1861-1865THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

Election of 1860

Lower South Secedes

War Starts Habeas Corpus

Suspended1. Democratic

party splits2. Lincoln leads

Republican Party (only in North)

3. Lincoln wins without Southern votes

1. SC sees Lincoln’s win as Northern dominance

2. SC secedes to protest Lincoln’s election

3. Followed by GA, FL, AL, MS, LA & TX

1. President Buchanan refuses to stop secession

2. Lincoln refuses to recognize the CSA

3. Ft. Sumter= afterwards VA, NC, TN & AS secede

1. To keep border states (MO, KY, MD & DE) from seceding, Lincoln declares martial law (military rule) suspending writ of habeas corpus (civil liberties) to force states not to secede.

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

• Hopes for help from Europe• Grows cotton for export, not

food• Better trained troops & more

effective military leaders• Homefield advantage• Must outlast North to win• Believe war being fought to

preserve Constitutional rights

• More farms for food, factories, banks & money

• Strong gov’t• More soldiers & immigrants• Lacks effective military leaders• Must conquer South to win• Emancipation Proclamation

gives war morality

Advantages & Disadvantages & Strategies

PRESIDENTS

Abraham Lincoln: US President who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary

Jefferson Davis: U.S. senator who became president of the Confederate States of America

GENERALS

George McClellan1st Union general who was good at training troops, too cautious, always thought he was outnumbered.

Ambrose BurnsideUnion general at Antietam & Fredericksburg who was too aggressive

Ulysses S. Grant: Union military commander, won victories after several other Union commanders failed

War of attrition

MORE GENERALS

Robert E. Lee: Confederate general • (opposed secession,

but did not believe the Union should be held together by force)

• After the war he urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite when some wanted to fight on after Appomattox

Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonConfederate General• Lee’s best

general Rallies troops at Bull Run & Fredericksburg.

• Shot & died at Chancellorsville.

William T. ShermanUnion general• Grant’s second

in command • Leads march

across Georgia= total war against civilians.

• Captured Atlanta and Savannah.

Fort Sumter:

Union General Confederate General

Outcome Importance

Robert Anderson

PGT Beauregard

Union Surrenders after a siege

First battle of the Civil War

Bull Run AKA Manassas

Union General Confederate General

Outcome Importance

Irwin McDowell

PGT Beauregard

Stonewall Jackson

Union Surrenders after fighting in a field.

Convinces North the war will be long.

Convinces South war will be short.

Anaconda Plan

Union General Confederate General

Outcome Importance

George McClellan

Robert E. Lee

Union blockades Southern Atlantic coast to stop trade with England

Goal = surround South & cut off supplies.

Not effective

Peninsula Campaign

Union General

Confederate General

Outcome Importance

George McClellan

Robert E. Lee

McClellan tries to capture Richmond, but is convinced he is outnumbered & retreats

McClellan is fired for the first time.North fears England will help the South

Antietam

Union General

Confederate General

Outcome Importance

George McClellan fired for being overly cautious

Robert E. Lee

McClellan has Confederate battle plans, but still thinks he is outnumbered

Battle a tie.

Changes goal of war to ending slavery

North claims victory & prevents Europeans from helping the South.

Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

Fredericksburg

Union General

Confederate General

Outcome Importance

Ambrose Burnside

Robert E. Lee

Burnside has to build bridges across Rappahannock.

Crosses open field & loses 13,000.

Lincoln wanted big victory to issue Emancipation Proclamation.

North has worst loss ever.

Vicksburg

Union General

Confederate General

Outcome Importance

US Grant

John Pemberton

Union siege of Confederate fort guarding the Mississippi River.

Union wins

Completes Anaconda Plan by Union taking control of Mississippi.

Divides South & cuts off help from Texas

Gettysburg

Union General

Confederate General

Outcome Importance

George Meade

Robert E. Lee

Union wins 3 day battle.

Half of South’s army is dead.

Lee tries to take war to North.

Turning Point of War.

Gettysburg Address

Wilderness Campaign

Union General

Confederate General

Outcome Importance

US Grant

Robert E. Lee

Grant takes over Union army.

Pushes Lee back to defend Richmond

Grant uses strategy of a “War of Attrition.” He outlasts South by using superior numbers.

March to the SeaUnion

GeneralConfederate General

Outcome Importance

William T. Sherman

John B. Hood

Sherman takes Atlanta and Savannah.

Destroys Southern economy

Atlanta ensures Lincoln's re-election in 1864.

Total War= destroys all aspects of South’s morale and economy

Richmond Campaign

Union General

Confederate General

Outcome Importance

US Grant

Robert E. Lee

Grant uses War of Attrition to stretch out Confederate defense.

Breaks line @ Petersburg & South flees Richmond

Confederate capitol falls & Southern army retreats west.

South burns its own factories- destroys Richmond.

AppomattoxUnion General

Confederate General

Outcome Importance

US Grant

Robert E. Lee

Grant chases down the Confederate army, forcing surrender.

Lee signs surrender papers ending the Civil War in April 1865.

Two weeks after peace, John Wilkes Booth shoots Abraham Lincoln in Ford’s Theater.

Lincoln’s Assassination

Click icon to add pictureThe Emancipation Proclamation

Click icon to add pictureThe Gettysburg

Address

• Managed homes and families with scarce resources

• Often faced poverty and hunger

• Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing, and war industries

• The Emancipation Proclamation allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers.

• 54th Massachusetts Regiment.

Frederick Douglass: • Former slave and

abolitionist who urged Lincoln to recruit African Americans to fight in the Union army

• Warfare often involved hand-to-hand combat.

• Wartime diaries and letters home record.

• After the war, Southern soldiers returned to find destroyed homes and poverty.

• Soldiers on both sides lived with permanent disabilities.

Women African Americans Common

Soldiers

• Emerged with a strong & growing industrial economy.

• Foundation for the Industrial Revolution.

• The United States becomes a global economic power.

• Southern states destroyed.

• Farms, railroads, and factories destroyed.

• Confederate $ worthless.

• Cities in ruins.• Labor shortage = no

more slavery. • Remained an

agricultural economy & poorest section.

• Huge economic boom.

• Economy based on agriculture, mining and railroads.

• Transcontinental Railroad is completed (1869), increasing movement west.

North South West