The Animal Kingdom

Nancy G. MorrisVolunteer State Community College

General Characteristics:(Outcome #1)

Exhibit multicellular construction Composed of eukaryotic cells Nutrition is by ingestion Animals differ from plants

• Contain centrioles & asters• Lack chlorophyll, plastids, cell

walls• Exhibit both embryonic and larval

stages• Exclusively heterotrophic

General Characteristics:

Complex organisms have up to 10 systems

1) Skeletal2) Muscular*

3) Endocrine * Unique to animals

4) Nervous*

5) Circulatory6) Lymphatic7) Integumentary8) Reproductive9) Excretory10)Respiratory11)Digestive

General Characteristics: Adult form may be viewed as a

complex tube within a tube

Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ layers:– Ectoderm – integument &

nervous– Mesoderm – all other systems– Endoderm – digestive

General Characteristics: Reflected by the presence of 3 primary

germ layers:– Ectoderm – integument & nervous– Mesoderm – all other systems– Endoderm – digestive

Triploblastic – possess all 3 germ layers

Diploblastic – possess only 2 germ layers

General Characteristics:

Exhibit the Exhibit the Diplontic Life Diplontic Life CycleCycle(sexual reproduction)

• Adult 2N• Gamete 1N• Zygote 2N

Adult

2N

Zygote

2N

egg 1N

sperm 1N

mitosis

meiosis

Broad Broad ClassificationClassification

Animal Classification includes (Outcome #2)

Broad ClassificationBroad Classification

• in addition to the seven taxa employed in the other kingdoms

• between kingdom and phylum

• based on these characteristics:

Broad Classification

1) Level of Organization 2) Type of Body

Symmetry 3) Type of Body Cavity 4) Embryonic

Development

Level of OrganizationLevel of Organization

IF the cell develops from a single cell to the tissue level only, it belongs to

Subkingdom ParazoaParazoa (beside the animals)

Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera - sponges

(to bear pores)

Level of OrganizationLevel of Organization

All others develop to an organ or organ system level:

Subkingdom EumetazoaEumetazoa

(true later animal)

1. Only sponges lack symmetry (asymmetrical)

2. Organisms whose body parts are organized around a central axis and radiate from the central core like the spokes of a wheel exhibit radial symmetry. (Think of an orange.)

3. Organisms whose body parts are arranged along a longitudinal axis where right and left half are mirror images of each other exhibit bilaterial symmetry. (Think of a butterfly.)

Type of Body SymmetryType of Body Symmetry

Type of Body SymmetryType of Body Symmetry

Radially symmetrical organisms belong to

Grade Grade RadiataRadiata

Type of Body SymmetryType of Body Symmetry

Bilaterally symmetrical organisms belong to

Grade Grade BilateratBilaterataa

Type of Body SymmetryType of Body Symmetry

Grade Radiata

larva, ancestors, AND adults are radially symmetrical

Phylum Cnidaria - jellyfish

Another typical Cnidarian: Hydra

Cnidarian formsCnidarian forms

Type of Body SymmetryType of Body Symmetry

Grade Bilaterata

larva, ancestors, OR adults are bilaterally symmetrical

All others belong to the

Type of Body Cavity Type of Body Cavity (coelom)(coelom)

Subgrade Acoelomata

Phylum Platyhelminthes -the flatworms

NO body cavity Solid layer of mesoderm

ectoderm

solid mesoderm

endoderm

gut

Type of Body Cavity Type of Body Cavity (coelom)(coelom)

Subgrade Pseudocoelomata

Phylum Nematoda -the roundworms

False cavity (false coelom) Pseudocoel only partially lined w/

mesoderm Endoderm

Ectoderm w/ mesoderm lining

Pseudocoel

Gut

Type of Body Cavity Type of Body Cavity (coelom)(coelom)

Subgrade Coelomata

Phyla Annelida Chordata True body cavity Coelom completely lined with

mesoderm ectodermCoelom (completely lined with mesoderm) endoderm gut

Body plans of bilaterata Body plans of bilaterata

Embryonic Development/ formation of the archenteron

Type of Embryonic Type of Embryonic DevelopmentDevelopment

If the first opening into the blastocoel is the mouth, the organism is a

Protostome.

Type of Embryonic Type of Embryonic DevelopmentDevelopment

If the second opening into the blastocoel formed is the mouth, the organism is a

Deutrostome.

AA

familfamily y

treetree

Practice: Practice: A Map to the A Map to the AnimalAnimal KingdomKingdom

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