End of World War II
Destabilization of colonial control
Exacerbated dislike for imperialism
Widespread rebellion Algeria, Vietnam,
and Indonesia
South Asia and East Asia
South Asia First major region to
achieve independence
India and Pakistan East Asia
Mao Zedong and the Communists
Korea
North African Autonomy
Tough road to independence Not for all
Algeria National Liberation
Front Charles de Gaulle Evian Accords
Independence in the Middle East
A Jewish homeland Israel
Oil Saudi Arabia Iran
Israeli invasion of Egypt The secret plan The fallout
Refugees and Guest Workers
Large amounts of immigrants Africans to France
Temporary male workers Guest workers Financial and
economic sense The end of migrant
worker programs
Ethnic Politics and Civil Rights
Focus on immigration and race Panic in Britain
The economic downturn’s effects Racist concerns Bonnet Law
Political activism of immigrants
Creating a New Culture
Immigration affected all of Europe Social policy Mixing of
immigrants into society
Immigrant communities Domestic life and
gender roles
Multiculturalism
Renewed cultural mixture Rock music Eating habits
High culture Art Music Films
Review
In what sense(s) did former colonies experience freedom during postimperialism?
How did immigrant cultures come to affect European culture during decolonization?