the application of (ict), in nigeria, for research and...
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Language, Literature and Culture 2019; 2(2): 49-61
http://www.aascit.org/journal/llc
The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)
Prince Awojoodu Soji
Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Oduduwa University, Ile-Ife Kingdom, Nigeria
Email address
Citation Prince Awojoodu Soji. The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in Our Society, (A Case
Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled). Language, Literature and Culture. Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019, pp. 49-61.
Received: February 14, 2019; Accepted: March 27, 2019; Published: April 19, 2019
Abstract: This research work was carried out, to find the application of (ICT), Information and Communication Technology
and its sustainability in the 4 Local governments, namely: (Ife East, Ife South, Ife Central and Ife North), local government areas,
in Ile – Ife Kingdom of Osun State, Nigeria. 2,800 open questionnaires were distributed to 4 Local Governments, out of which
700 was used in each local government. A total of 28 different locations were visited and sampled in all the four Local
Governments, out of which 100 questionnaires were used in each location. It was gathered that above 70% of the people from the
four local governments, supported that the application and sustainability of (ICT), Information and Communication Technology,
was important in our society while below 30% of the people could not even understand whether the application and sustainability
of Information and Communication Technology, has importance or not. The results from the questionnaires when using Pearson
two-tailed correlation coefficient, however revealed that there was a significant difference from all the business centre visited
and sampled, (p> 0.01) and (p > 0.05 respectively, table 5. This shows a strong positive correlation, which implying that, the
application and sustainability of (ICT), Information and Communication Technology, is strongly influenced and enhanced the
people’s support in our society, had therefore, made this research work to become a reality, (p>0.01) and (p > 0.05, table 5. The
reasons may be due to the fact that, there was only a few aspects of our life nowadays which are unaffected by ICT. For example,
in the office, factory or at home, visiting a bank, supermarket or garage and in many other places, etc. Barchart was used to depict
the summary data of each of the local government areas sampled in Ile – Ife Kingdom, of Osun State Nigeria.
Keywords: 4 Local Governments, Osun State, Different Locations, Pearson Correlation
1. Introduction
ICT application for research and development is quite
sustainable in our society because of the technology derived,
that had unique properties, which made them highly versatile
[1, 2]. People can use ICT to support them in their work, such
as for calculation, word processing, producing spreadsheets,
diagrams, tables, and even for computer aided design and
manufacturing (CAD/CAM system) [3]. Without data, there
would be no information. And if the information is not
understood, it could not be used or be meaningful to the users,
thus it could not add value [4, 5]. ICT can be used to analyse
the information that is used during the transaction and
administrative procedures necessary to deal with day-to-day
operations so as to provide insight into the organisation and
how it works. Local governments are also using information
capabilities of ICT to improve and fine–tune their service
provisions [6]. Private and Public organisations are beginning
to exploit the information of ICT property in creative ways
such as to understand the demographics of their customer base,
the buying habits of customers, the popular product types,
monitoring sales trends, machine performance, capacity
utilisation etc. ICT application, amplifies human intelligent
activities and support management in the decision-making
process, planning, organising, coordinating, and control [7, 8].
According to Wodbuc, [20].“..... ICT is the study or
business of developing and using technology to process
information and aid communication. It is an umbrella term
that includes any communication device or application such as
radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network,
hardware and software, satellite systems and so on as well as
the various services and applications associated with them,
such as videoconferencing and distance learning......”.
50 Prince Awojoodu Soji: The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in
Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)
According to Prince Soji Awojoodu.“.....ICT (Information
and Communication Technology), its application in business
and social life has opened up new possibilities for running and
managing organisations, for marketing products and services
and for communication between individuals and groups.
There are few aspects of life nowadays which are unaffected
by ICT. In the office, factory or at home, visiting a bank,
supermarket or garage and in many other places. ICT are used
to carry out transactions, provide information, record data,
make decisions and perform an ever-increasing range of tasks.
ICT, not only comprise the hardware and software, but also
incorporate the network and communication structures, data
structures and information, together with control and access
levels for different users, user interfaces, operating procedures,
and organizational arrangements and policies for their use. In
relation to communications, ICT enables electronic
communication through facsimile (fax), email, voicemail, and
video conferring, possible and have led to the widespread
employment of networking technologies such as the internet,
the world Wide Web, intranets, extranets, online databases,
integration of information systems and mobile communication.
ICT can be defined as the dissemination of Information in the
Global World.
ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as
ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. ICT can be viewed
as facilitating technologies, replacement technologies and
enhancement technologies. As facilitating technologies, the
internet and the World Wide Web (WWW), facilitate people
in communicating and accessing remote information from
worldwide sources and hence, remove the constraints of time
and distance. ICT also facilitate humans in the analysis of
complex information. Moreover, they have the potential to
facilitate the emergence of virtual forms of business operation
(e.g. as in e-commerce).
Examples of ICT as replacement technologies include
robots in car assembly, line tasks and computer
automation,(where computers replace people in certain
business processes). ICT can be programmed in automate
certain routine mechanical and business operations and thus
replace humans totally or partially. ICT-based computer
systems enhance the effectiveness of managers through
enabling effective information management, business
coordination, control, decision making and strategic planning.
ICT also enhance organizational communication through
e-mail, video conferencing and chat room facilities on the
Internet. In addition, they enhance the ability of humans to
access and analyse data more efficiently.
ICT is also known as IT (Information Technology), which
covers the process of storing, creating, transmitting and
retrieving data. The term “Information Technology” first
came about in the 1970s, ICT came about more
recently................”
2. Study Area
The study area is Ife. Ife (popularly known as Ile-Ife) is the
2nd
largest city in Osun State and has been selected for the
proposed research work. Ife is an ancient Yoruba city in South
Western Nigeria. The city is located in present day of Osun
State. Ile – Ife is famous Worldwide for its ancient and
naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta sculptures dating back
to between 1200 and 1400. It has a population of 262,000
(1991 population estimate). The city is the oldest Yoruba city
in South Western Nigeria and evidence of habitation at the site
has been discovered to date-back to as early as 600 BCE. The
city was the most powerful Yoruba Kingdom until the late 17th
century when Oyo surpassed it. (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
Figure 1. Study Area Map of Ife (Known as Ile-Ife.
3. Material and Methods
The responses of the people in different locations of the four
local government areas can be seen from the decision table as
below:
Table 1. The Decision Table.
Sub Above 70% Below 30% Open headed Questionnaires
ICT is Importantin our society X
I do not know X
State open questionnaires X
The below are the points ticked by the majority of the
people (above 70% table 1) from the questionnaires who
understood and supported that, the application and
sustainability of (ICT), Information and Communication
Technology, was important in our society.
[a]. ICT application can be employed to support business
organisation.
Language, Literature and Culture 2019; 2(2): 49-61 51
Figure 2. How ICT application can support business organisation.
[b]. Timely, better and cheaper access to knowledge and information.
Figure 3. Application of ICT to knowledge and information.
[c]. Better management to information knowledge [9].
Figure 4. Example of management information knowledge.
[d]. ICT application causes human beings to interact with each other in new ways.
Figure 5. How human beings interact with each other in new ways.
[e]. ICT application enhanced public image [10].
Figure 6. Example of public image in application program.
52 Prince Awojoodu Soji: The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in
Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)
[f]. In ICT application, distance becomes irrelevant in businesstransaction and dealings.
Figure 7. How distance becomes relevant in business and dealings.
[g]. ICT application enables better managed manufacturing and increased productivity.
Figure 8. How system for processing orders in a manufacturing company can increase productivity.
[h]. In ICT application searching for data is much faster.
Figure 9. How searching for data is much faster.
[i]. ICT application enables information to interact with others worldwide [11, 12].
Figure 10. How information interact with others worldwide.
Language, Literature and Culture 2019; 2(2): 49-61 53
[j]. In ICT application, data communications are fast and accurate.
Figure 11. How data communication are fast and accurate.
[k]. In ICT application data storage capacity is almost limitless in a computer system.
Figure 12. How data storage is almost limitless.
[l]. Innovative ways of interaction.
Figure 13. Innovative ways of interaction.
54 Prince Awojoodu Soji: The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in
Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)
[m]. Better administration, communications and coordination.
Figure 14. Better administration, communication and coordination.
[n]. ICT Impact on Employment: The application of ICT in workplace made people benefited tobe retrained and earned more
skilled with added promotions to use the new ICT equipments.
Figure 15. ICT impact on employment.
[o]. Lifelong Learning: In ICT application, knowledge and skills needs to be kept up-to-date, Our learning should continue
and take a new leave so as to reflect the new changes [13, 14].
Figure 16. Life-long learning.
[p]. Technology driven: ICT application brings about new development in technology.
Figure 17. Technology driven.
Language, Literature and Culture 2019; 2(2): 49-61 55
[q]. ICT application brings about an increased understanding of other people and their cultures [15].
Figure 18. Increase in understanding, cultures etc., with other people.
[r]. Knowledge based: ICT application brings about increase in access to Education.
Figure 19. Knowledge based.
[s]. ICT application brings increase in opportunities for e-commerce (i.e. buying and selling goods on-line) [16, 17].
Figure 20. Increase in opportunities in (buying and selling).
4. Results and Discussion
Questionnaires were distributed to 4 Local government areas that is, (Ife East, Ife South, Ife Central and Ife North). The results
from the questionnaires however revealed that the application and sustainability of (ICT), Information and Communication
Technology, in our society, are manifold:
There was a significant difference on the people in all the local government areas visited, (p> 0.01) and (p> 0.05) respectively.
Table 2. People’s respondent.
Wards
Ife East Ife South Ife Central Ife North
ICT is
important
I do not
know
ICT is
important
I do not
know
ICT is
important
I do not
know
ICT is
important
I do not
know
People’s Response 502, 71.7% 198, 28.3% 506, 72.3% 194, 27.7% 493, 70.4% 207, 29.6% 492, 70.3% 208 29.7%
From the above table 2, in Ife East, there are 502 people’s
response with 71.7%, Ife South, 506 with 72.3%, Ife Central,
493 with 70.4%, and Ife North, 492 with 70.3%, were those
People who supported that the application and sustainability
of (ICT), Information and Communication Technology, was
important in our society while in Ife East, 198 with 28.3%, Ife
South, 194 with 27.7%, Ife Central, 207 with 29.6%, and Ife
North, 208 with 29.7% respectively, could not even know
whether the application and sustainability in our society was
important or not.
56 Prince Awojoodu Soji: The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in
Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)
Table 3. The different locations as (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G,) and the local government areas as (IFE EAST, IFE SOUTH, IFECENTRAL, AND IFE NORTH
respectively). And the summary data collected, from the 4 Local Governments sampled, out of which 700 were used in each local government.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCATION IFE EAST IFE SOUTH IFE CENTRAL IFE NORTH
A 76 24 78 22 70 30 72 28
B 63 37 67 33 64 36 64 36
C 71 29 68 32 75 25 68 32
D 77 23 72 28 73 27 79 21
E 76 24 70 30 68 32 67 33
F 74 26 75 25 67 33 68 32
G 65 35 76 24 76 24 74 26
TOTAL= 7 502 198 506 194 493 207 492 208
Grand Total = 7 700 700 700 700
Table 4. The descriptive statistics.
CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH
/PRINT=TWOTAIL NOSIG
/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
IFEEAST 71.7143 5.64843 7
IFESOUTH 72.2857 4.19183 7
IFECENTRAL 70.4286 4.42934 7
IFENORTH 70.2857 5.05682 7
Table 5. The Pearson Correlation of the 4 local governments.
Correlations
IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH
IFEEAST
Pearson Correlation 1 .307 .059 .383
Sig. (2-tailed) .503 .900 .397
N 7 7 7 7
IFESOUTH
Pearson Correlation .307 1 .253 .514
Sig. (2-tailed) .503 .585 .237
N 7 7 7 7
IFECENTRAL
Pearson Correlation .059 .253 1 .656
Sig. (2-tailed) .900 .585 .110
N 7 7 7 7
IFENORTH
Pearson Correlation .383 .514 .656 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .397 .237 .110
N 7 7 7 7
Table 6. The Statistics, i.e., valid missing, std. Error of mean, mean, mode, median, variance, skewness, std. Deviation, sum, calculated group data, percentiles,
minimum and maximum, etc., of the 4 local government areas.
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH
/NTILES=4
/NTILES=10
/STATISTICS=STDDEV VARIANCE RANGE MINIMUM MAXIMUM SEMEAN MEAN MEDIAN MODE SUM SKEWNESS SESKEW
KURTOSIS SEKURT
/GROUPED=IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Statistics
IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH
N Valid 7 7 7 7
Missing 0 0 0 0
Mean 71.7143 72.2857 70.4286 70.2857
Std. Error of Mean 2.13491 1.58436 1.67413 1.91130
Median 74.0000a 72.0000a 70.0000a 69.3333a
Mode 76.00 67.00c 64.00c 68.00
Std. Deviation 5.64843 4.19183 4.42934 5.05682
Variance 31.905 17.571 19.619 25.571
Skewness -.839 .062 -.094 .740
Std. Error of Skewness .794 .794 .794 .794
Language, Literature and Culture 2019; 2(2): 49-61 57
IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH
Kurtosis -1.145 -1.688 -1.369 .094
Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.587 1.587 1.587 1.587
Range 14.00 11.00 12.00 15.00
Minimum 63.00 67.00 64.00 64.00
Maximum 77.00 78.00 76.00 79.00
Sum 502.00 506.00 493.00 492.00
Percentiles
10 63.4000b 67.2000b 64.6000b 64.6000b
20 64.8000 67.9000 66.7000 66.7000
25 66.5000 68.5000 67.2500 67.1667
30 68.6000 69.2000 67.6000 67.4000
40 71.9000 70.6000 68.6000 67.8667
50 74.0000 72.0000 70.0000 69.3333
60 74.9333 74.1000 72.1000 71.2000
70 75.8667 75.4000 73.8000 72.8000
75 76.1667 75.7500 74.5000 73.5000
80 76.4000 76.2000 75.1000 74.5000
90 76.8667 77.6000 75.8000 78.0000
a. Calculated from grouped data.
b. Percentiles are calculated from grouped data.
c. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Frequency Table
Tables (7, 8, 9, and 10). The frequency Tables, valid and cumulative percentage for (Ife East, Ife South, Ife Central and Ife
North).
Table 7. Frequency Table, valid and cumulative percentage of Ife East.
IFEEAST
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
63.00 1 14.3 14.3 14.3
65.00 1 14.3 14.3 28.6
71.00 1 14.3 14.3 42.9
74.00 1 14.3 14.3 57.1
76.00 2 28.6 28.6 85.7
77.00 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
Table 8. Frequency Table, valid and cumulative percentage of Ife South.
IFESOUTH
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
67.00 1 14.3 14.3 14.3
68.00 1 14.3 14.3 28.6
70.00 1 14.3 14.3 42.9
72.00 1 14.3 14.3 57.1
75.00 1 14.3 14.3 71.4
76.00 1 14.3 14.3 85.7
78.00 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
Table 9. Frequency Table, valid and cumulative percentage of Ife Central.
IFECENTRAL
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
64.00 1 14.3 14.3 14.3
67.00 1 14.3 14.3 28.6
68.00 1 14.3 14.3 42.9
70.00 1 14.3 14.3 57.1
73.00 1 14.3 14.3 71.4
75.00 1 14.3 14.3 85.7
76.00 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
58 Prince Awojoodu Soji: The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in
Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)
Table 10. Frequency Table, valid and cumulative percentage of Ife North.
IFENORTH
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
64.00 1 14.3 14.3 14.3
67.00 1 14.3 14.3 28.6
68.00 2 28.6 28.6 57.1
72.00 1 14.3 14.3 71.4
74.00 1 14.3 14.3 85.7
79.00 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
Figures: (21, 22, 23, and 24). The Bar Charts, for (Ife East, Ife South, Ife Central and Ife North).
Bar Chart
Figure 21. The Bar Chart of Ife East.
The vertical coordinates represent the frequency (that is, the rate of observations or occurrences) from the data analysis while
the horizontal coordinates represent the range from the valid data in Table 7, that is; based on 1 unit interval as 63, 65, 71, 74, 76,
and 77, respectively.
Figure 22. The Bar Chart of IfeSouth.
Language, Literature and Culture 2019; 2(2): 49-61 59
The vertical coordinates represent the frequency (that is, the rate of observations or occurrences) from the data analysis while
the horizontal coordinates represent the range from the valid data in Table 8, that is; based on 1 unit interval as 67, 68, 70, 72, 75,
76, and 78, respectively.
Figure 23. The Bar Chart of Ife Central.
The vertical coordinates represent the frequency (that is, the rate of observations or occurrences) from the data analysis while
the horizontal coordinates represent the range from the valid data in Table 9, that is; based on 1 unit interval as 64, 67, 68, 70, 73,
75, and 76, respectively.
Figure 24. The Bar Chart of Ife North.
The vertical coordinates represent the frequency that is; the
rate of observations or occurrences) from the data analysis
while the horizontal coordinates represent the range from the
valid data in Table 10, (that is, based on 1 unit interval as 64,
67, 68, 72, 74 and 79, respectively.
5. Recommendations
Adult computer awareness training should be made
possible and effective in all the local governments, in both the
rural and urban areas of Nigeria. Computer workshops should
be encouraged in Ile-Ife Kingdom, and Osun State, to enable
computer users be knowledgeable and current in computer
maintenance and operations in Nigeria and our society at large.
The environment of the users should always be clean, neat and
free from dust; and users should always use current anti-virus
version so as to have current update. The users should make
sure that external disks are not allowed on the computer
60 Prince Awojoodu Soji: The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in
Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)
systems without first scanning them. All computers should be
anti-virus protected (by installing the latest anti-virus) so as to
be freed from frequent damages, and sources of viruses,
example: infected diskettes, e-mail, internet downloads,
illegal duplication of software etc., should be avoided by all
users. Computer users must make sure that their floppy disks
are checked before use on a machine, to prevent virus
propagation, as long as they can be detected with an anti-virus
package. The users, should also be extremely cautious while
opening emails with attachments because the most common
source of symptoms of computer virus is the attachments that
accompany emails. The users, should however, make sure that
the computer systems essential files should always be turned
to read only, and also remember to change the write protect of
the disk after use.
6. Conclusion
The following conclusions are made based on the
findings of this study. Since ICT is the study or business of
developing and using technology to process information
and aid communication, and also an umbrella term that
includes any communication device or application such as
radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network,
hardware and software, satellite systems and so on as well
as the various services and applications associated with
them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning; the
results of this study provide the empirical evidence that the
importance of ICT in our society enhance people’s
achievement in Osun State in general and Nigeria societies
at large. The society, therefore should use the ICT
technologies to argument their business techniques and
decision aids, in order to attain minimum goal needed for
everybody in the society.
Acknowledgements
The Author wishes to express his appreciations to all
especially those whose papers that are shown in my references
to provide the premise for this study, and Dr. / Chief Ramond
Adedoyin, (The ATOBATELE of The “SOURCE” AND
MAYE of The Yoruba Kingdom), The Chancellor and
Founder of Oduduwa University for providing the fund and
space to carry out this research work / study.
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